saqarTveloSi samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis regionebSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis

integracia

mixeil saakaSvilis prezidentobis xuTi weliwadi

jonatan uiTli

ECMI-is samuSao moxseneba № 44

seqtemberi 2009 w.

umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centri (ECMI)

ECMI saTavo ofisi: Sifbriuke 12 (kompagnietor) D-24939 flensburgi, germania tel: +49-(0) 461-14 14 9-0 faqsi +49-(0) 461-14 14 9-19 vebgverdi:

http://www.ecmi.de

2

ECMI-is samuSao moxseneba # 44 umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centri (ECMI) direqtori: doqtori tov h. maloi saavtoro uflebebi 2009 wlisTvis ekuTvnis umciresobaTa sakiTxbis evropul centrs (ECMI) gamoqveynebulia 2009 wlis seqtemberSi umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centris mier (ECMI) ISSN: 1435-9812

3

sarCevi

Sesavali………………………………………………………………………………….4

1. demografiuli monacemebi……………………………………………………......5 2. ekonomika …………………………………………………………………………….8 3.saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis urTierToba: xelisuflebis politika samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis regionebSi.................11 4. adgilobrivi gavleniani jgufebi………………………………………….....25 5. migracia da sezonuri Sroma……………………………………………….…45 6. miwis ganawileba…………………………………………………………………...53 7. mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebi……………………………....59 8. daskvna………………………………………………………………………………...70 bibliografia………………………………………………………………………….72

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Sesavali Winamdebare samuSao moxsenebis mizania gamoikvlios saqarTvelo

regionebSi, qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi, mcxovreb erovnul

umciresobaTa saqarTvelos politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

integraciis sakiTxi, aseve 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdgom

gatarebuli saxelmwifo politikis gavlena xelisfulebisa da am

regionebis umciresobaTa jgufebis urTierTobaze. naSromi Sedgeba rva

Tavisagan. pirvel TavSi mocemulia am regionebis mosaxleobis zogadi

demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi ZiriTadad maT eTnikur da enobriv

kuTvnilebze yiradRebis gamaxvilebiT. meore Tavi mimoixilavs

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones aRniSnul regionebSi rogorc soflis

meurneobis ise mrewvelobis dargSi. momdevno Tavi eZRvneba

xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis Soris urTierTobebs, kerZod,

naCvenebia, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens xelisuflebis mimdinare politika

ganaTlebis, adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis, infrastruqturisa da

ekonomikis sferoebSi mocemuli ori regionis erovnul umciresobaTa

integraciis procesze. meoTxe TavSi detaluradaa aRwerili

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis formebi erovnuli umciresobebiT

dasaxlebul samcxe-javaxeTis or (axalqalaqi da ninowminda, cnobilia,

rogorc javaxeTi) da qvemo qarTlis xuT municipalitetSi (gardabani,

marneuli, bolnisi, dmanisi da walka); kerZod, naCvenebia adgilobrivi

xelisuflebis rgolebSi bolo xuTi wlis manZilze momxdari

cvlilebebi municipalitetebis gavleniani pirebis gamovlenis

paralelurad. Semdeg TavSi ganxilulia qarTvelebisa da erovnul

umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis migraciis procesi saqarTveloSi da

mis sazRvrebs gareT, rogorc samudamo ise maTi sezonuri migracia

sazRvargareT. meeqvse Tavi Seiswavlis miwis ganawilebis problemuri

sakiTxs, romelic saerToa orive regionisTvis. meSvide TavSi yuradReba

gamaxvilebulia samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi

erovnuli umciresobebis Sexedulebaze maTTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan

sakiTxebze. naSromi dasrulebulia daskvniTi nawiliT.

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1. demografiuli monacemebi

cxrili 1. qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis regionebis mosaxleobis

eTnikuri Semadgenloba

regioni/raioni qarTvel

ebi

azerbaijan

elebi

somxebi berZnebi sxva

qvemo qarTli 44.71% 45.14% 6.39% 1.49% 2.27%

q. rusTavi 87.77% 4.29% 2.41% 0.22% 5.30%

gardabani 53.20% 43.72% 0.93% 0.21% 1.95%

marneuli 8.04% 83.10% 7.89% 0.33% 0.63%

bolnisi 26.82% 65.98% 5.81% 0.59% 0.80%

dmanisi 31.24% 66.76% 0.52% 0.78% 0.69%

TeTriwyaro 74.03% 6.47% 10.38% 5.05% 4.07%

walka 12.02% 9.54% 54.98% 21.97% 1.50%

samcxe-javaxeTi 43.35% 0.03% 54.60% 0.36% 1.67%

borjomi 84.21% 0.07% 9.64% 1.67% 4.42%

axalcixe 61.72% 0.03% 36.59% 0.28% 1.39%

adigeni 95.70% 0.08% 3.36% 0.03% 0.82%

aspinZa 82.02% 0.00% 17.47% 0.06% 0.45%

axalqalaqi 5.27% 0.00% 94.33% 0.08% 0.31%

ninowminda 1.39% 0.01% 95.78% 0.01% 2.81%

saqarTvelos cxra mxaridan mxolod samxreTiT da samxreT-

aRmosavleTiT mdebare samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi erovnuli

umciresobebi Seadgenen mosaxleobis umravlesobas. 2002 wlis aRweris

Sedegbis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa 55%

Tavs iyris am or regionSi, Tu ar CavTvliT TviTgamocxadebuli

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respublikebis, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis mosaxleobas, sadac

aRweris Catareba ver moxerxda. somexmebi samcxe-javaxeTSi yvelaze did

umciresobis jgufs warmoadgenen; kerZod, isini Seadgenen axalqalaqisa

da ninowmindis raionebis (erTad aseve cnobili, rogorc javaxeTi)

mosaxleobis 90%-ze mets. qvemo qarTlSi ki, ZiriTad umciresobis jgufs

azerbaijanelebi warmoadgenen. isini mosaxleobis umravlesobas

Seadgnen marneulis, bolnisisa da dmanisis municipalitetebSi, aseve

mosaxleobis 40%-ze mets - gardabnis municipalitetSi. walkis raionSi

somexi umciresoba mosaxleobis 55%-s utoldeba, xolo berZnuli

mosaxleoba TiTqmis gamqralia. samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis

regionebis eTnikuri Semadgenloba efuZneba 2002 wlis aRweris

monacemebs da mocemulia pirvel cxrilSi. walkis raionis berZnuli

mosaxleobis raodenobis aRmniSvneli 21.97% realobas aRar Seesabameba.

am raionSi mcxovrebi berZnebis umravlesoba emigraciaSi gaemgzavra

(ZiriTadad, saberZneTSi), amitom 2009 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba 5%-mde

Semcirda. amavdroulad, gaizarda eTnikuri qarTvelebis raodenoba

walkis municipalitetSi (savaraudod, 40%-mde), romlebic

gadmosaxldnen aWarisa (gansakuTrebiT, xulo) da svaneTis maRalmTiani

regionebidan.

pirvel cxrilSi aRniSnuli sxva umciresobis qveS ZiriTadad eTnikuri

rusebi moiazreba, romlebic Seadgenen qalaq rusTavis mcxovreblebis

3.06%-s, ninowmindis raionis 2.75%-sa da TeTriwyaros raionis

mosaxleobis 2.72%-s. ninowmindis raionSi rusebis umravlesoba arian

duxoborebi, religiuri disidentebi, romlebic am raionSi ruseTidan me-

19 saukunis Sua periodSi gadmosaxldnen (lomi, 2006). garda amisa, 2.22%

osi erovnebis mosaxleoba cxovobs borjomis raionSi.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom, erovnul umciresobebs gauWirdaT

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi

integrireba qarTuli enis arcodnis gamo, romelic gaxda erTaderTi

saxelmwifo ena (garda afxazurisa, romelsac, saqarTvelos

konstitutiis mixedviT, aseve mieniWa saxelmwifo enis statusi

afxazeTis teritoriaze). 2002 wlis monacemebiT, erovnul umciresobaTa

7

mxolod 31% flobs srulyofilad qarTuls.1 qarTul enaze

gamarTulad saubroben, ZiriTadad, dedaqalaqsa da Sereuli

mosaxleobis mqone regionebSi mcxovrebi umciresobebi, xolo Soreul

monoeTnikur regionebSi qarTulis flobis done Zalian dabalia.

umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris mier 2008 wlis maisSi

Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad, romlis drosac samcxe-javaxeTisa da

qvemo qarTlis rva municipalitetidan 1699 erovnuli umciresobis

warmomadgeneli gamoikiTxa, dadginda, rom mxolod borjomisa da

axalcixis raionebSi (sadac eTnikuri qarTvelebis raodenoba metia, ix.

cxrili 1) 10%-ze meti erovnuli umciresoba saubrobs srulyofilad

qarTul enaze. klasifikacia raionebis mixedviT mocemulia qvemoT, 2a

da 2b cxrilebSi.

cxrili 2a. qarTuli enis flobis done samcxe-javaxeTis oTx raionSi2

qarTulis flobis done borjomi axalcixe axalqalaqi ninowminda

ar icis 0.0% 6.7% 47.2% 28.2%

esmis mxolod sityvaTa

garkveuli raodenoba

11.9%

28.9%

30.3%

52.6%

esmis TiTqmis

yvelaferi, magram

saubrobs elementarul

doneze

4.8%

37.0%

16.5%

14.1%

esmis da saubrobs

kargad, magram ar

SeuZlia wera

11.9%

3.7%

0.8%

1.3%

esmis, saubrobs da wers

gamarTulad

71.4%

23.7%

5.1%

3.8%

1 wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis pirveli erovnuli sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebi.

2 kvlevis farglebSi gamoikiTxa erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebidan SeTxveviTi SerCeviT gamovlenili Semdegi respodentebi: 254 erovnuli umciresoba axalqalaqis raionidan, 156 ninowmindis raionidan, 135 axalcixis raionidan da 42 borjomis raionidan.

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cxrili 2b. qarTuli enis flobis done qvemo qarTlis oTx raionSi3

qarTulis flobis done gardabani marneuli dmanisi walka

ar icis 24.5% 42.2% 8.1% 19.3%

esmis mxolod sityvaTa

garkveuli raodenoba

47.0%

35.1%

47.5%

49.5%

esmis TiTqmis

yvelaferi, magram

saubrobs elementarul

doneze

14.0%

12.8%

32.3%

22.6%

esmis da saubrobs

kargad, magram ar

SeuZlia wera

6.9%

6.2%

7.1%

2.8%

esmis, saubrobs da wers

gamarTulad

7.7%

3.8%

5.1%

5.7%

2. ekonomika

qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi ekonomikuri warmoeba

Camouvardeboda dedaqalaqis, Tbilisis, swrafad mzard ekonomikas.

tendencia, romelic ganviTarda yvelgan 21-e saukunis pirvel

aTwleulSi, gamoixateboda dedaqalaqis ekonomikur dawinaurebaSi,

rodesac sxva regionebi kvlav rCebodnen ganviTarebis dabal

safexurze. 2007 welSi wliuri brunva erT sul mosaxleze qvemo

qarTlSi Seadgenda saSualo erovnuli maCveneblis 59.7%-s, rac

gauaresebuli maCvenebeli iyo 2003 wels dafiqsirebul 67.6%-Tan

SedarebiT. samcxe-javaxeTSi Sesabamisi monacemebia 22.0% da 35.5%.

msgavsi suraTi ixateba erT sul mosaxleze produqciis Rirebulebis

gamoangariSebisas, romelmac daiwia saSualo erovnuli maCveneblis

92.1%-dan 89.9%-mde oTxi wlis manZilze 2003 wlidan 2007 wlamde qvemo

qarTlSi da 47.9%-dan 25.7%-mde - samcxe-javaxeTSi. zemoT mocemuli ori

indikatoris mixedviT saqarTvelos TerTmeti regionis dayofis

3 kvlevis farglebSi gamoikiTxa erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebidan SeTxveviTi SerCeviT gamovlenili Semdegi respodentebi: 422 erovnuli umciresoba marneulis raionidan, 379 gardabnis raionidan, 212 walkis raionidan da 99 dmanisis raionidan.

9

SemTxvevaSi (cxra agraruli regioni, dedaqalaqi, Tbilisi da aWaris

avtonomiuri respublika), qvemo qarTli inarCunebs mesame adgils oTxi

wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tbilisisa da aWaris Semdeg, xolo samcxe-javaxeTi

mxolod merve adgilzea (uswrebs gurias, kaxeTsa da raWa-

leCxums/qvemo svaneTs, statistikis departamenti 2008a).

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom samcxe-javaxeTSi saerTo Semosavlis donem

aiwia samrewvelo sawarmoebis xarjze, rogoricaa, saqarTvelos minisa

da mineraluri wylis kompania (ix. qvemoT), isic, umTavresad, regionis

qarTul dasaxlebebSi. Sesabamisad, mosalodnelia, rom orive wliuri

brunvac da produqciis Rirebulebac erT sul mosaxleze

axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis (javaxeTi) somxur raionebSi Zalze

badalia.

samcxe-javaxeTi da qvemo qarTli sasoflo-sameurneo regionebia. am

regionebSi modis saqarTveloSi kartofilis mosavlis naxevarze meti.

statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mixedviT, daaxloebiT 110,000

tona kartoflis mosavali miiRo samcxe-javaxeTma 2007 wels, ramac

qveyanaSi miRebuli kartofilis saerTo mosavlis 37.4% Seadgina. qvemo

qarTlSi mosavalma Seadgina 60,000 tona (kartofilis saerTo

mosavlis 20.5%). kartofili ZiriTadad moyavT maRalmTian raionebSi,

rogoricaa, axalqalaqi, ninowminda, aspinZa, dmanisi, TeTriwyaro da

walka. bostneulis sxva saxeobebi, kerZod, pomidori, kombosto,

yvavilovani kombosto, iseve rogorc sxvadasxva saxis xili izrdeba

qvemo qarTlis dablobSi, gansakuTrebiT, gardabnisa da marneulis

raionebSi. qvemo qarTlSi bostneulis warmoeba gautolda 79,500 tonas

2007 welSi, romelic bostneulis saerTo warmoebis 40%-s Seadgens

(statistikis departamenti, 2008b). Tumca, bolo wlebSi, bostneulis, maT

Soris, kartofilis mosavlianobam mTel saqarTveloSi daiklo, ramac

gamoiwvia qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi saerTo Semosavlis

Semcireba. garda kartofilisa, xorbali da simindic uxvad izrdeba

qvemo qarTlis dablob raionebSi.

mesaqonleobac aseve xels uwyobs qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi

10

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas. msxvilfexa saqonlisa da cxvris

moSeneba farTodaa gavrcelebuli orive regionSi, gansakuTrebiT, qvemo

qarTlis maRal-mTian raionebSi, sadac saTibi miwa sasoflo-sameurneo

miwis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens. bolo xanebSi, gaizarda kvercxis

warmoebac qvemo qarTlSi; 2007 wlisaTvis qvemo qarTlma awarmoa

saerTo kvercxebis raodenobis 57.5%; es ricxvi 2003 wels utoldeboda

14.7%-s (statistikis departamenti 2008b).

samrewvelo warmoeba qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi

warmodgenilia ramdenime sawarmoTi. qvemo qarTlSi cnobilia rusTavis

gadamamuSavebeli metalurgiuli qarxana, rusTavis qimiuri qarxana

(romelic awarmoebs qimiur sasuqebs), haidelbergis cementis qarxana

(rusTavi) da madneulis foladisa da oqros sabadoebi kazreTSi,

bolnisis raionSi. 2005-2006 wlebSi am sawarmoebis privatizebis

kvaldakval, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda maTi warmoebac. sawarmoebi

Seadgenen saqarTvelos eqsportis udides nawils. 2007 wlisaTvis, Sida

qarTlSi samrewvelo produqciis warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze orjer

aRemateboda qveynis saerTo maCvenebels. Tumca, sawarmoebis muSaobaze

zemoqmedebda msoflio bazarze mimdinare cvlilebebi da, Sedegad,

rusTavis metalurgiul qarxanaSi Sewyda warmoeba 2008 wlis

dasasruls. msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma Seamcira moTxovna

qarTul foladze, ris gamoc sawarmoSi dasaqmebulTa meoTxedi darCa

umuSevari. unda aRiniSnos, rom madneulis gamoklebiT, es sawarmoebi

ganlagebuli rusTavSi, sadac umciresobaTa ricxvi sakmaod mcirea.

samcxe-javaxeTSi ZiriTadi samrewvelo sawarmoa saqarTvelos minisa

da mineraluri wylebis kompania, romelic awarmoebs saqarTveloSi

saukeTeso mineralur wylebs. sawarmo mdebareobs borjomSi, sadac

mosaxleobis udides nawils eTnikuri qarTvelebi Seadgens (ix. cxrili

1), Sesabamisad, erovnul umciresobebs dasaqmebis naklebi SesaZlebloba

rCebaT. mxolod ramdenime sawarmo funqcionirebs javaxeTSi. Tumca,

aRsaniSnavia axlaxan adgilobrivi biznesmenis mier daarsebuli

samkervalo qarxana ninowmindaSi (ix. qvemoT). amrigad, 2007 welSi

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samrewvelo produqciis warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze samcxe-javaxeTSi

saSualo erovnuli maCveneblis naxevarze naklebi Seadgenda.

3. saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis urTierToba:

xelisuflebis politika samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo

qarTlis regionebSi

eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodSi saqarTvelos

xelisufleba ar ereoda uSualod qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-

javaxeTis mosaxleobis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. Tumca, calkeuli

saxelmwifo Cinovnikebi iRebdnen TavianTi Semosavlis udides nawils

korufciis gziT, rac zians ayenebda mosaxleobis im fenas, romelTac

biurokratiuli procedurebis gamo Zalze uWirdaT mag. pasportis,

umniSvnelo daxmarebis (rogoricaa, pensiebis) miReba Tu biznesis

dawyeba. ufro metic, SevardnaZis susti xelisufleba ver axerxebda

erovnul umciresobebs Soris saxelmwifo enis, qarTulis, swavlebis

xelSewyobas. Sesabamisad, qarTuli enis flobis done uaRresad dabali

iyo umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi. am garemoebebma xeli

SeuSala erTiani “demos”-is Seqmnas, romlisadmi mikuTvnebulobas

Tanabrad igrZnobdnen qarTvelebic da sxva eTnikuri warmoSobis

moqalaqeebic. enobrivi barieri gaxda qarTvelebsa da umciresobaTa

jgufebs Soris urTierTobisaTvis xelisSemSleli faqtori,

gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebs Soris, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom rusuli

kargavda inter-eTnikuri komunikaciis mTavari enis funqcia.

axalgazrda Taoba, kerZod, qarTveli axalgazrdebi ukve veRar

saubrobdnen damakmayofileblad rusul enaze. umciresobebisTvis

gankuTvnili qarTuli enis Semswavleli programebi ki araorganizebuli

da uSedego iyo, metwilad saxelmwifos uunarobis gamo

ganexorcielebina swori ganaTlebis politika. ganuviTarebeli

infrastruqtura kidev ufro arTulebda komunikacias, xolo

sazogadoebrivi sargeblis xelmiuwvdomloba aferxebda integraciis

process. skolis Senobebi gamousadegar mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda,

12

garda amisa, javaxeTi da walka faqtiurad mowyvetili iqna qveynis

danarCeni nawilisgan, vinaidan gzebis savalalo mdgomareobis gamo

TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo dedaqalaqSi CaRweva. sazogadoebrivi

sargeblis xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT, umciresobebiT

dasaxlebuli regionebi ar imyofebodnen gansakuTrebiT cud

mdgomareobaSi sxva regionebTan SedarebiT; mxolod enobrivi barieri

aRvivebda izolaciisa da gaucxovebis SegrZnebas umciresobaTa

jgufebSi.

SevardnaZis dros javaxeTSi mosaxleobisaTvis ar iyo xelmisawvdomi

sazogadoebrivi sargebeli; am mxriv mosaxleobas bevrjer daxmarebia

axalqalaqSi ganlagebuli ruseTis 62-e samxedro baza, romelic

uzrunvelyofda adgilobriv ojaxebs saarsebo SemosavliT. am

garemoebam xeli Seuwyo rusuli valutis xSir brunvas regionSi da am

ukanasknelis kidev ufro CamoSorebas danarCeni saqarTvelosgan.

samxedro bazis arsebobas adgilobrivi somexi mosaxleoba mezobeli

TurqeTisgan Tavdacvis garantadac Tvlida.4 aqedan gamomdinare,

saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxridan bazis daxurvis yoveli mcdeloba

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobida winaaRmdegobas awydeboda.

qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba

iyo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi Tanamdebobis pirTa

daniSvnis kuTxiTac. xelmZRvanel poziciad iTvleba gubernatoris

Tanamdeboba, romelic iniSneba prezidentis mier da, rogorc wesi,

gubernatori qveynis pirvel pirTan daaxloebuli figura iyo.

Cveulebriv, gubernatorebad iniSnebodnen eTnikuri qarTvelebi. amis

sapirispirod, viTareba gansxvavebuli iyo raionebis doneze5, sadac

maRal Tanamdebobebze, rogoricaa, gamgeblis, policiis ufrosis,

prokuroris, sagadasaxados xelmZRvanelisa da raionuli

4 javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleoba xSirad moixseneben somxebis genocids, e.w. somxebis masiur mkvlelobebs Turqi samxedroebis mier pirveli msoflio omis dros.

5 2005 wels miRebuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb axali organuli kanonis

Tanaxmad, raionis nacvlad gamoiyeneba municipaliteti.

13

saganmanaTleblo resurscentris ufrosis, pirebi aseve centridan

iniSnebodnen. kerZod, javaxeTis or raionSi, axalqalaqsa da

ninowmindaSi, sadac umravlesobas somxebi Seadgenen, es Tanamdebobebi

ekavaT somxebs, romlebic centridan did mxardaWeras iRebdnen. Ufro

metic, yvelaze gavleniani pirebi am mxareSi iyvnen somexi biznesmenebi,

romlebic, yarabaRis konfliqtSi saqarTvelos “neitraluri” poziciis

wyalobiT, uSualo monawileobas iRebdnen azerbaijansa da somxeTs

Soris navTobiTa da gaziT vaWrobaSi (uiTli, 2004). piradi finansuri

interesebis mimdevari biznesmenebi, cxadia, ver CaiTvlebodnen TavianTi

xalxis warmomadgenlebad.

qvemo qarTlSi ki, azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba TiTqmis ar iyo

warmodgenili adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi. 1980-iani

wlebis bolos, qveyanaSi gamZvinvarebuli nacionalizmis talRis fonze,

xelmZRvanel postebze myofi azerbaijenelebi erTianad gaaTavisufles.

SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodSi (1995-2003), qvemo qarTlis

gamgeblebad, iseve rogorc sxva sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobze mxolod

qarTvelebi iniSnebodnen (javaxeTSi igive Tanamdebobebi somxebs ekavaT).

adgilobrivi azerbaijaneli liderebi daiSvebodnen dabali rangis

Tanamdebobebze, samagierod, maTac miuwvdebodaT xeli korupciul

garigebebze qvemo qarTlis gavleniani gubernatoris, levan

mamalaZisadmi erTgulebis sazRaurad. amdenad, azerbaijanul

mosaxleobas gaaCnda ramdenime safuZveli TavianTi ukmayofilebis

gamosaxatavad. yvelaze farTodgavrcelebuli problema iyo sabWoTa

kolmeurneobebis (“sovxozi” da “kolxozi”) daSlis Sedegad mimdinare

miwis ganawilebis procesSi arsebuli korufcia. adre kolmeurneobebis

kuTvnili miwis didi nawili ijariT gaica metad saidulmo

garemoebebSi. miwis moijareebi xdebodnen “adgilobrivi gavleniani

pirebi”, ZiriTadad, yofili kolmeurneobebis Tavmjdomareebi an

adgilobriv xelmZRvanelobasTan daaxloebuli pirebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom

maTi umravlesoba qarTvelebi iyvnen. aRniSnuli garemoeba uqmnida

STabeWdilebas adgilobriv azerbaijenelebs, rom isini

meorexarisxovani moqalaqeebi iyvnen TavianTi qveynisTvis.

14

vardebis revoluciis Sedegad axladarCeuli prezidentis, mixeil

saakaSvilis, mTavrobam mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadadga qveynis

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi araqarTuli mosaxleobis integraciisaTvis.

kerZod, saakaSvilis administraciam daiwyo muSaoba Semdegi

mimarTulebebiT: qarTuli enis swavleba umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli

raionebis skolebSi, raSic mTavrobas did daxmarebas uwevdnen

saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebi, rogoricaa, euTo; ZiriTadi

infrastruqturis gaumjobesebisa da axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis

sxva qarTul qalaqebTan damakavSirebeli gzebis reabilitacia (es

ukanaskneli ganxorcieldeboda aSS-s mier dafinansebuli aTaswleulis

gamowvevis programis farglebSi); zurab Jvanias (yofili premier-

ministri) saxelobis saxelmwifo administrirebis skolis daarseba,

romelic amzadebs umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs sajaro samsaxurSi

samuSaod; “patriotuli banakebi”-s daarseba, sadac Tavs iyrian

sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis axalgazrdebi; da bolos,

evrosabWos erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis CarCo konvenciis

ratificireba, romelic 2006 wlis aprilSi Sevida ZalaSi.

qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis mosaxleobisaTvis udidesi

mniSvnelobis matarebelia saqarTvelos mTavrobis iniciativa qarTuli

enis umciresobaTa jgufebisTvis swavlebisa da saganmanaTleblo

sistemis harmonizaciis Sesaxeb. 2005 wlis “zogadi ganaTlebis” Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, qarTuli enisa da literaturis,

saqarTvelos istoriisa da geografiis da sxva “socialuri

mecnierebebis” swavleba qarTul enaze erovnuli saswavlo gegmis

mixedviT unda daiwyos araugvianes 2010 wlisa. garda amisa, amave

kanoniT SemoRebuli erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi moiTxovs, rom

akreditebul universitetSi Cabarebis msurvelma miiRos dadgenili

gamsvleli qula qarTul enasa da literaturaSi.

mTavrobam ganizraxa dasaxuli gegmebis ganxorcieleba umokles

vadebSi, Sesabamisad, dapirebebma ver gaamarTla da umciresobaTa

jgufebSi qarTuli enis codnis dabali done kvlav problemad rCeboda.

15

universitetebSi Cabarebis msurvelni qvemo qarTlidan da samcxe-

javaxeTidan ver axerxebdnen saTanadod momzadebas qarTuli enaze

gamocdebis Casabareblad, romlebic faqtiurad reformis dawyebisTanave

SemoiRes. Sedegad, axalgazrdebi ver abarebdnen saqarTvelos

universitetebSi da Zveleburad kvlav erevansa da baqoSi

miemgzavrebodnen saswavleblad. 2005 welSi, rodesac pirvelad Catarda

erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi, axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis mkvidri

samocdaoTxi araqarTveli abiturientidan mxolod orma Caabara

gamocdebi da Cairicxa akreditebul universitetebSi. 2008 welSi es

ricxvi TiTqmis ar Secvlila. miuxedavad imisa, rom sul ufro meti

somexi abiturienti laxavda CabarebisTvis saWiro qulebis minimalur

zRvars, qarTul enaSi miRebuli qulebi dabla swevda qulebis saerTo

odenobas da isini veRar xvdebodnen qarTul universitetebSi. ufro

metic, abiturientebi veRarc Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

axalqalaqis filialSi iricxebodnen am ukanasknelis daxurvis gamo.

meore mniSvnelovani warmateba iyo erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT

gaTvaliswinebuli sagnebis umciresobaTa enebze Targmnili wignebis

gavrceleba. 2007-08 saswavlo wels ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministrom wignebi pirvelad dauriga pirveli, meSvide da meaTe klasis

moswavleebs. 2008-09 saswavlo wels wignebi aseve daurigdaT meore, merve

da meTerTmete klasis moswavleebs. momavalSi igegmeba Targmnili

saskolo wignebis darigeba yvela klasis moswavleebisTvis. aRniSnuli

iniciativis ganxorcielebmade, erovnul umciresobaTa skolebi

maragdeboda erevnidan da baqodan miRebuli saskolo wignebiT garda

saqarTvelos istoriisa da geografiis Sesaxeb qarTul enaze

gamocemuli wignebisa. amitom, umciresobaTa enebze saskolo wignebis

gavrceleba wingadadgmuli nabijia ganaTlebis sistemis

unifikaciisaTvis. mTavrobis am wamowyebas miesalmeba qvemo qarTlisa

da samcxe-javaxeTis mosaxleobac miuxedavad wignebis Targmnis

xarisxis Taobaze arsebuli calkeuli SeniSvnebisa.6

6 erT-erTi saskolo wigni, romelic gankuTvnili iyo axalqalaqis somxuri

16

mTavrobis iniciativiT daiwyo adgilobrivi infrastruqturis

gaumjobesebac. satransporto infrastruqturis reabilitaciis

mimdinare proeqtis wyalobiT gaadvilebulia moZraoba axalqalaqis,

ninowmindisa da walkis mTian raionebSi, samomavlod aseve

ganxorcieldeba magistralisa da rkinigzis mSeneblobis proeqtebic.

axalcixesa da axalqalaqs Soris gzebis udidesi nawili aRdgenilia,

ukve SesaZlebelia Tbilisidan axalqalaqamde Casvla oTxsaaTnaxevarSi

nacvlad eqvsi saaTisa. aTaswleulis gamowvevis fondma daafinansa

meore didi proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs Tbilisi-walka-ninowmindis

magistralis rekonstruqcias; proeqti savaraudod 2011 wlisTvis

dasruldeba. Sedegad, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Tbilisidan javaxeTamde

mgzavroba ufro mcire drois monakveTSi da, amavdroulad,

gaumjobesdeba satransporto infrastruqtura walkaSic. Tbilisidan

manglisamde (TeTriwyaros raioni) gzis monakveTi ukve aRdgenilia,

amdenad Tbilisidan walkamde samgzavro dro Semcirebulia sami

saaTidan (2004 wels) or saaTamde (2009 wels). garda amisa, kidev erTi

mniSvnelovani proeqti iTvaliswinebs yarsi-axalqalaqi-Tbilisi-baqo

sarkinigzo magistralis mSeneblobas. proeqti, romelic saqarTvelos,

azerbaijanisa da TurqeTis mTavrobebis 2007 wlis SeTanxmebis

safuZvelze xorcieldeba, savaraudod 2011 wels dasruldeba.

infrastruqtura viTardeba sxva sferoebSic. calkeul raionebSi

garemontda skolebi; skolebis didi nawili uzrunvelyofilia

kompiuteruli teqnikiT. qalaq axalqalaqis skolebSi yvela moswavles

aqvs kompiuteriT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba, Tumca kompiuterebis

raodenoba soflis skolebSi bevrad naklebia. skolebs aqvs sakuTari

biujeti7, romlidanac maswavleblebi xelfass droulad iReben. amrigad,

mosaxleobisTvis, Seicavda azerbaijanul enaze 20-mde gverdis zomis teqsts.

7 2009 wlis aprilSi axalqalaqis erT-erTi skolis maswavleblebis gancxadebiT, biujeti utoldeboda 550 lars (330 evro-mde) erT mosawavleze, romelic faravda rogorc maswavleblebis xelfass ise skolis Senobis gaTbobis xarjebsac. 2008 wlis biujetidan skolam Semoinaxa saxsrebi moswavleebisTvis wignebis SesaZenad, magram SiSobdnen, rom gaTbobis xarjebis zrdis gamo 2009 wlis biujeti mkveTrad Semcirdeboda.

17

2004 welTan SedarebiT skolebSi mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad

gaumjobesebulia, Tumca skolebis garkveuli nawili isev saWiroebs

remonts da gaTbobas zamTarSi. 2009 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobam

gamoyo 20 milioni lari soflis mxardaWeris programisTvis, romlis

mizania soflis sazogadoebebSi arsebuli mTavari infrastruqturuli

problemebis gadaWra. am mizniT, bevr dasaxlebaSi danerges

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier aprobirebuli meTodebi, romlis

mixedviTac soflebSi airCevian warmomadenlobiTi sabWoebi, romelTac

daevalebaT proeqtis marTva da saTanadod gamoyofili saxsrebis

gankargva. xelisufleba uzrunvelyofs sasaqonlo-materialuri

resursebiT momaragebas, xolo soflis mosaxleoba SromiTi resursis

miwodebis wyaro iqneba. bolnisis municipalitetis mosaxleobam miiRo

476, 903 lari, walkis municipalitetma – 219, 723 lari, dmanisis

municipalitetma – 266, 220 lari, gardabnis municipalitetma – 681, 771

lari, TeTriwyaros municipalitetma – 271, 595 lari, marneulis

municipalitetma – 781, 322 lari da axalqalaqis municipalitetma –

daaxloebiT 500, 000 lari. monacemebi ar aris xelmisawvdomi sxva

municipalitetebisTvis.8

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam daiwyo aseve bunebrivi airis miwodeba

qvemo qarTlis qalaqebisa da soflebisTvis da kerZo kompaniebze

gaasxvisa bunebrivi airiT ojaxebis momaragebis ufleba. qvemo qarTlis

gubernatoris, daviT kirkitaZis gancxadebiT, 2008 wlis oqtomberSi

marneulis raionis oTxi sofeli daukavSirda bunebrivi airis

momaragebis qsels.9 kirkitaZis dapirebiT, bunebrivi airi unda miewodos

aseve walkis raionsac, sadac mxolod ramdenime saxelmwifo

dawesebulebas miewodeba gazi. 2008 wlis bolos xelisuflebam

adgilobrivi sadistribucio kompaniebi miyida azerbaijanul bunebrivi

8 “soflis mxardaWeris programa”, qvemo qarTlis Tavisufali media,

http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/articles.php?id=77; interviu avtorTan. 9 “daviT kirkitaZe moiTxovs regionis mTlianad gaziT momaragebas”. qvemo qarTlis

Tavisufali media: axali ambebi, (2008 wlis 28 oqtomberi), http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/reginfo.php.

18

airis mimwodebel kompanias, sokars. mTavari qalaqebis didi nawili da

rigi soflebisa bunebrivi airiT maragdebian azerbaijanuli kompaniis

saSualebiT. bunebrivi airi miewodeba axalqalaqsac, magram kerZo

mimwodebeli kompania moiTxovs 400 lars (240 evro) saxlebSi bunebrivi

airis gasayvanad; bevri ojaxi moklebulia SesaZleblobas gadaixados

es safasuri. 2009 aprilisTvis, q. axalqalaqSi, 600-mde ojaxSi gaiyvanes

bunebrivi airi. mTavrobam daiwyo bunebrivi airis gayvana javaxeTis

soflebSic.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 2004 wlis Semdeg eleqtroenergia Seuferxeblad,

ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi, miewodeba qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-

javaxeTis TiTqmis yvela raions. drodadro Seferxebebi gamowveulia

eleqtroenergiis mimwodebeli sistemis avariuli mdgomareobiT; am

viTarebis aRmosafxvrelad, mTavarma energo-distributorma, energo-pro

jorjiam, romelic awvdis eleqtroenergias qveynis or mesameds, daiwyo

bolnisisa da TeTriwyaros raionebSi eleqtroenergiis mimwodebeli

sistemis aRdgena.10

gadasaxadebis mokrefis gaumjobesebuli sistemis SemoRebiT gazarda

regionebis dafinansebac. Sedegad, biujetebi bevr raionSi mniSvnelovnad

gaizarda; amis naTeli magaliTia, axalqalaqis municipalitetis

biujeti, romlis odenoba gaizarda 2005 welSi fiqsirebuli 700, 000 (425,

000 evro) laridan 9 milion (5.5 milioni evro) laramde 2009 welSi.11

municipalitetebs miecaT SesaZlebloba fuladi saxsrebi mimarTon

infrastruqturuli samuSaoebis Casatareblad, rogoricaa, gzebis,

xidebis da sakanalizacio sistemis SekeTeba, aseve sasmeli wylis

miwodeba.

miuxedavad adgilobrivi infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa da regionebis

10 qvemo qarTlis Tavisufali media: axali ambebi (2009 wlis 13 aprili da 11 ivnisi),

http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/reginfo.php. 11 axalqalaqis gamgebelTan, nairi iriwianTan interviu, 2009 wlis 14 aprili.

19

sabiujeto sistemis resursebiT uzrunvelyofisa, ekonomika

kvlavindeburad ganuviTarebelia rogorc samcxe-javaxeTSi ise qvemo

qarTlSi. regionebSi sruli datvirTviT muSaobs mxolod ramdenime

sawarmo, maT Soris, rusTavis metalurgiuli qarxana, saqarTvelos

minisa da mineraluri wylebis kompania borjomSi da kazreTis oqrosa

da spilenZis sabadoebi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, regionebSi saqonlis

warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze daeca saSualo erovnul maCvenebelTan

SedarebiT 2003 wlidan 2007 wlamde periodSi da ekonomikuri aqtivobebi

Semoifargleba mxolod importirebuli produqciis, kerZod,

samomxmareblo saqonlisa da Txevadi airis avzebis gayidviT.

prezidenti saakaSvilis mier 2007 wlis ivlisSi micemuli dapireba asze

meti sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmos gaxsnis Taobaze kvlav

Seusrulebelia.12 soflis meurneoba rCeba regionSi ZiriTad

saqmianobad, amis dasturad ramdenime mcire da saSualo sawarmo

ganagrZobs efeqtur muSaobas. saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris

dapirebac axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis raionebSi sasoflo-sameurneo

produqciis Sesyidvis Taobaze ruseTis samxedro bazis gayvanis

kompensirebis mizniT aseve Seusrulebelia.13 mcire cvlilebebi

SeimCneva samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis dakompleqtebis kuTxiT. axalqalaqisa

da ninowmindis municipalitetebSi xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobebi kvlav

gavlenian somxebs ukaviaT, romlebic cnobili iyvnen jer kidev

SevardnaZis periodSi da ufro adrec (ix. qvemoT). amrigad,

axalqalaqsa da ninowmindis raionebSi gamgeblis, policiis ufrosis,

prokuroris da sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobebi somxebs

ukaviaT. skolis direqtorebic somxebi arian, maT Soris, isinic,

romlebmac ar ician qarTuli ena saTanado doneze. meore mxriv, qvemo

qarTlis umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul raionebSi

12 sivil jorjia: internet Jurnali (2007 wlis 25 ivlisi),

http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=15494 13 sivil jorjia: internet Jurnali (2005 wlis 10 agvisto), http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=10516; daniis sagareo saqmeTa saministro: samezoblo programa, “daniis kavkasiis programa 2005-2007: umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centris pozicia”, http://www.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/198301C0-3CFF-4AA0-AA32-3127C7852897/0/NABECMICaucasusProgramme200607final.doc.

20

xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze arian qarTvelebi, rogorc es SevardnaZis

dros iyo. marneulis, dmanisisa da bolnisis municipalitetebSi

mxolod gamgeblis moadgileebi da gamgeobis ramdenime TanamSromeli

arian azerbaijanelebi.

qvemo qarTlis arCeviT organoebSi, sakrebuloSi/sabWoSi

azerbaijanelTa raodenoba proporciulad ufro dabalia adgilobriv

mosaxleobaSi maT saerTo raodenobasTan SedarebiT. mesame cxrili

asaxavs, rom eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi TiTqmis ar arian warmodgenili

im municipalitetebSi, sadac isini umravlesobas Seadgenen; dmanisisa

da bolnisis municipalitetebis, sadac azerbaijanelebi mosaxleobis

or mesameds Seadgenen, arCeviT organoebSi isini umciresobaSi arian.

aseve marneulis municipalitetSi azerbaijanelebi Seadgenen sabWos

wevrTa mxolod naxevars, rodesac raionis mosaxleobis 80% eTnikuri

azerbaijanelebi arian (Sedareba pirvel cxrilTan). 2006 wlis

adgilobriv arCevnebSi erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis partiuli siiT

arCeulTa Soris TiTqmis ar iyvnen umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi.

cxrili 3. qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis raionuli

sakrebuloebis wevrebis eTnikuri warmomavloba14

regioni/raioni qarTvelebi azerbaij

anelebi

somxebi berZnebi sxva

erovneba

qvemo qarTli 59.41% 28.22% 9.90% 0.99% 1.49%

q. rusTavi 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

gardabani 59.38% 41.62% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

14 umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris mier Catarebuli kvleva; saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno komisia, http://cec.gov.ge/uploads/attachments_old/209_2269_892400_MEMBERSOFSAKREBULOELECTEDTHROUGHPROPORTIONALSYSTEM.doc da http://cec.gov.ge/uploads/attachments_old/209_2269_947315_MEMBERSOFSAKREBULOELECTEDTHROUGHMAJORITARIANSYSTEM.doc.

21

marneuli 31.03% 55.17% 10.34% 0.00% 0.00%

bolnisi 57.69% 38.46% 3.85% 0.00% 0.00%

dmanisi 57.69% 38.46% 0.00% 0.00% 3.85%

TeTriwyaro 82.35% 8.82% 10.38% 2.94% 2.94%

walka 47.50% 12.50% 37.50% 2.50% 0.00%

samcxe-javaxeTi 59.59% 0.00% 39.73% 0.00% 0.68%

borjomi 95.24% 0.00% 4.76% 0.00% 0.00%

axalcixe 69.23% 0.00% 30.77% 0.00% 0.00%

adigeni 92.00% 0.00% 8.00% 0.00% 0.00%

aspinZa 95.45% 0.00% 4.55% 0.00% 0.00%

axalqalaqi 12.50% 0.00% 87.50% 0.00% 0.00%

ninowminda 5.00% 0.00% 90.00% 0.00% 5.00%

aRsaniSnavia, rom gamgeblis daniSvnis moqmedi procedura

uzrunvelyofs mkacri centraluri kontrolis SenarCunebas ara marto

qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi, aramed saqarTvelos sxva

mxareebSic. 2005 wlis dekemberSi miRebulma “adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis” Sesaxeb axalma organulma kanonma meti

uflebamosileba mianiWa sakrebulos da mis Tavmjdomares, kerZod,

gamgeoba aRasrulebs sakrebulos gadawyvetilebebs da gamgebeli

iniSneba sakrebulos mier konkursis wesiT. gamgebeli

angariSvaldebulia sakrebulos winaSe, romelic gansazRvravs mis

SromiT pirobebs. Zveli kanonmdeblobiT, gamgebeli formalurad

mxolod prezidents emorCileboda.

Tumca, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saministros15

15 2004 wels Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTan dazvervis samsaxuris gaerTianebis Semdeg, saministrom moipova saxelmwifo aparatis, maT Soris, regionaluri rgolebis kontrolis SesaZlebloba. moqmedi Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, vano merabiSvili, romelic prezidentis axlo megobaria, TiTqmis yvelaze gavleniani politikuri

22

gavleniani pirebs an regionis gubernators gavlena moexdinaT maTTvis

sasurveli kandidatis gamgeblis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnaze. centraluri

kontrolis arsebobis faqts mowmobs is garemoeba, rom 2006 wlis

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi erTianma nacionalurma

moZraobam municipalitetebis sabWoebSi gaimarjva absoluturi

umravlesobiT. amitom, kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis miuxedavad,

lideri partia, erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis saxiT, axorcielebs

centralizebul Zalauflebas saqarTvelos regionebSi.

centralizebuli Zalaufleba gansakuTrebiT Zlieria gamgebelTa

daniSvnis dros qvemo qarTlSi; marneulSi sakrebulom faqtiurad

Sewyvita muSaoba gamgeblis daniSvnis Sedegad, romlis kandidaturac

rusTavis gubernatoris arCevani iyo. axalqalaqSi ramdenime kandidati

iRebda monawileobas gamgeblis arCevnebSi, 2008 wels gamgebeli

Secvales (ix. qvemoT) da, gadmocemiT, axalcixis gubernators didi

wvlili miuZRvis Sesabamisi kandidatis SerCevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare,

axalma organulma kanonma realuri gavlena ver moaxdina

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis dakompleqtebis arsebul

praqtikaze qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi.

organuli kanoniT gamowveuli ZiriTadi cvlilebebi ukavSirdeba

regionebSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis saqmianobas. axali kanonis

SemoRebiT, gauqmda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo, Temi,

romelic sofels an soflebis gaerTianebas aRniSnavda. sakuTari

sabWos an sakrebulos arCevis nacvlad, TiToeuli sofeli uSualod

airCevs erT warmomadgenels municipalitetis sakrebuloSi, romelic

valdebulia daicvas soflis interesebi sakrebuloSi. amave dros,

gamgeobac niSnavs Tavis warmoamadgenels, an, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

specialists TiToeul sofelSi. paraleluri sistemis mixedviT,

sofels hyavs rogorc arCeuli warmomadgeneli ise municipalitetis

gamgeobis warmomadgenelic. qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi

gamokiTxulTa umravlesobis gancxadebiT, gamgeobis warmomadgenlis

pozicia aris dominanturi Tanamdeboba. cxadia, rom sakrebulo ar

figuraa. cnobilia, rom merabiSvili da misi moadgileebi gansazRvraven regionebSi ZiriTad Tanamdebobebze dasaniSn kandidaturebs.

23

ereva municipalitetis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, adgilobrivi

biujetis ganmkargveli da masze pasuxismgebeli gamgeoba da misi

warmomadgenlebia.

kvlav centralizebuli sistemiT iniSnebian Tanamdebobebze skolis

direqtorebi, Tumca kanonmdebloba am kuTxiTac Seicvala. 2005 wlis

“zogadi ganaTlebis” Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, skolis sameurveo sabWo,

romelSic mSoblebi, maswavleblebi da erTi mosawavle Sedian, irCevs

skolis direqtors. axali sistemiT skolis direqtorTa pirveli

arCevnebi 2007 wels Catarda; marneulSi gamokiTxuli respodentebis

azriT, skolis direqtorTa arCevis axali modeli mainc

centralizebulia. azerbaijanuli skolebis direqtorebad kvlav

rCebian mravali wlis win centris mier daniSnuli pirebi. marneulsa

da bolnisSi ar yofila SemTxveva, rom skolis direqtorebi Tavad

skolebs aerCios. arsebuli monacemebiT, bolnisis erT-erT sofelSi

iyo aseTi mcdeloba, magram mowonebuli kandidati ar daamtkica

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom. uaris mizezad saministrom

ganmarta, rom 2009 wlis oqtombramde saministro niSnavda skolis

direqtorebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba “zogadi ganaTlebis”

Sesaxeb kanonis debulebebs.16 axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis

municipalitetebSi, qarTuli enis arasaTanadod flobis gamo, skolis

direqtorebma ver Caabares axali sakvalifikacio gamocdebi, romelic

2007 wlis ianvarSi Catarda. 150 direqtoridan mxolod orma Caabara

gamocdebi, Tumca bevri maTgani rCeba moqmed direqtorad vidre

xelmeored ar Caabareben gamocdebs 2009 wlis bolos. ramdenime

SemTxvevaSi skolis sameurveo sabWoebma TavianTi kanonismieri ufleba

gamoiyenes da uaryves saministros mier nominirebuli direqtorobis

axali kandidatebi.

bolo xanebSi, qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi momZlavrda

centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan iZulebiTi kontroli,

16 avtoris interviu.

24

gansakuTrebiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier. saministros

uSiSroebis samsaxurebma ramdenjerme dakiTxes adgilobrivi

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis liderebi da sxva samoqalaqo

aqtivistebi javaxeTSi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

SeTqmulebebis gamosavlenad. regionis saqmianobaSi Carevas miaweren im

faqts, rom ministri, vano merabiSvili da misi gavleniani moadgile,

amiran mesxeli arian axalcixidan da, sjeraT, rom maT ninowmindasa da

axalqalaqSi mimdinare procesebSi Carevis piradi daintereseba aqvT.

calkeuli adgilobrivi pirebis gadmocemiT, Sinagan saqmeTa

saministros regionuli ofisis axalqalaqis raionis filiali

dazvervis informaciis TavSeyris mTavari adgilia da, amitom, samsaxuri,

Cveulebriv, iwodeba saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetad.17 xolo walkis

municipalitetSi, samarTaldamcavi organoebis naklebi

warmomadgenlobis gamo adgili hqonda Zaladobis faqtebs 2005 wels

(uiTli 2006); mas Semdeg policiis Careva raionSi sagrZnoblad

gaizarda.

4. adgilobrivi gavleniani jgufebi

adgilobriv elitur fenas sakmao gavlena gaaCnia samcxe-javaxeTis

somexi umciresobiT dasaxlebul raionebSi (axalqalaqsa da

ninowmindaSi, e.w. javaxeTi), aseve qvemo qarTlSi, sadac ZiriTadad

azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba cxovrobs (marneulis, dmanisisa da

bolnisis raionebi). walkis raionSi, sadac sxvadasxva erovnuli

umciresobebi saxlobdnen, gavleniani elita Zalauflebas inarCunebda

2005-06 wlebSi centraluri xelisuflebis kontrolis momZlavrebamde.

17 avtoris interviu. 2004 wels, saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro SeuerTda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros da uSiSroebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi ganawilebuli aqvs saministros sxvadasxva rgols.

25

javaxeTi

calkeulma ekonomikurma jgufebma, e.w. klanebma, xelSi Caigdes

Zalaufleba javaxeTSi 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodidan (uiTli 2004).

klanebs marTavdnen gavleniani adgilobrivi ojaxebi, romlebic

gamdidrnen18 jer kidev komunisturi reJimis dros an misi daSlis

Semdeg, bazaltis, navTobisa da airiT vaWrobis Sedegad. SevardnaZis

prezidentobis dros arsebobda ori Zlieri klani, romlebsac

periodulad aqtiur mxardaWeras uwevdnen prezidentis administraciis,

parlamentis an Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Tanamdebobis pirebi.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiris daSlisa da yofili parlamentis

Tavmjdomaris, zurab Jvanias, opoziciaSi gadasvlis Sedegad 2001 wlis

bolos, SevardnaZis mxardamWerebs didi upiratesoba gaaCndaT zurab

Jvanias fraqciasTan SedarebiT.

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, SevardnaZis momxreTa jgufi aRar

ganixileboda liderobis erT-erT kandidatad, magram saakaSvilis

TanamebrZolis, vano merabiSvilis (warmoSobiT axalcixidan, SemdgomSi

Sinagan saqmeTa ministri) wyalobiT bevri maTgani kvlav gvevlineba

mmarTvel Tanamdebobebze.19 ninowmindis parlamentis wevri, enzel

mqoiani, romelic adre SevardnaZis erTguli mxardamWeri iyo, dainiSna

saakaSvilis saarCevno Stabis ufrosad 2004 wlis saprezidento

arCevnebis dros, dResdReobiT ki erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis erT-

erTi gavleniani politikuri figuraa. miuxedavad zurab Jvanias premier-

ministrad daniSvnisa 2004 welSi, misi gundi popularobiT mainc ver

sargeblobda javaxeTSi, xolo misma gardacvalebam 2005 wlis

TebervalSi, gundis avtoriteti kidev ufro Seamcira.

18 magaliTad, erT-erT ojaxs hqonda liTonisa da Camosasxmeli gazis biznesi sabWoeTis xanaSi. wyaro: rusiko mumlaZe, “klanuri samarTali samcxe-javaxeTSi”, rezonansi, 2002 wlis 27 marti. sabWoTa periodis bolos arsebuli Savi bazari msgavsi biznes-sawarmoebis mflobelebs, miuxedavad kerZo mewarmeobis akrZalvisa, kerZoOsaqmianobiT saxsrebis moZiebis saSualebas aZlevda.

19 Tamar asaTiani “mmarTveli partiis problemebi: ‘regionuli’”, 24 saaTi (2005 wlis 4 Tebervali), Http://www.24hours.ge/index.php?n=188&r=8&id=694.

26

enzel mqoiani, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze gavleniani figuraa javaxeTSi.

masTan daaxloebuli pirebi ki, rogorc amboben, warmarTaven javaxeTis

ekonomikis mniSvnelovan nawils. ninowmindis raionis parlamentis

wevris statusiT mas iwveven sxvadasxva saparlamento delegaciebis

Sexvedrebze sazRvargareT.20 mqoianis axloblebi ikaveben maRal

Tanamdebobebs ninowmindisa da axalqalaqis raionebSi, maT Soris

aRsaniSnavia, ninowmindis policiis ufrosi, ninowmindis

municipalitetis sabWos wevri (romelic mqoianis naTesavia),

axalqalaqis resurscentris direqtori da ninowmindis

municipalitetis raionuli saarCevno komisiis ufrosi. amboben, rom

mqoianis ojaxi aqtiurad monawileobs uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebul

garigebebSi javaxeTSi, kerZod sofel gorelovkaSi, romelic dRemde

rusi duxoborebiT iyo dasaxlebuli (ix. qvemoT); da bolos, mqoianis

meuRle, saxelmwifo enis arcodnis miuxedavad, 2007 wlis agvistoSi

gaxda axalqalaqis erT-erTi sajaro skolis direqtori metad saeWvo

viTarebaSi.21

ninowmindaSi meore mZlavri figuraa mels bdoiani, yofili parlamentis

wevri imave saarCevno olqSi, romelsac ninowmindis raionis

aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba ekava sabWoTa

reJimis miwuruls. 2004 wlis bolos ninowmindis gamgeblad arCeviT man

kvlav daibruna dakarguli Zalaufleba. 2006 wlis oqtombris

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis dros proporciuli sistemiT

monawile kandidatTa sia waradgina mxolod erTianma nacionalurma

moZraobam (ninowmindis sabWos aTi wevri airCa partiis siebiT, xolo

darCenili aTi kandidati – Temis saarCevno olqidan, romelic

20 saqarTvelos parlamentis veb-gverdi, “saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomaris, daviT baqraZisa da saparlamento delegacies viziti amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi” (2009 wlis 31 maisi), http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=1132&info_id=2334; saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros veb-gverdi, “saqarTvelos delegaciis viziti estoneTSi dasrulebulia” (2007 wlis 4 oqtomberi), http://www.justice.gov.ge/October%202007.html.

21 “axlad-arCeuli direqtori ar flobs saxelmwifo enas”, (2007 wlis 22 agvisto), http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?a=article&id=1803&lang=en.

27

efuZneboda ukve gauqmebul adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis yvelaze

dabal safexurs); Tumca, es sia Tanabrad ganawilda, erTi mxriv, mqoianis

gundsa da, meore mxriv, bdoianis gunds Soris (lomi, 2007). is

kandidatebi, romlebic SeirCnen uSualod soflis saarCevno olqidan,

aseve Tanabrad ganawildnen. mqoianis gundma mxari ar dauWira axali

sakrebulos Tavmjdomared bdoianis arCevas, Sedegad, samcxe-javaxeTis

gubernatorisa da sxva gavleniani Tanamdebobis pirebis daxmarebiT,

bdoians piradi gancxadebis safuZvelze daatovebines Tanamdeboba.

mogvianebiT, bdoiani daapatimres qrTamis aRebis braldebiT.

regionSi Zalze gavleniani figuraa samvel petrosiani, romelic

centraluri xelisuflebis umoqmedobis Jams 1990-iani wlebSi gavleniani

sazogadoebrivi moZraobis, javaxis lideri iyo (uiTli 2004; lomi 2007).

petrosiani dainiSna adgilobrivi sagzao policiis ufrosis

moadgiled SevardnaZis mier Zalauflebis konsolidaciis Semdeg, 1990-

iani wlebis Sua periodSi, magram igi maleve gaaTavisufles. Petrosiani

isev gamoCnda asparezze, rodesac igi dainiSna axalqalaqis raionis

policiis ufrosad 2006 wlis zafxulSi. amrigad, centraluri

xelisufleba kvlav cdilobs adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi SeinarCunos

centris mimarT loialurad ganwyobili somexi erovnebis pirebi.

axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis gamgeblebi arian raionebis

aRmasrulebeli rgolis meTaurebi, magram bolo TxuTmeti wlis

manZilze isini realurad warmoadgenen sxvadasxva ekonomikuri

jgufebis interesebs. Tumca, axalqalaqis moqmedi gamgebeli, nairi

iriciani aris ufro damoukidebeli figura, romelic adre CarTuli iyo

politikuri organizaciis, erTiani javaxis saqmianobaSi da Semdgom

airCies arasamTavrobo organizaciebis asociaciis, javaxeTis

samoqalaqo forumis TanaTavmjdomared (ix. qvemoT). arasamTavrobo

seqtorSi samuSao gamocdilebis wyalobiT, gamgebelma SeZlo

calkeuli demokratiuli mimdinareobebis danergva municipalitetSi.

upirvelesad, man gaaZliera demokratiuli kontrolis meqanizmi soflis

mxardaWeris programis farglebSi gamoyofili saxsrebis gankargvaze

28

(ix. zemoT), romelic 2009 welSi 500,000 lars utoldeboda

(municipalitetis saerTo biujetis nawilia, ix. zemoT) da am sakiTxis

gadawyveta miando adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier arCeul gamgeobas.

misi meore iniciatica gamoixata sofelSi gamgeobis warmomadgenlis an

specialistis SesarCevad arCevnebis wesis SemoRebaSi in SemTxvevebSIi

roca erTze meti kandidatia msurveli.22

javaxeTis dominanti jgufebis mier xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebis

Sedegad, safrTxe daemuqra adgilobrivi xelisuflebis struqturul

gamWvirvalobas. javaxeTis ekonomikis ganviTarebis dabali donis gamo,

mxolod ramdenime saxis ekonomikuri saqmianoba SeiZleba CaiTvalos

Semosavlianad, maT Soris, Txevadi airisa da navTobis import-eqsporti,

romelic gavleniani ekonomikuri jgufebis srul kontrol

eqvemdebareba (uiTli 2004). bolo wlebis manZilze, sxva

dainteresebuli jgufebic cdilobdnen am ekonomikur qselSi moxvedras

Tumca cvalebadi warmatebiT.

am mxriv, yvelaze naklebi warmatebis mqoned CaiTvleba opoziciuri

partiebi. maTi umravlesoba TbilisSi saqmianobs da interesi TiTqmis

ar gamouCeniaT javaxeTis mimarT bolo aTi wlis manZilze. garda amisa,

adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba, romlisTvisac xelmiuwvdomelia

qarTuli media saSualebebi enobrivi barieris gamo, naklebad aris

informirebuli opoziciuri partiebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. 2008 wlis

maisSi umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris mier Catarebuli

kvlevis mignebebis Tanaxmad, saparlamento arCevnebamde ori kviriT adre,

araqarTuli mosaxleobas spontanurad asaxelebda saSualod 1.94

partias arCevnebSi monawile Tormeti partiidan da blokidan, xolo

kaxeTis, qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis qarTuli mosaxleoba –

saSualod 4.01 partias. partiaTa siis wakiTxvis Semdegac, javaxeTis

araqarTuli mosaxleoba cnobda saSualod mxolod 2.83 partias, xolo

22 avtorTis interviu.

29

samive regionis qarTuli mosaxleoba – 6.67-s.23 savaraudod,

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba xmas mainc erTian nacionalur moZraobas

micemda, Tumca arc opoziciurma partiebma izrunes saarCevno

kampaniebis organizebaze javaxeTis raionebSi 2008 wlis saparlamento

arCevnebis dros. aRniSnulma garemoebam kidev ufro Seamcira maTi

gavlena regionSi.

ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze opoziciuri partiebi arCevnebSi warmatebas

mxolod adgilobriv gavlenian jgufebTan daaxloebis SemTxvevaSi

aRwevdnen. kerZod, 1998 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis

dros, adgilobrivi sainiciativo jgufi, romelic ukmayofilo iyo

SevardnaZis moqalaqeTa kavSiris mmarTvelobiT, gaerTianda erovnul

demokratiul partiasTan da moagrova xmebis 19.45% axalqalaqis

raionSi, xolo 26.56% - q. axalqalaqSi (samoqalaqo kulturis

saerTaSoriso centri, 1999). analogiurad, 2003 wlis sadavo

saparlamento arCevnebSi, romelsac Sedegad vardebis revolucia

mohyva, opoziciurma saarCevno blokma “burjanaZe-demokratebma” zurab

Jvaniasa da nino burjanaZis liderobiT miiRo xmaTa 23.36%

axalqalaqis raionSi JvaniasTan daaxloebuli adgilobrivi gavleniani

jgufis daxmarebiT (ix. zemoT). amave arCevnebSi, araRiarebuli

adgilobrivi partiis, “virkis”, (ix. qvemoT) lideri, daviT rstakiani,

gaerTianda partia axal memajrveneebTan da moipova xmebis TiTqmis

10% axalqalaqsa da ninowmindaSi. 2006 wlis oqtombris adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi, erTianma javaxma Tavisi kandidatebi

partia, “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos”, siaSi iricebodnen da

Sedegad xmebis 32.55% moipoves axalqalaqis municipalitetSi, romelic

aris opoziciuri partiebis mier odesme regionebSi mogrovebuli xmebis

umaRlesi odenoba. 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi, rodesac

adgilobriv jgufebs ar yoliaT sakuTari kandidatebi opoziciuri

partiebis siebSi, absoluturi umravlesobiT moigo erTianma

23 orive SemTxveva statistikurad mniSvnelovania 0.001 doneze , orive SemTxvevaSi

gamoyenebulia levinis testi Tanasworobis variaciaTa da testi saSualebebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. .

30

nacionalurma moZraobam (xmebis 90.21% axalqalaqis raionSi, 91.69% -

ninowmindaSi xmebis 59.18% qveynis saSualo maCvenebelTan SedarebiT).24

bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze, javaxeTSi gamoikveTa ramdenime

aqtiuri adgilobrivi politikuri organizacia. pirveli adgilobrivi

somxuri organizacia, javaxi daarsda 1988 wels, romlis mizani iyo

somxuri mosaxleobis dacva maTi SexedulebiT qarTveli

nacionalistebisagan momavali safrTxisagan 1991 wels prezidentad

arCeuli zviad gamsaxurdias liderobiT. javaxs SeeZlo iaraRis

mopoveba ukve daSlis piras myofi sabWoTa jaris ukontrolo

samxedro bazebidan. organizaciis calkeuli wevrebi exmarebodnen

somxur mxares 1988 wlidan 1994 wlamde mimdinare yarabaxis konfliqtSi.

javaxi faqtiurad marTavda politikur cxovrebas regionSi 1990-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi. moZraobis winaaRmdegobis Sedegad gamsaxurdiam ver

daniSna Tavisi kandidati axalqalaqis raionis prefeqtad (gamgebeli).

samagierod es Tanamdeboba javaxis erT-erT liders, samvel petrosians,

xvda wilad (ix. zemoT). 1992 wlis martSi, SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi

dabrunebis Semdeg, javaxma nel-nela dakarga Tavisi gavlena. 1990-iani

wlebis Sua periodidan SevardnaZem daiwyo “gaTiSe da ibatone”-s

politikis gatareba, kerZod, organizaciis liderebs Tavazobda

Tanamdebobes adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi; maT Soris, petrosiani

dainiSna sagzao policiis ufrosis moadgiled.

meore gavleniani organizaciaa virki. virki dafuZnda 1990-iani wlebis

bolos regionuli politikuri partiis saxiT, romlis mizani iyo

saqarTvelos farglebSi javaxeTis politikur avtonomiad gardaqmna;

gaerTianebas uari eTqva politikur partiad registraciaze im

safuZvliT, rom moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb kanoni

krZalavs regionul partiebs (uiTli 2004; lomi 2007). virks arasdros

hyolia im raodenobiT mimdevari, ramdenic javaxs.

24 ixileT monacemebi centraluri saarCevno komisiis veb-gverdze, www.cec.gov.ge.

31

SedarebiT axlad Camoyalibebuli organizaciebs warmoadgenen

javaxeTis axalgazrduli sportuli kavSiri da araregistrirebuli

partia, erTiani javaxi, romelic sportuli kavSiris ramdenime liderma

daafuZna. javaxeTis axalgazrduli sportuli kavSiri arasamTavrobo

organizaciis saxiT Camoyalibda 2001 wels da miznad isaxavda

javaxeTis axalgazrdobis masiuri migraciis SeCerebas sportuli

RonisZiebebis organizebiTa da ocze meti sportuli darbazis

daarsebiT axalqalaqsa da mimdebare soflebSi. 2005 wels organizaciis

ramdenime aqtivistma, maT Soris, jgufis liderma, vaag Caxalianma

daafuZnes politikuri organizacia erTiani javaxi. erTiani javaxi

pirvelad gamoCnda 2005 wlis 13 marts, rodesac maT farTomasStabiani

saprotesto mitingi moawyves axalqalaqidan ruseTis samxedro bazis

gayvanis winaaRmdeg. ruseTis samxedro baza adgilobrivi ekonomikis

mamoZravebeli Zala da mosaxleobisTvis TurqeTis agresiis Tavidan

acilebis garanti iyo. ramdenime aTasi adamiani gamoTqvamda protests am

mitingzec da 31 marts xelmeored gamarTul mitingzec. erTian javaxi

iyo axalgazrda aqtivistebis gaerTianeba, romlebic ukmayofilebas

gamoTqvamdnen Zveli javaxis organizaciis wevrebis xelisuflebasTan

damokidebulebis Taobaze. erTianma javaxma popularobis piks miaRwia

2006 wlis seqtemberSi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis

arCevnebis dros. marTalia, organizacias uari eTqva registraciaze

msgavsi mizeziT, rac virkis registraciaze uaris safuZveli iyo, partia

“mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos”-Tan SeTanxmebiT, misi wevrebi

Sevidnen partiis kandidatTa saarCevno siaSi. Sedegad, erTiani javaxis

ramdenime wevri kenWs iyrida axalqalaqis soflebis masStabiT ocdaor

saarCevno olqSi. partiam “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos” miiRo

30%-ze xma (ix. zemoT), xolo axalqalaqis yofilma merma da ukve

erTiani javaxis momxrem, nairi iricianma, moigo q. axalqalaqis erT-

mandatian saarCevno olqSi ufro meti xmiT vidre xelisuflebis

favorits hqonda. erTiani javaxis momxrem, andranik abelianma, aseve

arCevnebSi gaimarjva kumurdos dasaxlebaSi. naklebi warmateba qonda

organizacias ninowmindis raionSi, sadac erTian nacionalur moZraobas

faqtiurad ar yavda konkurenti da maTi kandidatebi mxars uWerdnen an

32

enzel mqoians an mels bdoians (ix. zemoT).

erTiani javaxis warmatebam miipyro adgilobrivi Tu centraluri

xelisuflebis yuradReba, romlebmac ganizraxes moZraobis

Zalauflebis daknineba. arCevnebidan ori dRis Semdeg, erTianma javaxma

moawyo demonstracia axalqalaqSi xmebis masiuri gayalbebis faqtTan

dakavSirebiT.25 demonstraciis monawileebma ganizraxes javaxeTis

rainuli saarCevno komisiis Senobis dakaveba, Sedegad adgili qonda

fizikuri dapirispirebas, romelsac moyva haerSi srolebi. Sedegad,

policiis meTauri, samvel petrosiani, msubuqad daSavda. maleve daakaves

Caxaliani somxeTSi gadasvlisTanave, Tumca sami kviris Semdeg isev

gaaTavisufles. adgilobrivi gavleniani jgufebi daupirispirdnen

erTiani javaxis moZraobas, raSic maT mxari odesRac yofilma

oponentma radikalma, daviT rstakianma (virkis lideri).

erTianma javaxma daiwyo daSla 2007-08 wlebSi. viTareba kvlav

daZabuli iyo sadavo arCevnebis Semdgom TveebSic. iriciani

akritikebda adgilobriv xelisuflebas, vinaidan ar daniSnes

axalqalaqis sakrebulos erT-erTi komitetis Tavmjdomared mainc

miuxedavad imisa, rom man xmebis didi raodenobiT gaimarjva arCevnebSi.

2007 wlis aprilSi is daakaves kidevac erTiani javaxis aqtivistebTan

erTad (maT Soris, abelianTan) da adgilobrivi prokuroris mZRolTan

Cxubis faqtze.26 Tumca, mogvianebiT iricianis Tanamoazre, aruciun

ovanesiani, dainiSna axalqalaqis municipalitetis gamgeblad (2007

wlis 7 Tebervals), Tavad iriwiani ki - mis moadgiled.27 2008 wlis 2

maiss ovanesianis axalqalaqis erT-mandatiani saarCevno olqSi

saparlamento arCevnebisTvis erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis

25 gadmocemiT, erTianma nacionalurma moZraobam 100%-ze meti xma miiRo erT-erT sofelSi.

26 “axalqalaqis yofili meri dakavebulia”, Armenian News (2007 wlis 25 aprili),

http://www.armtown.com/news/en/lra/20070425/12105/. 27 “sabWos axali prezidenti” (A-info-s veb-gverdi, 2008 wlis 10 Tebervali), http://www.a-

info.org/eng/full.php?id=1922, mopovebulia 2009 wlis 28 ivniss.

33

kandidatad SerCevis Semdeg ki, iriciani gaxda gamgebeli.28 iricianma,

yofilma opozicionerma, SeZlo saerTo enis gamonaxva

xelisuflebasTan da, SesaZloa, swored misi gavlenis gamo, ovanesianma

da erTianma nacionalurma moZraobam moipova uprecedento gamarjveba

axalqalaqSi 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi (ix. zemoT).

xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeni (rogoricaa, erTiani javaxis SemorCenili

aqtivistebi) SemdgomSic ar sargeblobdnen romelime opoziciuri

partiis mxardaWeriT.

vaag Caxaliani ki ganagrZobda adgilobriv mTavrobasTan dapirispirebas,

misi urTierToba gansakuTrebiT daZabuli iyo axalqalaqis policiis

ufrosTan, samvel petrosianTan. petrosianis saxlTan moxda afeTqeba

2008 wlis 17 ivliss, rac dabralda erTiani javaxis aqtivists, gurgen

Sirinians. policiam daiwyo spec-operaciebi erTiani javaxis wevrebis

asayvanad, romlis drosac ori policieli daiRupa sakmaod gaurkvevel

viTarebaSi, xolo erTiani javaxis ofisebSi, gadmocemiT, cecxlsasrol

iaraRebs miakvlies. 15 aqtivisti, maT Soris, Caxaliani da am

ukanasknelisa da Sirinianis ojaxis wevrebi daakaves. Siriniani gaiqca

da mis kvals ver miakvlies. erTianma javaxma daadanaSaula

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi petrosianis saxlTan afeTqebis

mowyobasa da organizaciis ofisebSi iaraRebis damalvaSi. Caxalians

brali wauyenes iaraRis tarebisTvis, 2006 wels demonstraciebis dros

da oqtombris arCevnebis Semdgom provokaciuli qmedebebisTvis,

romlebzec adre braldeba misTvis ar wauyenebiaT. 2008 wlis dekemberSi

Sirinians dauswreblad miusajes 17-wliani patimroba mkvlelobisTvis,

xolo mis mamasa da deidas - orwliani vadiT patimroba cru Cvenebis

micemis braldebiT.29 sabolood, Caxaliani braleulad cnes ramdenime

braldebiT, maT Soris 2006 wlis movlenebSi monawileobisTvis, da

28 “nair iriwiani axalqalaqis regionaluri administraciis Tavmjdomarea” noian tapani,

Armenians today, 2008 wlis 8 maisi, http://www.armeniandiaspora.com/archive/136998.html. 29 “somexi aqtivistebi politikuri devnis msxverplni arian javaxeTSi” Hetq online (2009 wlis 12 ianvari), http://www.hetq.am/en/court/armenian-activists-in-javakh-subject-to-political-persecution/; “javaxeTis lideri marTlmsajulebis ZiebaSia”, http://www.armenhes.blogspot.com/2009/03/leader-of-georgias-javakheti-region.html.

34

miusajes 10-wliani patimroba, xolo mis mamasa da mcirewlovan Zmas

daekisraT mZime fuladi jarimebi iaraRis SeZenisa da tarebisTvis.30 Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom Caxalians braldeba droulad ar

warudgines aRniSnul danaSaulebebSi, mis mimarT gamoyenebuli zomebi

SesaZloa aixsnas, albaT, mxolod xelisuflebis surviliT daSalos

moZraoba erTiani javaxi.

erTiani javaxis meore nawili CaerTo adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan

brZolaSi ekonomikis marTvis sadaveebis mopovebisTvis. bevri gavleniani

biznesmeni, romelic daxmarebas uwevda erTini javaxis moZraobas,

CarTuli aris politikuri elitis mier tradiciulad

monopolizirebul biznes saqmianobaSic, rogoricaa magaliTad

benzingasamarTi sadgurebis biznesi. maTi nawili sofel kumurdodan

arian warmoSobiT. erT-erTma biznesmenma, romelic ZiriTadad ruseTSi

saqmianobs, licenziis safuZvelze moipova saqarTveloSi xis moWrisa

da somxeTSi gayidvis ufleba, romelic mas SemdgomSi CamoerTva

(saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufi 2006). sofel kumurdos mosaxleobam

2006 wlis arCevnebSi sabWos wevrad erTiani javaxis warmomadgeneli

airCia (ix. zemoT). biznes interesebis gadanawilebaze 2009 wlis

ianvarSi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen, erTi mxriv, kumurdos biznesmenis

momxreebi da, meore mxriv, enzel mqoianis Tanamoazreebi. Cxubis Sedegad

Tavad mqoiani daSavda, ris gamoc daakaves oTxi pirovneba; Tumca, ori

maTgani maleve gaaTavisufles jarimis gadaxdis Semdeg.31

axalqalaqis somxuri axalgazrdobis centris direqtori, grigol

minasiani, da Sarl aznauris sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare, sargis

akofanianic, daupirispirdnen adgilobriv xelisuflebas. mogvianebiT

erTi incidenti moxda, romelSic CarTuli iyo axalqalaqSi

30 “vaag Caxalians miesaja 10 wliani patimroba”, Oratert (2009 wlis 9 aprili), http://www.

eng.oratert.com/Armenia-hotline/58.html; mopovebulia 2009 wlis 28 ivniss. 31 avtoris interviu, “erTiani javaxis wevris, xaCik saharianis manqana afeTqda: es ukanasknelia gadayvanilia saavadmyofoSi”, wyaro, veb-gverdi “javaxi: damaluli simarTle”, noian topanis citata: Armenians Today (2007 wlis 13 marti), http://www.djavakhk.com/detail.php?r=0&id=4992&l=en; “bombi afeTqda erTiani javaxis wevris manqanaSi” (2007 wlis 12 marti), http://www.armtown.com/news/en/lra/20070312/10749/.

35

mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis Casatareblad Casuli belorusiuli

arasamTavrobo organizaciis, mosaxleobisTvis iuridiuli daxmarebis

asociacia (ALAP). kiTxvari Seicavda provokaciul SekiTxvebs Turqi

mesxebis gadmosaxlebisa da separatistuli moZraobebis Sesaxeb.

kvlevis organizatorebi dapirdnen 800 aSS dolaris gadaxdas

TiToeuls, vinc Caatarebda gamokiTxvas.32 minasiani da akofaniani

aqtiurad Caebnen kvlevis organizebaSi. Sedegad aqtivistebi daapatimres

SeTqmulebis braldebiT 2009 wlis ianvarSi, xolo martSi

gaaTavisufles, Tumca gamoZieba aRniSnul saqmeze ar Sewyvetila.

sinamdvileSi, aRmoCnda, rom belorusiuli organizacia ALAP ar

arsebobda, aramed am saxeliT moqmedebda sxva romelime organizacia.

erTaderTi adamianis uflebaTa organizacia saxelwodebiT ALAP

moqmedebda belorusiaSi 1990-iani wlebis bolos, romlis liderebi

idevnebodnen aleqsandr lukaSenkos reJimis mier, xolo

belorusiulma sasamarTlom gaauqma organizacia jer kidev 2003

welSi.33 saqarTvelos mTavrobis gancxadebiT, incidenti iyo ruseTis

spec-samsaxurebis gegmis nawili, romelic miznad isaxavda javaxeTSi

separatistuli ganwyobis Seqmnas 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-

saqarTvelos omis kvaldakval. bevri adgilobrivi gavleniani piri

varaudobda, rom provokacia mowyobili iyo saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis mier pro-rusuli aqtivistebis gamosavlenad (ix. qvemoT).

rac Seexeba regionis biznes-elitas, emigrirebul biznesmenTa didma

nawilma daiwyo kapitalis investicia javaxeTSi. maT Sorisaa aram

sanosiani, ninowmindis raionis sofeli saTxis mkvidri, romelic amJamad

ruseTSi moRvaweobs. man aaSena wylis gamyvani arxi mSobliur sofelSi

da Seudga ninowmindis samkervalo qarxnis aRdgenas (ix. zemoT).34

32 avtoris interviu. 33 adamianis uflebebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, cenzuris akrZalva, a.S., organizaciebi,

http://www.belarus-misc.org/bel-hrbl.htm; moli korso da gaiane abrahamiani, “saqarTvelo: eTnikuri somxebis ruseTis monawileobiT SeTqmulebis mowyobis braldebiT daapatimres”, Eurasia insight, 2009 wlis 12 Tebervali, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav021209b.shtml.

34 noian tapani: Armenians today, 2007 wlis 4 marti,

36

rogorc amboben, biznesmeni CarTulia axalqalaqis bunebrivi airiT

momaragebis proeqtSic.35 misi Zma, haik sanosiani aris “qarTul-somxuri

kavSiris” prezidiumisa da somxeTis parlamentis wevri. sanosianebi

monawileoben javaxeTis regionis sxva biznesisa Tu infrastruqturis

ganviTarebis proeqtebSic, maT Soris, axalqalaqis fqvilkombinatisa da

yvelis qarxnisa da sxva mcire biznesSi. gadmocemiT, maT kargi

urTierToba aqvT saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan.

dResdReobiT, asze meti arasamTavrobo organizacia arsebobs javaxeTSi,

mxolod ocamde maTgani axorcielebs proeqtebs. javaxeTis

arasamTavrobo seqtorSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs javaxeTis

samoqalaqo forumi, romelic aerTianebs 25 arasamTavrobo

organizaciasa da 458 individualur wevrs. forumi daarsda 2004 wels,

umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris (ECMI) daxmarebiT,

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan konatruqciul

dialogSi CarTvis mizniT. forumma Camoayaliba Tematuri samuSao

jgufebi, romlebic regularulad ikribebian adgilobrivi

sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad da

CamoTvlil sferoebSi mTavrobisaTvis rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis

mizniT: socialur-ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, adamianis uflebebis dacva,

kulturisa da enis da aseve adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxebi.

forumma adgilobrivi skolebis direqtorebisa da

maswavleblebisaTvis sxvadasxva treiningebi Caatare. centralur

xelisuflebasTan urTierTobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, forumi

TanamSromlobs umciresobaTa da samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebze

prezidentis mrCevelTan. kerZod, 2008 wlis zafxulSi mimdinareobda

molaparakeba axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis saavadmyofoebis statusTan

dakavSirebiT, ris Sedegadac axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis

saavadmyofoebi kvlav municipaluri biujetidan dafinansdebian.

forumi mWidrod TanamSromlobs ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

http://www/djavakhk.com/detail.php?r=0&id=5235&l=en.

35 qristine aRalariani, “javaxeTi safrTxeSia: saqarTvelos mTavrobis maxinaciebi da somxebis apaTia”, hetq online (2009 wlis 6 aprili), http://www.hetq.am/en/politics/javakhk-5/.

37

saministrosTan ganaTlebis sakiTxebis mimarTebaSi, kerZod, qarTul

enaze swavlebis Taobaze. 2008 wlis dasasrulidan forumi

damoukideblad ganagrZobs saqmianobas da umciresobis sakiTxTa

evropuli centris mier 2009 wels forumisadmi gaweuli finansuri

daxmareba mcire grantebis programiT Semoifargla. 2009 wlisaTvis

javaxeTis samoqalaqo forumi iTvleba yvelaze Zlier da efeqtian

arasamTavrobo organizaciad regionSi, romelsac angariSs uwevs

xelisuflebac. miuxedavad imisa, rom celkeuli magaliTebi miuTiTebs

centraluri mTavrobasa da forums Soris TanamSromlobaze, SedarebiT

Zlevamosili organizaciis arsebobas, romelic metwilad somxuri

warmoSobis pirebiT aris dakompleqtebuli xelisuflebis garkveul

fenebSi separatistuli moZraobis aRzevebis SiSs iwvevda. forumis

TanaTavmjdomaris, nairi iricianis keTilganwyoba erTiani javaxis

mimarT aseve eWvs badebda forumis realur ganzraxvebSi. Tumca,

iricianis gamgeblad daniSvnam (ix. zemoT) xeli Seuwyo xelisuflebasa

da regionis samoqalaqo seqtors Soris ndobis gamyarebas. ruseT-

saqarTvelos omis Semdgom periodSi, iseve rogorc ararsebuli

belorusiuli organizaciis (ix. zemoT) urTierTobam arasamTavrobo

seqtorTan, maT Soris, forumis wevrebTan, kvlav gamoiwvia

xelisuflebis kontr-dazvervis Zalebis mxridan regionis samoqalaqo

seqtoris mimarT kontrolis gaZliereba.

qvemo qarTli

adgilobrivi gavleniani jgufebi ufro mcire raodenobiT gvevlinebian

qvemo qarTlSi imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom centraluri xelisufleba

metadaa CarTuli regionis yoveldRiur marTvaSi, xolo umciresobis

warmomadgenlebi naklebad arian warmodgenilni adgilobriv politikur

elitaSi. qvemo qarTlis administraciis wevrebi arian, rogorc wesi,

nacionaluri moZraobis aqtivistebi an samarTaldamcav organoebSi

muSaobis gamocdilebis mqone pirebi. marneulisa da dmanisis

gamgeblebi miekuTvnebian pirvel kategorias, xolo walkisa da

bolnisis gamgeblebi – meores. walkis moqmedi gamgebeli (2008 wlis

38

ivnisis mdgomareobiT) policiis yofili ufrosia.36 eqspertTa azriT, is

aris yvelaze gavleniani pirovneba municipalitetSi.37 Tanamdebobis

pirebi erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul municipalitetebSi arian,

ZiriTadad, Tbilisidan an rusTavidan.

erTmandatiani parlamentis wevrebi regionSi cnobili biznesmenebi arin.

erT-erTi maTgania koba nakofia, ss madneulis samTo mrewvelobis

kompaniis sameTvalyureo sabWos yofili Tavmjdomare. kidev erTi

gavleniani piria pirovnebaa daviT beJuaSvili, parlamentis wevri 1999

wlidan da saqgazis yofili direqtori. misi Zma, gela beJuaSvili aris

saqarTvelos dazvervis samsaxuris ufrosi da yofili sagareo saqmeTa

ministri. erTaderTi azerbaijaneli, romelic arCeulia erTmandatian

saarCevno olqSi, aris didi xnis parlamentis wevri da SevardnaZis

yofili Tanamoazre, azer suleimanovi, romelic didi popularobiT ver

sargeblobs regionSi. kidev ori azerbaijaneli, ramin bairamovi da

isvaxan Samilovi arCeulni arian parlamentSi erTiani nacionaluri

moZraobis sapartio siiT. pirvelma maTganma daiwyo Tavisi kariera

gardabnis arasamTavrobo seqtorSi muSaobiT.

adgilobrivi somexi, haik meltoniani airCies parlamentis wevrad walkis

raionidan partiis, “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos” siiT 2003

wlis arCevnebSi da igi, cxadia, sargeblobda walkis raionis somxuri

soflebis mosaxleobis didi mxardaWeriT.38 meltoniani

ewinaaRmdegeboda 2002-2006 wlebSi mimdinare aWarisa da svaneTis

mkvidri qarTvelebis raionSi gadmosaxlebis process da amiT moipova

adgilobrivi somxuri da berZnuli mosaxleobis xmebi.39 misi

36 “qvemo qarTlis policiis struqturuli reorganizacia”, qvemo qarTlis damoukidebeli media (2008 wlis 23 ianvari), http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/reginfo.php?id=745; “walkis axali gubernatori”, qvemo qarTlis damoukidebeli media (2008 wlis 11 ivnisi), http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/reginfo.php?id=1758.

37 avtoris interviu, 2009 wlis 13 aprili. 38 marTlia, proporciuli sistemiT 150 wevris asarCevad xelmeored Catarda arCevnebi 2004 wlis martSi, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, samandato sistemiT arCeuli kandidatebi datoves 2004-2008 wlebis parlamentSi.

39 zaza baazovi, “qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis gegma gaxda daZabulobis mizezi”, Caucasus

39

kandidatura waradgina blokma “tradicionalistebi – Cveni

saqarTvelo da qalTa partia”-m 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi,

magram arCevnebamde aTi dRiT adre tradicionalistebma moxsnes misi

kandidatura.40 Sedegad walkis municipalitetis registrirebul

amomrCevelTa mxolod mesamedi gamocxadda saarCevno ubnebze.41 es

maCvenebeli bevrad dabali iyo qvemo qarTlis sxva raionebTan

SedarebiT, rac SeiZleba gamoewvia samuSao asakis somxebis migracias

sezonur samuSaoze ruseTSi da im faqts, rom berZnebi, romlebic ukve

aRar cxovroben raionSi, isev iricxebian saregistracio siebSi. Tumca,

meltonianis mSobliuri soflis, nardevanis 1 500 mosaxlidan mxolod

269 miiRo arCevnebSi monawileoba, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom somxebis

didma nawilma Segnebulad aarida Tavi arCevnebSi monawileobas.42

eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodSi, sazogadoebriv

organizacia, geiraTi, sargeblobda popularobiT marneulisa da

bolnisis mosaxleobaSi. organizacia daafuZna azerbaijanulma

inteligenciam 1990 wels azerbaijanuli mosaxleobisadmi 1990-iani

wlebSi agresiuli politikisgan dasacavad. mogvianebiT, organizacia

cdilobda azerbaijanuli sazogadoebiSi gaCenili dapirispirebebis

aRmofxvras da asrulebda mediatoris rols adgilobrivi

sazogadoebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis urTierTobaSi.

moZraoba 1990-iani wlebis bolos TandaTanobiT daiSala, vinaidan

wevrTa umravlesobam Tanamdebobebi daikava saxelmwifo struqturebSi

(uiTli 2005). vardebis revoluciis Semdeg geiraTi TiTqmis gaqra

scenidan. centraluri xelisuflebis rgolebma da samarTaldamcavma

organoebma moipoves sruli monopolia regionSi konfliqturi

situaciebis regulirebis procesze da geiraTma dakarga mTavari

Reporting Service, #280, 2005 wlis 1 aprili, www.iwpr.net.

40 ix. saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno komisia, http://www.cec.gov.ge/?que=eng/press-center/press-releases&info=1264. 2008 wlis arCevnebSi erT-mandatiani kandidatebi unda daesaxelebina partias an bloks.

41 “arCevnebSi gamarjvebulebi”, qvemo qarTlis damoukidebeli media, http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/articles.php?id=32.

42 http://e-vote-count.info/?lang=en&district_id=15&precinct_id=656, informacia mopovebulia 2009 wlis 4 aprils.

40

mediatoris funqcia.

geiraTis liderebis gancxadebiT, organizaciis wevrebi ganicdidnen

zewolas gamgeobisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis mxridan, raTa maT

ar mieRoT monawileoba 2006 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

arCevnebSi. dResdReobiT, geiraTi arsebobs arasamTavrobo organizaciis

saxiT, romlis saqmianoba mimarTulia eTnikuri azerbaijanelebis

uflebebis dasacavad. marTalia, organizacia drodadro marTavs

saprotesto gamosvlebs mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, TanamSromlobs

garkveul politikur jgufebTan da media saSualebebTan baqoSi, maTi

popularoba sul ufro mcirdeba (saerTaSorisokrizisis jgufi 2006).

kidev erTi azerbaijanuli nacionalisturi organizacia qvemo qarTlSi

saqarTvelos aris azerbaijanelTa nacionaluri asamblea, romelic 2001

wels dafuZnda. asamblea ufro radikaluri organizaciaa vidre

geiraTi. misi lideri, daSgin gulmamedovi, moiTxovda saqarTvelos

konfederaciad gadaqcevasa da azerbaijanulis saxelmwifo enad

gamocxadebas.43 baqoSi daarsebul da 14, 000 wevrisgan Semdgar

organizacias cudi urTierToba aqvs rogorc saqarTvelos ise

azerbaijanis xelisuflebasTan. mas Semdeg, rac gulmamedovma

daadanaSaula qarTveli ginekologebi azerbaijaneli mSobiare qalebis

daSavebaSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobam brali dasdo gulmamedovs, rom misi

organizacia finansdeboda uSiSroebis samsaxuris yofili ufrosis,

pro-rusulad ganwyobili, igor giorgaZis mier.44 gulmamedovi mokle

vadiT daapatimres erovnuli SuRlis gaRvivebis mcdelobis45

braldebiT 2007 wlis noemberSi, xolo 2009 wlis martSi, mas miusajes

orwliani patimroba TaRliTobisTvis azerbaijanSi.46 erTi sityviT,

43 “eTnikuri azerbajanelebi moiTxoven saqarTvelos politikuri sistemis cvlilebas”,

Interfax (2009 wlis 28 ianvari), http://www.groong.network.mine.nu:8888/wmu/tag/ethnic/. 44 axali ambebi, 2006 wlis 26 aprili, http://003eaa4.netsolhost.com/news.asp?news=8350. 45 “saqarTvelos uSiSroebis samsaxurma daapatimra azerbaijanuli diasporis

lideri”, Eurasian Security Services daily Review (2007 wlis 29 noemberi), http://www.axisglobe.com/article.asp?article=1440.

46 “daSgil gulmamedovi dapatimrebulia TaRliTobisTvis”, Turan, (2009 wlis 11 marti), http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/HR-Georgia-eng/message/916; “saqarTvelos azerbaijanelebi

41

azerbaijanis mTavroba mxars uWers saqarTvelos xelisuflebas

azerbaijanuli separatizmis momxre calkeuli jgufebis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi, aqedan gamomdinare, gulmamedovis dapatimreba SeiZleba

ganvixiloT rogorc orive mTavrobis SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis Sedegi.

gulmamedovis saxels ukavSirdeba qvemo qarTlis aseve gavleniani

figura, fazil alievi. miuxedavad azerbaijanuli warmoSobisa, igi

Tavidan iyo nacionalisti lideris, zviad gamsaxurdias mxardamWeri.

gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis dros, alievi dainiSna gardabnis merad

mokle vadiT, Semdeg ki gardabnis raionis prefeqtis moadgiled.

SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodSi man wamoiwyo bunebrivi airis

biznesi, magram zewolas ganicdida qvemo qarTlis gubernatoris, levan

mamalaZis mxridan, romelmac surda regionis TiTqmis yvela sawarmos

xelSi Cagdeba. alievis mtkicebiT, mas devnidnen adgilobrivi organoebi

da rom niRbiani pirebi Tavs daesxnen skolas, romelSic misi Svilebi

swavlobdnen. 2005 wlis ivnisSi SeiraRebuli Tavdasxma moxda alievis

saxlze, romelic misi gancxadebiT, xelisuflebis dakveTa iyo. am

incidentis Semdeg, alievma Tavi Seafara azerbaijans.47 2007 wlis

noemberSi, rodesac asambleam waradgina alievis kandidatura 2008

wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis, is dabrunda saqarTveloSi da

daniSna gulmamedovi saarCevno kampaniis xelmZRvanelad. Tumca, alievi

iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva arCevnebSi monawileobaze gulmamedovis

dapatimrebis Semdeg. 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi alievis

kandidatura wamoayena qristian-demokratiulma aliansma, Tumca

kandidatma moipova mxolod xmaTa 2%.

protests acxadeben”, Today.Az. (2009 wlis 15 maisi), http://www.today.az/news/politics/52331.html; “saqarTvelos azerbaijanelTa nacionaluri asambleis meTauri dapatimrebulia baqoSi” (2009 wlis 11 marti), http://www.today.az/print/news/society/51003.html.

47 f. Teimurxanli, “saakaSvilma meti problemebi Seuqmna saqarTveloSi mcxovreb azerbaijanelebs”, gazeTi zerkalo (azerbaijani), 2005 wlis 10 oqtomberi, http://www.armeniandiaspora.com/forum/showthread.php?t=39332; “saqarTvelos prezidentebi: fazil alievis sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba”, News Bakililar.az., http://news.bakililar.az/news_kandidat_v_prezidenty_11310.html.

42

qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelTa interesebis dasacavad 2008 wlis

martSi dafuZnda axali gaerTianeba saxelwodebiT saqarTvelos

azerbaijanelTa kongresi, romelic aerTianebs 12-ze met saqarTveloSi

moqmed azerbaijanul organizacias.48 kongresi uaryofs, rom

organizacia aris politikuri gaerTianeba da acxadebs, rom maTi

mizania eTnikuri azerbaijanelebis uflebebis dacva da maTi

daxmareba qarTul sazogadoebaSi integraciis procesSi.49 kongresis

Tavmjdomare da Tana-damfuZnebeli, ali babaevi, akritikebda

saqarTvelos mTavrobis damokidebulebas azerbaijanuli umcireosobis

mimarT, rogorc meore-xarisxovani moqalaqeebisadmi, da fazil alievis

msgavsad, isic iRebda monawileobas 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi

respublikuri partiis saxeliT, Tumca, SeZlo mxolod xmebis 4%-is

mogroveba. bolo xanebSi, kongresi gamodioda marneulSi sadaxlos

bazris aRdgenis moTxovniT. 2005 wels xelisuflebam daxura bazari,

romelic somxeTisa da azerbaijanis saRvarTan iyo ganlagebuli,

kontrabandis aRkveTis mizniT (ix. qvemoT).50 garda amisa, kongresma

miiRo monawileoba erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb CarCo

konvenciis Sesrulebis Taobaze arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

alternatiuli angariSis momzadebaSi qvemo qarTlis regionSi.

miuxedavad organizaciis zomieri opoziciuri Sexedulebebisa,

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis zogierTi warmomadgeneli eWvis TavliT

uyurebs mis saqmianobas. organizaciis damfuZnebel konferenciamde 2008

wlis martSi, xelisuflebam araformalurad zewola moaxdina mTel

48 ix. “tolerantoba”, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sazogadoebrivi asociacia, “saqarTvelos mier erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb CarCo konvenciis implementacia qvemo qarTlSi (saqarTvelo): arasamTavrobo organizaciis alternatiuli angariSi” (Tbilisi 2008), http://www.minelres.lv/reports/georgia/Shadow_Report_Georgia_2008.pdf; “saqarTvelos azerbaijanelTa kongresi”-s sadamfuZneblo Sexvedra 17 marts”, Trend News (2008 wlis 15 marti), http://news-en.trend.az/society/diaspora/1157388.html.

49 radio Tavisufleba, kavkasiis angariSi, saqarTvelos azerbaijanul umciresobas epyrobian rogorc meore-xarisxovan moqalaqeebs, (2009 wlis 4 marti), http://www.rferl.org/content/Georgias_Azeri_Minority_Treated_As_SecondClass_Citizens/1621243.html.

50 “azerbaijanelTa kongresi Txovs saqarTvelos prezidents sadaxlos bazris aRdgenas”, Turquli yovelkvireuli, 2009 wlis 22 aprili, http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/73615.-congress-of-georgia-s-azerbaijanis-applies-georgian-president-to-restore-sadakhlo-fair.html.

43

rig damfuZnebel organizaciebze, rom ar daswrebodnen Sexvedras.51

rac Seexeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, kidev erTi gavleniani

organizaciaa walkis samoqalaqo forumi, romelic dafuZnda 2005 wels

umciresobis sakiTxTxTa evropuli centris mxardaWeriT, walkis

mosaxleobasa da centraluri xelisuflebas Soris dialogis

xelSesawyobad. ukve 2009 wels forumi aerTianebs 7 arasamTavrobo

organizacias da 120 individualur wevrs. forumi axorcielebs mcire

grantis proeqtebs; mis resurscentrTan aseve gaxsnilia kompiuteris

Seswavlis kursebi. forumi marTavs Sexvedrebs adgilobrivi

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan, mWidrod TanamSromlobs javaxeTis

samoqalaqo forumTan da saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis ofisTan

arsebul erovnul umciresobaTa sabWosTan mravalenovani ganaTlebis

sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.

soflebSi gavlenian pirebs rac Seexeba, aRsaniSnavia, qvemo qarTlis

soflebSi mcxovrebi uxucesebi, romlebic tradiciulad sargeblobdnen

avtoritetiT azerbaijanul mosaxleobaSi da araerTxel Seuwyves xeli

dapirispirebis aRmofxvras soflebs Soris da soflebSi. aksakalebis

saxeliT (“TeTri wveri”) cnobili es pirebi miekuTvnebodnen soflis

inteligencias da xSirad muSaobdnen skolis direqtorebad an

ubralod kargad icnobdnen islamuri qcevis kodeqss, adaTs (uiTli

2005). geiraTis zogierTi wevrebi aksakalebi iyvnen. bolo xanebSi,

aksakalebis roli Sesustda, gansakuTrebiT, mas Semdeg, rac

konfliqturi situaciebis mogvarebas samarTaldamcavi organoebis

axorcieleben. zogierTi angariSis mixedviT, aksakalebi monawileobdnen

soflis mxardaWeris programis farglebSi sxvadasxva prioritetuli

proeqtebis gamovlenaSi. maTi iniciativiT, 16 sazogadoebrivi Sekrebis

adgili aSenda marneulis raionis soflebSi am programis farglebSi.52

51 tolerantoba, “saqarTvelos mier CarCo konvenciis implementacia. . .”. 52 “soflis mxardaWeris programa”, qvemo qarTlis damoukidebeli media,

http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/articles.php?id=77.

44

javaxeTis msgavsad qvemo qarTlis umciresobebiT dasaxlebul

raionebSic, opoziciuri partiebi popularobiT ar sargebloben.

umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris mier 2008 wlis maisSi

Catarebuli kvlevis mignebebis Tanaxmad, gardabnis, marneulisa da

dmanisis municipalitetebis araqarTuli mosaxleoba (ZiriTadad

azerbaijanelebi) ufro naklebadaa informirebuli partiuli sistemis

Sesaxeb vidre javaxeTis umciresobaTa jgufebi. respodentebma

saSualod 1.38 partia daasaxeles arCevnebSi monawile 12 partiidan da

blokidan, xolo partiebis siis gacnobis Semdeg, saSualod – 2.05. maSin

roca, kaxeTis, qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis qarTulma

mosaxleoba icnobda saSualod 6.67 partiasa da bloks da javaxeTis

araqarTuli mosaxleoba (ZiriTadad, somxurma) – 2.83-s.53 qvemo qarTlis

umciresobaTa didi nawili icnobs mxolod mmarTvel partias, erTiani

nacionaluri moZraobas. sakvirveli arc unda iyos, rom nacionalurma

moZraobam didi upiratesobiT moigo arCevnebi qvemo qarTlSi.

5. migracia da sezonuri Sroma

ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmanvlobaSi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovan

demografiul cvlilebebs qonda adgili, rasac Sedegad moyva

mosaxleobis didi nawilis qveynidan gadineba. miuxedavad imisa, rom

qveyana datoves rogorc eTnikurma qarTvelebma ise erovnulma

umciresobebma, am uknasknelTa xvedriTi wili emigrantebs Soris ufro

maRali iyo. 1989 wlisa da 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRwerisa da qveynis

im regionebis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Sedareba, sadac

orive aRwera Catarda (garda afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis

konfliqturi zonebisa, sadac 2002 wels mosaxleobis aRweris Catareba

ver momxerxda) miuTiTebs imaze, rom erovnuli umciresobebis

procentuli raodenoba saqarTvelos mTliani mosaxleobis 26.4%-dan

53 es monacemebi statistikurad mniSvnelovania 0.001 doneze, orive SemTxvevaSi

gamoyenebulia levinis testi Tanasworobis variaciaTa da testi saSualebebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. .

45

16.2%-mde daeca. amgvari cvlilebebi metwilad eTnikuri rusebis (6.3%-dan

1.5%-mde), somxebisa (7.5%-dan 5.7%-mde) da berZnebis (1.8%-dan 0.3%-mde)

qveynis mTlian mosaxleobaSi xvedriTi wilis SemcirebiT iyo

ganpirobebuli. aRniSnulma demografiulma cvlilebebma SedarebiT

naklebi gavlena iqonia qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis

regionebze garda Semdegi calkeuli raionebisa: walkis raionSi

eTnikuri berZnebis ricxvi 1989 wels 61.0%-dan 2002 wels 22.0%-mde

Semcirda (dReisaTvis ki daaxloebiT 5%-s Seadgens); axalcixis raionSi

eTnikuri somexi mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili 1989 wels 42.8%-dan 2002

wels 36.6%-mde daeca; xolo ninowmindis raionSi eTnikuri rusebis

procentuli raodenoba 1989 wels 8.3%-dan 2002 wels 2.7%-mde Semcirda

(dRes maTi ricxvi gacilebiT naklebia). aRniSnuli demografiuli

cvlilebebidan, winamdebare moxsenebaSi yuradReba ZiriTadad

gamaxvilebulia walkis raionidan berZnebisa da ninowmindis raionidan

duxoborebis emigraciaze. Tumca, ganxilulia aseve migraciis damatebiT

ori tendencia, romelTac ukanasknel wlebSi erovnuli umciresobebis

cxovrebaze iqonies gavlena, kerZod, walkidan da javaxeTis

raioenebidan eTnikuri somxebis ruseTis federaciaSi zafxulobiT

sezonuri dasaqmebis mizniT migracia da aseve aWarisa da svaneTis

maRalmTiani regionebidan qarTvelebis gadasaxleba erovnuli

umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi, gansakuTrebiT walkis raionSi.

walka: berZnebis masobrivi emigracia da ekologiuri da ekonomikuri

migrantebis Camosaxleba

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da 1990-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli

politikuri daZabulobas Sedegad walkis raionis berZnuli

mosaxlebois saberZneTSi emigracia moyva. qarTvel berZnebs saberZneTSi

moxvedra SedarebiT uadvildebodaT, vinaidan saberZneTis saimigracio

kanonmdebloba efeqtianad ar xorcieldeba da, garda amisa, berZnuli

warmoSobis pirebis imigraciisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi iyo Seqmnili.

walkis raionis gamgeblis mier mowodebuli araoficialuri monacemebis

Tanaxmad, 2006 wlisaTvis eTnikuri berZnebis ricxvi dReisaTvis

46

daaxloebiT 1,500 utoldeba, maSin roca maTi raodenoba 1989 wels

27,000 kacs Seadgenda, xolo 2002 wels – 4,600 kacs. adgilobrivi

eqpertebis gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, 2009 wlisaTvis walkis raionSi

berZnuli warmoSobis mosaxleoba 1,000 kacs ar aRemateba, romelTa

umravlesobac xanSi Sesulia.

berZeni mosaxlebis emigraciis paralelurad mimdinareobda walkis

raionSi saqarTvelos sxva mxareebidan mosaxleobis Camosaxlebis

procesi. walkis raionis gamgeobis mier mowodebuli monacemebis

Tanaxmad, 2006 wlisaTvis raionSi daaxloebiT 6,500 qarTveli migranti

dasaxlda. aRniSnuli migrantebis umravlesoba (daaxloebiT 70%)

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikidan metwilad ki xulos raionidan

gadmosaxlda, romelic xSiri mewyerebiTa da zogadad miwis simciriT

gamoirCeva. migrantTa nawili warmoSobiT aseve qveynis Crdilo-

dasavleTSi mdebare maRalmTiani svaneTis regionidan iyo, sadac zvavebi

iSviaT movlenas ar warmoadgens. migracia farTo masStabiT aWaridan

da svaneTidan 1998 wels daiwyo da gansakuTrebiT 2002 wels

SeiniSneboda miuxedavad imisa, rom eduard SevardnaZis mTavroba ar

uwyobda xels am process da verc axerxebda Sida migraciis

regulirebas an Tundac aRricxvas. 2002 wels dawyebuli migraciis

axali talRa sruliad mouloldneli iyo, vinadian walkaSi ukve

dasaxlebulma ojaxebma TavianTi naTesavebis gadmosaxlebas Seuwyves

xeli. es ukanaskneli nawilobriv baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadebis

mSeneblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romelic walkaSic gadioda da

axalmosulTa didi nawilis dasaqmebis SesaZelblobas qmnida. 2004

wlamde am Sida migraciis procesis regulireba saerTod ver

xerxdeboda. axalmosulTa umravlesoba adgilobriv sakrebuloSi

daregistrirebulic ar iyo da maTi saxelebi adgilobriv aRwerebSi ar

aisaxa (uiTli 2006). 2005-2006 wlebis manZilze mTavroba Seecada

daregulirebina migraciis procesi. garda amisa, 2006 wels

ekonomikurma migraciamac iklo, vinaidan navTobsadenis samSeneblo

samuSaoebi dasasruls uaxlovdeboda. 2006 wlis Semdeg mTavrobam

gadmosaxlebis neba darTo migrantebis mcire jgufs, romlebic

47

metwilad mewyerebiT dazaralebuli aWaris maRalmTiani raionebidan

iyvnen. Tumca, es procesi gacilebiT ufro efeqtianad imarTeboda da

amjerad gadmosaxlebulTa umravlesobas ekologiuri da ara

ekonomikuri migrantebi Seadgenda.

walkaSi migraciam viTarebis destabilizacia gamoiwvia, radgan raionis

mosaxleobis or ZiriTad jgufs Zalian uWirda Tanaarseboba. erTi

mxriv iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, romelTa umravlesobasac eTnikuri

somxeri Seadgendnen, aseve mcire raodebiT darCenili berZnebi da

azerbaijanuli warmoSobis mosaxleobis ramdenime dasaxleba, romelTac

danarCen mosaxleobasTan Zalian SezRuduli kontaqti qondaT. meore

mxriv, iyo axalCamosaxlebuli qarTvelebis did jgufi, romelbic

metwilad soflis mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen da Sesabamisad ar

flobdnen rusuls, romelic inter-eTnikuri komunikaciis mTavari ena

iyo. gasakviri ar aris, rom komunikaciis barierma da saxelmwifos mier

migraciis procesis daregulirebis uunarobam, daZabuloba gamoiwvia

walkis raionSi, rasac aseve amwvavebda miwis simcire da adgilobriv

mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom

navTobsadenis mSeneblobaze dasaqmebisas upiratesoba axalmosulebs

eniWeboda. mas Semdeg rac adgili qonda ramdenime Setakebas

adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da axalmosulebs Soris, ramac piks 2005

wlis dasawyisSi miaRwia, raionSi wesrigis aRsadgenad saqarTvelos

samarTaldamcavi organoebi Caerivnen (uiTli 2006). viTareba SedarebiT

ganimuxta migraciis Semcirebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis

Carevis Sedegad.

sezonuri migracia

ruseTis federaciaSi sezonur migracias metwilad adgili aqvs

javaxeTisa da walkis somxur mosaxleobas Soris. am eTnikuri jgufis

samuSao asakis mamakacTa didi nawili yovel wels ruseTSi

miemgzavreba (rogorc wesi gazafxulis dasawyisSi) droebiTi samuSaos

saZevneblad (metwilad samSeneblo seqtorSi). es procesi grZeldeba

48

bolo periodSi saqarTvelosa da ruseTis federacias Soris

urTierTobis gauaresebis miuxedavad, vinaidan SromiTi migrantebis

umravlesobam somxeTis an ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeobis mopoveba

SeZlo. somxeTis moqalaqeebs ruseTSi Casvla SedarebiT uadvildebaT,

maSin roca saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi sagrZnob winaaRmdegobebs

awydebian. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar

iTvaliswinebs ormag moqalaqeobas da is piri, vinc sxva qveynis

moqalaqeobas iRebs, avtomaturad kargavs saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas.

Tumca, am ukanaskneli garemoebis Sesaxeb javaxeTsa da walkaSi

mcxovreb somexTa umravlesoba ar aris informirebuli.

arsebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, javaxeTis daaxloebiT or an sam aTas

mosaxles savaraudod ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeoba aqvs, romelTa

umravlesobamac rusuli pasportebi maSin SeiZina, roca axalqalaqSi

ruseTis federaciis 62-e samxedro baza iyo ganTavsebuli (2007 wels

bazis gayvanamde). bazaze dasaqmebuli mTeli samxedro personali

(romelTaganac daaxloebiT aTass adgilobrivi somxebi Seadgendnen)

valdebuli iyo ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeoba mieRo. aRniSnuli

periodis ganmavlobaSi da mas Semdegac axalqalaqSi SesaZlebeli iyo

rusuli (aseve somxuri) pasportebis SeZena maTTvis, visac ruseTSi

samuSaod gamgzavreba surdaT. garda amisa, mosaxleobis nawili

erevanSic miemgzavreba ruseTis federaciis pasportis mosapoveblad.

ruseTis moqalaqeobis mqone somxuri warmoSobis pirTa raodenobis

zrdam saqarTvelos xelisuflebis yuradReba miipyro, romelic SiSobs,

rom ruseTma SesaZloa es garemoeba javaxeTSi intervenciis mizniT

gamoiyenos, vinaidan samxreT oseTis konfliqtSi Careva rusulma mxarem

swored am mizeziT gaamarTla.54 2007 wlis Tebervlidan, rodesac

somxeTma axali kanoni miiRo, romelic iTvaliswinebs somxuri

warmoSobis ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebisaTvis ormagi moqalaqeobis

miniWebis uflebas, somxuri pasportebis mopovebis msurvelTa ricxvma

sagrZnoblad imata. rac aseve ganpirobebuli iyo im garemoebiT, rom

54 2002 wlis Semdeg samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi mcxovrebTa umravlesobas ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeoba mieniWa.

49

saqarTvelo-ruseTis 2008 wlis agvistos omis Sedegad saqarTvelos

moqalaqeebisaTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobis miReba Zalze garTulda. 2009

wlis pirveli ramdenime Tvis manZilze somxur pasportebze moTxovna

gansakuTrebiT gaizarda, vinaidan adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sezonur

samuSaoze ruseTSi gamgzavrebas gegmavda. erT-erTi wyaros Tanaxmad,

2009 wlis dasawyisSi javaxeTis 1,500-ma mcxovrebma moipova somxeTis

moqalaqeoba.55 garda amisa, adgilobrivi axalgazrdobis nawilma

somxeTis moqalaqeoba erevanSi samuSaod an swavlis gagrZelebis

mizniT miiRo.

zusti monacemebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze sezonuri migrantebis ricxvma

iklo. aRniSnuli garemoeba garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia

biurokratiuli barierebis gamo, aseve ruseTSi kavkasiis

saxelmwifoebidan Casuli migrantebisadmi diskriminaciuli mopyrobis

xSiri SemTxvevebisa da nawilobriv javaxeTis zogierT dasaxlebaSi

infrastruqturis gaumjobesebis gamo (ix. zemoT), ramac SesaZloa

calkeul pirebs saqarTveloSi darCenaSi xeli Seuwyo. magaliTad,

sofeli kartikamidan, romelic axalqalaqidan ramdenime kilometriTaa

daSorebuli, dReisaTvis TiTqmis aravin miemgzavreba ruseTis

federaciaSi sezonur samuSaoze, rac sakmaod miRebuli iyo ramdenime

wlis winaT. Tumca, ufro Soreuli soflebidan sezonur migracias

dResdReobiTac aqvs adgili.

duxoborebis gadasaxleba

ruseTis religiuri umciresoba, duxoborebi, 1830-ian da 1840-ian wlebSi

ruseTis imperiis periferiaSi iqna iZulebiT gadasaxlebuli samxedro

samsaxuris an gadasaxadebis gadaxdaze uaris Tqmis gamo. maT dRevandel

ninowmindis raionSi (romelsac winaT bogdanovkas uwodebdnen) Semdegi

rva dasaxleba daaarses: qalaqi bogdanovka (Tanamedrove ninowminda)

55 avtoris interviu.

50

da soflebi gorelovka, tambovka, orlovka, spasovka, troickoe igive

kalinino (Tanamedrove sameba), efremovka da rodionovka. 1989 wels

ninowmindis raionSi 3,161 duxobori iyo darCenili. Tumca, 1990-iani

wlebis manZilze maTi umravlesoba ruseTSi gadasaxlda, rac metwilad

ganpirobebuli iyo zviad gamsaxurdias prezidentobis periodSi (1990-

1991 wlebSi) qveyanaSi gabatonebuli eTnikuri Sovinizmisa da Sedegad

Seqmnili arastabiluri viTarebis gamo (am periodSi regions somxuri

paramilitaristuli organizacia, javaxi, akontrolebda. ix. zemoT).

duxoborebis ruseTis federaciaSi gadasaxlebas aseve xel uwyobda

ramdenime rusuli patriotuli organizacia. Sedegad, 2002 wlis

mosaxleobis aRweris Tanaxmad, mxolod 943 duxobori cxovrobda

raionSi, ZiriTadad sofel gorelovkasa da orlovkaSi. zogierT

soflebSi, mag.: spasovkaSi, duxoborebi aWaridan gadmosaxlebulma

ekologiurma migrantebma (eTnikurma qarTvelebma) Caanacvles, xolo

sxva soflebSi Casaxlebulma qarTvelebma maleve datoves axali

sacxovrebeli (lomi 2006).

duxoborebis emigracia ocdameerTe saukunis pirvel aTwleulSic

gagrZelda da winamdebare moxsenebis werisas (2009 wlis Sua TveebSi)

duxoborebis ukanaksneli ojaxebis nawilic emzadeboda saqarTvelos

dasatoveblad. ris gadamwyvet mizezsac 2005-2006 wlebSi duxoborebze

raionis adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier maT miwebze kontrolis mopovebis

mizniT ganxorcielebuli zewola warmoadgens (ix. momdevno qveTavi).

duxoborebis sakuTrebaze 2006 wlis miwuruls ganxorcielebuli

vandalizmis ramdenime faqtis Semdeg, duxoborebis Temma ruseTSi

sabolood gadasaxlebla gadawyvita. 2007 wels daaxloebiT

ormocdaaTi ojaxi ruseTSi tambovis mxaris bondarskis raionSi

gadasaxlda. aseve gadawyda, rom darCenili ojaxebi 2008 wels

gadavidodnen ruseTSi sacxovreblad. Tumca, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos

Soris gaCaRebulma omma duxoborebis gegmebs xeli SeuSala, vinaidan

gaurkveveli iyo ramdenad advilad SeZleben duxoborebi, romlebic

metwilad saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi arian, ruseTis federaciis vizebis

miRebas. duxoborebis Temis lideris Tanaxmad, 2009 wlis Sua periodSi

51

gorelovkaSi duxoborebis 58 ojaxi iyo darCenili, rac daaxloebiT 200

adamians Seadgens.56

duxoborebis gadasaxlebam qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris

dapirispireba gamoiwvia imis Taobaze, Tu vis qonda ufleba

emigrantTa mier mitovebuli saxlebis dakavebisa. adgilobrivma

somexma mosaxleobam umal daiwyo mitovebul saxlebSi Sesaxleba da

arsebuli saerTo miwebis ganawileba da arsebuli informaciiT am

process koordinirebas uwevda gorelovkis Temis sakrebulos yofili

Tavmjdomarisa da ninowmindis raionis saarCevno komisiis amJamindeli

Tavmjdomaris ojaxi. arsebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos

ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministro iZenda duxoborebis saxlebs,

romlebic somxuri mosaxleobis Sexedulebisamebr ekonomikuri

migrantebis (eTnikuri qarTvelebis) raionSi Casasaxleblad iqneboda

gamoyenebuli. erT-erTi wyaros Tanaxmad, saministro im saxlebs

yidulobda, romlebic nacionalisturma organizaciam, merab kostavas

fondma, eko-migrantebisaTvis SeiZina duxoborebis 1990-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi gadasaxlebis Sedegad. am saxlebis did nawilSi

araformalurad adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba iyo Sesaxlebuli

mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelma migranteba raionSi gadmosaxlebaze uari

ganacxades an gadmosaxlebidan mcire drois gasvlis Semdeg datoves

axali sacxovrebeli.57 duxoborebis gadasaxlebis Semdeg ninowmindis

raionSi gavrcelebulma gansxvavebulma Sexedulebebma maT saxlebsa

da miwaze sakuTrebis uflebis sakiTxi gaurkveveli datova. 2009

wlisaTvis, adgilobrivi monacemebis Tanaxmad, aWaridan 35 qarTuli

ojaxi gadmosaxlda gorelovkaSi, rac daaxloebiT 120-140 adamians

Seadgens.58

56 ECMI-is TanamSromlebis mier Catarebuli interviuebi. 57 1989-1991 wlebSi kostavas fondma 258 saxli SeiZina eko-migrantebisaTvis da sxva gaWirvebuli ojaxebisaTvis, romelTagac 217 saxli ninowmindis raionSi mcxovrebi duxoborebis yofil sakuTrebas warmoadgneda. kerZod, 14 saxli fondma qalaq ninowmindaSi SeiZina, 31 – sofel spasovkaSi, 36 – sofel efremovkaSi, 20- sofel orlovkaSi, 47 sofel gorelovkasa da 69 sofel samebaSi. Tumca, aRniSnuli 217 saxlidan, mxolod 68 gadaeca axal mesakuTreebs, danarCenebi dRes an carielia an maTSi adgilobrivi somexi ojaxebia Sesaxlebuli (trieri da turaSvili 2007).

58 ECMI-is TanamSromlebis mier Catarebuli interviuebi.

52

6. miwebis ganawileba

sami garemoeba SeiZleba gamxdariyo eTnikuri daZabulobis mizezi

qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze; esenia:

1) miwebis nakleboba marneulisa da bolnisis municipalitetebSi,

gansakuTrebiT azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi; 2) adre

berZnuli mosaxleobis kuTvnili miwebis ekologiur da ekonomikur

migrantebs (metwilad qarTvelebs) Soris ganawileba walkis raionSi; 3)

xelaxali gadanawileba im miwebisa, romlebic samcxe-javaxeTis

ninowmindis municipalitetSi mcxovrebi rusi duxoborebis Tems

ekuTvnoda.

miwebis ganawileba marneulisa da bolnisis municipalitetebSi

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 1992 wlis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, akrZaluli

iyo miwebis privatizacia saxlemwifo sazRvridan 21 km-is farglebSi.

imave dadgenilebiT kerZo mesakuTreebs gadaeca yofili

kolmeurneobebis miwebic, ramac safuZveli Cauyara privatizaciis

process, romelic 1996 wels sasoflo-sameurneo miwis sakuTrebis

Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis miRebiT daiwyo. 21 km-iani SezRudva

saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetma jer kidev 1994 wels miRebuli

dadgenilebiT daauqma, Tumca saxemwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos

kanonma (1998) 500 metriani sasazRvro zoli da 5 km-iani sasazRvro

zona gansazRvra, romlebSic miwis privatizacia SezRuduli iyo. 21 km-

iani SezRudvis gauqmebisas am zonaSi ganlagebuli miwis nakveTebis

umravlesoba saxelmwifos mier ukve gacemuli iyo ijariT metad saeWvo

viTarebaSi. Sedegad, maT, viszec am kanonma iqonia gavlena, ar qondaT

SesaZlebloba aRniSnuli miwis nakveTebis dabrunebisa, sanacvlod

maTTvis gadacemuli miwebi sakarmidamo nakveTebs ar aRemateboda

(saSualod 0.15-0.25 ha). meore mxriv, saqarTvelos sxva regionebis

mosaxleobam 1.25 ha-mde miwa miiRo yofili kolmeurneobebis sakuTrebis

gadanawilebis Sedegad. miuxedavad imisa, rom 21 km-iani SezRudva

53

saqarTvelos sasazRvro zonaSi mcxovreb mTel mosaxleobas exeboda,

realurad gavlena kanonis es debuleba SerCeviT iqna gamoyenebuli da

ZiriTadad qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobaze iqonia gavlena. Sedegad

dazaraldnen marneulisa da bolnisis raionebSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri

azerbaijanelebi, xolo mogebuli darCa adgilobrivi gavleniani pirebi

da mdidari biznesmenebi Tbilisidan, romelTa umravlesobac

qarTvelebi iyvnen. calkeul SemTxvevebSi mogebis miRebis mizniT es

pirebi qve-ijariT gascemdnen aRniSnul miwis nakveTebs adgilobriv

mosaxleobaze.59 am garemoebam adgilobrivi azerbaijanelebis

ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac miwis ganawilebis niadagze

warmoqmnili daZabuloba calkeul SeTxvevebSi konfliktur

situaciebSi gadaizarda. sofel yularis (marneulis raioni)

mosaxleobasa da Tbilisis sacxenosno klubis TanamSromlebs Soris

(romelic sofelTan axlos mdebare cxenebis fermas flobda) 2004 wlis

dekemberSi momxdari dapirispirebis Sedegad asakovani azerbaijaneli

qalbatoni gardaicvala.

saqarTvelos parlamentma 2005 wlis ivlisSi miiRo kanoni saxelmwifo

sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis

privatizebis Sesaxeb. am kanonis Tanaxmad, privatizebas eqvemdebareba

saxnavi da saTibi miwis nakveTebi, aseve miwa, romelzec ganlagebulia

mravalwliani nargavebi, meTevzeobis xelovnuri tborebi da “wylis

Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad sasoflo-sameureno

daniSnulebiT gamoyenebuli saerTo wyalsargeblobis kategoriis miwis

nakveTebi. kanoni iTvaliswinebs sasazRvro zonaSi ganlagebuli miwis

privatizebasac; ufro metic, saqarTvelos mTavrobis nebarTvis miRebis

SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli gaxda sasazRvro zolSi (sazRvridan 500 m)

ganTavsebuli miwis privatizebac. miwis privatizeba xorcieldeboda

rogorc auqcionebis, aseve pirdapiri miyidvis wesis mixedviT.

59 teqnikuri TanamSromlobis germanuli organizacia (GTZ) da mSvidobis, demokratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri institute (Tbilisi), “miwis problemebTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebi gardabnisa da marneulis raionebSi”, ix. http://www.pasos.org/content/download/57477/203611/file/45_171_803701_LandProblem-Eng%5B1%5D.pdf.

54

auqcionebze gasayidad ijariT gaucemeli miwa gaqondaT, xolo ijariT

gacemuli miwis nakveTebis gamosyidva meijareebs pirdapiri miyidvis

wesiT SeeZloT. Sesabamisad, kanonma upiratesoba mianiWa maT, vinc ukve

sargeblobda miwebiT ijaris safuZvelze. axali kanonis safuZvelze

8,000 azerbaijanelma miiRo 0.5 ha miwa ukve 2006 wlis pirveli Svidi

Tvis manZilze (saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufi 2006). azerbaijanis

sazRvarTan ganlagebuli sofel vaxtangisis miwa adgilobriv

mosaxleobas daurigda. aseve sxva calkeul SemTxvevebSi qvemo qarTlSi,

rodesac miwis ijariT gacemis proceduraSi darRvevebi dadginda,

aRniSnuli miwa CamoerTva moijareebs da specialuri auqcionis saxiT

gaiyida adgilobriv azerbaijanul mosaxleobaze.60 ramdenime wlis win

azerbaijaneli mosaxleobis nawili miwis naklebobas ganicdida, Tumca

dResdReobiT viTareba sagrZnoblad gamosworda. garda amisa, metwilad

sakuTari uflebebis arcodnis gamo ver axerxebda azerbaijanuli

mosaxleobis didi nawili miwis privatizebis uflebiT sargeblobas.

miwis ganawileba walkis municipalitetSi

rogorc ukve wina qveTavSi aRiniSna, bolo aTi wlis manZilze

momxdarma mniSvnelovanma demografiulma cvlilebebma walkis

municipalitetSi miwis ganawilebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT

dapirispireba gamoiwvia adgilobriv mosaxleobasa (metwilad somxebi

da berZnebi) da axalmosulebs Soris (ZiriTadad aWaridan da

svaneTidan gadmosaxlebuli qarTvelebi). wina qveTavi migraciis

process mimoixilavs, xolo es qveTavi miwis ganawilebis sakiTxebs

eTmoba.

walkis raionSi mcxovrebi berZnebis umravlesoba saberZneTSi

gadasaxlda 1991-2006 wlebis manZilze. 1998 wlidan ki aWaridan da

svaneTidan ekologiuri migrantebis gadmosaxlebis procesi daiwyo,

romelTa sakuTrebac mSobliur regionebSi xSiri zvavebisa da

60 informacia miRebulia miwis mesakuTreTa uflebebis dacvis asociaciisgan.

55

mewyerebis Sedegad dazaralda. migraciis procesma procesma piks 2002

wels miaRwia, rodesac migrantebis axali talRa gadmosaxlda walkis

raionSi baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebis

imediT. Ekologiuri migrantebis umravlesoba saxldeboda

emigrirebuli berZnebis mier datovebul saxlebSi. xSir SemTxvevaSi

isini saxlebs emigrantebis raionSi darCenili naTesavebisagan

araoficialurad qiraobdnen an “yidulobdnen”. Tumca, axalmosulebs ar

qondaT iuridiuli ufleba im miwis nakveTebze, romlebzec idga maT

mier dakavebuli saxlebi (mag.: kolmeurneobebis daSlis Sedegad yofili

mesakuTreebis mier miRebuli miwa). saxelmwifo am process saerTod ver

aregulirebda, ramac adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da axalmosulebs

Soris dapirispireba da calkeul SemTxvevebSi konfliktic ki

gamoiwvia (uiTli 2006).

saqarTvelos xelisufleba pirvelad am procesSi 2006 wels Caeria,

rodesac saqarTvelos ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministrom

berZnebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxlebis SeZena daiwyo. 2008 wlisaTvis

saministrom 600 saxli SeZina ekologiuri migrantebisaTvis, romelTac

aseve 1.25 ha miwa gadaecaT TiToeul ojaxze. Tumca, sxva migrantebs

(metwilad ekonomikur migrantebs), romelTac saxelmwifom miwa ar

gadasca saerTod ar gaaCndaT miwis nakveTebi, ramac daZabuloba

gamoiwvia ekonomikur migrantebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas da,

aseve, ekologiur migrantebs Soris. prezident saakaSvilis axali

iniciativis Tanaxmad, walkis municipalitetSi mcxovreb yvela im pirs,

romelsac miwa saerTod ar gaaCnia (yvela migrantebs), “prezidentis

saCuqari” gadaecema 0.3-dan 1.0 ha-mde miwis odenobiT. am process

safuZveli Cauyara “fizikuri da kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis

mflobelobaSi (sargeblobaSi) arsebul miwis nakveTebze sakuTrebis

uflebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonSi 2008 wlis 21 marts

Sesulma cvlilebam, romliTac ganisazRvra miwis usasyidlod

gadacemis ufleba. garda amisa, winamdebare samuSao moxsenebis werisas

saqarTvelos parlamenti kanonSi damatebiTi cvlilebebis Setanas

gegmavda, raTa SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo yvela im piris dakmayofileba

56

miwis nakveTiT, visac jer miwa ar miuRia.61 am ukanasknel iniciativas

walkis erTmandatiani parlamentis wevri, mixeil cqitiSvili,

xelmZRvanelobda.62 am procesis dasruleba 2009 wlis noembramde

igegmeba da mis farglebSi 1,700-ma ojaxma unda miiRos Sesabamisi

miwis nakevTi.63

ninowmindis municipalitetSiDmcxovrebi duxoborebis miwis ganawileba

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sofeli gorelovkis miwis sakuTrebis uflebis

irgvliv Seqmnilma gaugebrobam ninowmindis municipalitetSi

darCenili duxoborebis umravlesobasac ubiZga saqarTvelos

datovebisaken bolo wlebis manZilze. 1990-ian wlebSi mimdinare miwis

privatizebis pirvel etapze miwis ganawilebis sakiTxebs adgilobrivi

komisia ganagebda, romlis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad sofel

gorelovkis miwebi saerTo sakuTrebaSi darCa. kerZod, duxoborebis

miwis marTvis ufleba sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativs, duxoborecs,

gadaeca, romelic saTanadod arc ki iyo daregistrirebuli samewarmeo

reestrSi. 2002 wels ninowmindis municipalitetis imdroindelma

gamgebelma kooperativTan saijaro xelSekruleba gaaforma, romlis

Tanaxmadac yofili kolmeurneobis mflobelobaSi myofi miwis naxevari

duxoborecs ijariT gadaeca. Tumca, aRniSnuli xelSekruleba mTeli

rigir darRvevebiT iyo gaformebuli da Sesabamisad ZalaSi Sesulic

ar iyo.64 Sesabamisad, rodesac 2005 wels amoqmedda saqarTvelos kanoni

“saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis

miwis privatizebis Sesaxeb,” duxoborebis miwa oficialurad arc

saerTo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da arc ijariT iyo datvirTuli

61 miwis mesakuTreTa uflebebis dacvis asociaciis veb-gverdi, saqarTvelos kanoni “fizikuri da kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mflobelobaSi (sargeblobaSi) arsebul miwis nakveTebze sakuTrebis uflebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb” 2008 wlis 21 martis mdgomareobiT, ix. http://www.aplr.org/files/2/kquzze0x6.pdf.

62 “walkis mosaxleobas miwis nakveTebi ufasod urigdeba”, qvemo qarTlis damoukidbeli media (2009 wlis 30 ivnisi), ix. http://www.cida.ge/media/eng/reginfo.php?id=2571.

63 avtoris mier Catarebuli interviuebi. 64 xelSekrulebas aklda ijariT datvirTuli miwis azomviTi naxazi, sajaro reestris

erovnuli saagentos raionSi warmomadgenlis xelmowera, da sajaro reestrSi registraciis nomeri (lomi 2006).

57

(zemoTxsenebuli saijaro xelSekrulebis baTilobis gamo). marTalia

kanoni miwis privatizebisas meijares aniWebda upiratesobas misi

auqcionze gatanamde (ix. zemoT), gaurkveveli iyo kooperativis saijaro

xelSekrulebis sadavo statusi aniWebda Tu ara duxoborebs raime

uflebas aRniSnul miwaze. garda amisa, kooperativi duxoboreci yofili

kolmeurneobis samarTalmemikvidre iyo, rac mas regionuli

sagadasaxado samsaxurebisadmi 4 milioni laris (daaxloebiT 2

milioni evro) odenobis davalianebas akisrebda (lomi 2006).

viTarebas aseve arTulebda municipalitetisa da Temis sakrebulos

xelmZRvanelobis damokidebulebac, romelTac 2002 wlidan javaxeTis

ZiriTadi ekonomikuri gavlenian jgufTad asocierebuli adgilobrivi

somxuri warmoSobis piri akontrolebda. male cxadi gaxda, rom

adgilobrivma gavlenianma pirebma miznad daisaxes kooperativis miwis

saijaro xelSekrulebis baTilobis damtkiceba da duxoborebis

miwebis misakuTreba. kooperativ duxoborecis miwis saijaro

xelSekrulebis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad Seqmnil miwis komisiis wevrebis

umravlesobas Temis sakrebulos Tavmjdomare da misi Tanamoazreebi

warmoadgendnen. Sedegad saijaro xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

1,700 ha miwidan kooperativs mxolod 450 ha miwis SenarCunebis neba

darTes. 2006 wels mwiri mosavlis gamo duxoborebs msxvilfexa

saqonlis gamosakvebad sakmarisi Tivac ki ar gaaCndaT, ramac daaCqara

maTi emigraciis procesi. duxoborebis gadasaxlebis Sedegad maTi

sakuTrebis ganawilebis procesSi adgilobriv gavlenian pirebsa da

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas Soris dapirispireba qonda adgili, rac

aseve qarTveli ekologiuri migrantebis raionSi Camosaxlebis Tavidan

acilebasac emsaxureboda (ix. zemoT).65

65 privatizaciis procesis ufro detaluri mimoxilvisaTvis ix. lomi (2006).

58

7. mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebi

rogoria qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis mosaxleobis

Sexeduleba mmarTvelobis sistemis Sesaxeb? konkretulad ki, ra

damokidebuleba aqvT umciresobebs qarTuli mosaxleobisa da

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mimarT? romeli ZiriTadi problemebi

ipyroben maT yuradRebas? am sakiTxebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

SeiZina ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis kvaldakval,

romlis Semdegac qarTul mosaxleobaSi gaCnda SiSi imisa, rom ruseTi

Seecdeboda adgilobrivi umciresobebis gamoyenebiT dapirispirebis

gaRvivebasa da saqarTvelos sabolood daSlas. am naSromis

miznebisTvis, mimovixilav ori didi umciresobaTa jgufis: javaxeTis

somxebisa da qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelebis mdgomareobas.

javaxeTis somxebi

javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobisTvis yvelaze mtkivneuli sakiTxia

somxuri enisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis

SenarCuneba. maTi azriT, qarTuli mosaxleoba cdilobs maT an gadevnas

qveynidan an qarTul sazogadoebaSi srul asimilacias. somxebisTvis,

rogorc kavkasiis sxva xalxebisTvis, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

identobis maxasiaTebelia ena. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

iniciativa uzrunvelyos qarTuli enis swavleba erovnuli

umciresobebisTvis aRiqmeba ara marto integraciis xelSewyobad,

aramed zogierTis mier, pirvel nabijad asimilaciis procesSi. aqedan

gamomdinare, mTavrobisadmi undoblobis mizezi gaxda Semdegi

garemoebebi: ganaTlebis sistemaSi qarTuli enis swavlebis gaZliereba

da saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi pirebisTvis profesiuli testebis

SemoReba, romelic qarTuli enis codnasac amowmeben.

somxuri mosaxleobisTvis miuRebelia aseve mTavrobis iniciativa 2010

wlidan saqarTvelos istoriis, saqarTvelos geografiisa da sxva

59

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis qarTul enaze swavlebis Sesaxeb (ix.

zemoT). ramdenadac ena da istoria eris identobis mTavari

maCvenebelia, somxebs miaCniaT, rom sakuTari istoria unda iswavlon

mSobliur enaze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dakargaven erovnul

TviTmyofadobas. garda amisa, somxuri mosaxleobas aseve aRelvebs

istoriis sxvadasxva saskolo wignebis sakiTxi. kavkasiis xalxebs aqvT

sakuTari istoriuli qronikebi, romelTa mixedviTac erT eri meoreze

ufrom met teritoriebs flobda, Tumca wyaroebi, xSirad,

urTierTgamomricxav informacias Seicaven. amitom, somxebi SiSoben, rom

qarTuli istoriis wignebi, romelsac skolebSi SemoiReben, ar

Seesabameba somxur istoriul wyaroebs.

saxelmwifo samsaxurSi qarTuli enis testuri gamocdis SemoReba

aRiqmeba somxebis adgilobrivi administraciidan ganTavisfulebisa da

maTi qarTvelebiT Canacvlebis mcdelobad. somexi aqtivistebi

miuTiTeben im faqtze, rom 2007 wels javaxeTis skolebis direqtorobis

somexi erovnebis kandidatebis umravlesobam ver Caabara qarTuli enis

gamocda (ix. zemoT), amitom maT emuqrebaT samsaxuris dakargva.

analogiurad, moyavT sajaro samsaxurSi dasaqmebuli sxva profesiuli

jgufebis magaliTebic, maT Soris, mosamarTleebis, notariusebisa da

policiis TanamSromelTa enis testebi, romelTa SemoRebac, maTi azriT,

miznad isaxavs am samsaxurebis qarTvelebiT dakompleqtebas.

somxuri enis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi SenarCunebis mizniT,

aqtivistebi iTxovdnen somxuris oficialur enad gamocxadebas

axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis municipalitetebSi. am iniciativas mxars

uWerdnen nacionalisturi organizaciebi, maT Soris, erTiani javaxi,

javaxeTis axalgazrdobis sportuli kavSiri da virki da mTeli rigi

adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi.66 bevri organizacia

gamodioda saqarTvelos farglebSi javaxeTis avtonomiad

Camoyalibebis moTxovniT, romelsac eyoleboda sakuTari arCeviTi

66 sivil jorjia: veb-Jurnali (2006 wlis 16 marti), http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=12088.

60

organo.67 saqarTvelos xelisufleba ugulebelyofs orive moTxovnas

im safuZvliT, rom javaxeTisTvis avtonomiis miniWeba safrTxes

Seuqmnis qveynis mTlianobas, xolo somxuris oficialur enad

gamocxadebam SeiZleba daabrkolos integraciis procesi.

javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobis SiSis aRqma xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalze

gadaWarbebulia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adgilobriv maswavleblebs

Soris qarTuli enis flobis done kvlav dabalia, naklebad savaraudoa,

rom istoriisa da geografiis qarTul enaze swavleba daiwyos 2010

wels. analogiurad, simarTles ar Seesabameba somexi aqtivistebis

warmodgenebi sajaro samsaxuridan somexi erovnebis pirebis daTxovnis

albaTobaze. maRal Tanamdebobebze qarTvelebi dainiSnen mxolod

axalqalaqis saregistracio samsaxursa da sagadasaxado

departamentSi. adgilobrivi organoebis sxva maRal Tanamdebobebze,

rogoricaa, gamgeblis, policiis ufrosis, prokuroris, sasamarTlos

Tavmjdomarisa da notariusis, iseve rogorc sakrebulosa da gamgeobis

wevrebis, arian somexi erovnebis pirebi. miuxedavad imis, rom skolebis

somexma direqtorebma ver Caabares profesiuli gamocdebi da,

oficialurad, veRar SeinarCunebdnen poziciebs, maTi umravlesoba kvlav

moqmedi direqtorebia da aqvT kidev erTi Sansi Caabaron gamocdebi 2009

wlis bolos.

metic, icvleba TviT somxuri mosaxleobis damokidebuleba mimdinare

reformebis mimarT. Tu xuTi wlis win mosaxleobis umravlesobas

qarTulis swavlebis interesi ar hqonda, amJamad, adgilobrivi somxebi

Tvlian, rom saxelmwifo enis codna aucilebelia miuxedavad

arasakmarisi saswavlo resursebisa. garda amisa, sul ufro naklebad

ismis moTxovnebi javaxeTis avtonomiis Seqmnisa da somxuri enisaTvis

adgilobrivi oficialuri enis statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb. amis mizezad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom mosaxleoba Tavs aRar grZnobs

67 sivil jorjia: veb-Jurnali (2005 wlis 26 seqtemberi),

http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=10827.

61

“miviwyebulad”, vinaidan, erTi mxriv, infrastruqturis ganviTarebam

cxovrebis xarisxi gaaumjobesa regionSi; meore mxriv, mosaxleobam

gaacnobiera, rom javaxeTis sruli avtonomiis idea ararealuria,

gansakuTrebiT, ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg, Tanac am iniciativas

mxars arc somxeTis xelisufleba uWers.

javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobis garkveuli fenebi SiSoben, rom

qarTvelebisa da Turqi-mesxebis regionSi dasaxlebis SemTxvevaSi, maT

ar eqnebaT cxovrebis normaluri pirobebi javaxeTSi dasarCenad.

mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, mTavroba apirebda

60,000 mesxis dasaxlebas axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis

municipalitetebSi. aRelvebis ufro safuZvlian mizezad SeiZleba

miviCnioT, javaxeTidan ganaTlebuli mosaxleobis migracia, ZiriTadad,

erevanSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad. mxolod axalgazrdobis mcire

nawili xvdeba saqarTvelos akreditebul universitetebSi, maRali

konkurenciisa da qarTuli enis codnis dabali donis gamo. am mxriv,

uaryofiTi movlena iyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo univeristetis

axalqalaqis filialis daxurva 2007 wels akreditaciaze uaris Tqmis

Sedegad, ris gamoc bevr axalgazrdas waerTva saqarTveloSi swavlis

SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, erevanSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis mirebis

Semdeg javaxeTis axalgazrdobis didi nawili ukan aRar brundeba.

mosaxleobis demografiuli cvlilebebis gamo SeSfoTebac

garkveulwilad gazviadebulia. javaxeTis mosaxleobis cxra-meaTeds

eTnikuri somxebi Seadgenen. marTalia, ekologiuri migrantebis mcire

nawili dasaxlda javaxeTSi saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan, magram

maTi ricxvi Zalian mcirea da bevri maTgani 1980-90-ian wlebSi Casaxlda.

duxoborebis migraciis Sedegad gorelovkaSi qarTvelebis

dasaxlebasac ar gamouwvevia mkveTri demografiuli cvlilebebi,

vinaidan adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleobis ricxvi kvlav maRalia.

javaxeTSi Turqi-mesxebis Casaxlebis Taobaze SeSfoTebac

gazviadebulia. mTavrobas ganzraxuli aqvs gadmosaxlebas

daqvemdebarebuli mesxebis yovelwliuri raodenobis gadanawileba,

62

romlebic Casaxldebian axalcixis, adigenisa da aspinZis

municipalitetebSi, saidac isini 65 wlis win iZulebiT gadaasaxles.

mxolod mcire nawils daasaxleben javaxeTSi.

javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobasa da saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da

qarTuli sazogadoebis Soris undobloba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda

ruseT-saqarTvelos 5-dRiani omis Semdeg. somxuri mosaxleobis azri

omTan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani iyo. regionSi qarTuli, somxuri da

rusuli arxebis arsebobis gamo, Seiqmna azrTa sxvadasxvaoba omis

dawyebis mizezebis Sesaxeb. dasawyisSi, aSkara iyo, rom rusuli

satelivizio arxebiT gadmocemul informacias upiratesoba eniWeboda,

vinaidan ATV-12-ma axalqalaqSi da farvanis televiziam ninowmindaSi,

romlebic gadmocemdnen qarTul axal ambebs somxur enaze, SeaCeres

muSaoba 12 agvistomde. amis gamo, mosaxleobam irwmuna qarTuli

jarebis mier osuri mosaxleobis “genocidis” faqti. Tumca, umciresobis

sakiTxTa evropuli centris kvlevis mixedviT, axalqalaqisa da

ninowmindis araqarTuli mosaxleobis 74%-s xeli miuwvdeba

adgilobriv satelivizio arxebze – imave raodenobas xeli miuwvdeba

somxur da rusul satelivizio arxebze; xolo, mosaxleobis 18%-s xeli

miuwvdeba aWaris televiziis rusulenovan gadacemebze, romlebic aseve

gadmocemdnen movlenebis qarTuli mxaris versias. mogvianebiT, rodesac

mosaxleobas sxvadasxva wyaroebis informaciis Sedarebis

SesaZlebloba mieca, dadebiTad ganewyvnen qarTuli mxarisadmi.

zemoxsenebuli kvlevis SedegebiT, romelic omidan ori Tvis Tavze

Catarda, soflis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT, qalaqis mcxovreblebi

omTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos xelisuflebasdmi ufro kritikulad

iyvnen ganwyobili.

omis Semdgom periodSi, javaxeTSi xelisuflebis kontroli gamkacrda;

samarTaldamcavma organoebma daapatimres ramdenime gavleniani somexi

aqtivisti, ramac aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia sazogadoebis politikurad

aqtiur nawilSi. adgilobrivi uSiSroebis samsaxurebi gansakuTrebuli

mondomebiT iZiebdnen centraluri xelisuflebis daumorCileblobis

63

faqtebs. amis magaliTia, somexi aqtivistis, Caxalianis (ix. zemoT)

dapatimreba 10 wlis vadiT saprotesto aqciis organizebisa da sxva

qmedebebisTvis. bevri somexi aqtivisti Caxalianis dapatimrebas

politikur angariSsworebad ganixilavda, xolo belorusiuli

arasamTavrobo organizaciis saqmianobas miawerdnen qarTuli

uSiSroebis samsaxurebis mier gaTamaSebul scenars, romelic miznad

isaxavda adgilobrivi somxebis xelisuflebisadmi erTgulebis

Semowmebas. amavdroulad, bevri aqtivisti brals debs minasiansa da

akofanians qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis gafuWebaSi.68

adgilobrivi aqtivistebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia agreTve 62-e rusuli

diviziis samxedro bazis gayvana 2007 wels. miuxedavad, bazis gayvanis

gamo mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobisa, romelic gamowveuli iyo im mizeziT,

rom isini kargavdnen Semosavlis wyaros da javaxeTi ver acdeboda

TurqeTis agresias, bazis gayvanis Semdeg saprotesto talRa Cawynarda.

ufro mniSvnelovani msjelobis Tema gaxda saqarTvelos urTierToba

ruseTTan da dasavleTTan. saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebis

perspeqtivis gamo, somxuri sazogadoeba miiCnevda, rom Turquli

SenaerTebiT dakompleqtebuli natos jarebi ganlagdebodnen javaxeTSi.

zogierTi somexi nacionalistis azriT, yarsi-axalqalaqi-Tbilisi-baqo

sarkinigzo xazis mSenebloba geopolitikuri proeqtia, romlis mizania

somxeTis izolireba. maTi SexedulebiT, mosalodnelia azerbaijanuli

an/da Turquli sajariso nawilebis ganlageba javaxeTSi rkinigzis

dasacavad da axali samuSao Zalis mozidva qveynis sxva regionebidan.

natoSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis sakiTxi, savaraudod, uaxloes

momavalSi ar gadawydeba, vinaidan nato ar Cqarobs saqarTvelosTvis

gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmis (MAP) SeTavazebas. garda amisa, Tu

rkinigzis mSeneblobis proeqti ganxorcielda da adgilobriv

mosaxleobas daasaqmeben, isini proeqtis winaaRmdeg aRar gamovlen.

bevri gavleniani somexi mxars uWers proeqts. axalqalaqis gamgebeli da

68 avtorTan interviu.

64

erTiani javaxis yofili mxardamWeri, nairi iriciani, 2005 wels, merad

yofnis dros, yarsSi imyofeboda vizitiT da Sexvda adgilobriv

Tanamdebobis pirebs TurqeTTan sasazRvro TanamSromlobis sakiTxebze.

adgilobriv mcxovrebTa didi nawili moxarulia sarkinigzo proeqtis

administraciis dapirebiT mSeneblobaSi mosaxleobis 70-75%-is

dasaqmebis Taobaze, Tumca sxvebi skeptikurad udgebian am sakiTxs.

regionebis mosaxleobisTvis politikurze ufro metad mniSvnelovania

ekonomikuri problemebi, romlebic gamoixateba mosaxleobis survilSi

normaluri sacxovrebeli pirobebis SeqmniT ojaxis wevris ruseTSi

sezonur samuSaoze gamgzavrebis gareSe. mosaxleobis didi nawili Tavs

irCens soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebiT irCens Tavs, magram saqarTvelos

bazarze javaxeTis produqciaze, maT Soris, kartofilze moTxovna arc

Tu ise didia, vinaidan bazarze Turquli produqcia Warbobs. dapirebis

miuxedavad, rom qarTuli jari SeiZenda kartofils javaxeTSi rusuli

samxedro bazris gayvanis Semdeg, 2008 wels cnobili gaxda, rom jari

maragdeboda TurqeTidan importirebuli kartofiliT. Tumca, 2009 wlis

TebervalSi, axalqalaqSi yofnisas qarTuli jaris warmomadgenelma

kvlav SesTavaza javaxeTis mosaxleobas adgilobrivi kartofilis

SeZena. zogierTi wyaros mixedviT, nairi iricianis Txovnis Sedegad,

mTavrobam Seamcira TurqeTidan kartofilis importi, magram ramdenad

Seesabameba es faqti simarTles, gaurkvevelia.69 regionis

mosaxleobisTvis Zalian seriozuli problemaa SeSis nakleboba,

miTumetes javaxeTis mkacri zamTris pirobebSi. marTalia, mosaxleobas

daurigda SeSis vauCerebi 2007-08 zamTarSi saprezidento arCevnebis

kampaniis dros micemuli dapirebis Sedegad, vauCerebi aRmoCnda

gamousadegari, vinaidan mosaxleobam ver gadacvala vauCeri SeSaze.

amitom, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni miiCnevdnen, rom vauCerebis darigeba

mxolod fuWi winsaarCevno dapireba iyo.

69 avtoris interviu.

65

qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelebi

qvemo qarTlis mosaxleoba metwilad ekonomikuri problemebiT

Semoifargleba Tavis moTxovnebSi, gansxvavebiT javaxeTis

mcxovreblebisag, romlebic politikuri sakiTxebiTac arian Zalze

dainteresebuli. azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis mTavari sazrunavi miwebis

ganawilebis sakiTxia (ix. zemoT). mdidari miwis mesakuTreebi

ganagrZoben qve-ijariT miwis gacemas adgilobriv mosaxleobaze,

Sedegad, bevri maTgani siRaribis zRvarzea. azerbaijanul mosaxleobas

aRarc vaWrobis SesaZlebloba aqvs sadaxlos bazris 2005 wlis

dekemberSi kontrabandis akrZalvis motiviT daxurvis Semdeg. sabaJo

wesebis gamkacrebis Sedegad 2006 wels azerbaijanulma mxarem wiTeli

xidis bazaric daxura mxolod sazRvris azerbaijanul mxares. orive

bazari warmoadgenda adgilobrivi azerbaijanelebis Semosavlis

ZiriTad wyaros (saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufi 2006). adgilobrivi

aqtivistebis gancxadebiT, azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba gaxda

saqarTvelos mTavrobis anti-korufciuli kampaniis msxverpli, amitom

isini moiTxovdnen sadaxlos bazris aRdgenas. konkretulad, aqtivistebi

miuTiTebdnen qvemo qarTlis movaWreebisTvis sasoflo-sameurneo

produqciiT vaWrobis akrZalvaze quCebSi, rodesac es daSvebuli iyo

saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi.70

qvemo qarTlSi udides problemas warmoadgens azerbaijanuli

mosaxleobaSi umuSevrobis maRali done. zusti monacemebis ararsebobis

miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili umuSevaria.

Tumca, sxvadasxva simwvaviT es problema saqarTvelos sxva raionebSic

dgas, xolo bolo periodis ekonomikuri zrda Seexo mxolod

dedaqalaqs, Tbiliss. azerbaijanelebs mcire SesaZlebloba aqvT

dasaqmdnen adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebSi, xolo umuSevarTa

ricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda bazrebis daxurvis Semdeg. javaxeTis

70 “tolerantoba”, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sazogadoebrivi asociacia, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis alternatiuli angariSis danarTi “saqarTvelos mier erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis CarCo konvenciis implementacia qvemo qarTlis regionSi”, http://www.tolerance.org.ge/en/monitoring_reports/files/appendix_FCNM_eng.pdf.

66

msgavsad, axalgazrdebi ukeTesi momavlis imediT miemgzavrebian baqosa

da ruseTSi.

garda amisa, qvemo qarTlis mosaxleoba TiTqmis ar aris

informirebuli mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. marneulis erT-erTi

arasamTavro organizaciis lideris gancxadebiT, is xSirad TbilisSi

igebs informacias mSobliur qalaqSi momxdar siaxleebze.71

umciresobis sakiTxTa evropuli centris kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad,

gardabnis, marneulisa da dmanisis municipalitetebis araqarTuli

mosaxleoba informacias iRebs saSualod 0.95 adgilobrivi arxebidan,

xolo javaxeTis mosaxleoba saSualod – 1.6-dan.72 aseve

gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom TbilisTan siaxlovis gamo qvemo

qarTlSi meti qarTuli arxebia. samive municipalitetis araqarTuli

mosaxleobis mxolod 3.5% iRebs informacias adgilobrivi satelevizio

arxebidan javaxeTis 74%-Tan SedarebiT (ix. zemoT). amis mizezia is

garemoeba, rom adgilobrivi arxebi azerbaijanul enaze TiTqmis ar

gadmocemen. mxolod bolnisis satelivizio kompania “me-12 arxi”,

javaxeTis satelevizio kompaniebis ATV-12-isa da farvanas msgavsad,

gadascems qarTul axal ambebs azerbaijanul enaze.73 Seqmnili

sainformacio vakuumis gamo, mosaxleoba ar aris informirebuli

politikisa da mmarTvelobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da, zemoaRniSnuli

gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mowmobs, araqarTulma mosaxleobam ar icis ra

partiebi da blokebi iReben monawileobas arCevnebSi.

Sesabamisad, azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis arasaTanado

informirebulobis gamo, iTvleba, rom isini politikurad naklebad

aqtiuri arian, javaxeTis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT. garda amisa,

satelevizio arxebis naklebobam, ris Sedegadac mosaxleoba ar aris

saTanadod informirebuli qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis Taobaze,

SeiZleba Sedegad gamoiwvios moulodnel saprotesto gamosvlebi.

71 avtoris interviu. 72 mniSvnelovania 0.001 doneze, orive SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia levinis testi

Tanasworobis variaciaTa da testi saSualebebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb 73 ix. telearxis veb-gverdi, http://tv12.ge/eng/programmes.html.

67

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, miwebis ganawilebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT

2004-05 wlebSi gaimarTa saprotesto aqciebi, romlebic ZaladobaSi

gadaizarda, rasac Sedegad moyva moxuci azerbaijaneli qalbatonis

gardacvaleba (saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufi 2006).

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebsa da mosaxleobas Soris

komunikaciis nakleboba qmnis axal problemebs. vinaidan,

xelisuflebaSi, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebi arian dasaqmebuli (im

regionebSic ki, sadac azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis absolutur

umravlesobas Seadgens), enobrivi barieris gamo, mosaxleoba

moklebulia SesaZleblobas gaigos administraciis muSaobis

mimarTulebebi da CaerTos maT saqmianobaSi. marTalia, rusuli ena

kvlav rCeba komunikaciis mTavar saSualebad, magram arc mosaxleobis

didi nawili da arc xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi floben enas

saTanado doneze; Tavis mxriv, administracia iRebs qarTul enaze

wardgenil werilobiT dokumentacias. am mxriv, javaxeTSi ukeTesi

viTarebaa, vinaidan mosaxleobac da administraciis warmomadgenlebic

erT enaze saubroben.

azerbaijaneli aqtivistebis mTavari politikuri moTxovna adgilobriv

xelisuflebaSi warmomadgenlobis uflebis mopovebaa. mxolod mcire

nawili moiTxovs azerbaijanelebiT mWidrod dasaxlebuli raionebis

politikur avtonomias. am mxriv, yvelaze radikaluri nabiji iyo

saqarTvelos azerbaijanelTa nacionaluri asociaciis moTxovna

azerbaijanulis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. sxva gavleniani

jgufebi, rogoricaa azerbaijanelTa kongresi, ibrZvian azerbaijanuli

mosaxleobis qarTul sazogadoebaSi integraciisTvis da moiTxoven

xelisuflebisgan, rom xeli Seuwyos azerbaijenelebisTvis qarTuli

enis swavlebasa da saxlemwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebas. ramdenadac

javaxeTis somxur mosaxleobaSi qarTuli enis Seswavlis

aucileblobaze azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, azerbaijanelTa umravlesoba

mowadinebulia, iswavlos qarTuli, magram, rogorc wesi, moklebulia

aseT SesaZleblobas. azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis survili Seiswavlon

68

qarTuli gamowveulia im garemoebiT, rom qvemo qarTli axlosaa

TbilisTan, amrigad maTTvis bevrad advilia saswavleblad Tu samuSaod

gaemgzavron TbilisSi vidre Soreul baqoSi.

adgilobrivi inteligenciisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania soflebis

toponimikis sakiTxi. bevri azerbaijanuli saxelwodebis sofels

mianiWes qarTuli geografiuli dasaxeleba 1990 wlebis dasawyisSi,

rodesac qarTuli nacionalisturi moZraoba Zlier momZlavrda.

adgilobrivi asociaciis, mtredis, monacemebiT, bolnisis

municipalitetSi 31 sofels daerqva qarTuli saxelebi.74 mTavroba

ugulebelyofda sainiciativo jgufebis moTxovnas azerbaijanuli

toponimikis aRdgenaze. amiT, xelisufleba arRvevs erovnul

umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb CarCo konvenciis 11.3 muxlis moTxovnas

romlis mixedviTac, “mxareebma unda uzrunvelyon . . . . adgilobrivi

tradiciuli dasaxelebebis, quCebis dasaxelebebisa da sxva sajaro

topografiuli maCveneblebis ganTavseba umciresobaTa enebzec, Tu

arsebobs amis saTanado moTxovna.”

bolnisis municipalitetSi kidev erT sadavo sakiTxs warmoadgens

azerbaijanul soflebSi qristianuli jvrebis aRmarTvis damkvidrebuli

praqtika. azerbaijanuli sainformacio saSualebebis gadmocemiT, 2008

wlis bolos, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iniciativiT jvrebi aRmarTes

bolnisis municipalitetis or sofelSi, Wapalasa (azer. gonWulu) da

qvemo bolnisSi (azer. kapanaxCi). mogvianebiT, jvrebi Camoxsnes da

xelisuflebis dapirebiT, msgavsi SeTxveva aRar ganmeordeboda.75

Tumca, adgilobrivi aqtivistebis gancxadebiT jvari aRmarTes sxva

azerbaijanul sofelSic oficialuri pirebis TandaswrebiT, 2009 wlis

74 sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba, mtredi, “toponimikis aRdgena qvemo qarTlis regionSi inter-eTnikuri dialogis ganaxlebis winapirobaa”, http://www.minelres.lv/reports.georgia.PublicAssociationMtredi_Georgia_jan09_en.doc.

75 samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis asociacia, Azerbaijan News Portal, “saqarTvelos azerbaijanul soflebSi jvrebis aRmarTva SeCerebulia” (2009 wlis 4 Tebervali), http://www.avciya.az/eng/2009/02/04/placing-of-crosses-in-azerbaijani.html.

69

aprilSi.76 aqtivistebi ganmartavdnen, rom qvemo qarTlis Tanamedrove

muslimanuri sazogadoeba pativiscemiT epyroboda qristianuli jvaris

simbolos, magram maTi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mizezi religiuri

grZnobebis mizanmimarTuli Seuracxyofa gaxda.

8. daskvna

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa qarTul sazogadoebaSi

integraciis procesi sagrZnoblad daCqarda vardebis revoluciis

Semdeg. yvelaze mravalricxovani umciresobebiT, somxebiTa da

azerbaijanelebiT, dasaxlebul regionebSi saxelmwifosa da

sazogadoebis urTierTobis dinamikis ukeT Seswavlis Sedegad, vlindeba,

rom integraciis procesma gamoiRo rogorc pozitiuri ise negatiuri

Sedegebi. pozitiuri TvalsazrisiT, xelisuflebam daiwyo

infrastruqturis ganviTareba, rac gamoixata gzebisa da skolis

Senobebis aRdgenaSi javaxeTis regionSi, aseve miiRo qmediTi zomebi

umciresobaTa jgufebisTvis qarTuli enis swavlebis donis

asamaRleblad. meore mxriv, xelisuflebam TiTqmis araferi moimoqmeda

avtoritaruli Zalebis aRmosafxvrelad da demokratiis realuri

meTodebis gasatareblad. javaxeTis regionSi mTavroba iyenebs

SevardnaZis administraciis meTodebs da somxuri sazogadoebis mdidar

da gavlenian wevrebs aZlevs saSualebas marTon regioni da maTi

saSualebiT axSobs yvela sazogadoebriv moZraobas, romelic safrTxes

uqmnis xelisuflebis hegemonias. qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanuli

mosaxleoba faqtiurad Camocilebulia regionis marTvas.

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, mTavroba realur

safrTxes xedavs ruseTis xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli wreebis

saqmianobaSi, romelic SesaZloa mimarTuli iyos sazogadoebis eTnikuri

niSniT dayofisken qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevis mizniT.

Sesabamisad, 2008 wlis agvistos omis fonze aseTi safrTxis arseboba

76 avtoris interviu.

70

ufro seriozulad aRiqmeboda mTavrobis mier. Tumca, umciresobaTa

gaerTianebebis mimarT eWvis TvaliT damokidebulebam SesaZloa ubiZgos

am jgufebs ufro radikaluri nabijebisken. am gagebiT, walkis raionSi

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxurebis gaZliereba gamarTlebulia

adreuli konfliqtebis regulirebisTvis, sxva regionebisgan

gansxvavebiT, sadac samarTaldamcavi organoebis mozRvaveba gamoiwvevs

SiSsa da eWvs umciresobebSi.

saboloo jamSi, erovnuli umciresobebis integraciis procesi

daCqardeba, Tu realurad iarsebebs saxelmwifo enis swavlebis,

saqarTveloSi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis xelSemwyobi pirobebi.

amisaTvis, upirvelesad, saWiroa Sedegiani da organizebuli qarTuli

enis Semswavleli kursebis SemoReba, romlebic daeyrdnoba efeqtian

meTodologias da ganxorcieldeba realuri drois monakveTSi.

ganaTlebis politikam xeli unda Seuwyos axalgazrdebis mizidvas

qarTul umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi. swori ekonomikuri

politikis Sedegad unda Seiqmnas samuSao adgilebi regionebSi

eTnikuri qarTvelebisa da umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis dasaqmebis

mizniT. garda amisa, xelisuflebam unda gaataros demokratiuli

reformebi, ris Sedegadac erovnuli umciresobebi uSualo

monawileobas miiReben regionis mmarTvelobaSi. saqarTvelos mTavrobis

nabijebi qarTulis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT, soflis

infrastruqturis gaumjobesebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

reformirebis mxriv misasalmebelia, magram am mimarTulebiT ufro

qmediTi zomebi misaReba aris saWiro.

71

bibliografia

International Centre for Civic Culture (1999), Political Parties of Georgia: Directory 1999, at http://www.osgf.ge/iccc/pages/pdf/eng-ppg99.pdf. International Crisis Group (2006), "Georgia’s Armenian and Azeri Minorities", Europe Report N°178, 22 November 2006, at http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2006/icg-caucasus-22nov.pdf. Lohm, Hedvig (2006) "Dukhobors in Georgia: A Study of the Issue of Land Ownership and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Ninotsminda rayon", ECMI Working Paper #35, November 2006 at http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_en.pdf. Lohm, Hedvig (2007). "Javakheti after the Rose Revolution: Progress and Regress in the Pursuit of National Unity in Georgia." ECMI Working Paper #38, April 2007 at http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_38.pdf. Ministry of Economic Development of Georgia, Department of Statistics (2008a), Quarterly Bulletin (2008, IV), at http://www.statistics.ge/_files/georgian/Quarterly%20Bulletin%20IV_2008.pdf. Ministry of Economic Development of Georgia, Department of Statistics (2008b), Statistical Yearbook of Georgia 2008, at http://www.statistics.ge/_files/yearbook/Yearbook2008.zip. Trier, Tom and Turashvili, Medea (2007), "Resettlement of Ecologically Displaced Persons Solution of a Problem or Creation of a New? Eco-Migration in Georgia 1981 – 2006”. ECMI Monograph #6, August 2007, at http://www.ecmi.de/download/monograph_6_en.pdf. Wheatley, Jonathan (2004), "Obstacles Impeding the Regional Integration of the Javakheti Region of Georgia", ECMI Working Paper #22, September 2004, at http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_22.pdf. Wheatley, Jonathan (2005), "Obstacles Impeding the Regional Integration of the Kvemo Kartli Region of Georgia", ECMI Working Paper #23, February 2005, at http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_23.pdf. Wheatley, Jonathan (2006), "Defusing Conflict in Tsalka District of Georgia: Migration, International Intervention and the Role of the State." ECMI Working Paper #36, October 2006 at http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_36_en.pdf.