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Avi gvby‡li AgvbweK AvPiY AviI dz‡j †du‡c D‡V‡Q| Z‡e gymjgvbxi M‡í iex›`ªbv‡_i Bw½Z g‡Zv †Kv‡bv AcÖZ¨vwkZ NUbvB N‡Uwb| ¯^qs iex› ªbv_I we‡kl bZzb n‡q GB M‡í Dcw ’Z bb| KvKv-KvKxi msmv‡i Kgjv KvKxi Mvjg›` wbZ¨B †LZ, G bZzb wKQy bq| Kgjvi we‡q n‡jv, eihvÎx hv‡e weL¨vZ ZvjZwoi gvV w`‡q| †mB gvV w`‡q hvIqvi mgq Av‡iK weL¨vZ WvKvZ m ©vi gay‡gvj−v AvμgY Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB Avk¼vi K_v M‡í Av‡Q| Ges gay‡gvj−v AvμgY K‡i| gay‡gvj−vi nvZ †_‡K Kgjv‡K i¶v Ki‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mb gymjgvb nwei Luv| gymjgvbxi M‡í nwei LuvI AcÖZ¨vwkZ bq, Dciš‘ ïi“‡ZB hLb †`eZv-Ac‡`eZvi mgv‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| nwei Luv Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ GKvwk eQ‡ii cÖvÁ iex› ªbv_ wb‡Ri wPš—v †eva wek¦vm Av‡ivc Kivi †Póv K‡ib| e„× nwei Luv Kgjv‡K Kb¨v †W‡K wb‡Ri N‡i wb‡q †h‡Z Pvb| Kgjv gymjgv‡bi N‡i †h‡Z m¼zwPZ, iex› ªbv_ ZLb nwe‡ii K‡É msjvc †`b, Ôey‡SwQ, Zzwg wn› y eªvþ‡Yi †g‡q, gymjgv‡bi N‡i †h‡Z m‡¼vP n‡”Q| wKš‘ GKUv K_v g‡b †i‡Lv − hviv h_v_© gymjgvb Zviv ag©wbô eªvþY‡KI m¤§vb K‡i|Õ ZeyI Kgjv Zvi KvKvi N‡iB wd‡i †h‡Z PvB‡j nwei Luv Kgjv‡K mZK© K‡i †`b, ÔAvR †Zvgvi evwo‡Z †KD †Zvgv‡K wd‡i †b‡e bv, †Zvgv‡K c‡_i g‡a¨ †d‡j w`‡q hv‡e|Õ cÖ_v I cÖZ¨vkv g‡Zv KvKx ZvBB e‡j, Ô`~i K‡i `vI, `~i K‡i `vI Aj²x‡K| me©bvwkbx, †eRv‡Zi Ni †_‡K wd‡i G‡mwQm, Avevi †Zvi j¾v †bB|Õ KvKv e‡j, ÔDcvq †bB gv ! Avgv‡`i †h wn› yi Ni|Õ Kgjv wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv nwei LuvÕi Avkª‡q RvqMv K‡i †bq| iex› ªbv_ nwei LuvÕi evwoi cÖksmvm~PK eY©bv K‡i e‡jb, ÔAvðh©, GB gymjgvb evwoi AvUgnjv evwoi GK gn‡j Av‡Q wk‡ei gw›`i Avi wn› yqvwbi mg — e¨e ’v|Õ AvU gnjv gymjgvb evwoi GKRb e„× eªvþY Kgjv‡K G‡m e‡j, Ôgv, wn› yi N‡ii g‡Zv G RvqMv Zzwg †R‡bv, GLv‡b †Zvgvi RvZ i¶v n‡e|Õ †h Rv‡Zi ¸g‡i Kgjv GLb AvZ¥xq cwiRb cwiZ¨³, †mB RvZ i¶v n‡e nwei LuvÕi AvU gnjvq ! nwei Luv †Kv‡bv wec −ex ev mgvR ms ‹viK bb, Zuvi Avkª‡q wn›`y gymjgvb RvZ i¶v K‡i, wn› y gymjgv‡bi †Quvqv euvwP‡q m¤§v‡bi m‡½B _vK‡Z cv‡i| gymjgvb‡`i D`viZvi K_v ej‡Z †h‡q M‡íi K_K iex› ªbv_ ej‡Qb, ÔZLbKvi eskxq gymjgv‡biv ag©wbô wn› y‡K kª×v KiZ|Õ †QvU eskxq ev Aeskxq gymjgvbiv wK KiZ ? ZLbKvi w`‡b Kg ag©wbô wn› y‡`i m‡½ eskxq ev Aeskxq gymjvg‡biv †Kgb AvPiY KiZ ! Mfxi cÖvÁ AwfÁ iex› ªbv_ GB †QvU AvqZ‡bi iPbvwU‡Z eûevi ÔeskxqÕ ÔeªvþYÕ ev ÔDuPz eY© RvZ i¶vÕ cÖf„wZ mvgvwRK †kªYx web¨v‡mi cÖwZ ye©jZv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| eskxq nwei Luv †ewk b¤^i †c‡q hv‡”Qb KviY Zuvi Av —vbvq wke c~Rv Ges wn› yqvwbi mg — e¨e ’vmn ÔRvZ i¶vÕ e¨e¯’v Av‡Q| eskxq †MŠie ev RvZ ms¯‹vi gy³ AvUgnjvi †Lvjv D`vi cwi‡e‡ki K_v bq| wek¦vm I kª×vi m‡½ me a‡g©i gvby‡li mn-Ae ’vb iex›`ªbv‡_i my`xN©Kv‡ji GKvš— Kvgbv| A‡bK cÖeÜ wPwV‡Z Zuvi GB AvwZ© S‡i c‡o‡Q| GB mn-Ae ’v‡bi c‡_ Ab¨Zg cÖavb evav †h wn› y‡`i RvZ mgm¨v †m-K_vI Zuvi g‡Zv K‡i GZ AKc‡U, cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gbxlx e‡j‡Qb wKbv Zv M‡elYvi welq| ÔAvmj K_v, H‡K¨i ag© cÖvYa‡g©i b¨vq| †m Roa‡g©i b¨vq †Kej GKvs‡k e× _v‡K bv| . . . AvgivI eY© Ges Kzj-gh©v`v GKwU m~² m~‡Îi g‡Zv A‡bKw`b nB‡Z Uvwbqv jBqv PwjqvwQ| Zvnvi †kªYx-†MvÎ-MuvB-†gj m¤^Üxq msw¶ß mvwnZ¨ fv‡U‡`i gy‡L Dˇivˇi evwoqv Pwjqv‡Q| Bnv Avgiv fywj‡Z w`‡Z cvwi bv| KviY Avgv‡`i mgv‡R †h HK¨ Av‡Q Zvnv cÖavbZ eY©MZ| . . . wKš‘ Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ hw` RbMZ HK¨ _vwKZ, hw` ci¯úi msjMœ nBqv R‡qi †MŠie, civR‡qi j¾v, DbœwZi †Póv Avgiv GK e„nr ü`‡qi g‡a¨ Abyfe Kwi‡Z cvwiZvg, Z‡e †mB RbgÊjx ¯^fveZB EY©bv‡fi g‡Zv Avcbvi BwZnvmZË¡ cÖmvwiZ Kwiqv `~i- ~ivš—‡i Avcbv‡K mshy³ KwiZ|Õ(1) Avevi gymjgv‡bi wfZ‡i HwZnvwmK mgm¨vi K_vI e‡j‡Qb we —i| GB cÖeÜ iex› ªbv‡_i M‡í gymjgv‡bi Rxeb hvcb Ges cÖvmw½Kfv‡e gymjgvb‡`i m¤ú‡K© Zuvi wPš —v-fvebv Lyu‡R †`Lvi cÖqv‡m wbeÜ _vK‡e| AvUgnjv evwoi Avš—wiK cwi‡ek Ges nwei LuvÕi †øngvLv cÖkª‡q gy» Kgjvi Rxe‡b bZzb †`vjv jv‡M| nwei LuvÕi †QvU †Q‡j Avov‡j AveWv‡j Kgjvi g‡b iO I †cÖ‡gi †Rvqvi e‡q wb‡q Av‡m| eªvþ‡Yi †g‡q Kgjv GK mgq nwei LuvÕi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i, Ôevev, Avgvi ag© †bB, Avwg hv‡K fv‡jvevwm †mB fvM¨evbB Avgvi ag©| . . . †Zvgvi †g‡Rv †Q‡j Kwig, Zv‡K Avwg g‡bi g‡a¨ MÖnY K‡iwQ − Avgvi ag©Kg© IiB m‡½ euvav c‡o‡Q| Zzwg gymjgvb K‡i bvI Avgv‡K, Zv‡Z Avgvi AvcwË n‡e bv − Avgvi bvnq yB ag©B _vKj|Õ nwei LuvÕi Rxe‡b Ô`yB a‡g©iÕ BwZnvm _vK‡jI Kgjv‡K ÔKgjvÕ bv †i‡L

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Ô†g‡niRvbÕ evwb‡q †bb| nwei LuvÕi Av`‡k© `xw¶Z †g‡niRvb n‡q DVj nwei LuvÕi ˆmwbK| IB ZvjZwoi gv‡V Avevi GKwU eihvÎx gay‡gvj−vi WvKv‡Zi nv‡Z aiv co‡j wcQb wcQb û¼vi Qy‡U Av‡m ÔLei`viÕ| WvKv‡Zi `j nwei LuvÕi †Pjv‡`i û¼v‡i wcwQ‡q hvq| Ab¨w`‡K cvjwKi g‡a¨ Kb¨v‡K †d‡j Kb¨vc‡¶i cvwj‡q hvIqvi c‡_ Dw`Z nq nwei LuvÕi Aa©P›`ª AuvKv cZvKv euvav ek©vi djK| †mB ek©v wb‡q wbf©‡q `uvwo‡q Av‡Q GKwU igYx| †m Avi †KD bq − †g‡niRvb| Kb¨vI Kgjvi KvKvi wØZxq †g‡q mijv| †g‡niRvb Ii‡d Kgjv KvKv‡K cÖYvg K‡i myiw¶Z mijv‡K Zuvi nv‡Z GB wbðqZvq Zz‡j †`q †h, ÔG‡K †Zvgvi N‡i wb‡q hvI, G‡K wKQy‡Z A¯ú„k¨ K‡iwb|Õ Avi hw` MÖnY bv K‡i Zvn‡j mijvi Rb¨ †Zv iBj Zvi gymjgvb w`w` †g‡niRvb| Ôgymjgvbxi MíÕi GB cÖavb `ywU gvbyl Av`k©, †ZR I D`viZvi ¯^v¶i| gRvi K_v, iex› ªbv‡_i GB `yB Av`‡k©i Rb¥B DuPz Rv‡Zi wn› y Mf©RvZ| eªvþ‡Yi †g‡q Kgjvi g‡Zv nwei LuvÕi gvZv wQ‡jb ivRcyZvbx| †Kv‡bv GK gymjgvb beve ivRcyZvbx‡K wb‡q GB AvUgnjvq msmvi †c‡ZwQ‡jb| bev‡ei D`viZvq ivRcyZvbx Zuvi wn› y ag© i¶v K‡i c~Rv-AvP©v meB wVKVvK cvjb Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| gnjvi wke gw›`i Zuvi Rb¨B cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| †Zv nwei LuvÕi wcZv GKRb eskxq gymjgvb, gvZv D”Peskxq wn› y wKš‘ nwei Luv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb wcZvi ag© Bmjvg| wcZvi Av`‡k© wZwb me a‡g©i mn-Ae ’v‡bi †iIqvR i¶v K‡i P‡jb| iex› ªbv‡_i g„Zz i ci ÔFZzcÎÕ cwÎKvq Avlvp msL¨vq (1362) Ôgymjgvbxi MíÕwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq|(2) †kl w`‡Ki A‡bK KweZv M‡íi g‡Zv GB MíwUI wQj kÖ“wZ wjLb| Ôe`bvgÕ ÔcÖMwZmsnviÕ cÖf„wZ kÖ“wZ wjLb M‡í iex›`ªbv_ wbR nv‡Z ms‡kvab ms‡hvRb K‡iwQ‡jb, Ô†kl cyi ‹viÕ (iPbv 5-6 †g 1941), Ges Ôgymjgvbxi MíÕi fv‡M¨ iex› ªbv‡_i nv‡Zi ms‡kvabx †Rv‡Uwb| ZvB FZzc‡Î MíwU ÔLmovÕ wn‡m‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| Ôgymjgvbx MíÕi cÖvq cÂvk eQi Av‡M cÖ_g w`‡Ki mywbwg©Z Mí Ô`vwjqvÕ iPbvKvj gvN 1298, cÖ_g cÖKvk nq ÔmvabvÕ mvgwqK c‡Îi IB gvN 1298 msL¨vq| M‡íi ïi“‡Z gymjgvb kvmK‡`i μvwš—Kv‡ji GKwU NUbv f~wgKv wn‡m‡e D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Ô`vwjqvÕ GKwU †QvU MíB, BwZnvm bq| BwZnvm †cÖ¶vc‡U M‡íi Aven eyS‡Z nq‡Zv mvnvh¨ K‡i| GB f~wgKvi BwZnvm m¤^‡Ü iex› ªbv_ e‡j‡Qb, Ô`vwjqv MíUvq BwZnvm †hUzKz Av‡Q †m Av‡Q M‡íi ewntcÖv½‡Y − A_©vr Mv‡Q Pwo‡q w`‡q gB wb‡q‡Q QywU| Avmj MíUv †lvj AvbvB Mí|(3) gB QywU wb‡jI Zvi f~wgKv A‡MŠY bq, we‡kl K‡i GB cÖe‡Üi Rb¨ ; MíwUi im MÖn‡YI gB-Gi K_v Rvbv `iKvi| Ji½‡R‡ei f‡q civwRZ kv myRv wZb Kb¨v wb‡q AvivKvb-iv‡Ri AvwZ_¨ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| AvivKvb iv‡Ri B”Qv kv myRvi my›`ix Kb¨v‡`i m‡½ Zvi ivRcy·`i we‡q †nvK| kv myRv GB cÖ —v‡e m¤§Z n‡Z cv‡ib bv| AvivKvb iv‡Ri Av‡`‡k kv myRv‡K cÖZviYv K‡i †bŠKvq wb‡q b`xg‡a¨ Wywe‡q †djvi †Póv Kiv nq| kv myRv †QvU †g‡q Avwgbv‡K wb‡RB b`xi g‡a¨ Qy‡o †d‡jb, eo †g‡q AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i, kv myRvi GKRb wek¦ — Kg©Pvix ingZ Avjx RywjLv‡K wb‡q b`x muvZvi w`‡q cvjvq| b`x‡Z wbw¶ß Avwgbv GKRb †R‡ji Rv‡j Rwo‡q †Kv‡bviK‡g †eu‡P hvq Ges †R‡ji N‡iB eo n‡Z _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ ivRvi g„Zz¨i ci hyeivR iv‡R¨ Awfwl³ n‡q‡Qb| GB cUf~wg‡Z M‡íi ïi“| †R‡ji evwo‡Z Avwgbvi †LuvR †c‡q †g‡Rv RywjLv Zvi Kv‡Q P‡j Av‡m| RywjLvi g‡b cÖwZwnsmvi Av¸b, ivR HwZ‡n¨i Ans| wcZvi nZ¨vi e`jv wb‡q w`j−xi wmsnvmbI KivqË Kivi evmbv g‡b g‡b †cv‡l, †Pv‡L Av¸b, ÔCk¦i †h Avgv‡`i yB fMœx‡K g„Zz¨i nvZ nB‡Z i¶v Kwiqv‡Qb †m †Kej wcZvi nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva jBevi Rb¨|Õ Avwgbv b`xi cicv‡i ~‡i Qvqvgq eb‡kªYxi w`‡K D`vm †PvL †i‡L e‡j, ÔAvgvi GB c„w_exUv GKiKg †ek jvwM‡Z‡Q| gwi‡Z Pvq †Zv cyi“l¸‡jv KvUvKvwU Kwiqv gi“K †M, Avgvi GLv‡b †Kv‡bv ytL bvB|Õ RywjLv wQ wQ K‡i I‡V, ÔZzB wK kvnRv`vi N‡ii †g‡q| †Kv_vq w`wj−i wmsnvmb, Avi †Kv_vq AvivKv‡bi axe‡ii KzwUi|Õ Avwgbv e„× axe‡ii KzwU‡ii cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k my‡L Av‡Q| we‡kl K‡i ^Ztù‚Z© cÖK…wZi g‡Zv `vwjqv bv‡gi GK Zi“Y ZLb GB KzwUi I cwi‡e‡k Avb›` e‡q G‡b‡Q| †h Avb‡›`i i‡O wK‡kvix Avwgbv we‡fvi I D`vm − RywjLv Avwgbvi GB g‡bi †LuvR †c‡qI cªjyä Ki‡Z Pvq, AvivKvb-ivR‡K nZ¨ K‡i wcZ…nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva bv wb‡Z cvi‡j Zvi kvwš— †bB| RywjLvi GB cÖwZ‡kva ¯ú„nv Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ gymjgvb ivRivRv‡`i ev kvmK‡`i gb-gvbwmKZvi wel‡q Ae‡PZ‡bB iex› ªbv_ wb‡Ri wPš—v †ivcY K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| ¶gZv I ivR¨R‡qi Rb¨ †øngvqv wQbœ K‡i Lyb nZ¨vi K_v `vwjqv wjLevi Qq mvZ eQ‡ii g‡a¨B D‡j−L K‡ib ÔfviZe‡l© gymjgvb ivR‡Z¡i BwZe„ËÕ cÖ_g LÊ kªx Avãyj Kwig we.G. cÖYxZ, MÖš’ Av‡jvPbvi mgq| GB MÖš’ Av‡jvPbv Kv‡j mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi cwiev‡ii wPÎ Zuvi g‡b nIqvB

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^vfvweK| Ô`vwjqvÕ M‡íi RywjLv mgªv‡Ui bvZwb| iex› ªbv_ wn› y‡`i wb®‹vg, DÏvgnxbZv, kv ¿ wb‡q AwaK e¨¯— _vKvq Aby‡kvPbv K‡i gymjgvb I BD‡ivcxq‡`i †Rnv`x-cÖeYZvi K_v e‡jb, Ôgymjgv‡biv hy× Kwiqv‡Q, Avi wn› yiv `‡j `‡j AvZ¥nZ¨v Kwiqv‡Q| gymjgvb‡`i hy‡×i g‡a¨ GKw`‡K a‡g©vrmvn, Aci w`‡K ivR¨ A_ev A_©‡jvf wQj ; wKš‘ wn› yiv wPZv R¡vjvBqv ¿xKb¨v aŸsm Kwiqv Avevje„× gwiqv‡Q − giv DwPZ we‡ePbv Kwiqv ; . . .| gymjgvb‡`i BwZnv‡m †`wL DÏvg cÖe„wËi D‡ËRbvi m¤§y‡L ¶gZv jvf ¯^v_©mvab wmsnvmb cÖvwßi wbK‡U ¯^vfvweK †øn `qv ag© mg —B Zz”Q nBqv hvq ; fvB-fvB, wcZv-cyÎ, ^vgx- ¿x, cÖfy-f„‡Z¨i g‡a¨ we‡`ªvn wek¦vmNvZKZv, cÖZviYv, i³cvZ Ges AK_¨ A‰bmwM©K wbg©gZvi cÖv yf©ve nq . . .|Õ(4) †QvU cwim‡ii iPbv `vwjqv, AviI †QvU Pwi‡Îi RywjLv GLv‡b ÔAK_¨ A‰bmwM©K wbg©gÕ gymjgv‡b‡`i cÖwZwbwa Zzj¨| Avwgbv (axe‡ii N‡i G‡m bvg n‡q‡Q wZwbœ) Avi `vwjqv wg‡j †cÖg-fv‡jvevmvq PZyw`©‡Ki cÖvK…wZK RM‡Zi m‡½ GKvKvi, axe‡ii ee©i KzwU‡ii g‡a¨ wbR©b `vwi‡ ª¨i Qvqvq GZ inm¨ GZ myL GZ AZj ¯úk© †KŠZ‚n‡j Av‡›`vwjZ| RywjLv KzjMe© Avi †jvKgh©v`vi fv‡ei wfZ‡i `vwjqv-Avwgbvi μxov `k©b I Abyfe Ki‡jI †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡i bv| †h fv‡eB †nvK Avwgbv‡K †mŠ›`h© †_‡K QywU‡q G‡b wcZ…nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| wZwbœ ev Avwgbv Kwe iex›`ªbv‡_i Kíbvq m„wó, RywjLvi Rb¥ Zuvi BwZnvm cv‡Vi wbR ^ g~j¨vqb †_‡K| Ôgymjgvbxi MíÕ-Gi nwei LuvÕi g‡Zv RywjLvi Ae ’vb msjvc ¯^Ztù‚Z© bq, RywjLv wZwbœi g‡Zv `„wó I †evaMÖvn¨ bq| wPš—vi c‡iv¶ Av‡iv‡c Kgjv ev wZwbœi †_‡K nwei Luv, RywjLv A‡bK Avjv`v| KviY iex› ªbv_ g‡b Ki‡Zb, cÖvPxb cÖvP¨ AbvaywbK gymjgv‡bi cÖfve ivóªcÖYvjx‡Z LvK‡jI wP‡Ë †Kv‡bv cÖfve c‡owb| fvi‡Z Avie-cvim¨ †_‡K gymjgvb Avmevi Av‡MI wfbœ †`k †_‡K kvmK ewYK G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ iex›`ªbv_ e‡jb, ÔevB‡i †_‡K cÖ_g wei“× AvNvZ jvMj (fvi‡Z) gymjgv‡bi| wKš‘ †m-gymjgvbI cÖvPxb cÖvP¨, †mI AvaywbK bq| †mI Avcb AZxZ kZvãxi g‡a¨ e×| evûe‡j †h ivR¨ msNUb K‡i‡Q wKš‘ Zvi wP‡Ëi m„wó‰ewPΨ wQj bv| . . . ivóª cÖYvjx‡Z gymjgv‡bi cÖfve cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q, wP‡Ëi g‡a¨ Zvi wμqv me©‡Zvfv‡e cÖej nqwb|Õ(5) RywjLvi g‡a¨ ZvB ivR‰bwZK wPš—vi cÖfve, wP‡Ëi bq| axe‡ii N‡i Avwgbvi †Ljvi m½x, KvRK‡g©i mvnvh¨Kvix `vwjqv‡K ax‡i ax‡i RywjLvI cQ›` Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i Zvi wb‡Ri Ae ’vb †_‡K, Avwgbvi g‡Zv m¤ú~Y© mgc©Y K‡i bv| `vwjqv M‡í AviI GKwU PwiÎ Av‡Q, Zv‡K †`Lv hvq bv, ïay wZbevi Zvi Kv‡Ri Lei cvIqv hvq| wZwb ingZ Avwj A_ev †kL ingZ| iex› ªbv_B yBiKg bvg wj‡L‡Qb| Am‡PZbZv bv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A_© Av‡Q ! gymjgvb‡`i bvg mwVKfv‡e wjLevi mgm¨v wkw¶Z wn› y mgv‡Ri cyivZb mgm¨v| RywjLv‡K wb‡q b`x muvZvi w`‡q cvwj‡q i¶v K‡i ingZ Avwj| c‡i AvivKvb ivRmfvq bvg e`wj‡q PvKwi K‡i, Ges †k‡l ingZ RywjLv‡K †Mvc‡b Lei cvVvq − AvivKv‡bi ivRv kv myRvi Kb¨v‡`i Lei †c‡q‡Q, axe‡ii evwo‡Z Avwgbv‡K †`‡L ivRv gy»| Zv‡K Ôweevnv‡_© Awej‡¤^ cÖvmv‡` Avwbevi Av‡qvRb Kwi‡Z‡Qb|Õ RywjLv wknwiZ, cÖwZ‡kva †bevi GB‡Zv my‡hvM| eay mv‡R mw¾Z Avwgbvi nv‡Z AwZ h‡Zœ iw¶Z Ônw —`š— wbwg©Z Kvi“Kvh©Õ Kiv GKLvbv Qywi Zz‡j †`q| Gi Av‡M RywjLv GKw`b `vwjqvi nvZ †P‡c a‡i e‡jwQj, Ô`vwjqv, GLvbKvi ivRv‡K †`LvBqv w`‡Z cvi ?Õ †Kb ? ÔAvgvi GKUv †Qviv Av‡Q, Zvnvi ey‡Ki g‡a¨ emvB‡Z Pvwn|Õ Ôcª_‡g `vwjqv wKQy Avðh© nBqv †Mj| Zvnvi ci RywjLvi wnsmvcÖLi gy‡Li w`‡K Pvwnqv mg — gyL nvwm‡Z fwiqv †Mj|Õ RywjLv GLb †mB †QvivUvB Avwgbvi nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q| M‡íi †k‡l Avwgbv mm‡¼v‡P ivRvi N‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| N‡ii gvSLv‡b ÔgQj›`-kh¨viÕ Dci ivRv e‡m Av‡Q| ZLb RywjLv wb‡R GwM‡q G‡m †`‡L ivRv †Zv Avi †KD bq, ¯^qs `vwjqv, AvivKvb ivR| AvivKvb iv‡Ri B”Qv I †cÖ‡gi Rq, RywjLv I kv myRvi g‡bvevmbv civ — n‡jv| ivRv-ivRKb¨v‡`i wb‡q Mí Ô`vwjqvÕ AZ¨š— mycwiKwíZ| M‡íi ïi“ †_‡K †k‡l Avmevi me Av‡qvRb ax‡i ax‡i cvV‡Ki A‡MvP‡i N‡U‡Q| Bw½Z e¨Äbvi Afve bvB| ïay GKwU mgm¨v m‡PZb cvVK Lyu‡R †c‡Z cv‡ib, QÙ‡ekx `vwjqv cvV‡Ki †PvL I g‡bi †MvP‡i g~Z© n‡q I‡V, wZwbœI KL‡bv mL‡bv| Avi RywjLvi Pwi‡Îi wnsmv cÖeYZv, cÖ”Qbœ †cÖgv‡e‡Mi Lei cvIqv hvq gvÎ Zvi †cvkvK cwi‡”Q‡`, †Pnvivi eY©bv ev IVvemvi wW‡U‡ji Afv‡e RywjLv m¤ú~Y© n‡q I‡V bv| kvnRv`v myRvi Kb¨v‡K wK Kíbv‡ZI †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i bv ! nwei LuvÕI cvV‡Ki P¶z †MvPi nq bv, hw`I GB ywU PwiÎB Mí †jL‡Ki wPš—vi evnK|

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m‡Z‡iv eQi eq‡m cÖ_g Ôwe‡jZÕ hvIqvi Av‡M iex› ªbv_‡K we‡jwZ PvjPjb mne‡Zi †MvovcËb K‡i wb‡Z Avm‡Z nq Avn‡g`vev‡` †gR`v`v fvi‡Zi cÖ_g AvB wm Gm m‡Z¨› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Kv‡Q| †gR`v`v ZLb Avn‡g`vev‡` ÔRwRqwZÕ KiwQ‡jb| R‡Ri evmv wQj kvwnev‡M, ev`kvwn Avg‡ji ivRevwo| w`‡bi †ejv m‡Z¨› ªbv_ Kv‡R P‡j hvIqvi ci meigZx b`xi cv‡i mgªvU kvRvnv‡bi ˆZwi kvnxevM cÖvmv` m`¨ Zi“Y Kwe iex›`ªbv‡_i ˆPZ‡b¨i Ici G‡m fi KiZ| Ôe‡ov e‡ov duvKv Ni nuv nuv Ki‡Q, mg — w`b f~‡Z-cvIqvi g‡Zv Ny‡i †eovw”Q| mvg‡b cÖKvÊ PvZvj, †mLvb †_‡K †`Lv †hZ meigZx b`x nuvUzRj jywU‡q wb‡q Gu‡K‡eu‡K P‡j‡Q evwji g‡a¨| . . . Av‡g`vev‡` G‡m GB cÖ_g †`Ljyg PjwZ BwZnvm †_‡g wM‡q‡Q, †`Lv hv‡”Q Zvi wcQb-†div e‡ov N‡ivAvbv| Zvi mv‡eK w`b¸‡jv †hb h‡¶i a‡bi g‡Zv gvwUi bx‡P †cuvZv|Õ(6) gymjgvb mgªv‡Ui ˆZwi GB cÖvmv` wN‡i iex› ªbv‡_i g‡b ¯^cœ Kíbv wPš—v eyØy` †Zv‡j, †hb wZwb †`L‡Z cv‡”Qb, ÔbneZLvbvq evR‡Q †ivkb‡PŠwK w`biv‡Î AóªcÖn‡ii ivwMbx‡Z, iv —vq Zv‡j Zv‡j †Nvovi Ly‡ii kã DV‡Q, †NvovmIqvi ZzwK© †dŠ‡Ri Pj‡Q KzPKvIqvR, Zv‡`i ek©vi djvq †iv` DV‡Q SKSwK‡q| ev`kvwn `iev‡ii Pviw`‡K P‡j‡Q me©‡b‡k KvbvKvwb dzmdvm| A›`ign‡j †Lvjv Z‡jvqvi nv‡Z nvewm †LvRviv cvnviv w`‡”Q| †eMg‡`i nvgv‡g QyU‡Q †MvjvcR‡ji †dvqviv, DV‡Q evRyeÜ-KuvK‡bi SbSwb|Õ(6) kvnxevM cÖvmv` wb‡q GB Kíbv `xN©Kvj wZwb h‡¶i a‡bi g‡Zv g‡bi †Kv_vI jvjb K‡i iv‡Lb Dchy³ mg‡q Kv‡R jvMvevi Rb¨| GKmgq †j‡Lb, Ô¶zwaZ cvlvYÕ bv‡gi MíwU| †Q‡j‡ejvi ¯§„wZ iPbvq †hgb D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb M‡íI †mBfv‡e GB HwZnvwmK cÖvmv` ÔcvlvY cywo,Õ ÔwckvP cywo,Õ ÔcvlvY iv¶mÕ n‡q wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| iex› ªbv_ GK`v e¨ — GB ivRcÖvmv‡`i †h Kíbv Ô†Q‡j‡ejvÕ Ges Ô¶zwaZ cvlvYÕ M‡í D‡j −L K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡Z Av‡Q mgªvU I AgvZ¨e‡M©i wbôzi †fvM, wbcxob| Kvb cvZ‡jB wZwb †hgb ïb‡Z cvb AZ…ß AvZ¥v A_ev wckv‡Pi AvnvRvwi, †Zgwb †kv‡bb Ô`iev‡ii Pviw`‡K Pj‡Q me©‡b‡k KvbvKvwb dzmdvm|Õ †fvM m‡¤¢vM Avi loh‡š¿i evB‡i wKQy Kíbv Kiv m¤¢e n‡q I‡V bv| mgªv‡Ui ˆZwi kvwnevM cÖvmv` (GLb ¸Riv‡Ui ivRfeb) iex›`ªbv‡_i Kíbvq ¶zwaZ cvlvY GKwU cÖZxKx cvlvY gvÎ| gymjgv‡bi BwZnv‡m wZwb †`L‡Z †c‡qwQ‡jb ÔDÏvg cÖe„wËi D‡ËRbv,Õ Ôwek¦vmNvZKZv, cÖZviYv, i³cvZ Ges AK_¨ A‰bmwM©K wbg©gZvi cÖv yf©ve|Õ ¶zwaZ cvlv‡Y ÔGK mgq IB cÖvmv‡` A‡bK AZ…ß evmbv, A‡bK Db¥Ë m‡¤¢v‡Mi wkLv Av‡jvwoZ nBZ − †mB-mKj wPË`vn, †mB-mKj wbõj Kvgbvi Awfkv‡c GB cÖvmv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K cÖ —iLÊ ¶zavZ© Z…òvZ© nBqv Av‡Q, mRxe gvbyl cvB‡j Zv‡K jvjvwqZ wckvPxi g‡Zv LvBqv †dwj‡Z Pvq|Õ m‡Z‡iv eQ‡ii iex› ªbv_ kvwnevM cÖvmv‡` †gR`v`vi Kv‡Q Avmevi Av‡M eo`v`v, †mR`v`v, wcZv gnwl© Ges VvKzi cwiev‡ii cÖZ¨¶ mn‡hvwMZvq cwiPvwjZ wn› y‡gjvq Rwo‡q c‡owQ‡jb| wn› y‡gjvi Av`k© j¶¨ aviY K‡i wZwb KweZv Mvb wj‡L‡Qb| †R¨vwZ`v`vi bvU‡K Mvb wj‡L w`‡q‡Qb| wn› y‡gjv cÖKvk¨B wQj wn› yZ¡ Ges wn› yRvZxqZvev`x RvMi‡Yi †gjv| wn› y‡gjvq

^‡`k gyw³ I ¯^‡`‡ki —e _vK‡jI †m ^‡`k ïay wn› y‡`i| Ôwn› y‡gjvi BwZe„ËÕ MÖ‡š’i †jLK †hv‡MkP› ª evMj Rvwb‡q‡Qb, †gjvi m¤úv`K M‡Y› ªbv_ VvKzi †gjvi wØZxq Awa‡ek‡b e‡jb, ÔGB †gjvi cÖ_g D‡Ïk¨, erm‡ii †k‡l wn› y RvwZ‡K GKwÎZ Kiv| hZ †jv‡Ki RbZv nq ZZB Bnv wn› y †gjv I Bnv wn› yw`‡Mi RbZv GB g‡b nBqv ü`q Avbw›`Z I ¯^‡`kvbyivM ewa©Z nBqv _v‡K|Õ(7) wn› y‡gjvi Ab¨Zg msMVK g‡bv‡gnb emy e‡jb, Ôag© msμvš— gZ‡f` wZ‡ivwnZ nBqv mK‡jB †mŠåvÎ I †mŠü`¨ k„•L‡j Ave× nB‡eb − †hLv‡b ˆeòe, kv³, ˆke, MvYcZ¨, †eŠ×, ˆRb, bvw —K, Avw¯—K mK‡jB Avcbvcb †gjv fvweqv wbtmw›`»wP‡Ë Drm‡ei mgfvMx nB‡Z cv‡ib|Õ(8) mK‡jB mgfvMx n‡Z cvi‡jI gymjgvb wLª÷vb bq| †Kbbv G †gjvi D‡×k¨ g‡bv‡gnb emyi g‡Z ÔAm¤Ü wn›`y-mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ HK¨ ’vcbÕ(8) Ôm¤rm‡ii g‡a¨ wn› ymgv‡Ri †h wKQy DbœwZ ev `yM©wZ nBqv‡QÕ Zvi mgx¶v Ges Ô†h mg¯ — †`k ’ gnvk‡qiv ^RvZxq I ^vejw¤^Z wk¶v`v‡b eªZx nBqv‡Qb ev nB‡eb, Zuvnvw`M‡K mgywPZ Drmvn cÖ vb|Õ(8)

wn› y‡gjvi mvd‡j¨ AbycÖvwYZ n‡q ivRbvivqvY emy 1869 mv‡j †gw`bxcy‡i ÔRvZxq †MŠie m¤úv`bx mfvÕ K‡ib| GB mfvi Ab¨Zg m`m¨ g‡bv‡gvnb emy| bv‡g RvZxq n‡jI GB mfv GKvš —fv‡e wQj wn›`y‡`i| GB cÖm‡½ be‡Mvcvj wgÎ m¤úvw`Z

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National Paper- G S. B. QÙ bv‡g GKRb †j‡Lb, ÔwLª÷vb I gymjgvb‡`i Aš—f©y³ bv Ki‡j †KejgvÎ wn› y‡`i wb‡q MwVZ mfv‡K RvZxq mfv ejv hvq bv|Õ g‡bv‡gnb emy GB hyw³ Dwo‡q †`b, ÔwLª÷vb I gymjgv‡bi Aš—f©yw³i cÖkœ G‡Kev‡i Aevš—i Ges Zv‡`i ev` w`‡jI RvZxq mfvi gh©v`v ¶zYœ nq bv|Õ(8)

gymjgvb I wLª÷vb‡`i D‡c¶v K‡i Ôwn› y‡gjv Ges RvZxq mfv †h ai‡Yi ^v‡`wkKZv I ^RvZ¨wfgv‡bi jvjb K‡iwQj, Zv cwiYwZ‡Z GKwU Amv¤cÖ vwqK RvZxqZv‡eva D‡Øva‡b mnvqZv K‡iwb| eis cieZ©xKv‡ji wn› y-gymwjg we‡f‡`i exR A‡bKvs‡k GB †gjv I RvZxq mfvqB ewcZ n‡qwQj, Ggb K_v ejv hvq| G gš—‡e¨i me‡P‡q eo cÖgvY GB †h 1860 `k‡Ki †k‡l Ges 1870 `k‡K eû L¨vZ-AL¨vZ evOvwj mvwnwZ¨K wn› y‡gjvi wKsev RvZxq mfvi Av`‡k© DØy× n‡q †h wecyj mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡ib, Zv wn› y-gymwjg m¤ú‡K© †Kej AebZ bq, ixwZg‡Zv ’vqxfv‡e webó K‡iwQj| . . . (VvKzi) cwiev‡iI wn› y‡gjvi weldj a‡iwQj|Õ(9) wewkó M‡elK Aa¨vcK †Mvjvg gyiwk‡`i GB gš—‡e¨i c‡¶ e‡ov D`vniY †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ VvKzi| wZwb Rxeb¯§„wZ‡Z wj‡L‡Qb, Ôwn› y‡gjvi ci nB‡Z †KejB Avgvi g‡b nBZ wK Dcv‡q †`‡ki cÖwZ †jv‡Ki AbyivM I

^‡`kcÖxwZ D &‡evwaZ nB‡Z cv‡i| †k‡l w ’i Kwijvg bvU‡K HwZnvwmK exiMv_v I fvi‡Zi †MŠie Kvwnbx KxZ©b Kwi‡j, nqZ KZKUv D‡Ïk¨ wm× nB‡jI nB‡Z cv‡i| GBfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ nBqv KU‡K _vwK‡Z _vwK‡ZB Avwg Ôcyi“-weμgÕ bvUKLvwb iPbv Kwiqv †dwjjvg|Õ(10) iPbvKvj †deª“qvwi 1874| KjKvZvq wd‡i ^‡`kx mvwnZ¨ mw¤§jbx Ôweؾb mgvMgÕG †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ cyi“-weμg bvU‡Ki Z…Zxq A‡¼i cÖ_g Mf©v¼ c‡o †kvbvb| ÔfviZ ms¯‹viKÕGi GK cÖwZ‡e`‡b (24 GwcÖj 1874) GB Mf©v¼ m¤ú‡K© gš—e¨ K‡i, Ô. . . †R¨vwZwi› ªevey GK A¼ bvUK cvV Kwi‡jb, Zvnv‡Z cyi“ ivRv heb kΓ wbcvZ Kwievi Rb¨ ˆmb¨`j‡K D‡ËwRZ Kwi‡Z‡Qb Ges ˆmb¨`j Zuvnvi ev‡K¨i cÖwZaŸwb Kwiqv exig‡` gvwZ‡Z‡Q|Õ(10)

wn› y‡gjvi †cÖiYvq ^‡`k‡eva AbycÖvwYZ bvUK cyi“-weμg-G wn› y ex‡ii weμg n‡jv heb wba‡b| AwZ exi‡Z¡ ew¼g eveyI åƒ ew¼g K‡i e½`k©‡b (fv ª 1281) †j‡Lb, ÔMÖš’Lvwb exiimcÖavb Ges ex‡ivwPZ evK¨web¨vm we¯—i Av‡Q e‡U, wKš‘ mKj ’v‡bB †hb exii‡mi LwZqvb ewjqv †eva nq|Õ(11) Gevi wKQy exii‡mi bgybv cvV Kiv hvK| Z…Zxq A¼, cÖ_g Mf©v‡¼ cyi“ ˆmb¨‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ ej‡Q,

ÔIV ! RvM ! exiMY ! `y`©vš— hebMY / M„‡n †`L K‡i‡Q cÖ‡ek| / nI m‡e GKcÖvY, gvZ…f~wg Ki ÎvY, kΓ`‡j Kin wbt‡kl \ / . . . he‡bi i‡³ aiv †nvK c−vegvb / he‡bi i‡³ b`x †nvK engvb / heb-†kvwYZe„wó Ki“K wegvb / fvi‡Zi †¶Î Zv‡n †nvK djevb|Õ(12)

ˆmb¨MY Drmv‡ni mwnZ cÖwZaŸwb K‡i, Ôhe‡bi i‡³ aiv †nvK c −vegvb . . .|Õ(12)

‰mb¨MY cyi“i cÖwZaŸwb K‡i hvq, Ô¶wÎq-weμ‡g AvR KuvcyK †gw`bx / R¡jyK ¶wÎq †ZR`xß w`bgwY / ¶w·qi Awm †nvK R¡jš — Akwb|(12)

‰mb¨MY AveviI cyi“i cÖwZaŸwb K‡i, ÔgiYkiY wK¤^v hebwbab hebwbab wK¤^v giYkiY kixicZb wK¤^v weRqmvab|Õ(13)

wn› y‡gjvi †cÖiYvq heb ev gymjgvb we‡Ølx Ôcyi“ weμgÕ bvU‡Ki ci †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ †j‡Lb Ôm‡ivwRbxÕ ev ÔwP‡Zvi AvμgYÕ bvUK| gymwjg we‡Ø‡li m‡½ wn› y ms ‹vi I HwZ‡n¨i RqXvK wcUv‡bv Ôm‡ivwRbxÕ bvU‡K †kl ch©š— iex› ªbv_I Rwo‡q c‡owQ‡jb| m‡ivwRbx Ii‡d cwÙbx m~h©eskxq ivRv j¶Y wms‡ni ywnZv weRqx gymjgvb exi‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i e‡j, ÔA¯ú„k¨

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heb ! Avgv‡K ¯úk© Kwim‡b|Õ(14) wKš‘ hebexi Avj−vDwÏb cwÙbx‡K Rq Ki‡ZB GZ`~i Rq K‡i G‡m‡Q| m‡ivwRbx e‡j, ÔRvwbm bivag, Amnvqv ivRcyZ gwnjvi ag©B GKgvÎ mnvq|Õ(15) Ges ivRcyZvbx A¯ú„‡k¨i ¯úk© euvPv‡Z ag© i¶v Ki‡Z Ae‡k‡l R¡jš— wPZvq Suvc †`q, †bc‡_¨ Mvb gÄwiZ nq R¡j&, R¡j& wPZv ! wظY, wظY-R¡jš— wPZvq Rxeb Aemv‡bi gwngv KxZ©b ! ivRcyZ gwnjviv c‡i mg ^‡i †M‡q I‡V, R¡j&, R¡j& wPZv ! wظY, wظY ÔcivY muwc‡e weaev-evjv| R¡jyK R¡jyK wPZvi Av¸b, Ryov‡e GLwb cÖv‡Yi R¡vjv \ †kvb& †i heb ! †kvb& †i †Zviv †h R¡vjv ü`‡q R¡vjvwj m‡e. mv¶x i‡jb †`eZv Zvi Gi cÖwZdj fywM‡Z n‡e|Õ(15)

m‡ivwRbx bvU‡K GB MvbwU wj‡L †`b 14 eQ‡ii evjK iex› ªbv_| ivRcyZvbx Av¸‡b Suvwc‡q covi mgq bvU¨Kvi †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ VvKzi M‡`¨ GKUv fvl‡Yi g‡Zv wj‡LwQ‡jb| wKš‘ iex› ªbv_ bvU‡Ki cÖ“d c‡o ej‡jb, ÔGLv‡b c`¨ iPbv Qvov wKQy‡ZB †Rvi euvwa‡Z cv‡i bv|Õ(16) iex› ªbv_ e³„Zvi e`‡j Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ô R¡j&, R¡j& wPZv ! wظY, wظYÕ MvbwU wj‡L †`b| m‡ivwRbx bvU‡Ki Kvwnbx gvbvbmB wPZvi KxZ©b Ges gymjgv‡bi wb›`vm~PK MvbwU wj‡L ÔcÖavb mnvq †R¨vwZ`vÕi A‡bK wbK‡U P‡j Av‡mb iex› ªbv_| Rxeb¯§„wZ‡Z wj‡L‡Qb, Ômvwn‡Z¨i wk¶vq, fv‡ei PP©vq, evj¨Kvj nB‡Z †R¨vwZ`v`v Avgvi cÖavb mnvq wQ‡jb| whwb wb‡R Drmvnx Ges Ab¨‡K Drmvn w`‡Z Zuvnvi Avb›`| Avwg Aev‡a Zuvnvi m‡½ fv‡ei I Áv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq cÖe„Ë nBZvg|Õ(17) †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ VvKzi wb‡Ri Rxeb¯§„wZ‡Z e‡j‡Qb, Ôm‡ivwRbx cÖKv‡ki ci nB‡ZB Avgiv iwe‡K cÖ‡gvkb w`qv Avgv‡`i mg-†kªYx‡Z DVvBqv jBjvg|Õ(16) GKw`‡K wn› y‡gjv Ab¨w`‡K weL¨vZ †R¨vwZ`v`vi wn› y exi weμ‡gi —e, heb wba‡bi cvjv evjK iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡b cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| Rxeb¯§„wZ‡Z iex›`ªbv_ wn› y‡gjvq mwμq AskMÖn‡Yi K_v wj‡L‡Qb| †hv‡MkP› ª evMj Rvwb‡q‡Qb, iex› ªbv_ Ôwn› y‡gjvi DcnviÕ bvgK KweZv GB †gjvq c‡o‡Qb| wn› y‡gjvi cÖZ¨¶ cÖfv‡e hebwe‡Ølx Ôc„_¡xivR civRqÕ MÖš’wU †j‡Lb| GB MÖš’wU c‡i nvwi‡q †M‡j GKB welq wb‡q †j‡Lb Ôi“`ªPÊÕ| Ôi“`ªPÊÕ cÖ_g cÖKvk nq Ryb 1881-G| GB MÖš’wU DrmM© K‡ib ÔfvB †R¨vwZ`v`vÕ‡K, h_v_© DrmM©B| c„_¡xivR KZ©„K Ai‡Y¨ weZvwoZ RvZnxb i“`ªPÊ ~‡Zi gy‡L gn¤§` †Nvixi Avμg‡Yi msev` ï‡b e‡j,

ÔwK ewjwj ~Z ! †Zvi †¤−”Q gn¤§` †Nvix c„_¡xiv‡R Avμwg‡Z Avwm‡Z‡Q †nLv !Õ(18)

Ab¨Î, wØZxq †mbvcwZ hy‡×i msev` †`q Gfv‡e, Ôïwbby hebMY hy‡S cÖvYc‡Y

AwZkq K¬vš— bvwK wn› y ˆmb¨ hZ|Õ(19)

weRqx gn¤§` †Nvix‡K wb‡q bq, civwRZ c„_¡xivR, i“ ª I Puv` Kwe‡K wb‡q Kve¨ bvUK i“ ªPÊ| Ô†R¨vwZ`v`vÕ †hgb wj‡LwQ‡jb civwRZ cyi“weμg‡K wb‡q|

7

Ôiƒ ªPÊÕ cÖKv‡ki yBeQi Av‡M 1879†Z cÖKvwkZ †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ VvKzi bvUK ÔAkÖ“gZxÕ DrmM© K‡ib AbyR iex› ªbv_‡K| iex› ªbv_ ZLb cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv wejvZcÖevmx| ÔAkÖ“gZxÕ bvU‡Ki welq †cÖg n‡jI PwiÎ G‡m‡Q Ôi“ ªPÊÕ MxwZbvU‡Ki cUf~wgi BwZnvm †_‡K − c„_¡xivR, cÖZvcwmsn, AvKei, gvbwmsn, †mwjg, AkÖ“gZx cÖgyL| Ges hebwe‡Øl h_vixwZ eZ©gvb| iex› ªbv_‡K DrmM© Kiv GB bvU‡Ki ˆmb¨MY ej‡Q ÔAvR Avgiv hy‡× cÖvY †`e − wP‡Zv‡ii †MŠie i¶v Kie − gymjgvb i‡³ Avgv‡`i Awmi R¡jš— wccvmv kvwš — Kie −. .|Õ(20)

iex› ªbv‡_i ˆkk‡e cwievi I mvgvwRK mvs ‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖfve wb‡q ejvi Av‡M Ôcyi“weμgÕ Ges Ôm‡ivwRbxÕ m¤ú‡K© AviI wKQy ejv GB cÖe‡Üi Rb¨ `iKvi, we‡kl K‡i GB bvUK؇qi †jLK hLb evjK iex› ªbv‡_i ÔcÖavb mnvqÕ wQ‡jb| ywU bvUKB divwm bvU¨Kvi Ruv ivwmb (Jean Racine 1639-1699)-Gi bvU‡Ki iƒcvš—i| cyi“weμg bvUKwU Alexander Le Grand (1665), m‡ivwRbx n‡jv Iphigenie (1674) †_‡K e½xqKiY| `ywU bvUKB cÖ_g cÖKv‡ki mgq †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ †Kv_vI bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri bvg †`bwb| Ruv ivwmb-Gi bvgI bq|(21) cieZ©x ms¯‹i‡Y bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡e †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii bvg _vK‡jI †Kv_vI g~j bvU¨Kvi Ruv ivwmb-Gi bvg D‡j−L K‡ib bv| †R¨vwZwi› ª bvUKwUi Mí wb‡Ri wPš—vfvebvi AbyK‚‡j A‡bK cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb| †hgb, Alexander Le Grand-G Alexander wQ‡jb †MÖU, Aek¨B gymjgvb bb| †R¨vwZwi›`ª Zv‡K evbvb †m‡K›`vi kvn Z‡e weRqx n‡qI wZwb gnvb ev †MÖU bb| civwRZ cyi“l weμgB eis †MÖU ! Avevi BDwi‡cw`‡mi Iphigenia in Aulis-Gi welq wb‡q †jLv Iphigenie-i wMÖK I Uª‡qi hyׇK †R¨vwZwi› ª ivRcyZ I AvjvDwÏb wLjwRi hy‡× iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i‡Qb| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv hebwe‡Ø‡l wZwb HwZnvwmK AvjvDwÏb wLjwR‡K m‡ivwRbx bvU‡K Avj−vDwÏb bv‡g AwewnZ K‡i msjv‡c msjv‡c Avj−vDwÏb Gi cÖ_gvsk ïay ÔAvj−vÕ K‡i †d‡j‡Qb| bvUK co‡Z n‡e, m‡ivwRbx ÔAvj−vÕ‡K ej‡Q, Ôbivag ! HLv‡b `uvov, Avi GK cvÕI AMÖmi †nvm †b|Õ(22) GB bvU‡K m‡ivwRbx, iYaxi, †iv‡kbviv ev Ab¨ bvU‡Ki A¤^vwjKv, AvwU©wg‡Wvivm, cwcwjqvm cÖgyL bv‡gi †Zv ms‡¶c Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv !

^v‡`wkKZvi bv‡g †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ †mB mgq ÔmÄxebx mfvÕ bv‡g Avi GKwU mfv K‡ib| iex›`ªbv_ wj‡L‡Qb, ÔAvgv‡`i evwoi mvnv‡h¨ wn› y‡gjv ewjqv GKwU †gjv m„wó nBqvwQj| . . . fviZel©‡K ^‡`k ewjqv fw³i mwnZ Dcjwäi †Póv †mB cÖ_g nq|Õ(23) wn› y‡gjvi D‡Ïk¨ j¶¨ I ¯^‡`‡ki ¯^iƒc †Zv D‡j−L n‡q‡Q Av‡MB| GLb †`Lv hvK ÔmÄxebx mfvÕi ¯‡`k †Kgb wQj ! Ô†R¨vwZ`v`vi D &‡hv‡M Avgv‡`i GKwU mfv (mÄxebx) nBqvwQj, e„× ivRbvivqY evey wQ‡jb Zvnvi mfvcwZ| Bnv ¯^v‡`wkKZvi mfv| . . . Øvi Avgv‡`i i“×, Ni Avgv‡`i AÜKvi, `x¶v Avgv‡`i FKg‡š¿, K_v Avgv‡`i PzwcPzwc − Bnv‡ZB mK‡ji †ivgnl©Y nBZ, Avi †ewk wKQy cÖ‡qvRb wQj bv| Avgvi g‡Zv Ae©vPxbI GB mfvi mf¨ wQj|Õ(24) Z‡e GB mfvi ÔmK‡ji †ivgnl©Y nB‡ZvÕ ïay FKg‡š¿ bq, emš—Kzgvi PÆcva¨vq-Gi †R¨vwZwi› ªbv‡_i Rxeb¯§„wZ MÖ‡š’ Av‡Q, F‡M¦‡`i cyuw_, govi gv_vi Lywj BZ¨vw` wb‡q GLv‡b mfv n‡Zv| G mfvi ¯‡`k fvebv PP©v GKvš —B wQj wn› y‡`i| ÔAvw` eªvþmgv‡Ri cy¯ —KvMvi nB‡Z jvj †ik‡g Rov‡bv †e`g‡š¿i GKLvbv cyuw_ GB mfvq Avwbqv ivLv nBqvwQj| †Uwe‡ji yB cv‡k `yBwU govi gv_v _vwKZ, Zvnvi `yBwU P¶z‡KvU‡i yBwU †gvgevwZ emv‡bv wQj, govi gv_vwU g„Z fvi‡Zi mvs‡KwZK wPý| mfvi Avi‡¤¢ †e`gš¿ MxZ nBZ|Õ(25)

ÔfviZe‡l©i GKUv me©Rbxb cwi”Q` wK nB‡Z cv‡i GB mfvq †R¨vwZ`v`v Zvnvi bvbvcÖKv‡ii bgybv Dcw ’Z Kwi‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwi‡jb| a~wZUv Kg©‡¶‡Îi Dc‡hvMx b‡n A_P cvqRvgvUv weRvZxqÕ(24) iex›`ª-DËi cwÊZ kªx bxi`P› ª †PŠayix gymjgvb‡`i Ôcwi”Q`Õ ev †cvkvK wb‡q gš—e¨ cÖm½μ‡g D‡j−L Kiv hvq| Ôwn› yi gymjgvbx cwi”Q` †KbÕ cÖe‡Ü wZwb Rvwb‡q‡Qb gymjgvb‡`i †kiIqvwb I cvqRvgv cÂvk ermi c~‡e©Kvi cwðg cÖevmx evOvwjiv †jŠwKK fvlvq ejZ †fi“qvi †cvkvK| gymjgv‡bi mvjIqvi-KvwgR wn› y cyi“l ev †g‡q‡`i kix‡i LyeB A‡kvfb| kªx bxi`P› ª ej‡Qb, ÔAvgvi †g‡q bvB, wKš‘ hw` _vwKZ Zvnv nB‡j GB †cvkvK cwi‡Z Pvwn‡j Zvnv‡K wbðqB Zr¶Yvr evwo nB‡Z evwni Kwiqv w`Zvg|Õ(26) ïay ZvB bq,

8

wZwb e‡jb, Ôhw` Avh©Kb¨vi Av‡h©vwPZ wØe ¿ nBqv e¨vqvg Kiv m¤¢e bv-B nq, Zvnv nB‡j gymjgvbx †cvkvK †Kb ? Ab¨ bRxi wK wQj bv ?Õ(27) gv‡b bMœ n‡q e¨vqvg Kiv| gymjgvbx †cvkv‡Ki Zzjbvq bMœ n‡q e¨vqvg Kiv †kvfb| KviY cwÊZ kªx ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡”Qb, ÔwRgbvw÷K K_vUviI A_© Rv‡bb bv ? . . . wMÖK fvlvq ÔwRgbmÕ A_© ÔbMœÕ Ges bMœ nBqv GB KvR Kiv nq †mRb¨B e¨vqv‡gi bvg wRgbvw÷KÕ|Õ(27) wLªw÷q †kiIqvwb-cvRvgvi Ici wZwb GZB wei³ wQ‡jb, ÔAvgv‡K hw` fviZe‡l©i

~Z wnmv‡e wbhy³ Kwievi cÖ —ve DwVZ, Zvnv nB‡j ïay †kiIqvwb cvRvgv cwi‡Z nB‡e GB Kvi‡YB Avwg GB c` MÖnY KwiZvg bv|Õ(26) wLªw÷q †cvkv‡K Aek¨ Ai“wP bvB, Mjvq †ev-UvB euvav Le©Kvq k¨vgjv Ômv‡n‡eiÕ Qwe cwÎKv cy —‡K Anin †`Lv hvq ˆewK| cvqRvgvi RvZxqZvi wePvi Avi FKg‡š¿ `x¶v I PP©vi mÄxebx mfvi (1876) ÔGB mgqUv‡ZB eo`v`v‡K m¤úv`K Kwiqv †R¨vwZ`v`v ÔfviZxÕ (1877) cwÎKv evwni Kwievi msKí Kwi‡jb|Õ(24) iex› ªbv‡_i eqm ZLb †lv‡jv| IB mg‡q, iex› ªbv‡_i K_vq Ô†gv‡Ui Ici GB mgqUv Avgvi c‡¶ GKUv Db¥ËZvi mgqÕ(24) − wZwb †gNbv` e‡ai GKwU Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv wj‡LwQ‡jb| IB Zxeª mgv‡jvPbvi †SuvK‡K iex› ªbv_ KuvPv eq‡mi D‡ËRbvi K_v e‡j‡Qb, Avevi GI mZ¨, GZ me ag©xq Abyf~wZ D¾¡j mvgvwRK ZrciZvi g‡a¨ iv‡gi wb›`v I Aegvbbv Avi iv¶m iveY‡K bvq‡Ki Avmb †`evi gay Kwei AwgÎv¶i cÖqvm †`‡L mcÖwZf †gavex wK‡kvi iexãªbv_ Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv wjL‡Z AbycÖvwYZ n‡qwQ‡jb| ÔfviZxÕ‡Z ZLb avivevwnKfv‡e fvbywms‡ni c`vejxI †ei nq| ÔfviZx wØZxq erm‡i cwo‡j †gR`v`v cÖ —ve Kwi‡jb Avgv‡K wZwb wejv‡Z jBqv hv‡eb| . . . fvM¨weavZvi GB Avi GKwU AhvwPZ e`vb¨Zvq Avwg wew¯§Z nBqv DwVjvg|Õ(28) fvM¨weavZvi GB wØZxq ÔAhvwPZ e`vb¨ZvqÕ wejvZ hvIqvi c‡_ m‡Z‡iv eQ‡ii iex› ªbv‡_i m‡Z¨› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii PvKwii RvqMv Av‡g`vev` I kvnxevM cÖvmv‡` AvMgb| kvnxevM cÖvmv‡` AvMg‡bi c~‡e© iex› ªbv_ Dwj−wLZ eûiKg Kg©Kv‡Êi I mvwnZ¨ iPbvi wfZi w`‡q †h gvbm Ae ’vq wQ‡jb, Zv‡Z nq‡Zv cÖvmv`‡K wN‡i †h ¯^cœ Kíbv I M‡íi c −U, Abyf~wZ ˆZwi nq Zv‡Z ¶zwaZ cvlv‡Yi wbg©g †kvKMv_v ˆZwiB n‡Z cv‡i| hw`I wZwb ¶zwaZ cvlvY †j‡Lb A‡bK c‡i, 1302 mv‡j `vwjqv wjLevi Pvi eQi ci| ¶zwaZ cvlv‡Yi cÖavb PwiÎ K_K| cÖ_g cyi“‡l †jLv GB M‡íi Ab¨ Pwiθ‡jv Ggb, ÔcvMjv †g‡ni Avwj,Õ Awd‡mi Ôe„× Kwig Luv,Õ Ôgymjgvb PvKiÕ bvg bvB, cvM‡ji bvg Av‡Q, e„× `v‡ivqv‡bi bvg Av‡Q, PvK‡ii bvg bvB, PvKi n‡jv Ôgymjgvb PvKiÕ| cÖm½Z, iex‡› ªvËi Ab¨Zg cÖavb mvwnZ¨ e¨w³Z¡ eyׇ`e emy KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi Ici wjwLZ cÖeÜ ÔbRi“j BmjvgÕG †j‡Lb, Ôwek¦we`¨vj‡qi wmsnØv‡i GK gymjgvb Aa¨vc‡Ki evmv, †mLvb †_‡K bRi“j‡K wQwb‡q wb‡q Avgiv K‡qKwU Drmvnx hyeK P‡jwQ Avgv‡`i ÔcÖMwZÕi AvÇvq|(29)

^bvgL¨vZ Aa¨vcK Amv¤cÖ vwqK KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi bvgwU ÔcÖMwZÕi eyׇ`e D‡j−L Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv ! we‡kl K‡i Kvjvš—i cÖe‡Ü iex› ªbv_ ÔBs‡iRÕ Ôqy‡ivcÕGi mgvš—ivj evievi e¨envi K‡ib gymjgvb kãwU, †hgb, Ôgymjgvb mvwnZ¨,Õ ÔBs‡iR mvwnZ¨Õ gymjgv‡bi cÖfve| Bs‡i‡Ri ev Ôqy‡iv‡ci cÖfve,Õ ÔBs‡i‡Ri kvmb,Õ Ôgymjgv‡bi kvmb,Õ Ôgymjgv‡bi AvMgb,Ô ÔBs‡i‡Ri AvMgbÕ ev Bs‡iR †Kej gvbyliƒ‡c bq Ôbe¨ qy‡iv‡ci wPÎÖcÖZxKiƒ‡cÕ(30) wn› y ’v‡b Av‡m, gvbyl †Rv‡o ¯’vb, wPË †Rv‡o gb‡K| gymjgvb‡K Avgiv †`wL msL¨viƒ‡c − Zviv m¤cÖwZ Avgv‡`i ivwóªK e¨vcv‡i NwU‡q‡Q †hvM-we‡qv‡Mi mgm¨v|Õ(30) Avie-cvim¨ cÖvP¨ †_‡K Avmv kvmK‡Mvôx n‡jv Ôevwni †_‡K gymjgvb wn› y ’v‡b G‡m ’vqx evmv euva‡Q wKš‘ Avgv‡`i „wó‡K evwn‡ii w`‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡iwb| Zviv N‡i G‡m Ni `Lj K‡i emj, eÜ K‡i w`j evwn‡ii w`‡K `iRv|Õ(30) iex› ªbv_ g‡b K‡ib ÔgymjgvbRvwZÕ a‡g©i bv‡gB cwiwPZ Ôa‡g©i bv‡g †h-RvwZi bvgKiY ag© g‡ZB Zv‡`i gyL¨ cwiPq|Õ(31) L„÷vb ag©vej¤^x‡`i m¤^‡Ü GKwU myweavi K_v GB †h, Zviv AvawbK hy‡Mi evnb ; Zv‡`i gb (gymjgv‡bi g‡Zv) ga¨hy‡Mi MwÊi g‡a¨ Ave× bq| . . . qy‡ivcxq Avi L„÷vb GB y‡Uv kã GKv_©K bq|Õ(31) Ôqy‡ivcxq †eŠ×Õ ev Ôqy‡ivcxq gymjgvbÕ k‡ãi g‡a¨ ^‡Zvwei“×Zv †bB|Õ(31) gymjgvb ej‡Z †Zv evOvwj eySvq bv, Avevi Ôgymjgvb evOvwjÕ ÔAvie gymjgvbÕ ÔB‡›`v‡bwkqvb gymwjgÕ-Gi g‡a¨ iex›`ªbv_ †Kv_vq ^‡Zvwei“×Zv †`L‡Z cvb ? Avie RvwZ a‡g© gymjgvb, RvwZ I ag© GKv_©K †Zv bq ! B‡›`v‡bwkqvi gymjgvb evsjv‡`‡ki gymjgvb †mŠw` Avi‡ei GKRb gymjgvb wK GKB RvwZ cwiPq enb

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K‡i ! Rvg©vb L„÷vb Avi eªvwR‡ji L„÷vb †Zgwb GKwU RvwZ cwiPq enb K‡i bv| RvwZ I a‡g©i my¯úó cv_©K¨ meLv‡bB eZ©gvb| iex›`ªbv_I RvwZ cwiPq Lye fv‡jv †ev‡Sb| ïay ÔgymjgvbÕ welqwU hyw³ I Áv‡bi ci¤úivq †Mvj cvwK‡q hvq| ÔgymjgvbÕ kãwUi cÖwZ iex› ªbv‡_i we‡kl ye©jZvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| Ô¶zwaZ cvlvYÕ M‡íi ïi“‡Z M‡íi K_‡Ki m‡½ iex› ªbv‡_i hLb cÖ_g †`Lv nq ZLb wZwb †f‡ewQ‡jb, ÔZuvnvi †ekf~lv †`wLqv cÖ_gUv Zuvnv‡K cwðg‡`kxq gymjgvb ewjqv åg nBqvwQj|Õ cwðg‡`kxq ej‡Z wK cwð‡gi †Kv‡bv fviZxq ivR¨ bv Avie-cvim¨i †Kv‡bv †`k ! †mB ivR¨ ev †`‡ki cwiPq g‡b bv n‡q gymjgvb g‡b n‡q‡Q cÖ_‡gB| GB gymjgvb g‡b nIqvi K_vUv M‡íiB GKwU Bw½Z| AwP‡iB GK gymjgvb kvm‡Ki ivR cÖvmv‡`i fyZz‡o Mí Dcw ’Z Ki‡eb| ¶zwaZ cvlvY M‡í wZwb ¯§„wZi kvwnevM cÖvmv`‡K cÖwZ ’vwcZ K‡ib ÔwØZxq kv-gvgy` †fvMwejv‡mi Rb¨ cÖvmv`wU GB wbR©b ¯’v‡b wbg©vY KwiqvwQ‡jbÕ e‡j| Avi meigZx b`xwU nq ms ‹…Z ﯗv b`x| Av‡g`vev` cªvmv‡` _vKvi mgq iex› ªbv‡_i AviI ywU wfbœag©x AwfÁZv nq| hvi GKwU gRvi, Ab¨wUi dj hZw`b evOvwj †eu‡P _vK‡e ZZw`b †mwUI †eu‡P _vK‡e| GB AwfgZ iex› ªbv‡_iI| cÖvmv‡`i P~ovi DciKvi GKUv N‡i iex› ªbv_ _vK‡Zb, †mLv‡b Zuvi m½x wQj †evjZvi PvK, Ôiv‡Î Avwg †mB wbR©b N‡i ïBZvg − GK GKw`b AÜKv‡i yB-GKUv †evjZv PvK nB‡Z Avgvi weQvbvi Dci Avwmqv cwoZ − hLb cvk wdwiZvg ZLb ZvnvivI cÖxZ nBZ bv Ges Avgvi c‡¶I Zvnv Zxeªèfv‡e AcÖxwZKi nBZ|Õ(28) AÜKvi weQvbvi GB AwfÁZv Gi Av‡M c‡i KL‡bv Kwei Rxe‡b N‡Uwb| GB cÖvmv`-evm Zuv‡K Avi GKwU Acvi Amxg Mfxi Abyf~wZi wfZi wb‡q Av‡m| ïK¬c‡¶i Mfxi iv‡Z meigZx b`xi w`‡K cÖvmv‡`i Qv‡` nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z iex› ªbv_ Zuvi wb‡Ri myi †`Iqv me©cÖ_g Mvb¸wj iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi wb‡Ri †`Iqv my‡i me©cÖ_g Mvb Ôbxie iRbx †`‡Lv gMœ †RvQbvqÕ|(28) ÔfMœü`qÕ MÖ‡š’ MvbwU m¼wjZ n‡qwQj| fMœü`q GKwU wewPÎ bvU¨-Kve¨, cÖKvwkZ nq 1881 mv‡j| kvnxevM cÖvmv‡` †RvQbvgq ivÎx hvc‡bi mgq gvÎ mZ‡iv eQi eq‡m †jLv GB cÖ_g MvbwUi wKQy PiY †kvbv †h‡Z cv‡i, Ôbxie iRbx †`L gMœ †RvQbvq| ax‡i ax‡i AwZ ax‡i − AwZ ax‡i MvI †Mv ! Nyg‡Nvigq Mvb wefveix Mvq, iRbxi KÉ-mv‡_ myKÉ wgjvI †Mv| wbkx‡_i mybxie wkwk‡ii mg, wbkx‡_i mybxie mgx‡ii mg, wbkx‡_i mybxie †RvQbv mgvb AwZ − AwZ − AwZ ax‡i Ki mwL Mvb|Õ(32)

^Ztù‚Z© †ivgvwÈK Av‡e‡Mi wkíx iex› ªbv_ kvnxevM cÖvmv‡` ivÎxhvcbKv‡j mybxie †RvQbvq evOgq, mgvR ivRbxwZi

m‡PZb fvebvq KÈwKZ bb| ZeyI Kwe AZ…ß AvZ¥vi wejvc, AvnvRvix, BivYx μxZ`vmxi †cÖZ AvPi‡Yi Kíbv ¶zwaZ cvlvY M‡íi Aby‡cÖiYv n‡jv ! hv wZwb eyw× I ü`q w`‡q Abyf~Z n‡q‡Qb Zv bq, ïayB AwfÁZvi AZxZ Kíbv w`‡q Mí mvRv‡jb ! Mí¸‡”Qi cuPvbeŸBwU Mí Ges ÔMà ^íÕ, ÔwjwcKvÕi †QvU †QvU Dc‡`kg~jK AvL¨vb wgwj‡q iex› ªbv‡_i wekvj M‡íi fvÊv‡i evOvwj gymjgv‡bi Rxeb PwiÎ wb‡q Mí Avi †Kv_vq ! iex›`ªbv_ hLb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GKgvÎ n‡q DV‡jb − ZLb evsjvfvlvfvwl Rb‡Mvwôi g‡a¨ evOvwj gymjgv‡bi msL¨vB †ewk| AwfÁZv mg„× GKvwk eQi Avqy cÖvß iex› ªbv_ wKQy ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mg‡q evOvwj gymjgvb‡`i m‡½ Mfxifv‡e wg‡kwQ‡jb| KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg, eyw×i gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb KvRx Avãyj I`y` cÖgy‡Li m‡½ iex› ªbv‡_i wQj Mfxi †øn I kª×vi m¤úK©| evOvwj gymjgvb wn‡m‡eB bq †eMg †iv‡Kqv GKRb

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gy³ I cÖMwZkxj wPš—vi †jLK wn‡m‡e wkw¶Z mgvR‡K †mKv‡j Pg‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb| †eMg †iv‡Kqvi ÔgwZP~iÕ (cÖ_g LÊ) KjKvZv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj iex› ªbv‡_i †bv‡ej cÖvwßi A‡bK Av‡M 1314 mv‡j| iex› ªbv‡_i mycwiwPZ `w¶YviÄb wgÎ-gRyg`vi ZLb ch©š — †Kv‡bv GKK eB wb‡q `xN© Av‡jvPbvwU wj‡LwQ‡jb Ô†Kvwnb~iÕ cwÎKvq wZb msL¨v a‡i| welq I Avw½‡Ki w`K †_‡K Awfbe †iv‡Kqvi Sultana’s Dream (1922), cÙivM (1331), Ae‡iva-evwmbx (1931), AviI Mí I cÖe‡Üi eB KjKvZv †_‡KB cÖKvwkZ nq| me©vwaK kã †jLvq P¨vw¤úqb Kwe¸i“ iex› ªbv‡_i mnmª iPbvivwki wf‡o, GgbwK wPwVc‡ÎI gymjgvb mgv‡RiB ïay bq bvixRvwZi we¯§q gbxlx †eMg †iv‡Kqvi bvgwUI Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv! Aek¨ Zuvi wekvj iPbvivwki Lwb‡Z cvIqv hv‡e AZzjcÖmv` †mb, MM‡b› ªbv_ VvKzi, RM`xkP›`ª emy, iv‡R› ªbv_ wgÎ, ivg‡gvnb ivq, ew¼g, m‡Z¨› ªbv_ `Ë, †hvMxb`v, gvq Ô†Kvixq hye‡Ki ivwóªK gZÕ m¤ú‡K©I c`¨-M‡`¨ AwfgZ| AviI we¯§‡qi Lei n‡jv wZwb Ô‰b‡e`¨Õ wcZv gnwl© †`‡e› ªbv_‡K DrmM© Ki‡jI Rbbx mvi`v †`exi ÔKiKg‡jÕ kZ kZ MÖ‡š’i GKwUI DrmM© K‡ibwb| m¤¢eZ iex› ªbv_B G‡¶‡Î e¨wZμg ! Rwg`vwi †`Lvi Rb¨ Ges Rwg`vi wn‡me `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi mgq c~e©e‡½i cÖRv K…l‡Ki AwaKvsk wQj gymjgvb| Avi wZwb cÙvi ey‡K Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z wj‡L‡Qb †kªô iPbv¸‡jvi eo GKUv Ask| Zuvi †bŠKvi gvwSI wQj gymjgvb| Rwg`vwi Pvjvevi cÖ_g †_‡KB wZwb wb‡R †hgb †Zgwb gymjgvb cÖRvivI G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡iwQ‡jb| mvnv‡`i nvZ †_‡K †kL‡`i euvPvevi K_v e‡j‡Qb| RvZ-eY©-ag©‡f‡` Avm‡bi e¨e¯’v Zz‡j wn› y gymjgvb cÖRv‡`i GKm‡½ ewm‡q‡Qb| Avi IB †h wQbœc‡Îi †mB Mdzi ! iex› ªbv_ m ¿xK mevÜe AÜKvi b`xi ey‡K nvwi‡q †M‡Qb| wQbœc‡Îi GK c‡Î †ivgvwÈK iex› ªbv‡_i Kj‡g nvwi‡q hvIqvi Abyf~wZ Ôwbtkã ivwÎ, ¶xYP› ªv‡jvK, wbR©b wb¯—ä k~b¨ Pi, ~‡i Mdz‡ii Pjbkxj GKwU jɇbi Av‡jv − gv‡S gv‡S GK GKw`K †_‡K KvZi K‡Éi AvnŸvb Ges PZyw`©‡K Zvi D`vm cÖwZaŸwb − gv‡S gv‡S Avgvi D‡b¥l Ges cigyn~‡Z©B myMfxi ‰bivk¨ . . .|Õ Mdz‡ii nv‡Z Pjbkxj GKUv jÉbB ïay bq, ¿x g„Yvwjbx‡K Ab¨ wPwV‡Z wjL‡Qb, Ôwf‡R ev`jvi evZvm w`‡q‡Q, m~h© cÖvq A —wgZ| . . . Mdzi wgTv †bŠ‡Kvi wcQb w`‡K GKwU †QvÆ Dbyb R¡vwj‡q Kx GKUv iÜbKv‡h© wbhy³ Av‡Q| gv‡S gv‡S wN‡q fvRvi wPoweo kã n‡”Q Ges bvmvi‡Ü« GKUv my¯^v y MÜI Avm‡Q. . .Õ ZeyI mvaviY Mdzi wgTv †_‡K AmvaviY †KDB evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †kªô †jLKwUi mnmª iPbvi wfZi †Kv_vI RvqMv †cj bv ! fviZxq cyivY ev wn› y cyiv‡Yi eû NUbv, PwiÎ, †eŠ×, ivRcyZ, gvivVv, wkL m¤cÖ`v‡qi KZ DcK_v, PwiÎ Zuvi mvwn‡Z¨ G‡m‡Q AbM©j| †`e-†`ex Dcwbl` eªþI wb‡q wPš—vg~jK M`¨ wj‡L‡Qb| ïay GKwU m¤cÖ`vq hviv Avevi msL¨v¸i“ †mB evOvwj gymjgv‡bi Rxeb-ag©-wKse`š—x m¤§v‡bi m‡½ iex› ª m„wókxjZvq VuvB †cj bv ! ÔL„óÕ bv‡g Zuvi GKUv eB Av‡Q| eow`‡bi Ici L„ó‡K wb‡q iex› ªbv_K…Z Abyev` KweZv ev Mvb Av‡Q, ÔwMR©vN‡ii wfZiwU wø», / †mLv‡b weivR K‡i —äZv / iwOb Kv‡Pi wfZi w`‡q †mLv‡b cÖevwnZ igYxq Av‡jv / GBLv‡b Avgv‡`i cÖfy‡K †`wL Zuvi b¨vqvm‡b|Õ (Pvj©m G¨vʪy‡Ri iwPZ KweZvi Abyev` ; AvswkK, 22 GwcÖj 1940)|(3Z) wj‡L‡Qb ÔL„óÕ Ôgvbem¤^‡Üi †`eZvÕ ÔL„‡óvrmeÕ ÔwhïPwiZÕ ÔL„óag©Õ wk‡ivbv‡g cÖeÜ| evOvwj gymjgv‡bi wek¦vm, kv ¿ I cqM¤^i †_‡K mvaviY evOvwj gymjgvb, cÖRv, K…lK, mgvR‡meK hviv Zuvi mvwbœ‡a¨ G‡mwQj ZvivI GB we¯§qKi m„wókxj gvbylwUi Kj‡gi wb‡ei AvMvq g~Z© n‡q DV‡Z cv‡iwb| ïay whï L„ó bq, ÔKvjvš—iÕ cÖe‡Ü iex› ªbv_ Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i, Zv‡`i Abym„Z bxwZ, iwPZ mvwn‡Z¨i D`vi cÖkw — †M‡q‡Qb, Avi gymwjg kvmK I Zv‡`i mvwn‡Z¨i wb›`v K‡i‡Qb †Lvjv nv‡Z| fvi‡Z evB‡i †_‡K cÖ_g Ôwei“× AvNvZÕ jv‡M gymjgvb‡`i AvMg‡bi gva¨‡g| gymjgv‡biv Ôevûe‡j †m ivR¨msNUb K‡i‡Q wKš‘ Zvi wP‡Ëi m„wó‰ewPΨ wQj bv| GBR‡b¨ †m hLb Avgv‡`i w`M‡š—i g‡a¨ ’vqx evm ’vb euva‡j, ZLb Zvi m‡½ Avgv‡`i msNl© NU‡Z jvMj|Õ(30) Ôgymjgvb‡`i cÖfve wP‡Ëi g‡a¨ me©‡Zvfv‡e cÖej nqwb| ZviB cÖgvY †`wL mvwn‡Z¨|Õ gymjgvb‡`i m„wó ˆewPΨ iex›`ªbv‡_i †`L‡Z bv cvIqvi KviY HwZnvwmK| fviZxq D”Pv½ ev gvM© m½xZ, ev`¨hš¿, ’vc‡Z¨ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb iex› ªbv_ fv‡jv Rv‡bb| w`j−x KjKvZv mn eo kni¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKv‡jB fviZf~wg‡Z gymjgvb‡`i ¯^vZš¿ ’vc‡Z¨i ‰ewPÎ †PvL Govq bv, ˆewPÎc~Y© †cvkvK Avi Lv‡`¨i wewPÎZvi myweav †Zv VvKzi cwieviB AwaK †fvM K‡i‡Qb| Aviex, dvwm©, D ©y k‡ãi wgkªY evsjvfvlvq bZzb kw³ I ˆewPΨ

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G‡bwQj| Ôevwni †_‡K gymjgvb wn›`y ’v‡b G‡m ’vqx evmv †eu‡a‡Q, wKš‘ Avgv‡`i „wó‡K evwn‡ii w`‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡iwb| Zviv N‡i G‡m Ni `Lj K‡i emj, eÜ K‡i w`j evwn‡ii w`‡Ki `iRv|Õ(30) Ab¨w`‡K ÔBs‡i‡Ri AvMgb fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡m GK wewPÎ e¨vcvi . . . qy‡iv‡ci wPË ~Z iƒ‡c Bs‡iR GZ e¨vcK I Mfxi fv‡e Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q G‡m‡Q †h Avi †Kv‡bv we‡`kx RvZ †Kv‡bvw`b Ggb K‡i Avm‡Z cv‡iwb| qy‡ivcxq wP‡Ëi R½gkw³ Avgv‡`i ’vei g‡bi Ici AvNvZ Kij, †hgb `~i AvKvk †_‡K AvNvZ K‡i e„wóaviv gvwUi c‡i ; f~wgZ‡ji wb‡ðó Aš—‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i cÖv‡Yi †Póv mÂvi K‡i †`q, †mB †Póv wewPÎiƒ‡c A¼zwiZ weKwkZ n‡Z _v‡K|Õ(30)

Ôgymjgvb Avg‡ji evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZ „wó Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h Aev‡a Ab¨vq Kievi AwaKviB †h Hk¦‡h©i j¶Y GB wek¦vmUv KjywlZ K‡i‡Q ZLbKvi †`ePwiÎ-Kíbv‡K|Õ Avi Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i m‡½ cÖ_g cwiP‡qi c‡i iex› ªbv_ I Zuvi †kªYx wK AR©b K‡iwQj Zvi D”Q¡vmc~Y© wee„wZ †`b wZwb, ÔBs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ . . . Avgiv †c‡qwQjvg gvby‡li cÖwZ gvby‡li Ab¨vq ~i Kievi AvMÖn, ïb‡Z †c‡qwQjvg ivóªbxwZ‡Z gvby‡li k„•Lj †gvP‡bi †NvlYv, †`‡LwQjvg evwY‡R¨ gvbyl‡K c‡Y¨ cwiYZ Kivi wei“‡× cÖqvm|Õ(30) B÷ BwÊqv †Kv¤úvbx, bxj Pvl, K…l‡Ki Ici AZ¨vPvi, bvix jyÉb, cxob, `gb, duvwm, †`kvš—i, †Rjvš—i, iex› ªbv_ wb‡RB Zvi mv¶x − wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨vi cÖwZev‡` Bs‡i‡Ri †`Iqv bvBUûW wdwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| Aek¨ RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡Mi IB nZ¨vKv‡Êi cÖwZev‡` ÔbvBUûWÕ Z¨v‡M †QPwj−k w`b mgq †j‡M‡wQj| ÔTagore Without IllusionsÕ MÖ‡š’ nx‡Z›`ªbv_ wgÎ †`wL‡q‡Qb, wfZ‡ii Pv‡cB Zuv‡K GB wm×vš— wb‡Z n‡qwQj| Rxe‡bi †k‡l ÔKvjvš—iÕ cÖe‡Ü Bs‡i‡Ri we —i cÖkw — eqv‡bi mgq ZvB nq‡Zv wZwb bvBUû‡Wi cÖm½ Gwo‡q hvb| Bs‡iR ev qy‡iv‡ci K_v ejvi mgq wZwb ej‡Qb bv L„÷vb kvmK, wKš‘ ewnivMZ Avie cvim¨ kvmK‡`i ev cwðg Gkxq kvmK bv e‡j kZKiv kZfvM mgqB ej‡Qb gymjgvb kvmK, gymjgv‡bi mvwnZ¨, gymjgv‡bi ivóªbxwZ| gymjgvb a‡g©i g‡Zv L„÷vb‡`i Ab¨ ag©‡K niY Kivi K_v e‡jI wZwb e‡jb, ÔL„÷vb ag©vej¤^x‡`i m¤^‡Ü GKwU myweavi K_v GB †h Zviv AvaywbK hy‡Mi evnb; Zv‡`i gb ga¨hy‡Mi MwÊi g‡a¨ Ave× bq|Õ G K_v Av‡MI D‡j−L n‡q‡Q| wn› y †gjv, RvZxq mfv, mwÄebx mfv Ges †R¨vwZ`v`v‡`i wn› y ¯^v‡`wkKZv I gymjgvb m¤ú‡K© †bwZevPK g‡bvfv‡ei m‡½ VvKzi evwoi wbqgZvwš¿K Rxeb hvcb, ÔPvKi‡`iÕ wbqš¿‡Y _vKv Ges †e` Dcwbl` MxZv cvV, ms¯‹…Z PP©v GmeB wkï g‡bi Ici ax‡i ax‡i cÖfve †d‡j| Avi mevi Ic‡i Av‡Q KZ©„Z¡civqY wekvj e¨w³Z¡ gwnl© †`‡e› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖfve| †`‡e› ªbv_ Ges Dcwbl‡`i cÖfve μ‡g cwiewZ©Z iex› ªbv‡_ †kl ch©š— AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K hvq| GB m~‡Î m„wókxj iex›`ªbv‡_i Kíbv‡ZI gymjgvb †Kv‡bv cwimi cvq bv| mgmvgwqK mg‡qi Ab¨Zg Kwe dinv` gRnvi ÔVvKz‡ii †eUvÕ iex› ªbv_‡K gvd Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv, Zvi w`j eûZ bv‡Lvk, KviY,

Ô. . . †Zbvi Kj‡g eû cq cqM¤^i mvaK I gbxlxi bvg n‡q‡Q ¯§iY wKš‘ NyYv¶‡i bex gyn¤§` AvKv‡i Bw½‡Z fv‡e w`‡j wK¤^v wb‡ei WMvq GKeviI Av‡m bvB, Zuv‡K ZvB gv‡d Kwi bvBÕ (Gev`Zbvgv, dinv` gRnvi, KweZv t 21)|

wb‡iU Z_¨MZ fv‡e mZ¨ bv n‡jI e³e¨ mwVK| iex› ªbv_ †e` Dcwbl` wÎwcUK evB‡ej ey× L„÷ eªþ eªþv eªvþ¨ K…òPwiZ BZ¨vw` mKj wel‡q wj‡L‡Qb M`¨, KweZvq D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb, Mvb, bvUK wj‡L‡Qb, M‡í G‡m‡Q PwiÎ, KL‡bv welq n‡q ÔwKš‘ mv‡o mvZkÕ eQ‡ii cyi‡bv †`kR wK¤^v we‡`kvMZ `i‡ek ev kvmK gymwj‡gi †Kv‡bv e¨w³MZ K…wZ wK¤^v ¸Y-gvb-gvnvZ¥¨ Zuvi Kve¨ †cÖiYvi Drm nqwb| GgbwK AvKei ev`kvn wK¤^v gCbDÏxb wPkwZ, ivwRqv − AvbviKwj − b~iRvnvbI bb| QqkÕ eQi a‡i cÖej cÖZvc Ggb GK we`¨v I weËevb Ávb-K…wZ-KxwZ© eûj RvwZi ev m¤cÖ v‡qi wKQyB Zuvi (ZvRgnjB e¨wZμg)

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Av‡eM Dw`ª³ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| G‡Z g‡b nq we‡`kvMZ G kvmK‡Mvôxi cÖwZ Zuvi Aš—‡ii Mfx‡i cÖPÊ N„Yv-we‡Øl ev ’vqx Akª×v wQj|Õ(34) Aa¨vcK, cwÊZ Avng` kix‡di GB Avd‡mvm cÖm½ Av‡jvPbv Kivi Av‡M Kwe gRnv‡ii Z_¨MZ dqmvjv Av‡M K‡i †bqv hvK| Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q e³‡e¨i w`K †_‡K wZwb wVKB e‡j‡Qb, Avng` kix‡di e³e¨I ZvB, wKš‘ iex›`ªbv‡_i Kj‡gi wb‡e GKvwaKeviB gyn¤§`-Gi bvg wjwLZ n‡q‡Q, AvKv‡i Bw½‡ZI n‡q‡Q| Avãyj Kwig we.G. cªYxZ fviZe‡l©© gymjgvb ivR‡Z¡i BwZe„Ë, cÖ_g LÊ MÖ‡š’i Av‡jvPbv-cÖe‡Ü iex› ªbv_ gnvcyi“l gnv¤§‡`i K_v wj‡L‡Qb Gfv‡e, Ô. . . fviZe‡l©i cÖwZ‡e‡k eûZi LÊ-wew”Qbœ RvwZ gnvcyi“l gn¤§‡`i cÖPÊ AvKl©Ye‡j GKxf~Z nBqv gymjgvb bvgK GK weivU K‡jei aviY Kwiqv DwÌZ nBqvwQj|Õ(4)

AviI wZb †¶‡Î evYx wn‡m‡e iex› ªbv_ gyn¤§` m¤ú‡K© wj‡L‡Qb| wewkó iex› ª M‡elK Ges Z_¨ msMÖvnK AwgZvf †PŠayix mÜvb w`‡q‡Qb gyn¤§` m¤ú‡K© iex›`ªbv‡_i wZbwU evYx e³‡e¨i| wKš‘ M‡elK †PŠayixi `vex g‡Zv iex› ªbv_ cÖ_g `ywU evYx‡Z gyn¤§`-Gi wel‡q wKQy e‡jbwb, Zuvi bvgI D‡j−L K‡ibwb| ÔcqM¤^i w`emÕ Dcj‡¶ 16 b‡f¤^i 1933-G GK Rbmfvi Av‡qvRb nq| mfvi mfvcwZ wePvicwZ wgR©v Avjx AvKei Luv| GB mfvq iex› ªbv_ GKwU evYx cvVvb| evYxwU mfvq cvV K‡ib weL¨vZ Ks‡MÖm †bZv kªxgZx m‡ivwRbx bvBWy, ÔRM‡Z †h mvgvb¨ K‡qKwU ag© Av‡Q, Bmjvg ag© Zv‡`iB Ab¨Zg| gnvb GB ag©g‡Zi AbyMvgx‡`i `vwqZ¡ ZvB wecyj| Bmjvgcš’x‡`i g‡b ivLv `iKvi, ag©wek¦v‡mi gnË¡ Avi MfxiZv †hb Zv‡`i cÖwZw`‡bi RxebhvÎvi IciI Qvc †i‡L hvq| Avm‡j GB yf©vMv †`‡ki Awaevmx ywU m¤cÖ v‡qi †evSvcov ïay †Zv RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i mcÖwZf Dcjwäi Ici wbf©i K‡i bv ; mZ¨ ªóv‡`i evYxwbtm„Z kvk¦Z †cÖiYvi IciI Zvi wbf©iZv, mZ¨ I kvk¦Z‡K huviv †R‡b‡Qb I Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zuviv Ck¦‡ii fvjevmvi cvÎ| Ges gvbyl‡KI Zuviv fvj‡e‡m G‡m‡Qb|Õ(35) j¶Yxq iex› ªbv_ ÔmZ¨ ªóvÕ ÔCk¦‡ii fvjevmvi cvÎÕi K_v ej‡jI gyn¤§`-Gi bvgwU †Kv_vI D‡j−L Ki‡jb bv, GgbwK GB evYx cqM¤^i w`e‡mi Rb¨ Abyi“× n‡q wjL‡jI bv| c‡ii evYx ZLbKvi weL¨vZ e¨vwi÷vi m¨vi Avãyj−vn& myniIqvw ©i Aby‡iv‡a 1934 mv‡ji d‡Znv †`vqvR`ng Dcj‡¶ iex› ªbv_ wj‡L cvVvb, ÔBmjvg c„w_exi gnËg a‡g©i g‡a¨ GKwU| GB Kvi‡Y Zvi AbyewZ©M‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Amxg, †h‡nZz Avcb Rxe‡b GB a‡g©i gnË¡ . . .Õ BZ¨vw` wj‡L †kl ev‡K¨ †j‡Lb, ÔAvR‡Ki GB cyY¨ Abyôvb Dcj‡¶ gymwjg fvB‡`i m‡½ GK‡hv‡M Bmjv‡gi gnvFwli D‡Ï‡k¨ Avgvi fw³ Dcnvi Ac©Y K‡i DrcxwoZ fviZe‡l©i Rb¨ Zuvi Avkxe©v` I mvš—¡bv Kvgbv Kwi|Õ(35) Bmjv‡gi ÔgnvFwlÕi bvgwU ZeyI wZwb Kj‡gi wb‡e m„wó Ki‡jb bv ! Z…Zxq evYx bqvw`j−xi Rvgv gmwR` cÖKvwkZ cqM¤^i msL¨vi Rb¨ ï‡f”QvevZ©v| iex› ªbv_ 27 †deª“qvix 1936 mv‡j kvwš—wb‡KZb †_‡K evZ©vwU cvVvb, Ôwhwb we‡k¦i gnËg‡`i Ab¨Zg, †mB cweÎ cqM¤^i nRiZ gn¤§‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ Avwg Avgvi Aš—‡ii Mfxi kª×v wb‡e`b Kwi| gvby‡li BwZnv‡m . . .|Õ(35) †Zv GB wZbwU evYx iex› ª iPbvejx‡Z GgbwK cwiwkó wn‡m‡eI Aš—f©y³ nqwb| fviZe‡l© AvMZ gymwjg kvmK‡`i KxwZ© wb‡q †Kv‡bv D”Q¡vm, cÖksmvcÎ bv wjL‡jI ejvKvÕi Aš—M©Z ÔZvRgnjÕ Ges GB ZvRgn‡ji Kvi‡YB Ô†n mgªvU KweÕ ev ÔfviZ-Bk¦i kvRvnvbÕ cÖksmvab¨ KweZv ÔkvRvnvbÕ†j‡Lb | mvaviY gymjgvb K…lK-cÖRv‡`i m‡½ Rwg`vi iex› ªbv‡_i h‡_ó NwbôZv ˆZwi n‡jI wZwb mvwn‡Z¨ Zv‡`i cÖ‡ek AwaKvi mxgve× K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| mgªvU (kvRvnvb), beve (gymjgvbxi Mí), kvnvRv`v I Zvi Kb¨v (`vwjqv), KL‡bv M‡íi PwiÎ n‡q G‡jI Aeskxq, Kzj †MŠienxb mvaviY gymjgv‡biv bq| †ewk n‡j Ôgymjgvb PvKiÕ, gymjgvb cvMj (¶zwaZ cvlvY), BZ¨vw`| Z‡e iex› ªbv_ 1891 mv‡j Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi ci †_‡K RvZ ag© Kz‡ji AwZwi³ evQwePvi D‡c¶v K‡i cÖRv‡`i GKvm‡bi e¨e ’v K‡ib, Ôme Avmb Zz‡j w`‡q wn›`y-gymjgvb-eªvþY-PÊvj mevB‡K GKB ai‡Yi Avm‡b emvi e¨e ’v Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ(35) e‡j‡Qb, ÔcÖvPxb cÖ_v Avwg eywS bv| mevi R‡b¨ GKvmb Ki‡Z n‡e| Rwg`vi wnmv‡e GB Avgvi cÖ_g

13

ûKzg|Õ(35) Ges Rwg`vwii cÖ_g w`‡bB cÖviw¤¢K fvl‡Y †NvlYv Ki‡jb, Ômvnv‡`i nvZ †_‡K †kL‡`i euvPv‡Z n‡e| GUvB Avgvi me©cÖavb KvR|Õ(35) my`‡Lvi gnvRb‡`i nvZ †_‡K Pvlx‡`i gy³ Kievi Rb¨ K…wlF‡Yi e¨e ’v K‡ib, †Lv‡jb K…wle¨v¼ 1905 mv‡j| c‡i †bv‡ej cÖvBR wn‡m‡e cÖvß UvKvI IB e¨v‡¼ Xv‡jb| cvwZm‡i Aew ’Z mgevq c×wZi K…wle¨v¼ Kzwo eQi Pjvi ci †dj K‡i| iex›`ªbv_ FYMÖ — n‡q c‡ob| AwaKvsk gnvRbB wQj wn› y| Avi †h cÖRv-K…lK‡`i myweavi Rb¨ K…wle¨v¼ †Lvjv nq Zv‡`i AwaKvsk wQ‡jb gymjgvb| hy³e‡½i ¯§„wZ MÖ‡š’ Abœ`vksKi ivq †`wL‡q‡Qb gymjgvb cÖRv iex› ªbv_‡K KZ fvjevm‡Zb| Rwg`vi iex› ªbv_ I cÖRv m¤ú‡K©i cÖksmv wewfbœ MÖ‡š’ Qwo‡q Av‡Q| †m m‡ei LwZqvb bv K‡i ZLbKvi ivRkvnx †Rjv †M‡RwUqv‡i mv`v Kg©KZ©v Gj Gm Gm I-g¨v‡j Rwg`vi iex› ªbv_ m¤ú‡K© hv e‡j‡Qb ZvB c‡o †`Lv hvK| “It must not be imagined that a powerful landlord is always oppressive and uncharitable. A striking instance to the contrary is given in the Settlement Officer’s account of the estate of Rabindranath Tagore, the Bengali poet, whose fame is world-wide. It is clear that to poetical genius he adds practical and beneficial ideas of estate management, which shoiuld be an example to the local Zemindars. A very favourable example of estate government is shown in the property of the poet, Sir Rabindranath Tagore. The proprietors brook no rivals. Sub-infeudation within the estate is forbidden, raiyats are not allowed to sublet on pain of ejectment. There are three divisions of the estate, each under a Sub-manager with a staff of tahasildars, whose accounts are strictly supervised. Half of the Dakhilas are checked by an officer of the head office. Employees are expected to deal fairly with the raiyats and unpopularity earns dismissal. Registration of transfer is granted on a fixed fee, but is refused in the case of an undesirable transferee. Remissions of rent are granted when inability to pay is proved. In 1312 it is said that the amount remitted was Rs.57,595. There are Lower Primary Schools in each division and at Patisar, the centre of management, there is a High English School with 250 students and a charitable dispensary. These are maintained out of a fund to which the estate contributes annually Rs.1,250 and the raiyats 6 pies to rupee in their rent. There is an annual grant of Rs.240 for the relief of cripples and the blind. An agricultural bank advances loans to riyats at 12 percent per annum. The depositors are chiefly Calcutta friends of the poet, who get interest at 7 percent. The bank has about Rs.90,000 invested in loans.” (36)

cvkvcvwk VvKzi evwoi Ab¨ Rwg`vi‡`i m‡½ iex› ªbv‡_iI cÖRv-cxob, gymjgvb cÖRv-cxo‡biI we —i Awf‡hvM Av‡Q, Awf‡hvM Av‡Q cÖRv-wbh©vZ‡bi `wjjcÎ bó K‡i †djvi, fq †`wL‡q gyL eÜ K‡i ivLvi| LvRbv cwi‡kv‡a AcviM gymjgvb cÖRvi evwo‡Z Av¸b jvwM‡q †`evi, GgbwK gymjgvb cÖRv‡`i wk¶v †`evi Rb¨ bgtk~`ª cÖRv G‡b gymjgvb‡`i GjvKvq emwZ

’vc‡bi mv¤cÖ`vwqK eyw×I iex›`ªbv_ K‡iwQ‡jb| mgvRZš¿ev`x KvOvj nwibv‡_i cwÎKv ÔMÖvgevZ©vÕq VvKzi Rwg`vi‡`i wbcxo‡bi A‡bK Lei weeiY Qvcv n‡Zv| wewkó †jLK kªx A¶qKzgvi ˆg‡Îq-i †jLv ÔwmivR‡ÏŠjvÕ MÖ‡š’i cÖksmvm~PK Av‡jvPbv wj‡LwQ‡jb iex›`ªbv_| c‡i hLb iex›`ªbv‡_i I VvKzi Rwg`vi‡`i bvbv wbôyi NUbv D‡j−L K‡i KvOvj nwibv_ kªx A¶q ˆg‡Îq‡K wPwV †j‡Lb, Ges ˆg‡Îq gnvkq Zuvi GK cÖe‡Ü nwibv‡_i wPwVi fvl¨ D‡j−L K‡ib, Zv‡Z iex› ªbv_ fxlY i“ó n‡q A¶qKzgvi ‰g‡Îq-i Ôivbx fevbxÕ MÖš’ cÖKv‡ki A_©mvnv‡h¨i cÖwZkÖ“wZ`vZv eÜz Rwg`vi bv‡Uv‡ii gnvivRv RM`x› ªbv_ ivq‡K e‡j cÖZ¨vnvi Kwi‡q †bb| Ôiex‡› ªvËi Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥ iex› ª g~j¨vqbÕ cÖe‡Üi Rb¨ Aa¨vcK Avn¤§` kixd M‡elK Aa¨vcK Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix‡K KvOvj nwibv‡_i ÔMÖvgevZ©vÕ Ges VvKzi Rwg`vi‡`i m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †P‡q wPwV †j‡Lb| kixd mv‡n‡ei wPwVi Dˇi Aa¨vcK Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayixi †jLv wPwV‡Z mswk−ó cÖPzi Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ nq| wPwVwUi cÖvmw½KZv we‡ePbv K‡i Avi GKevi c‡o †`Lv hvK t

14

7. 9. 85 kª×vfvR‡bly

m¨vi, mvjvg Rvb‡eb| Amy¯’Zvi R‡b¨ Avcbvi wPwVi Reve w`‡Z K‡qKw`b †`ix n‡jv| AbyMÖn K‡i gvd& Ki‡eb Avgv‡K| VvKzi Rwg`vi‡`i cÖRvcxo‡bi msev` KvOvj nwibv‡_i ÔMÖvgevZ©v cÖKvwkKvÕi †Kvb& el© †Kvb& msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj Zv

Avgvi mwVK Rvbv †bB| Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q ÔMÖvgevZ©vÕi †h dvBj Av‡Q, Zv‡Z GB msev` †bB| cÖRvcxo‡bi GB msev`-m~ÎwU cvIqv hvq KvOvj-wkl¨ HwZnvwmK A¶qKzgvi ˆg‡Îqi GKwU cÖe‡Ü| KvOv‡ji g„Zz¨i ci A¶qKzgv‡ii GB cÖeÜwU my‡ikP›`ª mgvRcwZ m¤úvw`Z ÔmvwnZ¨Õ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| GB cÖe‡Ü ˆg‡Îqevey KvOvj nwibv‡_i msev`cÎ cwiPvjbvq mZZv I mvn‡mi cwiPq cÖm‡½ cÖRvcxo‡bi msev` ÔMÖvgevZ©vÕq cÖKv‡ki D‡j−L K‡ib| VvKzi-Rwg`vi‡`i AZ¨vPvi m¤ú‡K© nwibv_ wb‡R A¶qKzgvi‡K †h cÎ †j‡Lb, wZwb GB cÖe‡Ü Zv DׄZ K‡i †`b| GB cÖeÜ cÖKv‡ki d‡j iex› ªbv_ we‡kl i“ó I AcÖmbœ nb Ges Zuvi Aš—i½ eÜz bv‡Uv‡ii gnvivRv RM`x› ªbv_ ivq‡K e‡j A¶qKzgv‡ii Ôivbx fevbxÕ MÖš’cÖKv‡ki A_©-mvnv‡h¨i cÖwZkÖ“wZ cÖZ¨vnvi Kivb| KvOvj-cyÎ mZxkP›`ª gRyg`vi-m~‡Î Rvbv hvq, VvKzi-Rwg`vi‡`i cÖRvcxo‡bi msev`-cÖKv‡ki Aciv‡a (?) Zuviv jvwVqvj-¸Êv jvwM‡q KvOvj‡K kv‡q¯ —v Kivi e¨e¯’v †bb| GBme NUbv VvKzi-Rwg`vixi BwZnv‡mi `ytLRbK ÔKv‡jv Aa¨vqÕ|

G-Qvov Ab¨Î, †hgb gxi gkviid †nv‡mb m¤úvw`Z ÔwnZKixÕ cwÎKvq, VvKzi-Rwg`viiv †h cÖRvmvavi‡Yi `ytL-Kó †gvP‡b †Zgb Zrci I g‡bv‡hvMx wQ‡jb bv Zvi Bw½Z Av‡Q| VvKzieveyiv Zuv‡`i Rwg`vix-GjvKvq †Mv-†Kvievbx wbwl× †NvlYv K‡ib Ges GB wb‡`©k Agvb¨Kvix‡`i bvbvfv‡e wbM„nxZ n‡Z nq| wkjvB`n VvKzi-Rwg`vixi GB f~ ^vgx-¯^v_©i¶vi †KŠkj-e¨e¯’v I cÖRvcxo‡bi HwZn¨ Pvicyi“‡li, ØviKvbv_ †_‡K my‡i›`ªbv_ ch©š—| KvOvj nwibv‡_i w`bwjwc‡ZI Gi Bw½Z †g‡j| wkjvB`n Rwg`vix‡Z iex› ªbv‡_i Avg‡jI wKQy AevwÃZ I AcÖxwZKi NUbv NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| P‡ii gymjgvb cÖRv‡`i wXuX Kievi Rb¨ bgtk~`ª cÖRv G‡b emwZ ¯’vc‡bi mv¤cÖ`vwqK-eyw×I iex› ªbv‡_i gv_v †_‡KB †ewi‡qwQj| G-Qvov cyÎ i_x› ªbv‡_i wbix¶vg~jK k‡Li K…wl-Lvgv‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b Mixe gymjgvb Pvlxi wf‡UgvwU `Lj K‡i Zvi cwie‡Z© Zv‡K P‡ii Rwg eiv‡Ïi gnvbyfeZvI iex› ªbv_ cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb| G-me K_v I Kvwnbx D³-RxebxKvi‡`i hZœ I †mŠR‡b¨ Pvcv c‡o †M‡Q| mZ¨ BwZnvm‡K Zz‡j ai‡Z †M‡j A‡bK‡KB nq‡Zv mv¤cÖ`vwqK ev iex› ª-we‡Ølx wk‡ivcv, bq‡Zv my‡fv VvKz‡ii (Ôwe¯§„wZPviYvi cÖwZwμqvÕ `ªóe¨) g‡Zv wa°vi I wZi ‹vi AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| VvKzi-Rwg`vi‡`i cÖRv-cxo‡bi wel‡q Avwg iex›`ªbv‡_i wkjvB`n Rxe‡bi wbcyY fvl¨Kvi kªx kPx›`ªbv_ AwaKvix‡K (wZwb wb‡R wkjvB`nevmx I VvKzi-G‡÷‡Ui Kg©Pvix wQ‡jb Ges GB welq¸‡jv Rvb‡Zb) wPwVc‡Î bvbv cÖkœ K‡iwQjvg| wZwb G-me wRÁvmvi Reve Gwo‡q I A¯^xKvi K‡i GB ai‡Yi †KŠZ‚nj‡K iex› ª-we‡Ølx e‡j AwfwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb| Dcwi-ewY©Z welq¸‡jvi wKQy wKQy Z_¨ Avgvi msM‡n Av‡Q| Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †m¸‡jv cvVv‡Z cvwi| Avcbvi wb‡`©‡ki A‡c¶vq iBjvg| GB wel‡q Avcwb †Kvb cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb Kx bv Rvwb‡q evwaZ Ki‡eb| Avgvi M‡elYvi KvR (Ôgxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi wkíKg© I mgvRwPš—vÕ) Pvwj‡q hvw”Q| G-eQ‡ii g‡a¨ w_wmm& Rgv †`‡ev Ggb Avkv Av‡Q| Avgvi †jLvi Kv‡R Avcbvi cÖkªq I †cÖiYvi K_v kª×vi m‡½ ¯§iY Kwi| Avcbvi Rev‡ei cÖZ¨vkvq iBjvg| Avš —wiK kª×v I mvjvg Rvwb‡q †kl Kwi| †ønwm³, Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix (34)

†ckv wn‡m‡e Rwg`vwi iex› ªbv_ KL‡bv Avb‡›` MÖnY K‡ibwb, †fvMI K‡ibwb| wcZ…‡`‡ei Av‡`k bv n‡j KL‡bv wZwb nq‡Zv Rwg`vwi mkix‡i Ki‡Zb bv| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvgvi Rb¥MZ †ckv Rwg`vwi wKš‘ Avgvi ¯^fveMZ †ckv Avmgvb`vwi| GB wRwbmUvi c‡i Avgvi kª×vi GKvš— Afve| Avwg Rvwb Rwg`vi Rwgi †RuvK ; †m c¨vivmvBU, civwkªZ Rxe|Õ(37) Ôivq‡Zi K_vÕ cÖe‡Ü Rwg`vwi AwfÁZv †_‡K AviI A‡bK K_v wj‡L‡Qb| Z‡e †kl ch©š— wZwb Rwg`vwi D‡”Q‡` ev GB cÖ_v i` Kivi wec‡¶ wQ‡jb| Rwg`vi i³‡Pvlv †RuvK n‡jI wZwb GB cÖ_v A¶Yœ ivLvi A™¢~Z Abygvb hyw³ Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Qb, cÖRv I ivqZ‡`i nv‡Z

15

Rwg _vK‡j Ôgv‡ovqvwi `Lj ’vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ μgk Rwg wQwb‡q wb‡Z B”Qv K‡i, Zv n‡j AwZ mn‡RB mg — evsjv Zviv Nvwbi cv‡K Nywi‡q Zvi mg — †Zj wbs‡o wb‡Z cv‡i|Õ(37) K…l‡Ki nv‡Z K…l‡Ki Rwg wdwi‡q w`‡Z wZwb AviI mgm¨v Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Ôg~j K_vUv GB − ivq‡Zi eyw× †bB, we`¨v †bB, kw³ †bB, Avi ab ’v‡b kwb| Zviv †Kv‡bvg‡Z wb‡R‡K i¶v Ki‡Z Rv‡b bv| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ hviv Rv‡b Zv‡`i g‡Zv fqsKi Rxe Avi †bB| ivqZ-Lv`K, ivq‡Zi ¶zav †h KZ me©‡b‡k Zvi cwiPq Avgvi Rvbv Av‡Q|(37) Kv‡RB Rwg`vi †_‡K we`¨v eyw× kw³nxb g~p ivqZ †ewk fqsKi ! †Zv iex› ªbv_ AwfÁZv †_‡K ivq‡Zi wei“‡× Rwgv`‡ii c‡¶ IKvjwZ K‡i e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvgvi †hUzKz AwfÁZv Zv‡Z ej‡Z cvwi, Avgv‡`i †`‡k g~p ivqZ‡`i Rwg Aev‡a n —vš—i Kivi AwaKvi †`Iqv AvZ¥nZ¨vi AwaKvi †`Iqv|Õ(37) iex› ªbv_ †h Ôg~jK_vÕ ej‡jb, ZviI g~j Av‡Q, Ges g~‡ji KviY n‡jv, ÔkZKiv cÖvq 90 Rb Rwg`vi wQj (D”Pe‡Y©i) wn› y Ges AwaKvsk K…lK wQj gymjgvb I Z_vKw_Z wbæRvZ wn› y|Õ(38) iex› ªbv_ m‡PZbfv‡e ivq‡Zi g~pZvi Ici `vq Pvwc‡q wb‡Ri †kªYxi ¯^v_© A¶zYœ †`L‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| 1793-G wPi ’vqx e‡›`ve‡ —i d‡j †h Rwg`vi‡kªYxi D™¢e nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Bs‡i‡Ri Ô†ewbqvbÕ iex› ªbv‡_i wcZvgn wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKziI wQ‡jb| Bs‡i‡Ri m‡½ evwYR¨ Ges Rwg`vwi †Kbvq wZwb mdj nb| c‡i gnwl© †`‡e› ªbv_I GB Rwg`vwi eû¸Y e„w× Ki‡Z m¶g nb| Bs‡iR kvm‡bi `ywU wbf©i‡hvM¨ LyuwUB wQj GK, Rwg`vi Avi yB, gyrmywÏ ey‡R©vqv| iex› ªbv‡_i wcZvgn I wcZv GB yB LyuwUi Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb ˆewK| AwgZvf †PŠayix, Abœ`vksKi ivq cÖgy‡Li mvdvB Avi Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix cÖgy‡Li wecixZ Z_¨ †hgbB †nvK bv †Kb, ^qs iex› ªbv‡_i Rxeb I iPbvejx fve‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i †h wZwb ag©eY©MZ H‡K¨i e`‡j RbMZ HK¨ cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡jI kv‡ ¿i †`vnvB w`‡q RvZPP©vi wb›`v Ki‡jI Zuvi mvwn‡Z¨ gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖwZ Kiv n‡q‡Q wb ©q kxZj D‡c¶v, KL‡bv mie wb›`v| fvM¨weavZvi AhvwPZ e`vb¨Zvq wcZv †`‡e› ªbv_ VvKzi evjK iex› ªbv_‡K wb‡q hvb kvwš—wb‡KZb †_‡K Ag„Zmi, Wvj‡nŠwm †_‡K wngvj‡qi e‡μvUv ce©ZwkL‡i| 1873-Gi †deª“qvwi‡Z GB hvÎv ïi“ n‡qwQj| Ôwngvj‡qi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖejZv, wbtm½Zv I Hk¦‡h©i wfZi ¯vaxb wePi‡YiÕ K_v iex› ªbv_ Rweb¯§„wZ‡Z ej‡jI †mB ^vaxbZv wQj gnwl© Aby‡gvw`Z| Dcbq‡bi ci ci GB wngvjq hvÎv ïay Avb›` ågY bq − †e`, Dcwbl`, Fwl‡`i fviZ AvZ¥v‡K Aš—‡ii wfZi Avwe®‹vi I Dcjwä Kiv‡bv wQj wcZvi D‡Ïk¨| †Mviv Dcb¨v‡m c‡ikeveyi Kv‡Q †MŠi-Gi K‡É iex› ªbv_ †h cÖv_©bv K‡ib †mB Dcjwäi m~Pbv GB e‡μvUv ce©Z wkLi †_‡K ejv hvq, ÔAvcwb Avgv‡K AvR †mB †`eZviB gš¿ w`b, whwb wn› y gymjgvb L„÷vb eªvþ mK‡jiB − huvi gw›`‡ii Øvi †Kv‡bv RvwZi Kv‡Q, †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Kv‡Q, †Kv‡bvw`b Aei“× nq bv − whwb †KejB wn› yi †`eZv bb, whwb fviZe‡l©i †`eZv|(39) mvwn‡Z¨i GB fviZel© KZUv Aš—‡i ev e¨envwiK Rxe‡bi wfZi cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj ! ÔRbMZ HK¨Õ ev ÔmK‡ji fviZel©Õ Zuvi cÖvw_©Z, GK A‡_© GB †eva Zuvi Dcwbl‡`i wk¶v n‡jI, Dcb¨v‡mi †Mviv †mB Dcjwä‡Z †cuŠQv‡Z cvi‡jI, cwievi we‡kl K‡i evev †`‡e› ªbv‡_i AbwZμg¨ cÖfv‡e iex›`ªbv‡_i Zv AR©b Kiv memgq m¤¢e nqwb| iex› ªbv‡_i Kv‡Q Dcwbl` c„w_exe¨vß Av‡jv, †h Av‡jvq D™¢vwmZ mK‡jB . . . †Zgwb †`‡e›`ªbv‡_i eªvþag© ev Avw` eªvþ mgv‡Ri Abym„Z wn› y eªvþ I wn› y‡Z¡i wfZi †_‡KB Ab¨‡K Ges c„w_ex‡K †evSv| Ôwn› y eªvþiv wn› yB, A_©vr †h e¨w³ †m eªvþ nB‡jI wn› y, eªvþ bv nB‡jI wn› y| . . . wn› y mgv‡R åg Av‡Q, AÜms ‹vi Av‡Q, meB Av‡Q gvwb wKš‘ Zvnvi †P‡q †ewk Kwiqv gvwb wn› y mgv‡RI mZ¨ Av‡Qb, g½j Av‡Qb, eªþ Av‡Qb| wn› y mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ Avwg †mB m‡Z¨i w`‡K g½‡ji eª‡þi w`‡K

uvovBe BnvB †hb Avgvi msKí nq| . . . eªvþag© wn›`y-BwZnv‡mi GKwU weKvk, A_©vr eªvþag© hZ e‡ovB me©Rbxb ag© nDK bv, weavZvi m„wói wbqg Zvnv‡KI gvwb‡Z nq, bZzev Zvnv mZ¨B nB‡Z cv‡i bv|Õ(40) iex›`ªbv_‡K GB e³e¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq hLb †Kkeevey‡`i eªvþ gZ wn›`y‡`i m¼xY© MÊx A‡bKKvj Av‡MB AwZμg K‡i‡Q e‡j `vex K‡ib| DcexZaviY ev ˆcZvMÖnY mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ AwaKvi I RvZ‡f` wba©viY K‡i| wn› ya‡g©i weKvkgvb I ms ‹vigy³ AvaywbK‡`i ˆcZv aviY ms ‹vi‡K AvM‡j _vKviB bvgvš—i| wKš‘ iex›`ªbv_ g‡b K‡ib, ‰cZv ev DcexZaviY weavZviB wbqg, †h wbqg K…wÎg bq †mB wbqg ev MÊx AwZμg Kiv m¤¢e bq|

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†`‡e› ªbv_ 1843 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m Av‡iv 20 R‡bi m‡½ eªvþag© cÖPjb I `x¶vMÖnY K‡ib| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q †hgb wQj wØavØ›Ø, †Zgwb wQj AwePjZv| ivLvj`vm nvj`vi eªvþ‡`i DcexZ Z¨vM Kiv we‡aq e‡j g‡b K‡ib, eªvþa‡g© `x¶vMÖn‡Yi ci RvwZ‡f‡`i ¯§viK ˆcZv Kvg¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ivLvj`v‡mi GB mvnmx cÖ —ve †ck K‡iwQ‡jb 1845 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m eªvþ m‡¤§j‡b| †`‡e› ªbv_ VvKzi 1867Õi w`‡K DcexZ Z¨vM K‡ib, eÜz ivRvbvivqY emy‡K †j‡Lb, Ôeªvþ‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv RvwZ‡f` _vwK‡Z cv‡i bvÕ(41) ÔGes eªvþw`‡Mi Dcbqb ^ag©m¤§Z b‡n|Õ(41) GgbwK gnwl© eªvþ‡`i g‡a¨ ZLb AmeY© weevn n‡Z cv‡i e‡j gZ †`b| gnwl© wb‡Ri D‡`¨v‡M AeªvþY †KkeP› ª †mb‡K eªvþmgv‡Ri AvPv‡h©i c‡` Awfwl³ K‡iwQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb mg‡q GBme ms ‹vi GKiKg ˆec−weK ˆewK| Z‡e gnwl©i cwiev‡ii mK‡j ivZvivwZ mKj AvPvi-ms¯‹vi eR©b K‡i eªvþ n‡q DV‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i m‡½ Zxeª we‡iv‡aI wZwb Rwo‡q co‡Z ivwR wQ‡jb bv, ÔgvZv, wcZv, ¿x, cy·K `ytL w`qv ^RvwZ nB‡Z c„_K nIqv KZ©e¨ b‡nÕ(41) e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| †`‡e›`ªbv‡_i ˆec−weK Av`k© wb‡Ri g‡b Avi wPwVc‡Îi gZvg‡Z hZUv weivR K‡i ZZUv Zvi msmv‡i bq| Ges wZwb Zv PvbI wb, ¯^RvwZ nB‡Z c„_K nIqv KZ©e¨ Ávb K‡ibwb| †`‡e›`ªbv_ hZw`b †eu‡P wQ‡jb ZZw`b VvKzi cwiev‡i †Kv‡bv AmeY© we‡q nqwb, w؇R› ªbv_, m‡Z¨›`ªbv_, †mŠ`vwgbx †`exi we‡q n‡qwQj m¤ú~Y© wn› y ixwZ‡Z| weevn, AbœcÖvmb, bvgKiY BZ¨vw` wn› yg‡ZB AbywôZ n‡Zv| Ôevsjvi mvgvwRK BwZnv‡mi avivÕ MÖ‡š’ webq †Nvl †`wL‡q‡Qb, mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK AvPvi-Abyôv‡b wn› yixwZi m‡½ cÖKvk¨ we‡”Q` I we‡iva gnwl©i Kvg¨ wQj bv| wn›`yixwZi m‡½ †`‡e›`ªbv‡_i GB Av‡cvlx g‡bvfve †kl ch©š— eªvþmgvR‡K yB fv‡M fvM K‡i †d‡j| †KkeP› ª †m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Zi“Y cÖMwZkxj Ask MVb K‡ib fviZel©xq eªvþmgvR, Avi †`‡e› ªbv‡_i †bZ…‡Z¡ cÖwZwôZ nq Avw` eªvþmgvR| GB fv½b P~ovš — nq 11 b‡f¤^i 1864 mv‡j| Ôkªxhy³ be‡Mvcvj wgÎ gnvk‡qi D &‡hv‡M I kªxhy³ M‡Y› ªbv_ VvKzi gnvk‡qi AbyK‚j¨ I Drmv‡n wn› y‡gjv cÖwZwôZ nBj| kªxhy³ w؇R› ªbv_ VvKzi I †`‡e› ªbv_ gwj−K nB‡jb †gjvi cÖavb c„ô‡cvlK|Õ(7) M‡Y› ªbv_ VvKzi wQ‡jb gnwl©i fvB wMix› ªbv‡_i †Q‡j Ges c„ô‡cvlK w؇R› ªbv_ VvKzi ^qs gnwl©i eo‡Q‡j| wn› yRvZxqZvev`x †PZbv I wn› y g‡Zi gvby‡li GB wgj‡b gnwl©I wQ‡jb mkix‡i mg_©K| c~‡e© Dwj −wLZ RvZxq mfvi GK mfvq 1872 mv‡j †`‡e›`ªbv_ mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib, Avi ivRbvivqvY emy e³„Zv K‡ib Ôwn› y a‡g©i †kªôZ¡Õ wel‡q| †`‡e› ªbv_ ax‡i ax‡i cÖPwjZ wn› y ixwZbxwZ‡Z wd‡i Av‡mb| GK mgq wZwb DcexZ Z¨vM Ki‡jI 1873 mv‡j gnv mgv‡iv‡n wZwb cyÎ †mŠ‡g›`ªbv_ I iex›`ªbv_‡K DcexZ `vb K‡ib| ïay ZvB bq, gnwl©i we‡kl eÜz, VvKzi cwiev‡ii wbKURb, eªvþmgv‡Ri mfvcwZ ivRbvivqY emy‡K iex› ªbv‡_i Dcbqb Abyôv‡b Dcbqb M„‡n Avmb MÖnY Kivq k~ ª e‡j AcgvwbZ I weZvwoZ n‡Z nq| evjK iex› ªbv‡_i mvg‡bB GB NUbv N‡U| Jcwblw`K Av`k©, cÖvPxb ev Avw` fviZel©xq `k©b Ges wn› y AvPvi Abyôv‡bi m‡½ †`‡e› ªbv‡_i ag©xq I Rxebv`‡k©i cÖfve iex› ªbv‡_i Ici N‡U cÖejfv‡e| Ô†`‡e› ªbv‡_i ag©xq Av`‡k©i cÖwZdjb iex› ªbv‡_ h‡ZvUv Mfxifv‡e c‡owQ‡jv, cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i Ici Z‡ZvUv c‡owb|Õ(42) GKwU NUbv ¯§iY Kiv hvK| iex›`ªbv‡_i fvB ex‡i› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Q‡j e‡j›`ªbv‡_i gvÎ 29 eQi eq‡m g„Zz n‡j Zvi wK‡kvix weaev mvnvbv †`exi weev‡ni Av‡qvRb nq| we`¨vmvM‡ii weaev weevnixwZ cÖPj‡bi ZLb ga¨hyM| mvnvbv †`ex P‡j †M‡Qb wcZvi M„‡n| gnwl© †`‡e› ªbv_ eªvþ n‡qI weaev weev‡ni c‡¶ KL‡bv K_v e‡jbwb| Avi ZLb †Zv wZwb cwiwPZ wn› y eªvþY eªvþ| Zuvi c‡¶ weaev we‡q †g‡b †bqv Am¤¢e| nvRvi †nvK VvKzi evwoi weaev, Zvi m¤§vb †bB ! gnwl© eo‡Q‡j w؇R› ªbv_‡K ej‡jb GB we‡q hv‡Z bv nq Zvi e¨e ’v wb‡Z| wn› y‡gjvi c„ô‡cvlK n‡jI ms ‹…wZevb w؇R› ªbv_ AcviM n‡jb wcZvi GB AgvbweK wb‡`©k gvb¨ Ki‡Z| AvB wm Gm m‡Z¨› ªbv‡_i c‡¶ †Zv m¤¢eB bq| wZwb GB we‡qi †Nvi mg_©K, Dciš‘ wZwb ZLb bvixev`x n‡q D‡V‡Qb| †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_I wcZvi B”Qv c~i‡Y Amg_© n‡jb, KviY wZwbI Pvb wK‡kvix mvnvbv †`ex AKvj ˆea‡e¨i Awfkvc gy³ cÖvYficyi msmv‡i wd‡i AvmyK| ZLb gnwl© WvK‡jb KwbôcyÎ iwe‡K| gnwl©i Av‡`k †hfv‡eB †nvK G we‡q eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| iex› ªbv_ wcZvi Av‡`k wkiavh© K‡i mvnvbv †`wei wcÎvj‡q †h‡q we‡q e‡Üi e¨e¯’v K‡i VvKzievwoi wK‡kvix weaev my›`ix mvnvbv †`ex‡K †Rvovmuv‡Kvi evwo‡Z wdwi‡q Av‡bb| GB NUbv D‡j−L K‡i AwgZvf †PŠayix iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔgvbwmK ؇›Ø RxY©Õ nIqvi K_v e‡jb, e‡jb iex› ªbv_ bxwZMZfv‡e GB we‡q mg_©b K‡iwQ‡jb| `yt‡Li welq AwgZvf evey Zvi GB g‡Zi mg_©‡b GKwU bwR‡ii K_vI D‡j−L Ki‡Z

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cv‡ibwb| †Kv‡bv `„óvš— Qvov GB gZ Zuvi e¨w³MZ ^KwíZ gZ e‡jB g‡b nq| iex›`ªbv_ `xN© Rxe‡b kZmnmª M`¨ c‡`¨ we`¨vmvMi cÖewZ©Z wn› y weevnixwZ mg_©b K‡i †Kv‡bv wKQy †j‡Lbwb| bvbvai‡Yi Mí wgwj‡q †`okZvwaK M‡íi g‡a¨ GKwU gvÎ Mí ÔcÖwZ‡ewkbxÕ| GB M‡í GK weaevi cvwYcÖv_©x `yB Zi“Y‡K wb‡q GKwU cÖnm‡bi g‡Zv Mí †j‡Lb| iex› ªbv‡_i †jLv cÖeÜ wbe‡Üi welq †`‡L Awff~Z I wew¯§Z n‡Z nq, Kx welq wb‡q wZwb †j‡Lbwb ! ïaygvÎ weave weevn welqwUB hv e¨wZμg| †`‡e› ªbv_ g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib 1905 mv‡j| iex›`ªbv_ †Q‡j i_x› ªbv‡_i we‡q †`b 1907 mv‡j GK weaevi m‡½| wcZvi Av‡`k cvjb Ki‡Z †h‡q GK AKvj weaevi we‡q †f‡O w`‡qwQ‡jb, †mB wZwbB †Q‡ji we‡q †`b GK weaevi m‡½ ! Z‡e G‡¶‡Î cÖgvY Kiv KwVb †h, weaevi we‡q †f‡½ †`Iqvi gvbwmK `vq †_‡K gyw³i ev Av`k©MZ mg_©‡bi Kvi‡Y wZwb wb‡Ri †Q‡ji m‡½ weaevi we‡qi Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Qb| KviY weaev cvÎx mgv‡Ri Ab¨ †KD bq, †mI Avi GK VvKzi cwiev‡ii wbKU-AvZ¥xq, i_x› ªbv_ I iex›`ªbv‡_i c~e© †Pbv, iex› ªbv‡_i KvKv wMix›`ªbv‡_i †QvU‡Q‡j ¸‡Y› ªbv_, Zuvi Kb¨v webqbxi †g‡q A_©vr iex› ªbv‡_i AZ¨š— wcÖqfvRb Aebx›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii fvwMœ cÖwZgv †`ex AKvj ˆeae¨eiY Ki‡j i_x›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ we‡qi Av‡qvRb nq| eZ©gv‡bi weL¨vZ wek¦fviZx GKmgq wQj eªvþPh©vkªg| GB Avkªg cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj 1901 mv‡j| ZLb iex›`ªbv_ DcexZavix cwic~Y© GKRb eªvþY| we`¨vj‡qi cwie‡Z© wZwb e‡jb Avkªg| QvÎiv Kvlvqe¯ ¿avix gywÊZg —K, bMœc`| Aa¨vc‡KiI cÖvPxbKv‡ji gywb Fwl| Avkª‡g we`¨vcv‡Vi ïi“‡Z n‡Zv ˆew`K gš¿cvV, Dcvmbv I Aa¨vcK cÖYvg| wk¶‡Kiv mK‡j eªvþY| †m-mgq KzÄjvj †Nvl bv‡gi GKRb AeªvþY wk¶K G‡jb| eªvþYeskxq QvÎMY AeªvþY Aa¨vcK‡K cÖYvg Ki‡e bv| KzÄjvj weeªZ| me ï‡b iex› ªbv_ mswnZvi †`vnvB w`‡q ivq w`‡jb, bv, AeªvþY wk¶K‡K cÖYvg Kiv hv‡e bv| †ePviv KzÄjvj †Nvl‡K PvKwi †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡jv| c‡i μ‡gB cwieZ©gvb iex›`ªbv_ wb‡RB Avkª‡gi mKj ms ‹vi, AwZwi³ kv ¿ms ‹vi Dc‡o †d‡j wek¦ we`¨vqZb K‡i M‡o Zzj‡jb wek¦fviZx| Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ c~e©e‡½ Ae ’v‡bi mgq †QvU Mí KweZv Mvb iPbvi D¾¡j mg‡q AviI GKwU Mfxi †ev‡a iex› ªbv_ Av‡jvwoZ n‡qwQ‡jb − Zv n‡jv evDj `k©b, we‡kl K‡i wkjvB`‡ni jvjb kvn&Õi `k©bwF× MxZ KweZvq wZwb †c‡qwQ‡jb †mB gnvwgj‡bi H‡K¨i `k©b − Ôdvêybx,Õ ÔcwiÎvY,Õ ÔcÖvqwðË,Õ ÔAPjvqZb,Õ Ôkvi‡`vrme,Õ ÔivRv,Õ ÔFY‡kva,Õ Ôgy³avivÕ BZ¨vw` bvU‡K gyw³ I gnvwgj‡bi evDj `k©b Øviv cÖfvweZ| MxZvÄwji MxwZ KweZvq †Zv evDj wPš —vi Mfxi Qvc A‡bK M‡elK †`wL‡q‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i Jr. E. C. Dimock Zuvi Rabindranath Tagore – the greatest of the Bauls of Bengal cÖe‡Ü MxZvÄwji KweZvq evDj wPš—v I my‡ii cÖfv‡ei K_v e‡j‡Qb we — „Z K‡i| kvwš—‡`e †Nvl Ôiex› ªm½xZ wewPÎvÕ MÖ‡š’I GB cÖfv‡ei K_v e‡j‡Qb| kvwš —‡`e wj‡L‡Qb, Ôiex› ªbv‡_i Mv‡b †h evDj my‡ii cÖfve j¶Yxq, ZvI ga¨e‡½i evDj‡`i, cwðge‡½i bqÕ| wkjvB`n A‡ji evDj‡`i m‡½ Zuvi cwiPq n‡qwQj, Zv‡`i Mv‡b n‡qwQ‡jb Av‡jvwoZ| we‡kl K‡i c~e©e‡½i c`KZ©v jvjb kvn&, g`b, wekv, MMb, nvmb ivRvi Mvb wZwb kª×vi m‡½ ¯§iY K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e †Kv‡bv GKRb evDj ev c`KZ©vI Zuvi Mí ev bvU‡Ki fi‡K‡›`ª wPwÎZ n‡Z cv‡iwb| iex› ªbv_ Kzwóqvi †QDwoqvi AvLov †_‡K jvj‡bi Mv‡bi LvZv msMÖn K‡iwQ‡jb| †h LvZv ywU kvwš—wb‡KZ‡bi iex› ªfe‡b msiw¶Z i‡q‡Q| GB LvZv wb‡q A‡bK weZK© Awf‡hvM Av‡Q | GB cÖe‡Üi cÖvmw½KZv we‡ePbv K‡i ïay ejv hvq, 1322-Gi Avwk¦b †_‡K gvN msL¨v ÔcÖevmxÕ cwÎKvq ÔnvivgwYÕ wefv‡M iex› ªbv_ wb‡RB jvj‡bi KzwowU Mvb cÖKvk K‡i jvjb dwKi‡K we‡klfv‡e KjKvZvi wkw¶Z evey‡`i Kv‡Q cwiwPZ K‡i Zz‡jwQ‡jb| wkw¶Z, kn‡ii evey, iex› ªbv_I AZ¨š— i“wPevb, BD‡iv‡ci D”P‡kªYxi †mŠ›`h©ZË¡, wkí-mvwnZ¨ cv‡V Af¨ —‡`i Kv‡Q jvj‡bi Ô†jvKvj †UvbÕ wKQy BZiwe‡kl jv‡M| Zv‡`i

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f ªmgv‡R D”PviY wbwl× kã i“wP‡Z AvNvZ K‡i| iex› ªbv_ ZvB jvj‡bi Mv‡bi †mBme K_v Ôf ªmvg‡R D”PviY Kwi‡Z KzÉv‡eva nqÕ Ggb k‡ãi wKQy ÔcwigvR©bÕ K‡i cÖKvk K‡ib| Ô†Q‡jfyjv‡bv QovÕ cÖe‡Ü iex› ªbv_ GKwU cÖPwjZ Qovq †g‡q‡K k¦ïi evwo cvVv‡bvi †h KwVb Aš—‡e© bv Av‡Q Zvi welv`gq wP‡Îi Av‡jvPbv K‡i QovwUi GKwU mf¨cvV ˆZwi K‡ib| ÔKb¨vwUi gy‡L Gme fvlv e¨envi nIqv DwPr nq bv hvnv Avwg A`¨ f ªmgv‡R D”PviY Kwi‡Z KzÉv‡eva Kwi‡ZwQ| Z_vwc †mB QÎwU G‡Kev‡iB ev` w`‡Z cvwi‡ZwQ bv| KviY Zvnvi g‡a¨ BZi fvlv Av‡Q e‡U, wKš‘ Z`‡c¶v A‡bK AwaK cwigv‡Y weï× Ki“Y im Av‡Q|Õ(43) iex›`ªbv_ Zvi †kªYxi cÖwZwbwa A_ev we‡eK n‡q QovwUi BZi fvlvi wKQyUv e`j K‡ib| Ô†evb Kuv‡`b †evb Kuv‡`b Lv‡Ui Ly‡iv a‡i †mB †h †evb Mvj w`‡q‡Qb ^vgxLvKx e‡j|Õ iex› ªbv_ g~j K_vwU ÔfvZviLvwKÕ†K ¯vgxLvwK iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| ÔAev —e I Mvwj wn‡m‡e Ae¨eüZ ¯vgxLvwK K_vwUi Øviv wZwb g~‡ji Rxeš— MvwjwU‡K DrLvZ K‡i QovwUi GKwU f`ªmgv‡R cwi‡ek‡hvM¨ †Pnviv ˆZwi Ki‡jbÕ(43) Kvi ^v‡_© ? c~e©e‡½i mvaviY gymwjg cwiev‡i ¯vgxi cwie‡Z© fvZvi kãwUI e¨eüZ nq, Ges fvZviLvwK MvwjI weij bq D³ mgv‡R| myKzgvi †mb iex› ªbv_‡K nicÖmv` kv ¿xi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i e‡jb, Ôiex› ªbv_‡K mn‡RB ¶gv Ki‡Z cvwi| wZwb cwÊZ N‡ii †Q‡j wQ‡jb bv, myZivs eªvþY-cwʇZi ÔfvlÕ I fvlvi m‡½ Zuvi †Kv‡bv cwiPq wQj bv Ges cÖvPxb ai‡Yi K_K_v wZwb KL‡bv †kv‡bbwb| ZvB mvavi‡Y¨ AeMZ A‡bK cÖPwjZ evsjv k‡ãi m‡½ †m¸wji ’v‡b e¨eüZ be cÖPwjZ ms ‹…Z k‡ãi Zzjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|Õ(44) ms ‹…Z fË©„ ev fZ©v + mvs = fvZvi, †Zv ÔfvZviÕ ïay BZiR‡bi e¨vKiYnxb aŸwb bq| mgm¨v n‡jv fvlvi Ici cwÊZ †gvj−vi cy‡ivwnZwMwi| Zviv Zv‡`i nv‡Zi Rcgvjv ev ZmwenÕi mxgve× eywji evB‡i ¯^Ztù~Z© aŸwb ev fvlvi cÖvK…Z cÖevn‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Ôfvlv wRwbmUv cwÊZ ev †gvj−vi nv‡Zi †gviveŸv b‡n| †`‡ki Rjevqy I Av‡jv‡K Bnv cyó nBqv _v‡K| Bnv ^xq Rxeš— MwZi c‡_, B”Qvμ‡g eR©b I MÖnY Kwiqv Pwjqv hvq, ¯^xq jjvUwjwc‡Z †Kv‡bv wk¶‡Ki Qvc gvwiqv cwiwPZ nB‡Z Pvq bv|Õ(45) iex› ªbv‡_i Z_vKw_Z ms‡kvabx †g‡b †KD fvZviLvwK-‡K ^vgxLvwK ej‡e bv, GB fimv| evsjv fvlvUv †h cÖvK…Z fvlviB GKwU iƒc, †Uv‡ji cwÊZiv Zv ei`v — Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| †Rvi K‡i ms ‹…Z kã G‡b evsjvi ms ‹…Z iƒc †`evi †Póvi K_v `x‡bkP› ª †m‡bi Rev‡b †kvbv hvK, Ô†Uv‡ji cwʇZiv GB fvlvq Ach©¨vß ms ‹…Z kã Avbqb Kwiqv Bnvi kªx e`jvBqv w`qv‡Qb ; GBRb¨ KvnviI g‡b nB‡Z cv‡i, ev½vjv fvlv ms ‹…Z nB‡Z D™¢~Z nBqv‡Q| ms ‹…Z hy‡Mi c~eŸ© mvwnZ¨, we‡kl K‡i GB (ˆgqgbwmsn) MxwZKv¸wj cvV Kwi‡j †m fyj NywPqv hvB‡e| LuvwU ev½vjv †h cÖvK…‡Zi KZ wbKU I ms¯‹…Z nB‡Z KZ ~ieË©x Zvnv ¯úó ü`q½g nB‡e|Õ(45)

gvby‡li gy‡Li ¯^vfvweK ¯^Ztù‚Z© kã n‡jI †m kã hw` cÖPwjZ gvb evsjv ev KjKvZvi wkw¶Z‡`i gy‡Li eywj bv nq, iex› ªbv_ weeªZ‡eva K‡ib| evOvwj Ges we‡kl K‡i evOvwj gymjgv‡bi K‡É ÔLybÕ GKwU we‡kl cwiwPZ kã| Lyb k‡ãi e¨env‡ii ga¨ w`‡q A_© I e¨Äbv Sj‡m I‡V| iex› ªbv‡_i cÖkªqab¨, Ges iwe› ªbv_‡K whwb †`eZvi Avm‡b ewm‡q Av¶wiK A‡_©B c~Rv Ki‡Zb †mB Kwe KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi GKwU wcÖq kãI Lyb| i‡³i e`‡j Lyb k‡ãi بv_©‡evaK e¨envi bRi“j K‡i‡Qb eûevi ; iex› ªbv‡_i cv‡qi Kv‡Q e‡m Aviex dvwm© D ©y eûj k‡ã iwPZ Mvb eû ïwb‡q Kwe¸i“‡K Avbw›`Z K‡i‡Qb| GKevi iex› ªbv_ ÔLybÕ k‡ãi Ic‡i wei³ cÖKvk Ki‡jb| ÔKvÊvix ûwkqviÕ KweZvwU iex› ªbv_‡K ïwb‡q‡Qb bRi“j| GgbwK ÔDw`‡e †m iwe Avgv‡`iB Ly‡b ivwOqv cybe©viÕ MvbwUI †M‡q ïwb‡q‡Qb| ÔLybÕ k‡ãi e¨env‡i iex› ªbv‡_i weiw³i K_v ï‡b bRi“j e‡jb, ÔwZwb i‡³i c¶cvZx, A_©vr IB jvBbUv‡K ÔDw`‡e †m iwe †gv‡`wi i‡³ ivwOqv cybe©viÕI Kiv PjZ, wKš‘ I‡Z Ii A‡a©K †dvm© K‡g †hZ|Õ(46) ÔcvRvgvÕi g‡a¨ †hgb GK`v †`‡LwQ‡jb weRvZxqZv †Zgwb Lyb k‡ãI Zuvi GKB Kvi‡Y AvcwË| 13 wW‡m¤^i 1927-G iex› ª cwil‡`i GK msea©bv mfvq evsjv KweZvi ÔLybÕ k‡ãi e¨envi wb‡q iex› ªbv_ e‡jb, Ô. . . †mw`b †Kvb GKRb ev½vjx wn› y Kwei Kv‡e¨ †`Ljyg wZwb i³ k‡ãi RvqMvq e¨envi K‡i‡Qb ÔLybÕ|

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cyivZb i³ k‡ã Zuvi Kv‡e¨ iv½v is hw` bv a‡i Zvn‡j eySe †mUv‡K ZuviB AK…wZZ¡|Õ Ôkwbev‡ii wPwVÕi mRbxKvš— `vm, †gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi cªgyL bRi“j-iex‡› ªi mym¤ú‡K© wPo aiv‡Z `xN©w`b †_‡K †Póv KiwQ‡jb| kwbev‡ii wPwV cwÎKvq bRi“‡ji Mvb KweZv wb‡q c¨viwW, e¨½ M`¨mn we‡lv˜Mvi n‡Zv| iex› ªbv_‡KI bRi“‡ji wei“‡× D‡ËwRZ Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| iex› ªbv_ KL‡bv mRbxevey‡`i K_vq Kvb †`bwb, GLb ÔLybÕ wel‡q gZ cÖKvk K‡i wZwb wb‡Ri ARv‡š—B aiv co‡jb| kwbev‡ii wPwV iex› ªbv‡_i fvl‡Yi ÔevOvwj wn› y KweÕi e`‡j ïay ev½vjx Kwe wj‡L cÖPvi K‡i †h, GBevi iex› ªbv_ bRi“j‡K a‡i‡Q| Ôev½vjvi K_vÕ mvgwqK c‡Îi 4 †cŠl 1334 msL¨v‡ZI wn› y kãwU ev` w`‡q ev½vjx Kwei K_v †jLv nq| Ab¨w`‡K bRi“‡ji m½xmv_xivI bRi“j‡K D‡ËwRZ K‡i †Zv‡j| bRi“j D‡ËwRZ nqI, ¯qs Kwe¸i“ GKwU kã‡K wb‡q GB e³e¨ w`‡Z cv‡i ! bRi“jI ey‡S, ÔKvÊvix ûwkqviÕ ev ÔDw`‡e †m iwe. . .Õ MvbwU †mBw`bB Kwe¸i“‡K ïwb‡q G‡mwQjvg| ZviciB GB fvlY| bRi“j †kl ch©š — GKwU `xN© cÖwZev` M`¨ †j‡Lb, †k−l, `ytL, AnsKvi, kª×v fiv AmvaviY M`¨ Ôeoi wcixwZ evwj euvaÕ| Ôeoi wcixwZÕ gv‡b †h iex› ªbv‡_i †øngvLv cÖkªq †m A‡c¶v iv‡L bv| bRi“j ïay Lyb k‡ãi AvcwË wb‡q bq, wn› y RvZxqZvev`x gy‡Lvk‡KI AvμgY K‡i‡Qb GB †jLvq :

Ô. . . Kwe¸i“ AvgvqI evY wb‡¶c Ki‡Z Qv‡obwb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Avwg K_vq K_vq i³‡K ÔLybÕ e‡j Aciva K‡iwQ| Kwei Pi‡Y f‡³i mkª× wb‡e`b, Kwe Z wb‡RI Uzwc-cvqRvgv c‡ib, A_P Avgiv ci‡jB Zuvi GZ Av‡μv‡ki KviY n‡q DwV †Kb, eyS‡Z cvwi‡b| GB Aviwe-dvwm© kã cÖ‡qvM KweZvq ïay AvwgB Kwiwb| Avgvi eû Av‡M fviZP›`ª, iex› ªbv_, m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ K‡i †M‡Qb| . . . m¤£vš— wn› yes‡ki A‡b‡KB cvqRvgv-†kiIqvwb-Uzwc e¨envi K‡ib, GgbwK jyw½I ev` hvq bv| Zv‡Z Zuv‡`i †KD we`ªƒc K‡i bv, Zuv‡`i †Wª‡mi bvg n‡q hvq ZLb ÔIwi‡qÈvjÕ| wKš‘ IB¸‡jvB gymjgv‡biv ci‡j Zviv n‡q hvq Ôwgqv mv‡neÕ| †gŠjbv mv‡ne Avi bvi` gywbi `vwoi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv n‡j †K †h nvi‡eb ejv gykwKj . . .| Avwg Z Uzwc-cvqRvgv-†kiIqvbx-`vwo‡K eR©b K‡i †d‡jwQ ïay H Ôwgqv mv‡neÕ we`ªƒ‡ci f‡qB − ZeyI wb¯ —vi bvB| GBevi †_‡K Av`vjZ‡K bvnq wePvivjq eje wKš‘ bvwRi-†ckKvi-DwKj-†gv³vi‡K Kx eje ? . . . wZwb (iex›`ªbv_) BUvwj‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| Zv‡Z ÔDZv‡iv †NvgUvÕ Zuv‡KI evievi e¨envi Ki‡Z †`‡LwQ| . . . ÔDZv‡iv †NvgUvÕ Avwg wjL‡j nqZ mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Kv‡Q AcivaxB nZvg| wKš‘ ÔDZv‡ivÕ K_vUv †h Rv‡ZiB †nvK, I‡Z GK Ac~e© m½xZ I kªxÕi D‡Øvab n‡q‡Q I-RvqMvUvq . . .| ÔLybÕ Avwg e¨envi Kwi Avgvi KweZvq, gymjgvwb ev ej‡kwfK is †`Iqvi Rb¨ bq| nqZ Kwe I-`y‡Uvi GKUviI is AvRKvj cQ›` Ki‡Qb bv, ZvB GZ Av‡¶c Zuvi| . . . Avwg g‡b Kwi, wek¦-Kve¨j²xi GKUv gymjgvbx Xs Av‡Q| . . . ¯^M©xq AwRZ PμeZ©x I-Xs‡qi f~qmx cÖksmv K‡i †M‡Qb| evsjv Kv‡e¨ j²x‡K y‡Uv Bivwb Ô†RIiÕ civ‡j Zvi RvZ hvq bv, eis Zv‡K AviI LyemiZB †`Lvq| AvR‡Ki Kjv-j²xi cÖvq A‡a©K Aj¼viB Z gymjgvwb Xs‡qi| . . . Avwg †hLv‡b Lyb kã e¨envi K‡iwQ, †m H iKg b¨vkbvj m½x‡Z ev i“`ªi‡mi KweZvq| †hLv‡b Ôi³avivÕ wjLevi †mLv‡b †Rvi K‡i ÔLybavivÕ wjwL bvB| ZvB e‡j Ôi³-LvivweÕI wjwL bvB, nq Ôi³viw³Õ bvnq ÔLybLvivweÕ wj‡LwQ| Kwe¸i“ †Kb, AvRKvjKvi A‡bK mvwnwZ¨K fy‡j hvb †h, evsjvi Kve¨-j²xi f³ A‡a©K gymjgvb| Zviv Zuv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Uzwc Avi PvcKvb Pvq bv, Pvq gv‡S gv‡S †envjvi mv‡_ mv‡i½xi myi ïb‡Z . . .| G‡ZB gnvfviZ Aï× n‡q †Mj e‡j huviv g‡b K‡ib, Zuviv mvwnZ¨-mfvq wfo bv K‡i wn› y-mfviB †g¤^vi nb wM‡q|Õ(46)

Ôkwbev‡ii wPwVÕ ev Ôev½vjvi K_vÕ mvgwqwK‡Z Ôwn› yÕ kã Zz‡j ïay Ôev½vjx KweÕ e‡j wi‡cvU© Ki‡jI Zv‡Z †hgb iex› ªbv‡_i e³‡e¨i †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv, †Zgwb bRi“‡ji GB cÖwZev` M‡`¨iI cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Amvi n‡q c‡o bv| iex› ªbv‡_i wcÖq fvwZwR Bw›`iv †`exi ^vgx iex›`ªbv‡_i †ønab¨ mvwnwZ¨K cÖg_ †PŠayix Ôe½ mvwn‡Z¨ Ly‡bi gvgjvÕ wbe‡Ü eySv‡Z PvB‡jb, bRi“j‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i Kwe¸i“ Ly‡bi K_v e‡jbwb| GKRb Ôev½vjx wn› y KweÕ Avi Ôev½vjx KweÕi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq ? eis Ôev½vjx wn› y KweÕ ejvi g‡a¨ msKxY©Zv i‡q‡Q| Avi h_vh_ IRb I fv‡ei Rb¨ wK Ôwn› y KweÕ Lyb wjL‡Z cv‡i bv ! iex› ªmvwn‡Z¨ †h weij K‡qKwU gymjgvb PwiÎ m„wó n‡q‡Q †hgb nwei Luv, RywjLv cÖgyL KviI msjvc ev gy‡Li fvlv‡Z gymjgvb evOvwj cwiev‡i e¨eüZ †Kv‡bv kã bvB| Pwi‡Îi Rxeš— n‡q IVv, M‡íi wfZ‡i Zvi ¯^vfvweK weKv‡ki Rb¨, wk‡íi ¯^v‡_© Pwi‡Îi gy‡Li ¯vfvweK eywjB w`‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ iex› ªbv_ GB ¯vfvweKZv ˆZwi‡Z KzwÉZ| nwei Luv hLb †jL‡Ki eY©bvi

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g‡a¨ _v‡Kb ZLb GKiKg, hLb msjvc e‡jb, ZLwb Zvi K…wÎgZv Kv‡b ev‡R| iex› ªbv_ wb‡R Ôev½vjx wn› y KweÕ e‡j GB AcviMZv ! Ôkvw¯—Õ M‡íi wbæe‡Y©i AwZ `wi ª `ywLivg i“B, wQ`vg i“B Avi P›`ivi gy‡Li fvlv, cÖ‡qvRbxq wW‡Uj ev cÖwZ‡ek eY©bvq †Zv wZwb AmvaviY mdj| kvw¯ —i RxebI †Zv Zuvi `k©b I AwfÁZvi AZxZ wQj| evsjv evOvwji fvlv| †mB evOvwj wn› y gymjgvb L„÷vb †eŠ× BZ¨vw` n‡Z cv‡i| Rxebhvc‡bi cÖvZ¨wnKZvq ag©xq ms¯‹vi, AvPvi e¨envi, kv ¿ cvVI ¯vfvweK| cyivY I †`e †`ex mswk −ó kã, fve I fvlv Rxe‡b e¨eüZ nq, gymjgv‡bi †¶‡ÎI ZvB| †Zv GKw`‡K ms ‹…Z Ab¨w`‡K Aviex dvwm© k‡ãi cÖ‡ek AbycÖ‡e‡ki NUbv ¯^vfvweK| GB ¯^vfvweKZv‡K cÖwZnZ, A_ev †Rvi fvlvi ¯^v‡ ’¨i AbyK‚j bq, fvlv Zv MÖnY K‡i bv| cÖkvmwbK ev A¨vKv‡WgwK wm×vš— w`‡q fvlv m„wó ev e`j Kiv hvq bv| ms ‹…Z hy‡Mi c~‡e©i g‡Zv Aviex dvwm© cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e©I evsjv cÖvK…Z cÖev‡n wQj| `x‡bk P› ª †mb M‡elYv K‡i e‡j‡Qb, Ôev½vjv mvwn‡Z¨i hvnv †kªô m¤ú`, Zvnv Øviv ms ‹…Zc~eŸ© hyMB Zvnv‡K gwÊZ KwiqvwQj| †mB hy‡MB †Mvi¶bv‡_i Agiv‡jL¨ Aw¼Z nq, †mB hy‡MB †eûjv I gvjÂgvjvi b¨vq igYxwZj‡Kiv e½mvwn‡Z¨i wKixU D¾¡j KwiqvwQ‡jb| †mB mg‡qB Kvjy †Wvg, Kvj‡KZy I Puv` m`vM‡ii b¨vq †gŠwjK, GKeªZ AUj Pwiθwj GB mvwn‡Z¨i wef~lY nq|Õ(45) iex›`ªbv_ evOvwj Kwei ÔLybÕ kã e¨env‡i †¶‡c ms ‹…Z i³ e¨env‡ii bwmnZ K‡ib BwZnv‡mi †h cvV I Abyaveb †_‡K, †mLv‡bB fvlvi ^vfvweK cÖKv‡ki cÖengvbZv‡K ¶zYœ K‡i| fviZxq cyivY Ges ms¯‹…Z fvlvi kã †hgb wn›`y gymjgv‡bi wbR ^ kã n‡q D‡V‡Q, †Zgwb Aviex dvwm© kãI ZvB| ew¼gP› ª, nicÖmv` kv ¿x, `x‡bk P› ª †mb, gxi †gvkvid †nv‡mb, KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg cÖgyL cÖvK…Z evsjvi m‡½ ms ‹…Z, Aviex, dvwm© kã AmvaviY wkí ˆbcy‡Y¨ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Zzjbvq iex› ªbv_ i¶Ykxj| evsjvq AvwËK…Z Aviex dvwm© kã mwi‡q ms ‹…Z kã e¨envi Ges cÖPj‡bi Rb¨ KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gva¨‡g wZwb A¨vKv‡WwgK cÖqvm Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| c~e© e‡½i Zgywχbi cÖqv‡mi g‡Zv eªvþY¨ cÖqvmI e¨_©I n‡q‡Q| ÔMZ cuvP Qq kZ eQ‡ii g‡a¨ ev½vjv fvlvUv wn› y I gymjgvb Df‡qiB nBqv wMqv‡Q| gymjgvb‡`i ag©kv ¿ I mvgvwRK Av`k© A‡bKUv Aviwe I cviwm mvwn‡Z¨ wjwce×, †mB mvwn‡Z¨i Ávb Zuvnv‡`i wbZ¨K‡¤§©i Rb¨ Acwinvh© | Avgv‡`i (wn› y‡`i) †hiƒc ms ‹…‡Zi mwnZ m¤Ü, Aviwe I cviwmi m‡½ Zvnv‡`iI KZKUv ZvB| . . . wKš‘ wn› y †jLKMY gy‡L †h mKj Kwnqv _v‡Kb, ms ‹…‡Zi †Nvi cÖfv‡ei ekeË©x nBqv wjwLevi mgq †m¸wj Ab¨iƒc Kwiqv †d‡jb| kZevi Kw_Z I kÖ“Z ÔLvRbvÕ Zuvnv‡`i †jLbx‡Z ÔivR¯^Õ iƒ‡c cwiYZ nq − wPivPwiZ ÔB¾rÕ m¤§vb nBqv `uvovq, . . . Ges AviI kZ kZ wbZ¨Kw_Z we‡`kx kã, hvnv‡`i Aw ’g¾v ev½vjvi Rjevqy‡Z †`kxq iƒc aviY Kwiqv‡Q, Zvnviv wjwLZ mvwn‡Z¨ ms ‹…Z AvMš‘‡Ki wbKU wb‡R‡`i ’vb Qvwo‡q w`‡Z eva¨ nBqv _v‡K|Õ(43) GB welq wfbœ GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖe‡Üi, AvcvZZ GB bvwZ`xN© f~wgKv ïay ÔgiYkiY wK¤^v hebwbab / hebwbab wK¤^v giYki‡Yi gy» †kªvZv wK‡kvi iex› ªbv_ cieZ©xKv‡j wekvj e„nr n‡q DV‡jI he‡bi Rxeb‡K †hgb mvwn‡Z¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib bv, †Zgb he‡bi fvlv wb‡qI KUv¶ Ki‡Z KzwÉZ nb bv Zvi cÖvmw½KZv we‡ePbv K‡i GB cÖm‡½i AeZviY Kiv| Avw` eªvþ mgv‡Ri AwacwZ Ôwn› y eªvþÕ gnwl© †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii AvUwU eo n‡q IVv cyÎ mš—v‡bi g‡a¨ Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wQ‡jb AwaK wcZ… AbyMZ| AbyMZ cy‡Îi Rb¨ gnwl© wcZvI K‡i‡Qb − gvÎ ev‡iv eQ‡ii wK‡kvi iex› ªbv_‡K wb‡q †M‡Qb wngvj‡qi e‡μvUv ce©Z wkL‡i| eªvþ n‡qI eo Drme K‡i RvZ Kz‡ji ¯§viK Ô‰cZvÕ Pvwo‡qwQ‡jb iex› ªbv‡_i Kvwš—gvb kix‡i| Zvi Av‡M iex› ªbv‡_i AbœcÖvk‡bi mgqI wZwb K‡i‡Qb e¨wZμgx Drme| iex›`ªbv‡_i w`w` †mŠ`vwgbx ÔwcZ… §„wZÕ cÖe‡Ü wj‡L‡Qb, Ôiwei AbœcÖvk‡bi †h wcuovi Dc‡i Avjcbvi m‡½ Zvnvi bvg †jLv nBqvwQj, †mB wcuwoi Pvwiav‡i wcZvi Av‡`‡k †QvU †QvU MZ© Kiv‡bv nq| †mB M‡Z©i g‡a¨ mvwi mvwi †gvgevwZ emvBqv wZwb Avgv‡`i Zvnv R¡vwjqv w`‡Z ewj‡jb| bvgKi‡Yi w`b Zvnvi bv‡gi Pvwiw`‡K evwZ R¡wj‡Z jvwMj|Õ(47)

evwZi wKi‡Y iex›`ªbv_ bvgwU D¾¡j †_‡K D¾¡jZi n‡q I‡V| Avi IB cÖ`x‡ci Mfxi Zjv‡Z R‡g _v‡K mvgvb¨ AÜKvi| GB AÜKvi Av‡jvi mgv‡jvPbv bq eis Av‡jvi cÖgvY|

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AvKi 1| HwZnvwmK wPÎ, AvaywbK mvwnZ¨, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex› ª iPbvejx cÂg LÊ, wek¦fviZx, KwjKvZv 1402, c„ôv

599| 2| MÖš’cwiPq, Mí¸”Q, wek¦fviZx, KwjKvZv, c„ôv 879| 3| H c„ôv 855| 4| gymjgvb ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm, AvaywbK mvwnZ¨, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex› ª-iPbvejx cÂg LÊ, wek¦fviZx, KwjKvgv

1402, c„ôv 591| 5| Kvjvš—i, Kvjvš—i, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex› ª-iPbvejx Øv`k LÊ, wek¦fviZx, KwjKvZv 1402, c„ôv 537| 6| MÖš’cwiPq, Mí¸”Q, wek¦fviZx, KwjKvZv, c„ôv 860| 7| wn› y‡gjvi BwZe„Ë, †hv‡MkP› ª evMj, ˆgÎx, KwjKvZv 1968, c„ôv 7| 8| g‡bv‡gnb emy e³„Zvgvjv †_‡K GB DׄwZ D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb M‡elK †Mvjvg gyiwk` Zuvi iex› ªwe‡k¦ c~e©e½, c~e©e‡½

iex› ªPP©v, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, 1993 MÖ‡š’, c„ôv 24| 9| iex› ªwe‡k¦ cye©e½, c~e©e‡½ iex› ªPP©v, †Mvjvg gyiwk`, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, 1993, c„ôv 26| 10| †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ bvUK mgMÖ, cÖ_g LÊ, mvwnZ¨ msm` 2002 MÖ‡š’ ÔbvUKmgMÖ t cUK_vÕ f~wgKv-wbe‡Ü

Ô†R¨vwZwi› ªbv‡_i Rxeb¯§„wZ,Õ emš —Kzgvi PÆcva¨vq †_‡K DׄZ| 11| H c„ôv 20| 12| cyi“weμg, †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ bvUK mgMÖ, cÖ_g LÊ, mvwnZ¨ msm` 2002, c„ôv 18| 13| H c„ôv 19| 14| H c„ôv 101| 15| H c„ôv 102| 16| †R¨vwZwi› ªbv‡_i Rxeb¯§„wZ †_‡K DׄZ, bvUKmgMÖ t cUK_v f~wgKv wbe‡Ü Dwj−wLZ n‡q‡Q c~‡e©v³ MÖ‡š’, c„ôv 24| 17| Rxeb¯§„wZ, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex›`ªiPbvejx beg LÊ, wek¦fviZx, KwjKvZv, 1402| 18| i“ ªPÊ, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex› ªiPbvejx PZy`©k LÊ, wek¦fviZx, KwjKvZv, 1402, c„ôv 644| 19| H c„ôv 646| 20| AkÖ“gZx t †R¨vwZwi› ªbv_ bvUKmgMÖ, mvwnZ¨ msm`, KwjKvZv, 2002, c„ôv 113| 21| bvUKmgMÖ t cUK_v, †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ bvUKmgMÖ, cÖ_g LÊ, mvwnZ¨ msm`, KwjKvZv, 2002, c„ôv 27| 22| H c„ôv 101| 23| Rxeb¯§„wZ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, iex› ª iPbvejx beg LÊ, c„ôv 463| 24| H c„ôv 466| 25| MÖš’ cwiPq, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex›`ª iPbvejx beg LÊ, c„ôv 704| 26| wn› yi gymjgvbx cwi”Q` †Kb ? wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ, kªx bvi`P› ª †PŠayix, Avb›` cvewjkvm© cÖvt wjt, c„ôv 220| 27| H c„ôv 221| 28| Rxeb¯§„wZ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, iex› ª iPbvejx beg LÊ, c„ôv 468| 29| bRi“j Bmjvg, cÖeÜ m¼jb, eyׇ`e emy, †`ÕR cvewjwks, c„ôv 78| 30| Kvjvš—i, Kvjvš—i, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex› ª iPbvejx Øv`k LÊ, c„ôv 538| 31| wn› ygymjgvb, Kvjvš—i, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex›`ª iPbvejx Øv`k LÊ, c„ôv 620| 32| fMœü`q, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex›`ª iPbvejx PZz ©k LÊ, c„ôv 547| 33| ÔL„óÕ MÖš’ cwiwPwZ, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, iex› ª iPbvejx PZz ©k LÊ, c„ôv 843|

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34| iex‡› ªvËi Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥ iex› ª g~j¨vqb, B`vbxs Avgiv, Avng` kixd, gy³aviv, XvKv, 1393, c„ôv 112| 35| Bmjvg I iex›`ªbv_, AwgZvf †PŠayix, wgÎ I †Nvl cvewjkvm©, KjKvZv, 1400, c„ôv 2| 36| Rwg`vi iex› ªbv_, AwgZvf †PŠayix GK‡Î iex› ªbv_, †`k cvewjwks, KjKvZv, 1390, c„ôv 279| 37| ivq‡Zi K_v, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, iex› ª iPbvejx Øv`k LÊ, c„ôv 654, 655 Ges 656| 38| evsjv wefvR‡bi A_©bxwZ-ivRbxwZ, mybxwZ Kzgvi †Nvl, wbD nivBRb eyK Uªv÷, KjKvZv, 2001, c„ôv 41| 39| †Mviv, iex› ª-Dcb¨vm msMÖn, wek¦fviZx 1990, c„ôv 794| 40| wn› y eªvþ, MÖš’ cwiPq, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex› ª iPbvejx beg LÊ, c„ôv 724-727| 41| †`‡e› ªbv‡_i cÎvejx, Rvbyqvwi 1863 Zvwi‡Li cÎ, c„ôv 38 Ges c„ôv 49| 42| cwiRb-cwi‡e‡k iex› ª-weKvk, myKzgvi †mb, KjKvZv, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq 1962, c„ôv 10-11| 43| †jvKms ‹…wZi b›`bZË¡, cweÎ miKvi, cwðge½ miKvi 1996, c„ôv 11| 44| nicªmv` kv ¿xÕi evsjv fvlv cÖeÜ m¤ú‡K© myKzgvi †mb GB gš—e¨ K‡ib| cÖvmw½K Z_¨, evsjv fvlv, nicÖmv` kv ¿x

iPbv-msMÖn wØZxq LÊ, cwðge½ ivR¨ cy —K cl©r 2000, c„ôv 567| 45| ‰ggbwmsn-MxwZKvi f~wgKv, `x‡bkP› ª †mb, ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv, m¤úv`K ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK, gvIjv eªv`vm©, XvKv

1999, c„ôv 317-321 (hÎZÎ)| 46| eoi wcixwZ evwji euva, bRi“j-iPbvejx 4_© LÊ, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv 1993, c„ôv 26-28| 47| MÖš’ cwiPq, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, iex›`ª iPbvejx beg LÊ, c„ôv 691|

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