:

(, , , )

: : .

2009

.1 1 1.1 - - .6

1.1.1 .6 1.1.2 .6 1.1.3 .8 1.1.4 .8 1.1.5 , .10 1.1.6 - .10

1.2 .16

1.2.1 .16 1.2.2 .16 1.2.3 .17

1.3

.21

1.3.1 .21 1.3.2 - - .22 1.3.3 .23 1.3.4 .24 1.3.5 - .28

1.4 . .29

1.4.1 , .29 1.4.2 .. .30 1.4.3 .32 1.4.4 .35 1.4.5 - .37 ..

1.5 .39

2 2.1 - .41

2.1.1 .41 2.1.2 .42 2.1.3 .42 2.1.4 .45 2.1.5 .46

2.2 .47

2.2.1 .47 2.2.2 .49 2.2.3 - .51 2.2.4 - .52

2.3 - .. .53

2.3.1 . .53 2.3.2 .. .57

2.4 .57

2.4.1 : .59 2.4.2 - .59 2.4.3 .61 2.4.4 .63

2.4.5 : .64

2.5 .67

3 3.1 .70

3.1.1. - .70 3.1.2 - .73 3.1.3. .74

3.2 .75

3.2.1 .. .75 3.2.2 .. .75 3.2.3 .76

3.3 .79

3.3.1 .79 3.3.2 Cosco: H .79 3.3.3 .81 3.3.4 / .82 3.3.5 .83 3.3.6 .86

3.4 , .87

3.4.1 - .87 3.4.2 .88 3.4.3 - .88 3.4.4 .90 3.4.5 .91 3.4.6 .93 3.4.7 .94 3.4.8 .95

3.5 . .96

3.5.1

.96 3.5.2 .97 3.5.3 .98

3.6 .102

3.6.1 .102 3.6.2 .103 3.6.3 .104 3.6.4 .105

3.7 .106 4 4.1 .108

4.1.1 A .108 4.1.2 & air cargo .109 4.1.3 & .110 4.1.4 .111 4.1.5 .112 4.1.6 - .113 4.1.7 .116 4.1.8 - .117

4.2 .119

4.2.1 .119 4.2.2 .119 4.2.3 .121 4.2.4 .121 4.2.5 .122 4.2.6 .125 4.2.7 .127

4.3 .129

4.3.1 E. B .129

4.3.2 .132 4.3.3 .133 4.3.4 :

.134

4.4 .135

4.4.1 .135 4.4.2 .136 4.4.3 .136 4.4.4 .137 4.4.5 .138 4.4.6 .139 4.4.7 .139

4.5 .140 5 Logistics 5.1 .143 5.1.1 .143

5.1.2 - .145 5.1.3 .149 5.1.4 .150 5.1.5 .151 5.1.6 .152 5.1.7 .154 5.1.8 .155

5.2 .159

5.2.1 .159 5.2.2 .162 5.2.3 .163 5.2.4 3333/2005 .164 5.2.5 .165 5.2.6 . .167 5.2.7 .169 5.2.8 .170

5.3 Logistics .171 5.3.1 HELLASTAT logistics .171 5.3.2 logistics .172 5.3.3 Logistics .174 5.3.4 logistics . .176 5.3.4 logistics .177 5.3.5 .177 5.3.6 logistics .178

5.4 .181 .184 .194

1

, (

, , , )

.

.

.

, ,

. .

.

.

.

,

.

, 117.000 .

,

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.

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.

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,

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.

, 1250

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.

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.

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.

.

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.

.

.

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,

.

, ,

. ,

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.

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.

.

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.

.

.

1

5

.

. logistics

.

.

.

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1

1.1 A

1.1.1

, ,

.

117.000 .,

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( , ,

) (

): - ( 75) , - ( 94) ,

- ( 65) , - - ( 65) , - -

( 55) , - - ( 90) , -

( ) , - ( - 75) .

1.1.2

, World Economic Forum,

( 1),

.

,

7

. , ,

IMD, 41

(

),

5,89 10.

, , ,

.

, .

IMD

, ,

.

8

1.1.3

, 55

2002 (IMD, 2005), 25 ,

0,89 . . (km/km2).

, (0,65 km/km2),

(0,52 km/km2), (0,72 km/km2),

-27. ,

(1,31

km/km2), (1,59 km/km2) (2,30 km/km2). ,

,

.

1.1.4

, 97%

, .

(

.)

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70% .

- .

(-) ,

- ( ),

. ,

.., (

).

, 2007-

9

2013, 20-30%

.

() 30-40%,

.

,

,

, ,

, .

,

,

.

T

50% 1970 70% 1990 ,

. , 1990,

[

4058/89]. T

, ,

. ,

. ,

.

. T 1968,

[COM/98/466].

10

1.1.5 -

.

.

, . 3

: () , ( + -

) , ( + -

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CMR ( )

.

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.

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100 .

. ,

. ,

.

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. )

. )

.

11

.

,

.

, , . ,

100, 150.

30% 115.

115

. , ,

(

,

)

.

.

:

1. 6 .383/1976

. 2. 90

, .. 63/2005 ( 98

). 3.

. 4. . 485/31.10.2001 (

1484//31.10.2001)

. 5. ./ 81/2002 ( 27/)

, : 1.

... :

.

12

1) 50 19.5.2008 : 1,67 ,

0,040 , 0,045 , 1)

19.5.2008 :

1,67 , 0,037 , 0,040

, 0,037 0,040 ( -

) . 1) 50

19.5.2008 : 1,67 , 0,040 ,

0,045 , 1)

19.5.2008 : 1,67 ,

0,037 , 0,040 . 0,037

0,040 ( - ) . 1)

50 19.5.2008 : 1,79 , 0,040

, 0,047 , 1)

19.5.2008 : 1,79

, 0,037 , 0,040

. 0,037 0,040 ( -

)

.

(3) :

) 50 19.5.2008 :

1,79 , 0,037 ,

) , ,

: 1) ,

, 19.5.2008 : 1,67 , 0,049

, . 2) ,

, 19.5.2008 : 1,67

, 0,049 , . 3)

,

, 19.5.2008 : 1,67 , 0,045

, 4)

, 19.5.2008 : 0,049

5.1) PVC 19.5.2008 :

13

0,0830 . 5.2) 50

19.5.2008: 1,55 . ) (30)

, , ,

, ,

(30)

: 1) 8 24.

19.5.2008: 242,54 . 2)

8 24.

19.5.2008 : 204,55 .

8 ,

. ( )

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8

, 8,

.

. 1) ,

20 19.5.2008 :

1,192 , :

.

. , , ,

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-, , ,

. , , .. : )

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50% ,

,

.

. (CONTAINERS): )

(CONTAINERS): . )

14

CONTAINER 20 40 CONTAINERS 20

, ( ),

CONTAINERS . , ,

( - ( - ) )

10 . 138,64 185,14

20 . 145,39 191,47

30 . 152,53 198,64

40 . 158,52 204,98

50 . 164,85 210,55

75 . 176,39 223,27

100 . 192,66 239,54

150 . 215,69 264,17

150 , 19.5.2008 . (-

) 0,69 , (-) 1,04 .

.

, 19.5.2008 29,49

.

.

, ()

,

. 2. , ( ),

. 1 : ) ...

3.500 . )

(, .),

, . )

. 3.

. 4.

. , ,

.

5. , ,

,

, , , , (

15

.). ,

.

.

16 .. 186/1992 .

. 1667/1986,

.

,

.

6. . 1

, ,

, ,

,

385 ,

,

. ... ,

, (

, , .).

.

. /41791/3591 ( 13129,

27.7.2007).

16

1.2

1.2.1

. 383/1976

.

,

,

()

.

.

.

3,5 3,5

. : 3,5-8,0

8 ,

, , , , .. ,

,

.

1.2.2

,

: )

()

.

17

: (1) 4

, (2) , 4 (3)

4 . )

()

. -27

,

,

,

.

1.2.3

, ,

,

.

1970

.

1960 1970.

,

, ,

.

,

.

. ,

18

.

.

4 . 3 . 282/1976,

8 , : ) -

- ,

, )

,

,

, )

,

,

80% 20% .

,

, ,

,

.

, .

,

1976. ,

, 36.495

( 4).

, 800 ( 600

) 1986.

1976

,

. ,

,

,

, ,

19

. ,

, , ..,

. ,

.

,

. ,

. ,

o (cabotage),

,

( 6 ) .

.

,

,

. , ,

, .

,

,

,

(outsourcing),

,

.

.

,

,

20

logistics.

,

.

. , , 2000

,

5.784 15,3% .

, ,

.

21

1.3

1.3.1

: )

, )

,

,

. )

,

, (

)

. 4

( ) 2005.

11.895 ,

10.060 (84,6%) 1.835 (15,4%) .

, ,

. , :

;

22

1.3.2 - -

O (),

,

,

.

. ,

. , ,

,

, (..

), .

23

98%

. , 2006,

49,9% (39% )

24,8% (17,1% )

(: ). ,

() 1

2 -27. 1995-2005

50,7% ( : 4,2%),

, ,

48,6% ( : 4%). ,

67,3% 2005,

63,1% 1990 .

1.3.3

(European Energy and

Transport, Update 2007),

3,2% 2005-2010 2% 2005-2030,

3,4% 2005-2010 2,2%

2005-2030. , 2,8% 2005-2030,

, , ,

.

-27 2. ,

24

72,6% 2005, 58,4% 1990. ,

18%

2005, 32,4% 1990.

.

, -27

,

(2005-2030: 1,8%)

, 2030

75,4%.

1.3.4

,

.

, : )

)

.

,

30.000 - 300.000 .

, (

) 30.000 - 50.000,

75.000

25

300.000.

,

,

:

)

,

. ,

,

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.

)

. ,

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18 , 12,5

, 8 6,7

. .

, . ,

,

.

26

) ,

. ,

,

.

. , ,

.

)

,

,

. ,

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5, 6.

, 85% . ,

2

2007.

) , ,

, .

,

,

. ,

.

,

,

, (1,5%-2,5%

)

0,2-0,3 ,

1%-2%, (2%-4% ).

28

, (1,5-2,5%),

,

2,5%-4,5% . ,

0,5% ,

700 . -1,5 .. -

.

,

1.3.5 -

2005

, 17,1% ( 3.3 )

(31.2%) . 2005 ,

-8.9% - +28% 2004.

.

( )

( ) &

RORO . O

(4,5

)

.

.

: 2,5% ,

1%-2% ,

29

1.4 .

1.4.1

,

. : ) ,

.

, ,

.

16.000

,

. ) ,

,

.

13.600 . ) :

/

. 7.000-8.000.

.

30

1.4.2

-27

,

.

.

, ,

. (

, ).

, , 2006

,

,

.

.

( )

,

. . ,

2010 -27 3,5

12 ,

,

() . 1990 1998

31

(cabotage)

cabotage (quota).

. ,

, 2%

(, 2006) 16% cabotage.

1.7.1998. ,

-27,

, ,

,

. ,

,

. , ,

,

, ,

. ,

.

, 2006, -25 0,78%

,

0,26%.

,

. ,

, : )

. ,

8.12.1998,

. , 19.4.2000

.

: , ,

, , , , , , (

, 2008). ) ,

32

. ) .

-

-

.

.

,

,

.

, -15

.

1.4.3

.

.

. ,

.

,

. ,

,

33

. , ,

1978 50%

( 30.000) . ,

,

.

60.

, ,

1964, , ,

, , . , , , , ,

, , . , ..,

1988,

.

, .

,

, ,

.

,

,

. ,

. ,

. , ,

: )

25%

1991-1998 . 1969-1979,

15% 1979-1989.

,

10 . )

,

34

. ) . )

, ,

. .

,

( 3),

. , 2002,

cabotage.

35

1.4.4

(13)

() 2002 ,

15

.

.

. ..

. ..

1990-2000 35%.

25%.

.

.

.

,

.

,

outsourcing.

,

.

(15),

, 1990-2000

0,3%.

4,6%

36

logistics .

84 % 78% .. .

(8).

,

.

,

80 95% .

, leasing

.

. EURO

4, EURO 5,

EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 .

90%

. ,

.

,

,

.

.

2%

14% ..

..

,

.

(6)

2004 e-Business Forum

37

. 73

, ,

(third party logistics)

. . 45,21%

, 20

. 5

50%-75% , 8

25% 50% 7 25%.

(6),

(94,74%),

(63,16%)

(57,89%).

1.4.5 - ..

, ,

,

.

, : )

( , ,

, ..). ) , ,

.

,

(..

, ) ,

,

.

38

3,

117.500 . 2005,

7,9% 1995-2005 900 . 2005

420 . 1995. , 0,77%

,

. ,

(-27: 1,13%),

-27, , ,

, .

39

1.5

O (),

,

, .

. ,

.

, ,

,

,

(.. ), .

,

.

,

. , 41

(

),

5,89 10.

, , ,

.

, .

- .

.

98%

. , 2006, 49,9%

40

(39% ) 24,8%

(17,1% ) . ,

()

-27. 1995-2005

50,7% ( : 4,2%),

,

, 48,6% ( : 4%). ,

67,3%

2005, 63,1% 1990 .

(4,5 )

.

.

:

2,5% , 1%-2%

, .

41

2

2.1 -

2.1.1 -

(, , )

,

.

2. 503 ,

65% 35% .

1,90 . 100 .,

25,3 . 100.000 .

,

6,75

100 . 42

100.000 . ,

:

- - - ( ),

, - ,

,

, , ,

.

42

2.1.2

.

, ,

..,

,

.

6,7 . / 100 2

42 . / 100.000 ., 1,9 . / 100 2 25 . /

100.000 . ( ).

2.420 .

17,5% 82 .

, 673 . (28,2%) .

- - - /

(.... / .), 74% ,

,

,

,

...

2.1.3

21

,

43

.

. : ,

,

(High Speed Trains HST),

(200 700 .).

,

. 180 ./,

. HST Eurostar , 1994,

. . HST,

TGV (Train Grande Vitesse) , 1981,

HST HS

320 ./. , , HST

Maglev (Magnetically Levitated).

, ,

, ,

500 ./ (

Maglev : 581 ./, : 550

./, : 502 ./).

Maglev . , 2004

Maglev (Transrapid aglev rain) 430 ./ ,

. , 200-

700 ., : )

, )

, ) , )

, )

, .. ,

44

, ,

,

,

,

( , GHG). ,

()

(&)

.

, ,

( ). ,

,

&, ,

. ,

, ,

&. , 2002 &

$ 392 (3,0%

&), 1.979 . (10,2% )

- 1.372 (31,1% ).

, &

,

, ,

&

.

1970 1980

& . ,

&, : )

,

. )

45

,

. )

,

. ,

,

. 1970

(), 1972

15.400 .

diesel.

2.1.4

CIM . :

.

,

.

.

,

,

. ,

: :

(..) ,

.

.

, - (-cargo)

46

:

.

, ,

.

,

. 1890

. CIM (

). 1985,

COTIF/CRIRT ( ).

2.1.5

CIM

.

: :

2

. :

: .. - .

,

.

.

.

47

2.2 .

2.2.1

,

. ,

,

.

,

,

, .

,

,

,

.

, ,

..

.

, ( ..

nterreg II ),

,

(),

. ,

- -

,

.

, ,

48

, .

1993,

,

. ' ...,

Interreg II ,

,

.

,

,

, ,

,

, ( )

. ,

, 2,5%

. 1997-2007

,

.

() (, )

, () ,

ERTMS (European Rail

Traffic Management System) , ,

.. ()

.

,

/ () ,

, , ,

,

.

,

,

49

,

,

2.2.2.

, 1990 2000

, e 8,04

1990-2008,

, e 8,2 .

e 762,6 . 2008, e 400,2 . 2000.

(

)

, e 275 . 2006, e 330 . 2007 e

200 . 2008. ,

e 1,24 2008, 183 . 2000,

, .

, , 2008

7,1 , , e 12,5

2010.

, 2010

. ,

,

(1) 7.693

( 150 . ) (2)

50

-.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 %

2006/2000

(, .) 3.192 2.783 2.027 2.593 2.968 3.058 3.884 21,7%

- 405 354 321 763 997 691 564 39,3% - 2.787 2.429 1.706 1.830 1.971 2.367 3.320 19,1%

(.) 426 379 327 456 592 613 662 55,4%

- 116 112 99 194 255 149 129 11,8% - 310 268 228 262 337 464 533 71,7%

(.) 133 136 161 176 199 101 170

28,2%

(. e

1997) 20,56 19,25 16,90 18,50

21

21,93

27,46

33,6%

,

. , ,

. ,

1/4

.

40% , 2010.

51

2.2.3

-

.

- - ,

.

,

.

- ,

,

.

, ,

,

. , 6

.

.

.

(.... / .)

.

,

,

, .

,

52

.

(

),

. ,

, ERTMS (European Rail Traffic

Management System) , ,

,

..

.

2.2.4 -

, ,

,

. ,

,

: )

, )

,

, )

, )

,

, ,

, ..

53

,

. ,

,

,

, , , , ,

, .. ,

. ,

, ,

. ,

, ,

,

, ..,

.

, ,

,

, .

2.3 - ..

2.3.1

1990

,

,

. ,

54

,

. ,

,

. ,

. , ,

,

, , , ,

, , ..

, ,

,

. ,

,

. ,

, ,

( ),

.

( ) .

, ,

,

. ,

. , ,

,

, .

,

55

,

, .

, .

,

1991/440/EEC

,

-27. , :

. ,

:

)

,

.

)

.

,

.

,

2008 ( 2008)

(,

, , ) '

, .

.

) ,

()

()

. 2008

- .

56

, ,

.

,

( )

,

.

) 2001/14/EC

, ,

. ,

.

,

. ,

, ,

, .

, 2008 ( )

. 2008

.

-27,

. ,

( ),

. ,

-27

, .

57

2.3.2

..

1,8% (

) .

,

..,

. , , . , ,

1%

, .

(1,5%) (1,6%),

(13,2%) (9%),

(8,6%) (7,9%). .

(

)

. .. 2020 6%

.

..,

2012

. , , ,

27 - ..

.

2.4

, ,

2008

58

.

: )

,

2000, ,

(last minute) .

)

. )

diesel

. )

. )

()

.

( )

.

2007 2010 105 350 +245

105 200 +95 0 150 +150

560 430 -130 400 300 -100

160 130 -30

455 80 -375

59

2007

. 2.4.1 :

,

.

.

, , ,

. 4 : , ,

, .

2.4.2 -

.

.

,

.

,

. &

,

60

.

:

,

:

( )

,

.

.

2002

. BMS

(bonus malus system)

.

, 3

. , .

.

.

(viral marketing, door-to-door , ..).

.

MOU (Memorandum of Understanding)

,

61

,

, ,

,

.

,

, Crash Program

.

2009, Crash Program

2.4.3

,

. ,

,

.

,

-

. ,

,

3429/2005,

.

62

,

.

,

,

audit.

audit

,

audit.

&

,

.

, ,

.

.

63

,

, ..

.

,

.

2.4.4

2007

:

105 .

400 .

160 .

360 .

863 .

396 .

467 .

1.115 .

() 7.041 .

.

,

, ,

.

:

64

,

,

.

2007

34% 38%

.

, 2010 12,3 .

,

/

. :

. .

. ,

. ,

.

2.4.5 -

2015

,

. ,

.

65

-

-

. ,

2015

. ,

3,7 ... 2007-13

,

:

, ,

.

,

.

(..

)

,

.

:

,

, .

, ..,

.

66

,

,

, MIS,

.

, .

.

,

(Contrat de Gestion),

.

67

,

( ),

,

. &

.

2.5

,

,

. ,

,

.

, ,

,

.

, ,

..

.

- -

,

.

, ,

, .

,

68

, ,

, (

) . ,

, 2,5%

. 1997-2007

, .

, ,

,

. ,

, 2008 7,1

, , e 12,5

2010. ,

.

, ,

,

,

. 1,8%

( )

. ,

..,

, ,

2008

.

: )

)

. )

diesel .

69

)

. )

()

.

2007

70

3

3.1

3.1.1. -

,

. ,

1250 ,

,

, 700 450

150

. 110 91

, 70 . 110

, 50

47 ,

(

) 104 . ,

,

1996-2006.

, 22

1.5 .

200 . .

: (1) ( ) . (2)

/ Ro-Ro

. (3) ,

. ,

,

71

, / ,

(,

).

,

.

(VTMIS, ISPS, /

, ...)

(, , ...).

1.

,

( )

, 1996-2006

/

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

72

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

& (&)

(), :

(12) (, , , ,

, , , , , ,

), (.

2688/1999 . 2932/2001). ,

. , : ) 39 ,

( 10 . 2987/2002), ) 32

1 ,

( 28 .2738/1999) ) 1.250 , ,

, 188 ,

- .

73

3.1.2. -

: .

.

( ) .

( ) .

:

,

. ,

.

.

.

.

.

.

. on board

.

. (clean)

. ,

(

) .

,

, : 1 = 1 .

(..= ).

, ,

.

74

3.1.3.

(

) . :

, ,

: 1 = 1 .

. (..=

). , ,

.

75

3.2. .

3.2.1. ..

O ,

.

, 90%

,

, ,

. (..),

2005, 45,1% 69,3%

, 80% 66%

. ,

,

, (34% 2005)

.

3.2.2. ..

1000 ,

298 1,2 . .

1990

,

, ,

76

(- ),

(

),

,

.

3.2.3.

(public service ports):

,

.

.

.

.

, ,

.

2000, 12

.

,

.

77

.

(, , ..)

(tools ports).

. (, ,

) (pilotage),

.

, 90% /

,

(hanseatic

landlord port ) , . ,

. , ,

, ,

.

,

, ,

.

, leasing

,

, ,

, .. : )

.

. )

,

.

78

(landlord) ,

, , /

.

(comprehensive privatization) (private service

ports):

. .

. .

.

management

,

.

.

79

3.3.

3.3.1

. 17

1

.

.

.

. ,

,

1,4 . TEUs .

,

. /

2003 . ,

1998 , 41

/ , 2005 60 .

3.3.2 Cosco: H

Cosco Pasific

() ().

Cosco 4,3 . ,

HPH ltd, HPI sarl, Alapis

AEBE & 4,063 . . .

80

, , Cosco

. ,

,

Cosco

. ,

-

. , Cosco

Group

,

global operators

. , 35

Cosco

Pacific .

: 4,3 . 35

, 498 .

.

, 300 .

2015 800 - 1.000

.

..., COSCO. O

-

,

. ,

,

, 250%,

1,5 ,

81

3,4 , ,

2,3

.

,

3.3.3

,

, , , . ,

.

.

,

. 2006, / ,

12,9%,

-6,07% (: ESPO).

6 1993 .

.

,

2005-2015 /

. .

,

, .

14%

. ,

, ,

82

,

.

3.3.4

/

,

.

.

120 .

800

, 400

. ,

. , ,

.

,

. 50%.

150 , 600, 800,

. 13

160 10 50

, 180 .

150 .

, ,

, ,

.

83

3.3.5

, ,

,

.

2007 , ,

,

.

"", ..

,

, , ,

.

,

""

. ,

, , -

-

, 15%-20%

. ...

, 2008, 17.000 ,

,

. .

120.000 ( 2007)

, ,

Ro/Ro (car terminal).

2000 , ...

.

logistics ,

84

logistics

.

, ,

. ,

, Ro/Ro,

, CFS, , "door

to door" logistics,

. ...

.

, 3PL .

...

3299/2004, 55%

. ,

... ,

.

- -

. Risk Analysis

, ,

.

. ,

.

( ),

, .

. ..

.

85

.

- ,

.

, .

.

,

, 200 ,

1.000 ,

1.200 1.300 .

. , 55 ,

2009 5

. - A

300

,

18

. ,

80 . 61 .

Logistics

,

- A ,

, , , ,

.. 102,5 .

86

3.3.6

, ,

, ,

, .

,

, , , , ,

, , .

,

,

.

(, ,

)

.

,

,

, , , ,

, , (.

, ,

, )

.

87

3.4 ,

.

3.4.1 -

(, , ,

, , .. )

.

.

.

.

,

, .

.

88

3.4.2

,

(.. ) ,

.

,

2004 Port Package II .

. 2006

,

.

3.4.3

-

/

. ,

logistics

/,

. Dewry Shipping Consultants, 2006, 6

/ 1/3 .

68,7% 2002, 53,3% 1998.

89

.

. : ) H Dubai Ports World,

7 ,

51 2006 42 . TEUs . ) P&O Holding

29 , AP Moeler, PSA Hutchison

. , 92% /

, 2006 7%

, 56% TEUs

, 22,6% 21,4% .

, (, , ,

..)

. 1995, , Gioia Tauro ()

Medcenter Container Terminal.

Evergreen Lloyd Triestino

Gioia Tauro

600 . TEUs 1995 575 . TEUs 1996. Gioia Tauro

/ .

,

. Dubai Ports

World APM Terminals

() 3,5 , / 1,3 .

/, 250 . / .

85 2006 99 2005 /

40% 2006 , ,

(-6,07%).

,

. ,

,

:

. ,

90

,

,

logistics ,

.

, .

.

3.4.4

,

, ,

. ,

,

/ . ,

,

4,7 . / , 1,45 . /

. ,

. ,

,

(

),

91

3.4.5

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

, ..

,

. , ,

: )

,

, - , .. )

,

. )

.

.

, .., ,

. )

, , ,

.

. 2000

92

. 2002-2003

( ) ( ),

(). ,

. ,

,

(

),

.

.

. ,

110 .

. , 110 .

, 250 .

44 . .

514 . .

. ,

,

514 . .

4,7 . / , 1,4 .

/ . ,

,

4

. , 2007

100 . .

93

3.4.6

2000 ,

.

, 150

. 4

35 ,

.

,

, . ,

,

.

( )

(.. ,

..), . ,

,

(..,

,

, ).

, .

94

3.4.7

, 10.8 . TEUs

2007 (2006- 2007 : 12%), Dubai Ports World ,

. ,

,

. ,

.

,

2000 (6)

,

50 . ,

.

,

,

,

. ,

,

,

,

, 1 . /

(transit) .

,

,

.

95

3.4.8

,

,

. ,

,

.

, ,

. ,

,

.

96

3.5. H

3.5.1

.

,

. 24,8 . 2007,

12,2 . 2006, 171,35

.

.

,

. ,

,

117,5

. 2007 82%

.

. , European

Container Terminals 50%. ,

Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC),

,

MSC

.

,

.

97

MSC 300 . (/)

20% /.

3.5.2

. Standard & Poors,

, .

,

Dewry Shipping Consultants

72% 2006 97,5% 2012

. , 1990,

100

,

(World Bank Port Reform Toolkit, World Bank,2001).

.

,

:

.

,

, 9,2% 1997-2007.

48% , 4,8

1997 7,1 2005( IFS,WorldWatch Institute). ,

,

98

,

. 2007 / 22%, .

, , 25%

(,2008). Ocean Shipping Consultants / .

136% 2015

2006, 32,8 . / .

,

.

,

. , ,

,

-.

3.5.3

.

,

.

,

/ 2006.

99

( . )

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

96.192 87.187 97.406 111.282 107.919 104.692 107.478

16.513 16.892 19.145 21.291 20.318 18.688 19.948

15.158 15.124 16.358 15.212 13.474 12.570 12.923

13.311 13.916 14.295 14.334 15.838 15.969 16.336

9.628 7.941 9.182 9.578 9.129 9.356 9.463

3.437 1.873 1.937 1.714 1.717 1.676 1.838

3.074 2.348 3.401 6.470 4.200 4.127 4.238

2.858 2.892 3.236 3.546 3.516 3.676 4.173

1.646 1.388 2.357 3.891 3.364 3.672 3.878

: Eurostat

, -27.

. 40 % 2006.

-6.1% .

( )

2005 540 . 4 .TEUs , 106 . TEUs .

, , : )

. )

, ,

. ,

: (1)

100

. (2)

,

. (3)

, ,

. (4)

( )

.

,

, .

,

, ,

.

/ (TEUs)

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

/

379.298 393.695 419.348 464.019 462.240 443.154

552.091 762.433 909.220 790.727 660.461 694.091 234.408 248.811 276.567 286.817 271.811 266.163 1.165.797 1.404.939 1.605.135 1.541.563 1.394.512 1.403.408

(%) 2,05 14,25 -3,96 -9,50 0,60

:

:

13 TEUs ,

101

20 TEUs 18-

33 TEUs . ,

35%

,

. ,

. ,

,

/

. , 2007

.

102

3.6. -

3.6.1

.

50

. , 450-500 . ,

/ 4,8

. TEUs 2015, .

,

2.300 (800

1.500 ). ,

,

, , , .

, , 500 . ,

250 . ( , 12.3.2008) .

, , ,

. 50 .

.

( 70%

). 5.2 .

2,2 .

2% . , ,

65% .

.

, .

1 15% ,

103

50%-50%

.

3.6.2

,

/

, 2010 ,

. ,

100 . ,

280 . . , ,

.

45,9 . 2006 5.1 .

. ,

. ,

( 55.8 % 2006 ) 30

. 250

,

1.6 . TEUs.

.

, 400 . / . ,

, ,

, . ,

.

,

104

,

, / .

. ,

, .

.

, : )

, )

logistics,

. )

.

3.6.3

, ,

,

,

. ,

2009 ,

.

,

. : )

, , )

,

, ) ,

, . ,

105

) ) ,

,

. 620 ,

80-100 . .

.

3.6.4

,

, . ,

, ,

, : )

. )

,

,

, . , . ,

, 20

1 . . )

,

.

106

3.7

75% ,

.

, .

. O

,

.

, 90%

,

, ,

.. ,

, ,

(34% 2005)

.

. 17

.

.

.. , 35

Cosco Pacific

.

: 4,3 . 35

, 498 .

. O -

107

,

.

,

"" .

, ,

, - -

,

15%-20% .

,

. , ,

: )

,

, - , .. )

. )

. )

,

, ,

.

,

, .

108

4

4.1

4.1.1

, , 44

: ,

, .

,

, - , ,

.

.

40 ,

, . 5

(, , , , )

85% . 35 ,

, 20

.

,

.

' ,

.

.

,

.

.

.

,

109

.

.

, , ,

.

,

.

.

air cargo

4.1.2 & Air Cargo

, ,

:

: , (

air cargo ),

, ,

air cargo: ,

, , . , ,

, , air cargo

.

air cargo , :

,

cargo terminal

(1) , (2)

, (3)

(4)

.

110

, .

.

(charter) cargo

"" (regional commuter cargo),

,

. (hub)

.

.

,

(cargo terminal),

, ...

4.1.3

cargo terminal

: ,

20

,

cargo terminal (front line facility) ,

,

, ,

cargo terminal ,

, ,

(.. )

.

cargo terminal

, ..

111

,

,

container, .

, cargo terminal

,

(3rd party ground handling).

4.1.4

air cargo, , :

1. (cargo hold)

2. Combi

3. (freighters)

(cargo hold)

. ,

, .

. , , .

.

,

, . ,

. ,

. ,

. ,

,

.

112

Combi .

,

.

.

(convertible).

QC, Quick Change ( ).

4.1.5

:

, , , .

:

: :

.

.

(

) .

(

WB).

AWB ,

. AWBis : ,

113

.

:

. ,

.

, .

, 14

. ,

21

.

( )

AWB,

.

4.1.6 -

(shipper)

: (shipper),

, handling ,

cargo airplane, handling ,

, -

.

.

.

114

(, ULD). H

.

,

, ,

,

(-1815/1988).

, ,

.

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

, handling

.

-.

handling .

handling,

.

handling

. handling .

, ,

, ,

,

.

115

. -

.

, .

,

, :

(Cargo Damage Report)

(Writen Trace Message).

.

,

.

, ,

, .

.

. ,

(,

,

), ,

(, ,

).

.

,

: , ,

(security fee.-x rayfee-se) , ,

, , ,

, , ,

.

116

4.1.7

6 . ,

6

. IATA

, .

. .

paying for

,

. ULD (Unit

Load Device = ). ,

. ULD

. -

. ,

(

/ ,

containers ). =

.

100 ., 300 500 .

air cargo ( )

( ). : ()

(net value), () (security surcharge) ()

(fuel surcharge).

0,15/kg

11 2001,

.

.

. ,

117

. Lufthansa

,

spot .

,

,

.

, .. Lufthansa 1,30/kg, Olympic Airlines 0,25/kg.

.

,

.

(forwarders)

.

,

,

. ,

,

.

4.1.8 -

: , ,

, , , , ,

.

.

118

(bulk or loose freight) container .

(apron)

, . ,

,

. ,

(ramp handling agent)

(cargo handling

agent).

(

).

,

,

.

,

, .

119

4.2

4.2.1

. , ,

,

,

.

.

.

, BBA

Limited. ,

(Leonardo Da Vinci) ,

, , .

, ,

,

. , ,

, .

4.2.2

: 1)

,

cargo hold (belly carriers). 2) ,

120

(combination carriers). 3)

cargo, (freighters).

,

,

. 4)

(integrated express couriers) ,

( door-to-door). 5)

,

, , (ACMI :

Aircraft, Crew, Maintenane, Insurance).

(wetlease carriers). ,

,

. ACMI

1990,

.

: Olympic Airlines, Aegean Airlines, Aeroland,

Swiftair Hellas ( Mediterranean Air Freight), Epsilon Aviation ( Vernicos

Aniation - Veravia), AirGo Airlines, Sky Express. Olympic

Airlines Aegean Airlines cargo hold

,

cargo , charter .

.

,

scheduled cargo freighter ,

freighter ad hoc

121

4.2.3

:

1. Schedule cargo:

.

2. Charter cargo:

.

3. Regional cargo:

(hub)

.

4. Commuter cargo: ,

.

.

,

.

, .

, .

, .

,

.

4.2.4

(Forwarders) .

,

122

,

,

(.. Air Waybill, )

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

/ (consolidation)

,

.

, ,

.

80% ,

.

, ,

courier ,

,

. ,

, courier

GSA ,

. ,

consolidation ,

(clearance) ,

.

123

4.2.5

, (), ,

(courier).

-

courier

.

,

.

,

(..., ).

,

, .

,

(scheduled) cargo

, ,

.

,

, , courier,

, , (.. , ,

), , , (..

, ), ,

,

, .

,

,

124

container ,

, .

:

,

,

.

,

.

1980

,

,

. (, ). 1

2008

. , ,

...,

. ,

(, , , ..)

,

. ( ),

,

, ,

, .

,

,

.

(.. , ). ( ),

.

. .. . ,

, , .

(.. ),

, . ,

125

. ,

. , , .

(, ) ,

.

4.2.6

.

,

, .

,

.

. ,

.

. ,

. ,

.

.

.

, express . ,

,

. ,

,

.

126

, .

,

.

. , ,

,

. ,

, Apron/Ramp

& Ground Handling

.

,

.

,

, .

.

.

,

charter cargo

.

,

.

,

.

, ,

.

, ,

cargo ,

, , ,

, .

127

4.2.7

,

.

(0,7% 1995 2006),

, , ,

,

( ) . ,

.

.

. ,

,

,

, ,

. ,

,

128

, ,

,

.

129

4.3

4.3.1 E. B

, .

1996 51 , 5

, 2001 .

, ,

55% , Hochtief GmbH,

45% , 2,1

. ..

, ,

30 , 1996,

(O : Build Own Operate Transfer).

, 16

220.000 .

.

(),

,

.

2,1 ,

( 2005)

4,5 .

()

130

. , ,

,

air cargo.

()

().

.

, , .

,

.

, .

, .

..

24 ( 24/7), cargo

handlers, ,

, .

, ,

.

..

24/7,

.

,

,

. ,

131

cargo handler, 3 4

.

1 1,5 ,

, 2

, 3 4

.

.

(hubs) . ,

, , , -

logistics. ,

, hubs.

, ,

.

, .

, , hub,

.

.

. Aegean ,

. ,

.

2006 Cargo Airport of the Year

100~500.000 Air Cargo News

ACI (Airports Council International).

132

cargo

. ,

,

.

4.3.2

. cargo

Handlers 24/7,

, .

.

,

.

1980

1990.

,

,

. ,

,

, . ,

, .. Lufthansa

. ,

,

2007

(17 ) .

133

4.3.3

,

.

,

(express couriers). H ,

. , ,

, ,

, .. .

,

,

. ,

, .

,

.

, , , . ,

, ,

,

. , ,

.

: ,

7.000.. ,

4.500.. , &

650.. ,

, ,

.

(cargo handling)

134

: Olympic Airways Services, Goldair Handling, Swissport Cargo Hellas,

European Air Transport,

4.3.4 :

, ,

, ,

.

,

.

,

.

.

.

,

. ,

40

.

(

, , , , ,

..) ,

135

- ,

.

4.4

4.4.1

, .

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

11

2001 SARS. ,

. IATA

25% .

4% 40%

.

2007 176,8 . (FTKs)

2006 4,3%, 6%

,

logistics , ,

.

136

4.4.2

:

1.

2. (, )

3.

4.

.

4.4.3

,

air freight

air cargo.

,

.

( )

(

) .

:

.

.

. ,

.

137

3 ( x

x / ), 6.000.

.

4.4.4

:

1. : . , .

, . , . , .

2. : . , .

, . , .

3. : . ,

, . ,

.

, , .

, .

. ,

,

.

, ,

.

()

,

,

138

.

,

,

. ,

, ,

,

,

.

,

.

(, , ,

), ,

" " .

, .

. :

, ( ) , (safety & security) ,

()

4.4.5

H

, (...)

.

... ,

, ,

,

.

139

4.4.6

,

. ,

,

.

4.4.7

2007 ICAO

(freight) 41 ,

53,3% 1997 2007.

(domestic) 53,3%,

(international) 56,7%.

2007 60%.

.

(FTK: Freight Tonne-

Km) 2007, 83%

,

1997 2007 53,5%.

,

, ,

,

,

.

. ..., ..

140

, , ,

.

4.5

, , - , ,

.

. H

(0,7% 1995 2006),

, , ,

, ( )

. ,

.

.

.

,

.

, , .

.

,

, ,

,

.

,

141

.

,

.

11 2001 SARS. ,

. IATA

25% .

4% 40%

.

:1. : . , .

, . , .

, . 2. : .

, . , .

, . 3.

: . , , .

, .

,

, . , .

. .

,

,

.

, ,

.

()

, ,

.

142

,

,

.

,

.

(, , , ),

, "

" .

143

5

Logistics

5.1

5.1.1

2004

,

.

. ,

,

,

, ,

.

, .

,

.

,

.

. ,

,

, .

,

144

.

40 , 15 .

. 2001, ,

. ,

.

, 12

.

,

, .

140 .

17

, . 2008,

Cosco ,

4.5 35 ,

.

,

.

145

,

.

.

,

.

, 6 4 .

,

(), () / ().

.

.

,

.

5.1.2

T o

7,5% . 2008,

1,6%.

146

18,3%, 2008

11,2% 2007.

2008 8.518,4

384,7 2007.

,

6.5% 2008.

,

.

, 30.7%

45%. :

44% ( 13%, 11%, 6%),

5%. , ,

, .

: 59% ( 13%, 13%,

7%, 6%, 5%), 3%.

, , .

. 2007

72.669 .

,

, , ,

.

-

/

- 2007 () - 2006 () - 2005()

1,980,259,847 1,878,461,127 1,748,691,055

1,841,119,777 1,861,920,367 1,476,587,883

1,111,917,134 890,595,341 724,002,913

1,109,921,720 1,052,486,100 817,043,992

147

. 932,287,663 991,840,629 943,030,476

774,654,005 595,821,875 408,859,258

716,174,758 733,289,546 580,462,695

692,619,240 725,842,484 736,269,569

620,223,658 847,993,556 754,056,860

7,369,156,536 7,073,406,618 5,859,947,034

/

- 2007 () - 2007 () - 2007 ()

7,114,440,477 6,339,451,825 5,861,409,158

6,467,217,495 5,899,518,422 5,385,878,410

3,130,302,437 3,577,081,252 3,389,512,910

3,080,507,557 3,006,457,709 2,521,122,058

2,794,529,586 1,818,715,078 1,702,745,714

2,769,913,511 2,614,899,512 2,423,437,528

2,124,528,899 1,771,191,620 1,573,144,511

2,000,836,052 1,796,449,120 1,724,155,688

. 1,998,995,606 1,896,601,120 1,632,021,465

1,260,696,763 891,242,809 1,496,838,374

24,040,630,964 22,013,816,072 17,833,470,337

/

- 2007

()

- 2006

()

- 2005

()

148

- 4,984,636,964 4,419,736,450 3,995,144,476

- 738,390,094 719,357,822 692,885,629

(

) 1,582,021,420 1,228,520,675 1,102,962,206

-- 8,396,592,846 9,713,481,595 7,886,388,888

&

213,419,583 167,189,785 128,245,974

7,725,062,314 6,933,306,275 6,347,445,204

8,061,515,151 7,193,506,798 5,915,251,186

& 16,455,422,270 14,385,415,489 12,742,160,999

7,364,841,942 5,967,859,934 5,236,413,217

/

- 2007

()

- 2006

()

- 2005

()

- 2,517,703,043 2,336,032,188 2,074,166,439

- 500,872,568 508,669,487 559,144,038

(

) 770,307,712 865,314,278 691,980,498

-- 2,084,013,682 2,171,028,267 1,324,724,813

&

350,731,028 485,539,276 398,532,183

2,363,150,855 2,179,231,608 2,046,050,993

3,730,906,389 3,420,323,720 2,876,079,204

& 2,314,998,868 2,093,311,410 1,786,285,301

2,515,650,193 2,390,251,195 2,291,992,430

149

5.1.3

,

, , , .

.

. ,

,

.. 12 ( 10

, ,

..),

..

.

, ,

, ,

, . .., ,

..,

.

:

1.

2.

2. -

3.

4.

5. ,

150

,

,

.

( ,

, , ..

( .. -,

), ,

logistics,

, -,

..

5.1.4

,

, :

1.

(

), ,

, .

2. , (,

, .),

.

,

,

.

3. ,

,

, 300-400 .,

151

, . ,

, ,

,

,

.

4.

,

,

.

5. ,

,

(

), ,

.

6. ,

,

(, ..)

5.1.5

- - ,

,

. Marco Polo,

,

,

152

, ,

. ,

.

,

150 .,

.

2009. ,

, .

,

.

... . ( Sea Air

Cargo) .

5.1.6

36,7%

2009,

2008 9,6%

2008 2007.

2009,

2008, 14,9%, 6,9%

2008 2007.

2009,

2008, 3,0%,

3,3% 2008

2007.

2009,

153

2008, 31,2%, 22,7%

2008 2007.

,

,

2009, 2008,

49,4%, 11,0%

2008 2007.

2009,

2009, 4,4%,

36,4%

2008.

2009, 2009,

46,9%, 67,2%

2008.

2009,

2009, 26,6%, 42,5%

2008.

2009,

2009, 15,4%, 36,8%

2008.

,

,

2009, 2009,

99,4%, 41,0%

2008.

154

5.1.7

2006 : 884,1 . (+4%)

2007 : 968,9 . (+9,6%)

2008 : (+ 5%)

(2004

2007)

58% - 64%

11% - 14%

10% - 12%

12% - 13%

350 400

97 2006 > 2,5 .

10 38%

.

(2006)

(2006)

.. 12,5 % - 13%

Schenker .. 5%

.. 4%

logistics 3PL(

) . ( , )

155

logistics .

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

..

,

logistics. ,

.

.

logistics,

( , )

.

5.1.8

,

.

156

( 3PL)

.

, ,

logistics.

' .

, ,

.

ICAP (46)

400 , .

(, )

logistics.

logistics 3PL( ) .

E

. H

. M "" ""

logistics , ' ,

, '

logistics service providers. H

""

""

. , barcodes,

, ,

-. EDI

(H A )

,

. M

157

. E

, ,

, barcodes

EDI,

Internet. T

,

.

3PL

.

,

() .

.

. ,

/

.

, :

.

, .

(..

,

,

customer service,

)

: , ,

158

.

.

. ,

( ),

WMS

,

( )

(outsourcing)

, , logistics centers, .

159

5.2

5.2.1

.

.

, .

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

, .

, , ,

,

.

. Logistics

.

160

,

(..

, , ) ,

,

.

,

.

sea-air

.

,

.

/.

,

.

( ),

,

. /

.

. ,

sea-air -/

. -

, (,

161

, ).

.

,

/

, /

.

. 1

220 50 ,

,

.

Logistic Performance Index,

.. 15,

- ..

( , , )

, .

,

, .

logistics ,

..(42) , 10-15%

. ,

,

30%, 5-15%

. ,

, :

, ,

. ,

,

, ,

terminals,

.

,

162

,

.

, ,

, ,

.

third party logistics

, .

,

,

, , ,

, .

5.2.2 ..

logistics ..

. 1 220

50 ,

,

.

Logistic Performance

Index, .. 15,

- ..

1997,

2005, .

( ,

, ) ,

. ,

, .

logistics ,

.., 10-15%

. ,

163

, 30%,

5-15% .

, ,

logistics

2004, 3229/2004.,

, ,

, : 1. ,

,

. ,

, ,

, terminals,

. 2. ,

,

. 3. ,

, ,

, . 4.

third party logistics ,

.

164

5.2.3 -

logistics centers ,

..

. (, )

,

,

logistic park. ,

( 99 )

, .

,

( ). ,

,

, 50 . ,

GVZ,

logistic . ,

( 220 )

,

,

.

5.2.4 3333/2005

, 3333/2005

(

), ,

165

. 5 ,

. ;

, ,

.

,

. ,

. ,

, ,

, , ,

,

.

5.2.5

,

logistics,

3PL (Third Party

Logistics)

.

logistics ,

(risks). /

. H

,

/

,

( ) (resilient supply chains).

,

.

166

,

, , .

. :

logistics.

,

.

500 ,

.

50-100

(8)

:

logistics : / , ,

, , /

, , ,

, (//) , ,

, , ,

, Supply Chain Management

: (, ,

) ,

, (security) , , ,

,

, , , , (.. )

167

5.2.6 .

logistics,

- - .

logistics

, ,

.

,

,

port logistics,

(, , ) , ,

.

. .

,

( ),

.

/ (/ - ),

(, ,

) .

,

/ , .

,

, ,

(-).

168

( )

( 20-24 )

. ,

,

169

5.2.7

,

.

. ,

""

. ""

,

, .

,

logistics . ,

.

logistics,

(.. , ). ,

"" ,

/ . ,

, .

,

, . ,

.

. ,

. ,

,

.

, (

, )

170

( , , ).

5.2.8

.

.

.

.

.

..

. ,

,

.

,

.

.

.

.

171

5.3 LOGISTICS

5.3.1 HELLASTAT logistics

.

3.840.000 , 1.131.000 , 28 , 3.100

969.000 . 40%

95%.

Hellastat ,

: .

(, , ).

. .

logistics.

. .

.

,

(outsourcing),

logistics

,

.

,

.

3299/2004.

& Hellastat, Logistics & Management

.

Hellastat Logistics & Management

274 .

8,8%,

172

1,44 . , 70% .

:

(325,85 ., +12,7%)

19,3% ( 18,5% 2005),

(109,44 .)

(54,04 .) 4,4% 2,5% . ,

5,0%, 2,2%.

,

3,41 1,

2005 (3,85 1). ,

(20 ),

(1,07 1,06 ).

5.3.2 logistics