I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB TOPIC 2: INFORMATION PROCESSING

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS LAB

TOPIC 2:

INFORMATION PROCESSING



○ Stage approach○ Ecological approach○ Cognitive engineering (ergonomics)

Three Approaches to Information Processing



Three Approaches to Information Processing



1. Selective Attention○ SEEV○ P(A) = sS-efEF+exEX+vV2. Focused Attention○ Clutter or noise

Selecting Information



3. Discrimination○ Parse the world into its meaningful com-

ponents○ Space, color, intensity, frequency, etc.

○ Easier to focus attn. on one and ignore dis-traction from another




4. Visual Search○ Serial self-terminating search○ thwarted by three factors

○ Bottom-up parallel processing, top-down process-ing – Guided search model (Wolfe, 2000)

○ target familiarity




1. Detection as Decision Making○ SDT

○ Optimal response criterion – signal proba-bility and payoffs

Perception and Data Interpretation



3. Judgment of 2D Position and Extent○ Spatial judgment prone to systemic distortions

○ Overestimate for bar graphs○ Perceptual flattening of the line○ Pie chart







4. Judgment of Distance and Size in 3D○ Depth cues – pictorial cues




5. Dynamic Display, Mental Model, Analog Compatibility

○ Compatibility with the operator’s MM○ Code congruence○ congruent mapping○ Movement compatibility




6. Perceptual Organization, Display Organi-zation, and Proximity Compatibility

○ Perceptual organization○ Gestalt psychologists




○ Proximity compatibility principle




1. WM Limitations○ Duration and capacity○ Baddeley (1986, 1999)

○ Phonological loop (verbal WM)○ Visuospatial sketch pad (visual WM)○ Central executive

Comprehension and Cognition



2. Dynamic WM, Keeping Track, SA○ Endsley (1995)

○ Level I – perception (selective attn., attentional cap-ture)

○ Level II – comprehension (WM – schema, LTWM)○ Level III – projection (LTM – MM)




4. Spatial Awareness and Navigation4.1 Geographical Knowledge○ Landmark knowledge○ Route knowledge○ Survey knowledge




4.2 Navigation Aids




4.2 Navigation Aids




5. Planning and Problem Solving5.1 Planning○ Script in LTM; Guess work and mental simu-

lation1. Heavy demands on WM2. Planning horizon tends to be fairly short3. Biased by availability heuristic




5.2 PS, Diagnosis and TS○ pattern-matching Naturalistic DM○ Iterative diagnostic tests until diagnosed○ 3 characteristics of human cognition

1. Cognitive resource demands and their vulnerability to interference grow

2. Past experience can benefit for diagnosis and PS but the problem of functional fixedness

3. Confirmation bias and cognitive tunneling




1. Information and Uncertainty○ Bandwidth (bits/sec)○ Rasmussen (1986)

1. Knowledge-based behavior2. Rule-based3. Skill-based

Action Selection



2. Complexity of Choice○ Hick (1952)○ Decision complexity advantage3. Probability and Expectancy4. practice○ Increases both speed and accuracy

Action Selection



5. Spatial Compatibility○ The compatibility between a display and its

associated controlI. Location○ Principle of location compatibility

○Principle of collocation, principle of congru-ence

Action Selection



II. Control movement○ Intention-R-S (IRS) compatibility

○Clockwise increase stereotype○The proximity movement stereotype○Global congruence

Action Selection



6. ModalityI. Voice options more possible responsesII. More compatible ways of transmitting

symbolic or verbal infoIII. Valuable when the eyes and hands

Action Selection



7. Response Discriminability8. Feedback9. Continuous Control○ Fitts’ Law

○MT = a + b log2(2A/W)

Action Selection



1. Serial Processing○ Reminders – checklists○ Heavy involvement (high WL) may neglect a

second task2. Concurrent Processing

2.1 Task Similarity○ Similarity btn tasks may induce confusion

Multiple-Task Performance



2.2 Task Demand○ Easier task more likely concurrently than

more difficult of demanding2.3 Task Structure○ Multiple resource theory

○ Processing codes (verbal vs. spatial), processing stage (perceptual-cognitive vs. response), perceptual modality (auditory vs. visual), visual subsystems (fo-cal vs. ambient)

Multiple-Task Performance

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I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB TOPIC 2: INFORMATION PROCESSING