Le‡ii KvM‡Ri msev` m~Pbv - pib.portal.gov.bdpib.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/pib.portal.gov.bd/page... · Le‡ii KvM‡Ri msev` m~Pbv GKwU g~j¨vqb Kvgiæb bvnvi †cÖm

Le‡ii KvM‡Ri msev` m~PbvGKwU g~j¨vqb

Kvgiæb bvnvi

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©wcAvBwe KZ…©K me©¯^Z¡ msiwÿZNews Intro in Newspaper and Evaluation

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Le‡ii KvM‡Ri msev` m~PbvGKwU g~j¨vqb

M‡elKKvgiæb bvnvi

M‡elK†cÖm Bbw÷wUDU evsjv‡`k

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Aa¨vcK, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvMivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq

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Abvivwi Aa¨vcK, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvMXvKv wek¦we`¨vjqAvLZvi myjZvbv

Aa¨vcK, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvMXvKv wek¦we`¨vjq

3 4

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M‡elYv I Z_¨ msiÿY wefvM †_‡K 2010-2011 Ges 2011-2012 A_©eQ‡i17wU M‡elYvKg© m¤úbœ nq| 2013 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i M‡elYvKg©¸‡jv g~j¨vqbKivi Rb¨ yB m`m¨ wewkó GKwU KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| ÔM‡elYv g~j¨vqb KwgwUÕim`mïv wQ‡jb: Aa¨vcK W. mvLvIqvZ Avjx Lvb I Aa¨vcK AvLZvi myjZvbv|2014 mv‡ji †g gv‡m ÔM‡elYv g~j¨vqb KwgwUÕi mfvq 17wU M‡elYvK‡g©i g‡a¨5wU Rvb©v‡j cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv nq| c‡i 2015 mv‡ji 18 AvM÷ AbywôZwcAvBwei ÔM‡elYv I Z_¨ msiÿY KwgwUÕi mfvq IB cuvPwU M‡elYvKg© MÖš’AvKv‡i cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv nq| ÔM‡elYv I Z_¨ msiÿY KwgwUÕi mfvqwm×v‡šÍi Av‡jv‡K M‡elYvK‡g©i welq, Z‡_ï ¸iæZ¡ I mgq we‡ePbv K‡i cuvPwUig‡a¨ wZbwU M‡elYvKg© MÖš’ AvKv‡i cÖKv‡ki D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡q‡Q| Gi Ab¨ZgÔLe‡ii KvM‡Ri msev` m~Pbv : GKwU g~j¨vqbÕ wk‡ivbv‡gi GB M‡elYvKg©|

M‡elYvKg©wU m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ M‡elK Kvgiæb bvnvi‡K abëv` Rvbvw”Q|Aa¨vcK W. cÖ`xc Kzgvi cv‡Ði Kv‡Q K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ M‡elYvKg©wU ZË¡veavbI g~j¨vqb K‡i †`qvi Rb¨| GKB m‡½ K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ 17wU M‡elYvKg©g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ KwgwUi m`m¨ Aa¨vcK W. mvLvIqvZ Avjx Lvb I Aa¨vcKAvLZvi myjZvbv‡K| M‡elYvKg©wU cwiPvjbvq mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb M‡elYv IZ_¨ msiÿY wefv‡Mi mv‡eK cwiPvjK †gv. iwdKzj Bmjvg †PŠayix| Zuvimn‡hvwMZvi K_v K…ZÁZvi m‡½ ¯§iY KiwQ| eZ©gvb cwiPvjK AvKZvi†nv‡mb‡KI Zuvi mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ abëv` Rvbvw”Q|

GB M‡elYvKg©wU MYgva¨g M‡elK, MYgva¨gKg©x I mswkøó mevi Kv‡RjvM‡j Avgv‡ì kÖg mv_©K n‡e e‡j g‡b Kwi|

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cÖviw¤¢K Av‡jvPbv 9msev`-m~Pbv : ZvwË¡K ch©v‡jvPbv 17M‡elYv c×wZ 37Av‡aq we‡kølY 49msev`cÎ cvVK : Af¨vm I cv‡Vi KviY 71msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì g~j¨vqb I cÖZ¨vkv 85Dcmsnvi I mycvwik 113Z_¨ m~Î 121cwiwkó-1 127cwiwkó-2 131

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GB M‡elYvwU evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ wewfbœ Av‡aqi g‡a¨ ÿz ª GKwUAsk Ômsev`-m~PbvÕi Ici cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b msev`-m~Pbvi wewfbœ gvÎv‡K(msev`-m~Pbvi aib, Ôlo-KÕ-Gi eënvi, g~j wel‡qi Dcw¯’wZ, fzj Z‡_ïDcw¯’wZ, wj½‰elg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi, Z_¨ NvUwZ, †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi,we‡klY I RwUj k‡ãi eënvi BZ¨vw`) we‡kølY Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q M‡elYvqAšÍf©y³ cwÎKv¸‡jvi ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L| GKB m‡½ AbymÜvb Kiv n‡q‡Q msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvV‡Ki cÖZ¨vkvi RvqMvwUI| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †¶‡Î Av‡aq we‡kølYGes Rwic c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡aq we‡køl‡Yi cwigvcK wn‡m‡emsL¨vZ¥K I ¸YvZ¥K DfqB eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K©wewfbœ †ckvi cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkvi RvqMvwU AbymÜv‡bi †¶‡Î XvKv gnvbMixi wewf-bœ †ckvi 70 Rb msev`cÎ cvV‡Ki mv¶vrKvi MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m‡¶‡Î Db¥y³I Ave× Dfq ai‡bi cÖkœgvjv eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡aq we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ GBM‡elYvq AšÍf©y³ ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ¸‡jv n‡jvÑ cÖ_g Av‡jv, hyMvšÍi, Kv‡ji KÉ,ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, mgKvj I `¨ †WBwj ÷vi|

M‡elYvq cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †h, †ewkifvM cwÎKvB NUbvi mvigg©w`‡q msev‡ì m~Pbv wj‡L‡Q| †gvU cÖKvwkZ 725wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ hvi cwigvY497wU| Gi c‡ii Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q eY©bvg~jK msev`-m~Pbv hv †gvU cÖKvwkZ725wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ 149wU| GQvovI wKQz wKQz D×„wZ ev wee„wZ msev`-m~PbvI†`Lv †M‡Q M‡elYvaxb msev`c‡Î| M‡elYvaxb msev`cÎ¸‡jv msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi†ÿ‡Î KL‡bv 30 kã ev Zvi †ewk KL‡bv 30-Gi Kg kã eënvi K‡i‡Q| Z‡e10 k‡ãi wb‡P †Kv‡bv msev`-m~Pbv cvIqv hvqwb eZ©gvb M‡elYvq| AveviAwaKvsk msev`-m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ-Gi A‡bK¸‡jv ÔKÕ-†K ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|msev`-m~Pbvq RwUj kã ev evK¨, RvwZ‰elg¨g~jK, Avwèvmx‡ì cÖwZêlg¨g~jK, †hŠbDÏxcK, AvÂwjK I wj½‰elg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi _vK‡jI ZvicwigvY Lye †ewk bq| Kg n‡jI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï NvUwZ Ifzj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ Av‡Q e‡j M‡elYvi djvd‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q|

cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †h, DËi`vZv‡ì h_vµ‡g 45.72% Ges38.57% msev` Kvwnwbi msev` wk‡ivbvg I msev`-m~Pbv c‡ob| Avi mgMÖmsev` Kvwnwb c‡ob gvÎ 15.71% DËi`vZv| Z‡e AwaKvsk DËi`vZviB(82.85%) msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© aviYv Av‡Q Ges G‡ì AwaKvskB g‡b K‡ib†h, msev`-m~Pbv mgMÖ msev‡ì mswÿßiƒc| AwaKvsk DËi`vZv (60%) KL‡bv

KL‡bv msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï wewfbœZv I fzj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ jÿ K‡ib hv ZvivcÖZ¨vkv K‡ib bv| Zviv Avm‡j msev`-m~Pbv c‡o msev‡ì mgMÖ Ask m¤ú‡K©GKwU c~Y©v½ aviYv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| Zviv Pvb msev`-m~Pbv n‡e mswÿß, eo‡Rvi29 k‡ãi g‡a¨, GLv‡b fzj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ _vK‡e bv Ges msev`-m~Pbv n‡emwVK| msev`-m~Pbvq Z_¨ †Mvcb ivLvi cÖeYZv A‡bK DËi`vZv jÿ K‡i‡Qb hvZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv bq| Zviv RvwZ-ag©-eY©-wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l mevi mwVK I h_v_©Dc¯’vcbv msev`-m~Pbvq †`L‡Z Pvb|

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cÖ_g Aa¨vqcÖviw¤¢K Av‡jvPbv

1. f~wgKv MYgva¨g AvaywbK bvMwiK Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU w`K‡K Mfxifv‡e ¯úk© Ki‡jI RxebNwbôZvi cÖ‡kœ MYgva¨g wn‡m‡e msev`c‡Îi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖfve h‡_ó `xN©¯’vqx| GKzkkZ‡Ki bqv †hvMv‡hvM-cÖhyw³ hy‡Mi msev` gva¨g wn‡m‡e we¯§qKifv‡e Avwef©~Zn‡q‡Q bZzb bZzb B‡jKUªwbK I I‡qegva¨g, hvi †Quvqv †j‡M‡Q msev`cÎRM‡ZI| mbvZbx Ôgy ªY gva¨gÕ Z_v msev`cÎ‡K GLb Avi B‡jKUªwbK gva¨‡giwecix‡Z †mªd ÔwcÖ›U wgwWqvÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kivi Dcvq †bB| GK A‡_©msev`cÎI GLb B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv| AbjvBb wbDR‡ccvi wKsev ÔB-wbDR‡ccviÕ (B‡jKUªwbK msev`cÎ)1 e¨wZ‡i‡K msev`c‡Îi êwPÎ¨gq RM‡ZiK_v AvRKvj Avi fvevB hvq bv| eZ©gv‡b cÖ_g mvwii cwÎKv¸‡jv‡Z gyw`ÖZms¯‹i‡Yi cvkvcvwk AbjvBb I B‡jKUªwbK ms¯‹iY †ei n‡”Q| j¶Yxq welqn‡jv, MYgva¨g weKv‡ki avivq B‡jKUªwbK ev wWwRUvj msev` gva¨‡gi wecix‡ZmbvZbx msev` gva¨g wn‡m‡e msev`cÎ AvR Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvicÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †b‡g c‡o‡Q AZ¨šÍ m‡PZbfv‡e| msev`c‡Îi weKvkgvb MwZ-cÖK…wZ I cwieZ©b cÖeYZv Avg‡j wb‡q ejv hvq †h, B‡jKUªwbK gva¨‡gi cÖfvem‡Ë¡I msev`cÎ RMr kZ Avk¼vi wecix‡Z µgk msKzwPZ bv n‡q eis mgqvšÍ‡iAv‡aq-Avw½‡K w`b w`b Av‡iv m¤úÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| GKwU welq A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB †h, wWwRUvj hy‡Mi `k©K-†kÖvZv-cvVKwewfbœ msev`gva¨g †_‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev`¸‡jv †R‡b hvq| †m Kvi‡Y GKB msev`c‡ii w`‡bi cwÎKv †_‡K cvIqvi AvKv•ÿv A‡bKvs‡kB K‡g hvq| Ab¨w`‡KeZ©gvb mg‡q msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì mgq Kg, Kg©-e¨¯ÍZv A‡bK †ewk| Giƒc KwVbev¯ÍeZvq msev`c‡Îi PvIqv n‡jv cvVK‡K AwaKgvÎvq msev`cÎgyLx Kiv| GKvi‡Y AZ¨šÍ m‡PZbfv‡e mnR, mvejxj I myLcvV¨ K‡i msev` cvV‡Ki mvg‡bnvwRi Kivi cÖ‡Póv msev`c‡Îi †ÿ‡Î jÿYxq| Avi GRb¨B eënvi Kiv n‡”Q

msev`-kxl© ev msev`-m~Pbv| hwÌ msev`c‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv eënviKiv nq, wKš‘ mswÿß AvKv‡i NUbvi g~j welqe¯‘ AvKl©Yxq I Z_¨mg„× Z_vmnR, mij I mvejxj Dc¯’vcbvB Gi g~j jÿ¨, hv‡Z K‡i msev‡ì g~j welqe¯‘ev` bv c‡o hvq Ges m‡e©vcwi cvVK †hb msev`wUi me Ask co‡Z AvMÖnx nb| Ggb GK cUf‚wg‡Z mvsevw`KZvq gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b wb‡qvwRZ RvZxq cÖwk¶YcÖwZôvb †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU evsjv‡`k (wcAvBwe) B‡Zvg‡a¨ mywbw`©ó wKQz D‡Ï‡kïAv‡jv‡K HwZnëvnx MYgva¨g wn‡m‡e msev`c‡Îi Ômsev` cÖwZ‡e`‡bi me©v‡c¶v¸iæZ¡c~Y© AskÕ A_©vr Ômsev`-m~Pbv‡KÕ †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q M‡elYvi GKwU Kvh©Kiwelqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e| †Kbbv, M‡elYvjä ch©‡e¶Y †_‡K Giƒc GKwU Abywm×v‡šÍDcbxZ nIqv hvq †h, msev`c‡Îi cvVKMY msev‡ì wk‡ivbvg cv‡Vi ci AvMÖnxn‡j †Kej msev‡ì m~Pbv c‡oB msev`wU m¤ú‡K© †gvUvgywU GKwU aviYv †c‡Z†Póv K‡ib| msMZ Kvi‡Y msev` weeiYxi Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki Zzjbvq cvV‡Ki Kv‡Qmsev`-m~Pbvi ¸iæZ¡ AwaKZi| Avi †mme g~j¨vq‡b DwjøwLZ cUf‚wg‡Zevsjv‡`‡ki mgmvgwqK msev`c‡Î Kx ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv †jLv n‡”Q, G¸‡jv†evaMg¨Zvi w`K †_‡K KZUv mnR, AhvwPZ cÖm‡½i AeZviYv msev`-m~PbvqAv‡Q wKbv, wKsev msev`cÎ cvVK msev`-m~Pbv‡K Kxfv‡e †`L‡Z Pvq- G¸‡jvAbymÜv‡bi cÖv_wgK cÖqvm wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ÔLe‡ii KvM‡Ri msev`-m~Pbv:GKwU g~j¨vqbÕ wk‡ivbv‡g eZ©gvb M‡elYvKg©wU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q|2. M‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wKQz D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L GKwU M‡elYv KvR m¤úvw`Z nq| KviY M‡elYvKg©wUKZUzKz mdj n‡e †mUv wbf©i K‡i M‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡kï mwVK cÖwZdj‡biIci| M‡elYvi g~j welq Ômsev`-m~PbvÕ cy‡iv msev` Kvwnwbi ¶z ª GKwU Askn‡jI Zvrch© we‡ePbvq GwU wKš‘ eûgvwÎK| Kv‡RB GB welqwU M‡elYvi †¶‡ÎeûgvwÎK cÖ‡kœi DËi †LuvRvI Riæwi Ges cÖvmw½K| msev`-m~Pbv‡Kw›`ªK †h g~jD‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q †mwU n‡jv evsjv‡`‡kiLe‡ii KvM‡R cÖKvwkZ msev`-m~Pbv cvV‡Ki cÖZ¨vkv c~i‡Y Kx f~wgKv ivL‡Q ZvhvPvB K‡i †`Lv| GQvovI Av‡iv wKQz we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mvg‡b †i‡L eZ©gvbM‡elYvKg©wU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| D‡Ïk¨mg~n n‡jv: 1. evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì msev`-m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ-Gi

eënvi hvPvB Kiv;2. msev`c‡Îi msev‡` †Kvb ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv eënvi Kiv nq Zv AbymÜvb

Kiv; 3. msev`-m~Pbvq msev‡ì g~j e³‡eï Dc¯’vcb Av‡Q wKbv Zv LwZ‡q †`Lv;

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1. B-wbDR‡ccvi n‡jv B‡jKUªwbK msev`cÎ| A_©vr †h msev`cÎ AbjvB‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q|AvRKvj ïay DbœZ we‡k¦ bq, evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev`cÎ AbjvB‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q| ïayXvKv †_‡K bq, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ AÂj †_‡KI msev`cÎ AbjvB‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q|

4. msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbv¸‡jv h_vh_, Z_¨mg„×, mnR, mij wKbv ZvAbymÜvb Kiv;

5. evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© RvZxq ˆ`wbK msev`c‡Î GKB wel‡qi msev‡ì RbëëüZ msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï wewfbœZv Av‡Q wKbv Zv LwZ‡q †`Lv;

6. msev`-m~Pbvi AvKvi (kãmsL¨v) wbiƒcY Kiv;7. msev`-m~Pbvq RvwZ‰elg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi ev AvÂwjKZvi cÖfve Av‡Q

wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv; 8. msev`c‡Î eëüZ msev`-m~Pbvi mv‡_ cvVK cÖZ¨vkvi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv;9. msev`c‡Îi msev` m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvVK cÖZ¨vkvi ¯îƒc AbymÜvb Kiv| 3. M‡elYv c×wZ c×wZMZ w`K †_‡K GB M‡elYvwU ¸YMZ c×wZi M‡elYv| Z‡e Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni†ÿ‡Î Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ Ges Rwic c×wZ Df‡qiB AvkÖq †bIqv n‡q‡Q|msev`c‡Î eëüZ msev`-m~Pbv we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GKwU Kvh©Kix c×wZ wn‡m‡eeZ©gvb M‡elYvq Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡aq we‡køl‡YicwigvcK wn‡m‡e msL¨vZ¥K I ¸YvZ¥K DfqB eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡KLe‡ii KvM‡R cÖKvwkZ msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkvi ¯îƒcAbymÜv‡bi †¶‡Î Rwic c×wZi AvkÖq †bIqv n‡q‡Q| mivmwi mvÿvrKv‡iigva¨‡g XvKv gnvbMixi wewfbœ †ckvi msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì ga¨ †_‡K bgybv wn‡m‡ewbe©vwPZ DËi`vZv‡ì KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvq‡bigva¨‡g Gme †ckvi msev`cÎ cvVK‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q|mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Db¥y³ I Ave× Dfq ai‡bi cÖkœgvjv eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q(Z„Zxq Aa¨v‡q M‡elYv c×wZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q)| 4. M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZvRvbvi AvMÖn gvby‡li mnRvZ| mgv‡Ri †Kv_vq Kx NU‡Q G m¤ú‡K© gvbylZvrÿwYKfv‡e Rvb‡Z Pvq| Gme Z_¨ Rvbvi †ÿ‡Î †m cÖwZwbqZ kiYvcbœ nqmsev`gva¨‡gi| AvaywbK bvMwiK Rxe‡b msev`gva¨‡gi cÖfve I we¯Í…wZ ZvBme©e¨vcx| AvaywbK †hvMv‡hvM-cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y msev`gva¨‡gi e¨vcKZv Av‡ivwe¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q| †h Kvi‡Y msev` cÖwZ‡e`‡bi cwi‡ekbv Avw½‡K j¶ Kiv hv‡”QZvrch©c~Y© bvbv Kjv-†KŠk‡ji Kvh©Ki I mhZœ cÖ‡qvM| AvaywbK msev`cÎ ZvBcvVK‡K msev‡ì g~j welqwU cÖ_‡gB Rvwb‡q †èvi cÖqv‡m eënvi Ki‡Q msev`-m~Pbv| ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© we‡ePbvq msev`-m~Pbv A‡bK eo GKwU msev` Kvwnwbm¤ú‡K© cvVK‡K Lye Kg mg‡q cÖZ¨vwkZ aviYv w`‡Z cv‡i| Avi ZvB †ZvcvVKg‡bi Riæwi me wRÁvmv A_©vr †h †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev` m¤ú‡K© cvVK

cÖ_‡gB Rvb‡Z Pvb NUbvwU Kx? †K ev Kviv Gi m‡½ RwoZ? KLb Ges †Kv_vqNUbvwU NUj? †Kb Ges Kxfv‡e GwU NUj? Ñwewea wRÁvmvi ¸iæZ¡ we‡ePbv K‡iAwZ Kg kã-K_vq iwPZ nq msev`-m~Pbv hv c‡o cvVK msev`wU m¤ú‡K© mg¨KaviYv jv‡f mÿg nq| mvsevw`KZvi mbvZbx msev` KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e D‡ëvwcivwgW KvVv‡gv‡ZB mvivwe‡k¦ msev` †jLvi cÖPjb jÿ Kiv hvq| ZvQvov Pig/cig msev` (nvW© wbDR)ev mv`vgvUv msev` †h KvVv‡gv‡ZB cwi‡ekb Kiv †nvK bv †Kb- AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎZv ¸iæ‡Z¡i µgn«vmgvb c×wZ‡ZB †jLv n‡q _v‡K (wdPvi ev mdU wbDR KvVv‡gvwVK Gi wecixZ)| msMZ Kvi‡Y msev` weeiYxi ïiæ‡ZB _v‡K msev`-m~Pbv Ges†h‡Kv‡bv msev` cÖwZ‡e`‡bi †ÿ‡Î msev`-g~j¨ ev ¸iæ‡Z¡i wePv‡i Gi ¯’vbme©v‡MÖ| Avi cvV‡Ki „wó‡KvY †_‡K g~j¨vqb Ki‡j Avgiv j¶ Kwi, cy‡iv msev`cv‡Vi mgq hv‡ì †bBÑGgbwK cy‡iv msev`wUi g~j¨ Av›`vR K‡i hviv GwU co‡ZAvMÖnx Zv‡ì RbÏ Giƒc msev`-KvVv‡gv Kv‡h©vc‡hvMx| hyw³msMZfv‡e msev`-m~PbvwU cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wbh©vmc~Y© I †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix AskÑhv c‡o cy‡iv msev` m¤ú‡K©GKwU †gvUvgywU aviYv cvIqv m¤¢e| †m Kvi‡YB m¤¢eZ ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, msev`-m~PbvwU mdj n‡j cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi A‡a©K KvRB mdj nq| msev`cÎ cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q GKwU cÖwZ‡e`‡bi msev`-m~Pbv me©vwaK Zvrch©c~Y© Aske‡j cwÎKv KZ©…c‡ÿi Kv‡Q Gi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡iv A‡bK ¸Y †ewk| KviY cvVKB †hmsev`c‡Îi cÖvY| msMZ Kvi‡Y msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi †ÿ‡Î msev`cÎ‡K A‡bK†ewk g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z nq, e¨q Ki‡Z nq †gvU mg‡qi GK eo Ask| Avevi hw`gyw`ªZ msev‡ì B‡jKUªwbK ev AbjvBb fvm©‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿZwU‡K we‡ePbvq Avbvnq, Zvn‡j †`Lv hvq †h, mvgwMÖKfv‡e msev` Dc¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î hZLvwb †Póv Ig‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z nq Zvi GKwU eo AskB w`‡Z nq msev`-m~Pbv cwi‡ek‡bi†ÿ‡Î| mv¤úªwZK mg‡q j¶Yxq †h, ˆ`wbK msev`c‡Îi AbjvBb ms¯‹i‡Y †Kejwk‡ivbvgmn msev`-m~PbvwUB „k¨gvb _v‡K| msev‡ì evwK Ask GKwU evowZÔwjsKÕ wK¬K K‡i Luy‡R †c‡Z nq| myZivs G K_v wbwØ©avq ejv hvq †h, msev`weeiYxi me©v‡c¶v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask msev`-m~Pbv hv wWwRUvj hy‡Mi mvsevw`KZvqcvV‡Ki Kv‡Q Av‡Mi Zzjbvq AwaKZi Zvrch©gq n‡q D‡V‡Q| Gme cwi‡cÖwÿZwe‡ePbvq msev` cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Av‡aq cwi‡ekbvq msev`-m~Pbvi Avw½K evKvVv‡gvMZ we‡kølY AZ¨šÍ mg‡qvc‡hvMx Ges Zvrch©c~Y©| Aciw`‡K mvsevw`KZv GLb mywe¯Í…Z Ges m¤§vbRbK †ckv| mvgvwRK`vwqZ¡kxjZvi cÖ‡kœ mvsevw`KZv GKwU `vwqZ¡kxj †ckvI e‡U| msMZKvi‡Ymsev‡ì ïiæ‡ZB b~ bZg kã-ni‡di Kvh©Ki kã-ev‡Kï web¨v‡m mwVK Z_¨-

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m~‡Îi Av‡jv‡K GKUv NUbv ev Ae¯’vi wbfz©j Z_¨ ev aviYv Zz‡j ai‡Z nq| wKš‘G hy‡Mi m`ve¨¯Í msev`cÎ cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q msev`-m~PbvwU AvKl©Yxq, mnR, h_v_©I wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Ges mycvV¨ K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j cÖwZ‡e`‡bi ev`-evwKAsk hZB fv‡jv †nvK bv †Kb Zv mdj cÖwZ‡e`‡bi gh©v`v †c‡Z e¨_© nq| †mw`Kwe‡ePbvq msev`-m~Pbvi e¨vcv‡i msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvVKKy‡ji wPšÍv-fvebvGes G m¤ú‡K© cvVK cÖZ¨vkvi PvcwU †KgbÑ Zv g~j¨vqb Riæwi| eZ©gvbM‡elYvwU †m jÿ¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q|M‡elYvi j¶¨ n‡”Q †Kv‡bv welq-NUbv-cÖcÂ wKsev ev¯ÍeZvi bZzb bZzb gvÎvD`&NvUb Kiv Ges Gme gvÎvi cÖv‡qvwMK m¤¢vebv‡K Zwj‡q †`Lv| evsjv‡`‡kMYgva¨g welqK †h‡Kv‡bv M‡elYvi msL¨v I my‡hvM A_©‰bwZK wePv‡i LyeBmxwgZ| GB mxwgZ cwim‡i wØ-gvwÎK M‡elYv A_©vr Av‡aqi ev¯ÍeZv IcvVK‡Mvôxi cÖZ¨vkv‡K GKm~‡Î †Mu‡_ M‡elYv nqwb ej‡jB P‡j| evsjv‡`‡kimsev`c‡Îi Av‡aq wb‡q hwÌ wewfbœ M‡elYvKg© m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q, hv‡ì g‡a¨D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑ msev`c‡Îi Kv‡Q cvV‡Ki Pvwn`v, msev`c‡Îi c„ôvm¾v,msev`c‡Îi m¤úv`Kxq, msev`c‡Îi Kjvg, msev`c‡Î bvixi Dc¯’vcb BZ¨vw`,wKš‘ msev`-m~Pbv wb‡q †Zgb †Kv‡bv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ M‡elYv †Pv‡L c‡o bv| Ômsev`c‡Îi Kv‡Q cvV‡Ki Pvwn`vÕ wb‡q 1994 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m †cÖmBbw÷wUDU evsjv‡`k GKwU M‡elYvKg© cwiPvjbv K‡i| M‡elYvwUi wk‡ivbvg wQjÔmsev`cÎ I cvV‡Ki Pvwn`vÕ †hwU cwiPvjbv K‡ib mxgv †gvm‡jg| Rwicc×wZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvwU‡Z DËi`vZvi eqm, gvwmK Avq, mßv‡n KZw`b IKZÿY Le‡ii KvMR c‡ob Zvi msL¨v, DËi`vZvi KvMR µq Af¨vm IcvVvf¨vm we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI msev`cÎ cvV‡Ki Pvwn`v AbyhvqxAvšÍR©vwZK I gd¯^j msev` KZLvwb cÖKvk K‡i †mwUI we‡kølY Kiv nqM‡elYvwU‡Z| msev`c‡Îi c„ôvm¾v wb‡q 1996 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU evsjv‡`kAv‡iKwU M‡elYv K‡i †hwUi wk‡ivbvg wQj Ôevsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Îi c„ôvm¾vimv¤úªwZK avivÕ| Av‡aq-we‡kølY I Rwic c×wZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbvK‡ib mxgv †gvm‡jg| M‡elYvwU‡Z c„ôvm¾vi †ÿ‡Î cwÎKvi wewfbœ aib ev÷vBj we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1990 mv‡ji Av‡M I ZrcieZx© mg‡q cÖKvwkZcwÎKvi c„ôvm¾vi cv_©K¨ †`Lv‡bv nq M‡elYvwU‡Z| GQvov c„ôvm¾vi wel‡qcvV‡Ki AwfgZ we‡kølY Kiv nq M‡elYvwU‡Z| M‡elYvwU‡Z Avevi c„ôvm¾vwel‡q `vwqZ¡cÖvß mvsevw`K‡ì AwfgZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq|msev`c‡Îi m¤úv`Kxq wb‡q 2000 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU evsjv‡`k

Av‡iv GKwU M‡elYv K‡i hvi wk‡ivbvg wQj Ômsev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ m¤úv`Kxq: avivI cÖK…wZ we‡kølYÕ| M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbv K‡ib mxgv †gvm‡jg| Av‡aq we‡kølY IRwic Dfq c×wZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvwU‡Z cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ m¤úv`Kxqi AvKvi(kã msL¨v), RvZxq Ges AvšÍR©vwZK †cÖÿvc‡U m¤úv`Kxq iPbv BZ¨vw` we‡kølYKiv nq| GQvovI ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, cwi‡ek, cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM, wkÿv, ms¯‹…wZBZ¨vw` wel‡q †Kvb cwÎKv KZwU m¤úv`Kxq Qv‡c †mwU we‡kølY Kiv nqM‡elYvwU‡Z| m¤úv`Kxq iPbv I mswkøó wel‡q cwÎKvi m¤úv`‡Ki AwfgZwe‡kølYI Kiv nq M‡elYvwU‡Z|m¤úv`‡Ki Kjvg wb‡q 2001 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU evsjv‡`k Av‡ivGKwU M‡elYv cwiPvjbv K‡i| M‡elYvwUi wk‡ivbvg wQj Ôevsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡ÎcÖKvwkZ Kjvg: GKwU mgxÿvÕ| M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbv K‡ib Kvgiæj nK| Av‡aqwe‡kølY I Rwic Dfq c×wZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvwU‡Z msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZKjv‡gi welqwfwËK †kªwY wefvRb Kiv nq| GQvovI cÖKvwkZ Kjvg cÖKvkbviaibwfwËK †kªwY wefvRb, Kjv‡gi e³e¨ I welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcbvi aibwfwËK †kªwYwefvRb †`Lv‡bv nq M‡elYvwU‡Z|msev`c‡Î bvixi Dc¯’vcb wel‡q 2008 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m †cÖm Bbw÷wUDUevsjv‡`k Avi GKwU M‡elYv K‡i hvi wk‡ivbvg wQj, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡ÎbvixwelqK Lei cÖKv‡ki aviv I êwkó¨Õ| M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbv K‡ib KvgiæjnK| Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZ AbymiY K‡i cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvwU‡Z msev`c‡ÎbvixwelqK Le‡ii Rb¨ eëüZ †¯ú‡mi cwigvY, bvix wbh©vZbg~jK Le‡ii†kwªYweb¨vm, Aciv‡ai wkKvi bvixi wel‡q cÖKvwkZ Le‡ii aib BZ¨vw` we‡kølYKiv nq|Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jv wb‡q †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU evsjv‡`k M‡elYv Ki‡jI msev`-m~PbvAv‡aqi ev¯ÍeZv wb‡q Ges msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvV‡Ki cÖZ¨vkv wKiƒcÑ G wel‡q†Zgb †Kv‡bv M‡elYv †Pv‡L c‡o bv| †mw`K we‡ePbvq eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU AZ¨šÍZvrch©c~Y©, †hŠw³K I cÖvmw½K| †Kbbv eZ©gvb M‡elYvi AbymÜvb I we‡kølY†_‡K cÖvß Z_¨-DcvË mvsevw`KZv †ckvi mv‡_ RwoZ e¨w³eM©, we‡kl K‡imsev`cÎ wk‡íi mv‡_ mswkøó bxwZwba©viK‡ì cvVK‡Mvôxi cÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqxmsev`-m~Pbv wjL‡Z w`K-wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g G‡`‡ki cÖv‡qvwMKmvsevw`KZvi gvb DrK‡l© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| GKB mv‡_ msev`c‡Îimsev`-wjLb ixwZ-PP©v Z_v mvsevw`KZvi ZvwË¡K Aa¨q‡b GKwU Kvh©KiMvBWjvBb w`‡Z mÿg n‡e, M‡elK‡ì DØy× Ki‡e welq-mswkøó bZzb bZzbM‡elYvq|

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5. Aa¨vq-web¨vmcÖ_g Aa¨v‡q GB M‡elYvKg©wUi D‡Ïk¨, M‡elYv-c×wZ (mswÿß AvKv‡i) GesM‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|wØZxq Aa¨v‡q msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v †Ìqvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GAa¨v‡q msev`-m~Pbvi msÁv, Gi BwZnvm I cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvKiv n‡q‡Q|GB M‡elYvKg©wU‡Z †Kvb c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q †mUv Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZn‡q‡Q| GQvovI Z_¨ msMÖ‡n eëüZ c×wZ, Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi c×wZ Ges Z_¨msMÖ‡ni mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|PZz_© Aa¨v‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© RvZxq ˆ`wb‡K cÖKvwkZ msev`-m~Pbvi Av‡aqm¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|GB M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ wewfbœ †kÖwY-†ckvi msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRKAe¯’v, Zv‡ì msev`cÎ †Kbv I cv‡Vi Af¨vm, msev`cÎ cv‡Vi ¯’vb BZ¨vw`wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q cÂg Aa¨v‡q|lô Aa¨v‡q cvVK Rwic †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq ˆ`wbKmsev`c‡Îi cÖ_g cvZvq cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡ì aviYvKx Ges Zviv Kx ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib G-wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivn‡q‡Q| Av‡aq we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cÖvß Z_¨ Ges cvVK Rwi‡cigva¨‡g cvVK-cÖZ¨vkv m¤ú‡K© cÖvß Z‡_ï mvwe©K ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q mßgAa¨v‡q| GB Aa¨v‡q msev`c‡Î eëüZ msev`-m~Pbv Ges msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K©cvVK cÖZ¨vkv m¤ú‡K© wKQz mycvwikgvjvI Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q hv msev`cÎcÖwZôvb‡K cvVK cÖZ¨vkvi mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i msev`-m~Pbv wjL‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

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wØZxq Aa¨vqmsev`-m~Pbv: ZvwË¡K ch©v‡jvPbv

2.1. f~wgKvZ_¨-cÖhyw³wbf©i e¨¯ÍZvi GB hy‡M Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b mevB‡K AZ¨šÍ e¨¯ÍZvi mv‡_Zv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq A‡bKUv eva¨ n‡qB| GwM‡q Pj‡Z nqmvg‡bi w`‡K, Aeva MwZ‡Z| msev`cÎ cv‡Vi †ejvqI Zv‡ì GB MwZgqZv jÿKiv hvq| e¨¯ÍZvi gv‡S mgq euvPv‡bvi ZvwM‡` Avevi msev` Rvbvi A`g¨†KŠZ~nj wbe„Ë Kivi ¯^v‡_© msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì AwaKvskB cy‡iv msevÙv bv c‡oïay msev‡ì cÖviw¤¢K AskwU c‡o mgMÖ msev` cv‡Vi ¯^v` MÖnY K‡ib| G Kvi‡YBnq‡Zv ejv nq, ‘A story well begun is half done’ (Bastian, Case & Baskette,1956: 79)| msev`c‡Îi mvsevw`K‡ì †m Kvi‡Y n‡Z nq AZ¨šÍ †PŠKm, eyw×gËvimv‡_ GKwU msev‡ì mviK_v e‡j w`‡Z nq ïiæ‡ZB| †h Kvi‡Y mvsevw`K hLb†j‡Lb ZLb Zvi Kíbv, kã, evK¨ wb‡q †jLvi my‡hvM _v‡K bv| wZwb †Kejnv‡Zi K‡Q Z_¨¸‡jv‡K mvRv‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e GB mvRv‡bvi †¶‡Î Zv‡K †g‡bPj‡Z nq Kov wbqg| cÖ_‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq msev‡ì me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©AskwU, msev‡ì GKev‡i ïiæ‡Z PgrKvi Ges AvKl©Yxqfv‡e K‡qKwU ev‡K¨wKsev GKwU Aby‡”Q‡`| hv‡Z K‡i msev`cÎ covgvÎ cvVK eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h wZwb(cÖwZ‡e`K) Kx ej‡Z Pv‡”Qb A_©vr msev‡ì g~j welqwU| GwU Zv‡K cy‡iv msev`-Kvwnwbi w`‡K g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| G Kvi‡Y ejv n‡q _v‡K ‘Intro isthe outline of the story. Intro is the gist of the story.’ (Campbell & Wolseley,1961: 56)| cÖK„Zc‡ÿ msev`-m~Pbv msev‡ì me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| JohnHoenburgh-Gi fvlvq, ‘There is nothing like a good beginning for a story.Journalism Stresses it. Reporters strive for it. Editors Demands it’ (D×…Z,Rv‡n`x, 2009)| Av‡jvP¨ Aa¨v‡q ZvB msev`-m~Pbvi msÁv, ¸iæZ¡, weeZ©b,êwkó¨, GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi wbqg I msev`-m~Pbvi aib wel‡qAv‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q hv eZ©gvb M‡elYvi ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv Ki‡e|2.2. msev`-m~PbvBs‡iwR‡Z msev`-m~Pbv‡K ejv nq ‘Intro’ hv Bs‡iwR kã ‘Introduction’ †_‡KG‡m‡Q| G w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j Intro kãwU m~Pbv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| AveviA‡b‡Ki g‡Z lead kãwU G‡m‡Q Bs‡iwR Leader †_‡K hvi A_© cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kiv|G w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j msev`-m~Pbv msev‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| g~jZ msev`-

Kvwnwbi ïiæ‡Z cy‡iv msev‡ì g~j K_vwU ms‡¶‡c †jLv n‡j Zv‡K msev`-m~Pbvejv n‡q _v‡K (Rvgvb Ges mvbv, 2001)| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, msev`-m~Pbvn‡”Q cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki Rb¨ Dr‡¶cY gÂ †hLvb †_‡K wZwb Zuvi Kvwnwb‡Z Suvc †`b|Avi GB Dr‡¶cY gÂwU hw` me w`K †_‡K wbLuyZ I my›ì nq Zvn‡j Zuvi Suvc†ÌqvI wbtm‡›`‡n Abe`¨ n‡e (wbMvi †nv‡mb, 1987)| ZvB ejv hvq, GKwUmsev‡ì g~j welqe¯‘‡K cÖ_‡g msw¶ß evK¨ iPbvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvk Kivi †hwbg©vYixwZ Zv‡KB ejv nq wjW (Lead) ev Intro (P‡Ævcva¨vq, 1994)| GQvov †Kv‡bv msev`-Kvwnwbi cÖ_g AskwU ev cÖvi‡¤¢i GK- yÕevK¨ A_ev cÖ_gAby‡”Q`wUB msev`kxl© ev msev`-m~Pbv (News Intro/News Lead) bv‡gIcwiwPZ| Doug Newsom I James A Wollert-Gi g‡Z, ‘Lead can refer to thefirst paragraph, which might contain only one sentence, but could have twoor three.’ (Newsom & Wollert, 1985: 72 )| A_©vr †Kv‡bv msev`-Kvwnwbi GKev‡Kï cÖ_g Aby‡”Q`‡K msev` kxl© ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G‡Z yB ev wZbwUevKÏ _vK‡Z cv‡i| G m¤ú‡K© Everett, E. Dennis I Ismach Arnold e‡jb,‘The lead is the first paragraph of a news story.’ It may be one sentence orseveral.’ (Dennis, & Ismach, 1981: 146)| Lewis Carrol Zvi Alice inWonderland MÖ‡š’ msev`-m~Pbv‡K e‡j‡Qb, ‘Begin at the beginning’ (D×…Z,Rv‡n`x, 2009)| Avevi evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó mvsevw`K AvZvDm mvgv‡ì fvlvq,ÔGKwU msev‡ì cÖ_g †h AskwU Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Zv‡K ejv nq msev`-m~Pbv|ÕA_©vr †Kv‡bv msev`-Kvwnwbi cÖ_g Aby‡”Q`wUB IB msev`-KvwnwbwUi m~Pbv evwjW| A_©vr GB Aby‡”Q`wU GK ev‡K¨ mxgve× n‡Z cv‡i wKsev GKvwaK ev‡KÏ|myZivs msev‡ì mvims‡¶‡ci Dc¯’vcbv ev cwi‡ekbg~jK evK¨mg~nB msev`m~Pbv (ivq, 1994 )| cwi‡k‡l ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, msev`-m~Pbv n‡jv GKwU msev` weeiYxi cÖviw¤¢K Ask†hLv‡b GKwU msev‡ì g~j K_v¸‡jv ewY©Z nq| Avm‡j GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~PbvÔlo-KÕ1-Gi DËi †èvi †Póv K‡i| Campbell Ges Wolseley (1961: 56)-Gifvlvq, ‘It is the essence of the news as presented in summary form at thebeginning of the story.’2.3. msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi BwZnvm1896 mv‡j ‘The New York Times’ cwÎKvq cÖ_g AvaywbK msev`-m~Pbv †jLvim~ÎcvZ nq| 1940-Gi `k‡K G‡m Av‡gwiKvi msev` we‡klÁMY msev`c‡Îi Ig¨vMvwR‡bi msev`-m~Pbv wb‡q cÖ_g M‡elYv ïiæ K‡ib| M‡elYvq Zviv wewfbœ

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1. †K, Kx, †Kb, KLb, †Kv_vq Ges Kxfv‡e|

ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi †`L‡Z †c‡jb| AwaKvsk msev`-m~Pbvq Zviv Ô†KÕcÖ‡kœi DË‡ii AvwaK¨ jÿ Ki‡jb| msev` we‡klÁ Rudolf Flesch Ges RobertGunning hLb ej‡jb, j¤^v/eo evK¨ msev‡ì cVb‡hvM¨Zvq evav m„wó K‡i| AviGici †_‡KB K‡qK ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv ARbwcÖq n‡q †Mj| cvkvcvwk Ô†KÕmsev`-m~Pbv Av‡iv †ewk gvÎvq RbwcÖq n‡q DVj| KviY G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvqe¨w³MZ Av‡e`b †ewk _v‡K| hwÌ G mgq Ab¨vb¨ msev`-m~Pbv G‡Kev‡i ev`†Ìqv n‡jv bv wKš‘ G¸‡jvi eënvi A‡bKUvB K‡g †Mj (Campbell &Wolseley, 1961)| Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U Aveªvnvg wjsKb nZ¨vKvÐ m¤ú‡K© GwcÕi IqvwksUb cÖwZwbwa†j‡Lb- ‘The president was shot in a theatre tonight and perhaps mortallywounded.’ (Warren, 1959: 83)| A_©vr †cÖwm‡W›U‡K j¶¨ K‡i ¸wj †Qvov n‡q‡Qm¤¢eZ wZwb ¸iæZi AvnZ| IB cÖwZwbwai †jLv 12wU kãB Av‡gwiKvi msev`-Kvwnwbi KvVv‡gvi BwZnv‡m bZzb GK avivi m„wó K‡i| mvsevw`KZvq ïiæ nq bZzbhy‡Mi| cÖeZ©b nq msev`-Kvwnwb‡Z msev`-m~Pbv ev wjW †jLvi bZzb aviv| GQvov Av‡iv ywU NUbv msev`-Kvwnwbi eZ©gvb Av`j w`‡Z cÖfvweZ K‡i| NUbvywU n‡”QÑ GK. †UwjMÖvd Avwe®‹vi, yB. Av‡gwiKvi M„nhy‡×i we¯Ívi (Warren,

1959)| Dwbk kZ‡K †UwjMÖv‡d cÖ_g Lei cvVv‡bv ïiæ nq, ZLb hvwš¿K†Mvj‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq cy‡iv Lei cvVv‡bv †hZ bv| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª 1861mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m M„nhy‡×i mgq GB ai‡bi Amyweav †`Lv w`‡qwQj| GB AmyweavAv‡gwiKvi msev`cÎ-mvsevw`KZvq GK hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b G‡b †`q| msev`cvVv‡bvi hvwš¿K GB mgm¨v‡K Govevi Rb¨B Le‡ii me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask Av‡McvVvevi eë¯’v Kiv nq| welqwU Aek¨ Everett M. Rogers Zuvi CommunicationTechnology eB‡Z D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb, ‘To put the most importantfacts in the first sentence of the news story, with less crucial information ineach succeeding sentence.’ (Rogers, 1986: 30)| GKBfv‡e Joseph R.Dominick Zuvi The Dynamics of Mass Communication MÖ‡š’ welqUv‡K e¨vL¨vKi‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb, “The Civil War which altered so many things in theUnited States also changed American newspaper journalism. A new report-ing technique emerged as telegraphic dispatches from the war zone weretransformed into 'headlines' to give the reader the main points of longer sto-ries that followed. Because telegraph lines were unreliable and often failed,the opening paragraphs of the news story, the 'lead', told the most importantfacts. The rest of the story continued details. If the telegraph line broke dur-ing a story, at least the most important part would probably get through.”(Dominick, 1990: 92).

cieZ©xKv‡j mgvR hZ AvaywbK n‡q I‡V gvby‡li e¨¯ÍZvI evo‡Z _v‡K| GBAe¯’vq KvMR co‡Z A‡bK mgq e¨q Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| wKš‘ Z_¨ I msev‡ì¸iæZ¡ evo‡Z _v‡K| Kv‡Qi Ges ~‡ii mewKQzB gvbyl Rvb‡Z Pvq| Zvn‡j mgqKg Ges †ewk RvbvÑ GB yB‡qi g‡a¨ mvhyR¨ NUv‡Z n‡e| Kx K‡i m¤¢e? hwÀíK_vq cÖ_‡gB msev‡ì cÖavb Ask †jLv hvq Zvn‡jB m¤¢e| Gfv‡eB wjW evBb‡Uªv ev m~Pbv †jLvi Pjb ïiæ nq (P‡Ævcva¨vq, 1994)| Z‡e msev‡ì ïiæ‡Zmsev‡ì ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqwU e‡j †`qvB †h msev`c‡Î eëüZ GKgvÎ msev`-m~Pbv†mUv bq| G K_v wVK †h, msev`c‡Î G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eûj eënvi jÿKiv hvq, Z‡e GwU QvovI Av‡iv †ek K‡qK ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv eZ©gv‡bmsev`c‡Î eëüZ n‡”Q (Aa¨vq 2.5 `ªóe¨)| 2.4. msev`-m~Pbvi ¸iæZ¡m‡e©vËgfv‡e †jLv msev`-m~Pbv cvV‡Ki cÖv_wgK †KŠZ~njB ïay †gUvq bv eis ZviAv‡iv covi AvMÖn evwo‡q †`q| Kv‡RB cvVK‡K w`‡q cy‡iv msev`wU cov‡ZPvB‡j cÖ_‡gB AvKl©Yxq I msw¶ß m~Pbv w`‡q †Uvc †dj‡Z n‡e| Newsom IWollert (1985: 72)-Gi fvlvq, ÔThe right combination of words will accom-plish the dual purpose of the lead: telling main point of the story, and get-ting reader’s attention.’| A_©vr msev`-m~Pbvi mvnv‡h¨ GKB mv‡_ ywU KvR nq|cÖ_gZ. msev`-Kvwnwbi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask Av‡M ejv Ges wØZxqZ. cvV‡Kig‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv| ïay ZvB bq, †Kv‡bv msev`-Kvwnwb‡K ms‡¶‡c Dc¯’vcbKiv wKsev IB KvwnwbwUi g~j welq ev w`K‡K Zz‡j ai‡Z msev`-m~Pbv †jLv nq|GQvov cy‡iv msev`-KvwnwbwU covi Rb¨ cvV‡Ki gb I AvMÖn‡K Dm‡K w`‡ZImsev`-m~Pbv Riæwi|2.5. Av`k© msev`-m~Pbvi êwkó¨msev`-m~Pbv GKwU msev`-Kvwnwbi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| GwU memgq n‡emivmwi, mnR, mvejxj Ges g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Yxq| GLv‡b mgMÖ msev`-Kvwnwbi¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`v‡bi mgš^q NU‡e hv we¯ÍvwiZ AvKv‡i cieZx© mg‡q msev‡ìAb¨vb¨ As‡k ewY©Z n‡e| The News Manual: A Professional Resource forJournalists and the Media Abyhvqx GKwU Av`k© msev`-m~Pbv n‡e wb¤œiƒc:1) GwU n‡e msev`-Kvwnwbi me‡P‡q g~jëvb Ask| GKwU msev`-Kvwnwb‡Z

A‡bK¸‡jv g~jëvb welq _vK‡jI msev`-†jLK‡K me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AskwU†ei K‡i Zv msev`-m~Pbvq AšÍfy©³ Ki‡Z n‡e;

2) msev`-m~Pbv n‡e mswÿß, cwi”Qbœ, msMwVZ Ges e¨vKiYMZfv‡e mnR|GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbvq AbwaK 20 kã _vK‡e| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv10/12 k‡ãi n‡jI P‡j| GKwU gvÎ ev‡K¨ msev`-m~Pbv †jLv †h‡Z cv‡i|

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Z‡e RwUj I m‡›`ncÖeY GK ev‡Kï †P‡q yB evK¨msewjZ msev`-m~Pbvfv‡jv| me Ôlo-KÕ-Gi DËi †h msev`-m~Pbvq w`‡Z n‡e GgbwU bq|†gvÏvK_v, GLv‡b KISS (Keep It Short and Simple) m~‡Îi welqwU gv_vqivL‡Z n‡e;

3) msev`-m~Pbv Ggb n‡e hv‡Z cvVK GwU c‡o msev‡ì Ab¨ Ask co‡ZAvMÖnx nb;

4) msev`-m~Pbv msev`-Kvwnwbi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡e|(http://www.thenewsmanual.net/Manuals%20Volume%201/volume1_04.htm on 3 August, 2011).2.6. fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbv Kxfv‡e †jLv hvq?Rvbvi AvMÖn gvby‡li A`g¨| †m Kvi‡Y †m Rvb‡Z Pvq| GKwU msev‡ì cÖ_‡gBcvVK ZvB g~j welqwU Rvb‡Z Pvq| welqwU Rvbvi Rb¨ cvV‡Ki g‡b 6wU †gŠwjKcÖkœ Rv‡M hvi DËi †m cÖ_‡gB Rvb‡Z Pvq| cÖkœ¸‡jv n‡jvÑ Kx n‡q‡Q? †Kv_vqn‡q‡Q? KLb n‡q‡Q? †Kb n‡q‡Q? Kxfv‡e n‡q‡Q? Kvi n‡jv? GB †K A_©vr 6wUÔKÕ msewjZ cÖkœ ev lo ÔKÕ| GB lo ÔKÕ-Gi DËi¸‡jv mvwR‡q ms‡¶‡c wjL‡jBm~Pbv †jLv n‡q hvq (Rvgvb I mvbv, 2001)| Ab¨w`‡K F C Frazer Bond-Gig‡Z, msev`-m~Pbvi kZ©vbyhvqx, cÖvq mKj †¶‡ÎB msev`-Kvwnwb ïiæ nq KvwnwbiP~ovšÍ cwiYwZ w`‡q| GB wbqg ev dg©yjvi ywU KviY Av‡Q: GK. cvV‡Ki g‡bv‡hvMAvKl©Y Kivi AvKv•ÿv| yB. cvVK-cvwVKvi mgq euvPv‡bvi B”Qv (D×…Z, †nv‡mb,1997)| wZwb AviI e‡jb, m‡e©vËgfv‡e †jLv msev`-m~Pbv cvV‡Ki cÖv_wgK†KŠZ~njB ïay †gUvq bv, eis Zvi Av‡iv covi AvMÖn evwo‡q †`q| ms‡¶‡c ejvhvq, GKRb mvsevw`K‡K Aek¨B †`L‡Z n‡e †h, Zuvi †jLv msev`-m~Pbv †hbcuvPwU wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i A_©vr msev`-m~Pbvq Aek¨B msev`-KvwnwbwUi GKwUmvims‡¶c _vK‡Z n‡e; mswkøó e¨w³ I ¯’vb‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| msev‡ìêwkó¨ ev wdPv‡ii welqwU w`‡Z n‡e, NUbvi me©‡kl LeiwU Rvbv‡Z n‡e Gesm¤¢e n‡j, cvV‡Ki cy‡iv KvwnwbwU covi AvMÖn hv‡Z eRvq _v‡K Zvi †cÖiYv†ÌqviI eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e (wbMvi †nv‡mb, 1987)| Gw`‡K cv_© P‡Ævcva¨vq msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, msev‡ì m~Pbvme mgq g~j Kvwnwbi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© n‡e| †jLv n‡e AZ¨šÍ msw¶ß AvKv‡i|GB m~Pbv me mgq †Póv Ki‡e cvVK‡K hZ †ewk m¤¢e Z_¨ Rvbv‡Z| cuvP W GesGK H-†K h_vm¤¢e a‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| cy‡iv msev` cvV Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Zn‡e cvVK‡K (P‡Ævcva¨vq, 1994)| wZwb AviI e‡jb, ïay me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©wel‡qi D‡jøL K‡i msev`-m~Pbv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e, kã web¨vm Ggbfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e

hv‡Z NUbvi wµqvkxjZv hZLvwb m¤¢e Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| Aciw`‡K The News Manual: A Professional Resource for Journalists and theMedia GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbv Kxfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e Zvi GKwU MvBWjvBbw`‡q‡Q| MvBWjvB‡b †h welq¸‡jv i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv:1) ¸iæ‡Z¡i µgvbymv‡i msev`-Kvwnwb‡K mvwR‡q wb‡q me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqwU‡Kmsev`-m~Pbvq Avb‡Z n‡e;2) KISS m~ÎwU g‡b †i‡L wjLv;3) me©`v KZ…©evP¨ eënvi Kiv;4) me©v‡MÖ NUbv msµvšÍ Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcb; 5) msev`-m~Pbvq D×…wZ eënvi bv KivB fv‡jv|Avevi Thomson Foundation-Gi mvsevw`KZvi cÖwkÿKiv msev`-m~Pbv †jLvimgq PviwU wbqg AbymiY Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡jv:1) msev`-m~Pbv cy‡iv msev`-Kvwnwbi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© n‡e;2) msev`-m~Pbv c‡o cvVK msev‡ì evwK Ask co‡Z DØy× n‡e;3) msev`-m~Pbv mvaviYZ mswÿß n‡e;4) msev`-m~Pbv GKwU msev`-Kvwnwbi g~j weeiYx‡K wfwË K‡i iwPZ n‡e (D×…Z,ivq, 2003: 59)|Newsom I Wollert (1985: 76-82)-Gi g‡Z, msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi †¶‡Î †jLK‡KAek¨B msev`-Kvwnwbi me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kivn‡q‡Q wKbv †mUv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î Zv‡ì civgk© n‡jv: 1) msev`-m~Pbv mswÿß n‡e, 2) msev`-m~Pbv n‡e mywbw`©ó,3) msev`‡K kbv³ Ki‡e,4) mg‡qvc‡hvMx n‡e,5) K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi Ki‡e|Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~PbvwjL‡Z n‡j wb¤œwjwLZ welq¸‡jv †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e: 1) msev`-weeiYxi g~j wbh©vm‡K aviY K‡i msev`-m~Pbv| hw` msev`-m~Pbvqmsev‡ì g~j welqwU Dc¯’vc‡b e¨_© nq, Z‡e cvVK msev`-KvwnwbwU bvI co‡Zcv‡i| 2) cvVK‡K g~j KvwnwbwU co‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i msev`-m~Pbv| GKRb cvVK GKwUmsev`-Kvwnwbi m~Pbv c‡o gvÎ wZb †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ wm×všÍ †bq †h †m IB msev`-Kvwnwb co‡e, bvwK Ab¨ Avi GKwU msev`-Kvwnwb co‡e| ZvB Ggbfv‡e msev`-

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m~Pbv wjL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i cvVK GZ Aímg‡qi g‡a¨ msev`-KvwnwbwU co‡ZDØy× nq| Donald Murray Zuvi Writing for Readers MÖ‡š’ welqwU‡K Gfv‡e e¨vL¨vK‡i‡Qb, ‘Three seconds and the reader decides to read or move on to the nextstory. That's all the time you have to catch the reader's glance and hold it; allthe time you have to entice and inform.’(h t tp : / /www.courses .vcu .edu /ENG- jeh /Beg inn ingRepor t ing /Writing/newslead.htm)|3) GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi mgq k‡ãi eënv‡i mvkÖqx n‡Z nq A_©vrmsev`-m~Pbv n‡e mswÿß| Dc‡i DwjøwLZ KISS m~ÎwU msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi †ÿ‡Îeënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr msev`-m~Pbv Ggbfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡icÖ‡qvR‡bi AwaK GKwU kã I eënvi bv nq| msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi mgq g‡bKi‡Z n‡e †h, GKwU AwaK kã eënvi Ki‡j nviv‡Z n‡e 100 UvKv| kãmsL¨v_v‡K m‡e©v”P 25| evK¨ eënv‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI K…”Q«Zv mvab Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡QAvBGbGm2-Gi ÷vBjeyK| GLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, msev`-m~Pbvi Aby‡”Q` wZb evZvi Kg jvB‡bi g‡a¨ mxwgZ ivL‡Z (ivq, 2003: 58)| 4) g~jZ GKwU mvigg©wfwËK msev` m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ-Gi AšÍZ PviwU ÔKÕ A_©vr†K, wK, KLb Ges †Kv_vq-Gi DËi _v‡K| hwÌ evZ©v ms¯’v A¨v‡mvwm‡q‡UW†cÖ‡mi Dc‡`óv iæWjd& †d¬k cÖvPxb ixwZi Ôlo-KÕ Gi eënvi‡K †m‡K‡j e‡jmgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ ZeyI Gi mvnv‡h¨B †`k-we‡`‡ki AmsL¨ msev`c‡Îmsev`-m~Pbv †jLv nq| Z‡e A‡bK †ÿ‡Î B`vbxsKv‡j wdPvi ÷vBj ev eY©bvg~jK÷vB‡j msev`-m~Pbv †jLv n‡”Q| 5) GKwU msev`-Kvwnwbi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask †hgb msev`-m~Pbv, †Zgwbmsev‡ì Ab¨vb¨ Ask †jLvi †P‡q msev`-m~Pbv †jLv KwVb| KviY msev`-m~Pbvqmsev‡ì g~j myiwU AbyiwYZ nq †nZz GwU cvVK‡K msev‡ì Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki mv‡_cwiPq Kwi‡q †`q| GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbv AwZ Aí k‡ãi g‡a¨ msev‡ìwewea w`K Dc¯’vcb K‡i| Avi Gme Kvi‡Y me wi‡cvU©v‡ii c‡ÿ GKwU Zxÿœmsev`-m~Pbv †jLv mnR bq| msev`-m~Pbv fv‡jv bv n‡j cvVK msev`-Kvwnwb bvIco‡Z cv‡i| †h Kvi‡Y GKwU msev`-m~Pbv n‡e msev`-Kvwnwbi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©I h_v_©| 6) msev`-m~Pbv n‡e mZ¨ †hLv‡b Ggb †Kv‡bv †ivgvÂKi Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡e bvhv mgMÖ msev`-Kvwnwb‡Z †bB| John McPhee-Gi g‡Z, ‘A lead should not becheap, flashy, meretricious, blaring a great fanfare of trumpets, and then amouse comes out of its hole.’ (Beginning Reporting, accessed from

http://www.courses.vcu.edu/ENG-jeh/BeginningReporting/Writing/newslead.htm, on 20 May, 2011).7) msev`-m~Pbv KZ…©ev‡P¨ wjL‡Z n‡e Ges m¤¢e n‡j D×„wZi eënvi cwinviKivB fv‡jv| Avmj K_v n‡jv, msev`-Kvwnwbi mviK_v‡K Dc¯’vcb KivB msev`-m~PbviGKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨ bq, eis cvVK‡K cy‡iv msev`wU co‡Z DØy× Ki‡Z cvi‡jB †Kejmsev`-m~Pbvi ¯^v_©KZv| wKš‘ KvRwU GZUv mnR bq| `xN©w`‡bi Af¨vm, msev`-m~Pbv wbqg †g‡b Pjv Ges AwfÁZvi d‡j GKRb wi‡cvU©vi kxNªB GKwU fv‡jvmsev`-m~Pbv wj‡L †dj‡Z cv‡ib| `xN©w`‡bi ixwZ I †iIqv‡Ri Kvi‡YBevsjv‡`‡ki mvsevw`Kiv Ôlo-KÕ-Gi DË‡ii gva¨‡gB cvV‡Ki me cÖ‡kœi Revemsev`-m~Pbvq †èvi cÖvYvšÍKi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡”Q| Z‡e me ai‡bi msev‡ì †ÿ‡ÎB†h †mwU mZ¨ Zv bq| evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ¸‡jv Kxfv‡e msev`-m~Pbv wjL‡QeZ©gvb M‡elYvq †mUv †ei n‡q Avm‡e|2.7. msev`-m~Pbvi aibmsev`-m~Pbvi msev`-Kvwnwbi g~j e³‡eï Dc¯’vcb _vK‡e| GKwU mv`vgvUvmsev‡ì †ÿ‡Î msev`-m~Pbv n‡e msev`-Kvwnwbi wbh©vm wKš‘ gvbweK Av‡e`bagx©ev Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi msev‡ì †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv eënvi Kiv †h‡Zcv‡i| msev‡ì m~Pbv‡K mwVKfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ wewfbœ fv‡M fvM K‡i †`Lv nq|G‡KKwU msev`-m~Pbv G‡KK ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| Chiton R Bash Zuvi Writing the News MÖ‡š’ gvÎ Pvi ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi D‡jøLi‡q‡Q| h_vµ‡g 1) Summary lead; 2) The Contrast lead; 3) Question leadI 4) The Quote lead ev Question lead-Gi welqwU D‡jøL Ki‡jI George CBastian, Leland D Case Ges Floyd K Baskette (1956) Zuv‡ì Editing the DaysNews MÖ‡š’ †ek K‡qK ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi welq D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡jv: 1) Summarylead; 2) News and Feature lead; 3) Comprehensive lead; 4) Accident lead; 5)Punch lead, 6) Crusade lead; 7) Astonisher lead; 8) Catridge lead; 9) Youand I lead; 10) Suspended Interest lead; 11) Interpretive lead; 12) Questionlead; 13) Quote lead; 14) Dependent clause lead, 15) Noun clause lead, 16)Prepositional lead, 17) Then and Now lead, 18) Here and There lead, 19)Freak lead, Anecdote lead, 20) Figurative lead, 21) Epigram lead I 22)Today lead|Ab¨w`‡K Doug Newsom I James A Wollert (1985) bq ai‡bi msev`-m~PbviK_v e‡j‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡jv: 1) Summary Lead; 2) Quotation Lead; 3) Directaddress Lead; 4) Question Lead; 5) Picture and Description Lead; 6)Background Lead; 7) Contrast Lead; 8) Punch Lead I 9) Freak Lead|

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Ab¨w`‡K Everett, E. Dennis I Ismach Arnold (1981) †h 13 ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi K_v e‡j‡Qb, †m¸‡jvi A‡bK¸‡jvB Doug Newsom I James A WollertcÖ`Ë msev`-m~Pbvi cybive„wË| aib¸‡jv n‡jv: 1) Inductive lead; 2)Deductive lead; 3) Summary lead; 4) Conceptual lead; 5) Familiar refer-ence lead; 6) Narrative lead; 7) Descriptive lead; 8) Quotation lead; 9)Question lead; 10) Literary device lead; 11) Contrasting element lead; 12)Inventory (or roundup) lead I 13) Time sequence lead| cwðgv we‡klÁ‡ì msev`-m~Pbvi ai‡bi eY©bvq GKwU welq AZ¨šÍ ¯úó n‡q D‡V†h, 1950-Gi `k‡K msev`c‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi wQj| AviG-Kvi‡YB Zviv Zv‡ì mgmvgwqKKv‡ji msev`c‡Î eëüZ msev`-m~Pbviai‡bi Av‡jv‡K msev`-m~Pbvi †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Kvj-ci¤úivqmsev`c‡Îi e¨vcK we¯Ívi, cvV‡Ki msev`-Pvwn`v Ges Zv‡ì mgq we‡ePbvqGgb me msev`-m~Pbv msev`c‡Î eënvi Kiv n‡”Q hv‡Z †mwU cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q Lye`ªæZ msev‡ì g~j welqwU eY©bv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y msev`c‡Î AvRKvjAvi Av‡MKvi g‡Zv GZ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi nq bv| W. cv_© P‡Ævcva¨vqe‡jb, msev`-m~Pbv‡K fv‡jvfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ msev`c‡Î eëüZ AvU ai‡bimsev`-m~PbvB h‡_ó| Zuvi g‡Z, GB wefvR‡bi wfwË n‡jv cÖKvkfw½i wfbœZv|aib¸‡jv n‡jv: 1) eY©bvg~jK wjW; 2) ey‡jU wjW; 3) D×„wZ wjW; 4) ÷¨vKv‡Uvev †QvU †QvU evK¨ w`‡q ˆZwi wjW; 5) cÖkœ‡evaK wjW; 6) K‡_vcK_b wjW; 7)Kvjµgvbymvix wjW; 8) wejw¤^Z wjW (P‡Ævcva¨vq, 1994)| Z‡e mPivPi Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î †h ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi jÿKwi †m¸‡jv n‡jv: 1) mvigg© m~Pbv; 2) eY©bvg~jK m~Pbv; 3) ey‡jU ev KvZz©Rm~Pbv; 4) gšÍe¨ m~Pbv; 5) ÷¨vKv‡Uv m~Pbv; 6) D×„wZ ev wee„wZ m~Pbv; 7)cÖkœ‡evaK msev` m~Pbv; 8) we¯§qKi m~Pbv; 9) msjvc msev` m~Pbv; 10) iƒcKagx©msev`-m~Pbv; I 11) wejw¤^Z msev`-m~Pbv| evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î mPivPi eëüZ wewfbœ cÖKvi msev`-m~Pbvi msÁvD`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 2.7.1. mvigg© msev`-m~Pbv msev`c‡Î eëüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi g‡a¨ eûj eëüZ msev`-m~Pbvn‡jv mvigg© msev`-m~Pbv| G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvq ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Le‡ii g~jwelqwU Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvq D‡ëv-wcivwgW ÷vB‡j Z_¨Dc¯’vwcZ nq †hLv‡b me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq msev‡ì ïiæ‡ZB mnR, mij fvlvqGes mswÿß AvKv‡i e‡j †Ìqv nq| Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cvVK msev`-m~Pbv

covgvÎB †hb msev`-Kvwnwbi g~j welq A_©vr NUbvi cy‡iv wPÎ m¤ú‡K© AeMZn‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv‡K 1, 2, 3 wjWI ejv nq (Avgxb, 2004)| mvigg© msev`-m~Pbvq GKwU welq m¤ú‡K© cvVK hv hv Rvb‡Z Pvq Zvi meKwUiDËi †èvi †Póv Kiv nq Ôlo-KÕ-Gi gva¨‡g| †hgbÑ ÔweGbwci `vwei cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z cÖ‡qvRb n‡j we‡ivax`jxq †bZv †eMg Lv‡j`vwRqvi wbivcËv evov‡Z ¯îvóªgš¿x‡K wb‡`©k w`‡jb cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv| kwbe-vi AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Kvh©wbe©vnx msm‡ì mfvq mfvcwZi m~Pbv e³…Zvq wZwb GBwb‡`©k †`bÕ (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, 1 gvP© 2010)| wKš‘ A‡bK mgq G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv ˆZwi Ki‡Z wM‡q msev`wU cÖ_g w`‡KBLye fvix n‡q hvq hv‡Z K‡i cvVK msev`wU c‡o weåvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i ev wei³I n‡Zcv‡i| †m Kvi‡Y mvigg© msev`-m~Pbvq †h me mgqB Ôlo-KÕ-Gi DËi w`‡Z n‡eZv bq eis PviwU ÔKÕ A_©vr Ô†KÕ, ÔwKÕ, ÔKLbÕ I Ô†Kv_vqÕ-Gi DËi †Ìqv †h‡Zcv‡i| Avi msev`-weeiYxi c‡ii As‡k A_©vr msev`-m~Pbvi c‡ii As‡k Ô†KbÕI ÔKxfv‡eÕ-Gi DËi †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi GKwU D`vniY Zz‡j aiv n‡jvÑÔivRavbxi KuvVvjevMv‡b MZKvj ïµevi mš¿vmxiv ¸wj K‡i †ivKbDwÏb (45)bv‡g GK eëmvqx‡K nZ¨v K‡i‡Q| wZwb ˆZwi †cvkvK KviLvbvi SzU eëmv I BU-evjyi wVKv`vwi Ki‡Zb Ges AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mwµq Kgx© wQ‡jbÕ (ˆ`wbK cÖ_gAv‡jv, 1 †g 2010)| msev` m~PbvwU‡Z †hfv‡e PviwU ÔKÕ-Gi DËi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q,†mUv n‡jv: ÔKxÕ- eëmvqx‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q, ÔKLbÕ- ïµev‡i, Ô†Kv_vqÕivRavbxi KuvVvjevMv‡b, Ô†KÕ mš¿vmxiv, GB m~PbvwU‡Z Ô†KbÕ I ÔKxfv‡eÕ-GiReve wØZxq Aby‡”Q‡` †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e, Ô ycyi †òUvi w`‡K KuvVvjevMv‡bM¨v‡÷ªvwjfvi nvmcvZv‡ji Kv‡Q gv‡qi †`vqv bv‡gi wmwWi †`vKv‡b e‡m †ivKbIB †`vKv‡bi gvwjK eveyi m‡½ K_v ejwQ‡jb| G mgq AvbygvwbK 20-25 eQ‡iiyB hyeK IB †`vKv‡b †Xv‡Kb| IB yR‡bi m‡½ †ivK‡bi wKQzÿY K_vKvUvKvwU

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ai‡bi weeiYagx© msev`-m~Pbv mvaviYZ eo †Kv‡bv NUbvi Le‡ii mv‡_ mswkøócwic~iK Le‡ii eY©bv †Ìqvi †ÿ‡Î eënvi Kiv nq| msev‡` hLb we‡klfv‡e†Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZi eY©bv †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvRb _v‡K wKsev msev‡ì welqe¯‘i Kvi‡YB†hLv‡b eY©bvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q †mLv‡bB G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv eënvi Kiv hvq(ivq, 2003)| eY©bvg~jK msev`-m~Pbvi GKwU D`vniY n‡jv, ÔAvR gnvb †gwèm| †L‡U LvIqv kªwgK‡ì Drm‡ei w`b GwU| Mv‡qi Nvg Swi‡q Drcv`b mPj†i‡L hviv ivóª Ges A_©bxwZ mPj ivL‡Qb Zv‡ì Rb¨ wba©vwiZ G w`bwU| 1886mvj †_‡K mviv we‡k¦ wèmwU cvjb Kiv n‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk kªwgK Gwè‡mi mydj †_‡K ewÂZÕ (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, 1 †g 2010)|G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv A‡bKUvB wdPviagx©, hwÌ eY©bvq Lye GKUv iƒcK evwe‡kl‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| GLv‡b eY©bv P‡j Zvi Avcb MwZ‡Z| evsjv‡`‡kimsev`c‡Î AvRKvj G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi †ek jÿ Kiv hvq (Aa¨vq 4`ªóe¨)| 2.7.3. ey‡jU ev KvZy©R msev`-m~Pbv †h ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi cÖwZwµqv cvV‡Ki g‡b `ªæZ Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i Zv‡Key‡jU ev KvZz©R msev`-m~Pbv ejv nq (msev`we`¨v, 2001)| †QvU †QvU ev‡K¨MwVZ G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv ey‡j‡Ui g‡Zv we× K‡i cvV‡Ki ü`q| GLv‡b †QvUev‡Kï g‡a¨B cÖKvk cvq NUbvi AšÍwb©wnZ Zvrch©| Ggb wKQz NUbv KL‡bvKL‡bv N‡U hvi cÖwZwµqv cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q Lye Zxeª nq Ges Gi cÖwZwµqv‡K ey‡j‡Uiev KvZz©‡Ri mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv P‡j| msev`c‡Î mPivPi G ai‡bi msev`-m~PbveëüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq bv|Z‡e, †Kv‡bv we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z A_©vr †Kv‡bv ivóªbvqK ev L¨vZbvgv e¨w³i g„Zyev †Kv‡bv PvÂj¨Ki NUbv hv wek¦evmx‡K bvov †`q Ggb me †ÿ‡Î ey‡jU msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi jÿ Kiv hvq| †hgb: Bw›ìv MvÜx wbnZ| 2.7.4. gšÍe¨ msev`-m~Pbv GKwU NUbv Ges NUbv †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z hLb GKRb wi‡cvU©vi Zvi gšÍe¨w`‡q GKwU msev`-m~Pbv †j‡Lb †mwUB gšÍe¨ msev`-m~Pbv| wb‡P gšÍe¨ m~PbviGKwU D`vniY Zz‡j aiv n‡jv| Ô125 iv‡bi ci wØZxq m‡e©v”P ivb 25, GKwU `‡ji GMv‡iv e¨vUmg¨v‡bi e¨w³MZmsMÖ‡n hw` GiKg †hvRb †hvRb dvivK _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mB `‡ji †gvU msMÖn †hgbü`cyó nq bv, †Zgwb djI AbyK~‡j wb‡q Avmv m¤¢e nq bv| evsjv‡`k `‡jiI n‡q‡QZvB| I‡cbvi Zvwgg BKev‡ji 125 iv‡bi ci evsjv‡`‡ki n‡q wØZxq m‡e©v”P 25ivb K‡i‡Qb AvU b¤‡i bvgv bvBg BmjvgÕ (ˆ`wbK hyMvšÍi, 1 gvP© 2010)|

†Kv‡bv GKwU NUbvi eY©bv w`‡Z wM‡q Z‡_ï mv‡_ KL‡bv KL‡bv wi‡cvU©vi Zviwb‡Ri gšÍe¨ nvwRi K‡ib| GKwU NUbv‡K cvV‡Ki mvg‡b cÖvYešÍ K‡i nvwRiKi‡Z GwU Kiv nq| Lye †ewk bv n‡jI Avgv‡ì †`‡ki msev`c‡Î AvRKvj Gai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi jÿ Kiv hv‡”Q| 2.7.5. ÷¨vKv‡Uv msev` m~PbvBs‡iwR ÔStaccato’ kãwUi A_© n‡jv Avjv`v wKš‘ ¯úó aŸwb| A_©vr †QvU †QvUev‡K¨ KvUv KvUv K‡i ejvi aibwU‡KB ÷¨vKv‡Uv msev`-m~Pbv e‡j| G‡Z GKai‡bi †gRvR m„wóKvix Q›` _v‡K| GB ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvq †h bvUKxqZv _v‡KZv g~jZ eY©bvagx© (ivq, 1994)|†hgb : wek¦Kvc †QvU n‡q Avm‡Q| 32 `j‡K wb‡q 11 Ryb ïiæ nIqv GB MÖ‡nime©e„nr dzUej hÁ| µ‡g GwM‡q hv‡”Q AwšÍg cwiYwZi w`‡K| G‡K G‡K we`vqwb‡q‡Q 24 `j| evwK iBj AvU| 20 w`‡b 56 g¨vP †k‡l wek¦Kvc †cwi‡q G‡jvcÖ_g I wØZxq ivDÛ (ˆ`wbK hyMvšÍi, 1 RyjvB 2010)| G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi GKwU D‡ËRbvKi cwiw¯’wZ _v‡K, _v‡K bvUKxqZv|wdPviagx© msev`‡K bvUKxqfv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ KL‡bv KL‡bv G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv eënvi Kiv nq| Santos (Undated: 1)- Gi fvlvq, ÔThis type uses a seriesof phrases or sentences that produce a rhythm. It is another dramatic way ofintroducing the topic of the feature article|Õ2.7.6. D×„wZ ev wee„wZ wjW : GKwU msev‡ì welq m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv wewkó e¨w³iD×„wZ w`‡q GB ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv iPbv Kiv nq| msev‡ì cÖ_‡gB _v‡K GKwUD×„wZ, hvi m‡½ msev‡ì wel‡qi Nwbô †hvM _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î cvVK‡K cÖ_gD×„wZi m‡½ cwiPq Kwi‡q w`‡q †KŠZ~njx K‡i †Zvjv nq| G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvmsev`-Kvwnwb‡Z gRvi Dcv`vb †hgb, †KŠZzK, bvUK, Avb›`, ytL BZ¨vw`mwbœ‡ek K‡i hv msev`‡K Av‡iv cÖvYešÍ K‡i †Zv‡j (P‡Ævcva¨vq, 2001)| GKwUD`vniY w`‡j welqwU Av‡iv cwi®‹vi n‡e|ÔAvgvi kix‡i GZ R¡i| †Zvgv‡K Lei †Ìqvi ciI Avgv‡K †`L‡Z G‡j bv| G†Kgb evev Zzwg? †Kb Avgv‡K Rb¥ w`‡qwQ‡j? ¯§„wZB †Zvgvi Kv‡Q mewKQz n‡q†Mj| Zzwg bv gv‡S g‡a¨ ej‡Z, cveb I cv‡qjB †Zvgvi mewKQz| Avm‡j G¸‡jvwQj †Zvgvi m¤ú~Y© wg_¨v K_v|Õ G K_v¸‡jv ¯‹zj Wv‡qwi‡Z wj‡L †M‡Q cv‡qj(ˆ`wbK hyMvšÍi, 15 Ryb 2010)|G ai‡bi AvKl©Yxq I DÏxß msev`-m~Pbv cvVK‡K msev‡ì evwK Ask co‡ZAvMÖnx K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi Lye GKUv †`Lvhvq bv|

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2.7.7. cÖkœ‡evaK m~Pbv : †Kv‡bv weZwK©Z wel‡q ev †Kv‡bv cwÎKv †Kv‡bv wel‡qweZ‡K©i m„wó Ki‡Z PvB‡j A_ev †Kv‡bv wel‡q JrmyK¨ m„wói we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡bKL‡bv KL‡bv GKwU cÖkœ w`‡q msev` †jLv ïiæ Kiv nq (Avgxb, 2004)| †h cÖkœw`‡q msev`-m~Pbv ïiæ nq, msev`-m~Pbvi c‡ii As‡k Zvi DËi †èvi †Póv Kivnq| †hgb, Ôhgybv wUwfi m¤úÖPvi ïiæi AbygwZ bv w`‡j Avgiv cwievi-cwiRb wb‡q †Kv_vquvov‡ev? cÖavbgš¿x I Z_¨gš¿xi Kv‡Q hgybv wUwf‡Z Kg©iZ mv‡o cuvPk mvsevw`K-

Kg©Pvixi AvKzj dwiqv` GwU| hgybv wUwfi m¤úªPv‡ii AbygwZi `vwe‡Z †Ìqvbvbv Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ cÖ_gw`b RvZxq †cÖm K¬v‡ei mvg‡b gvbeeÜ‡b uvwo‡q GgvbweK Av‡e`b †i‡L‡Qb Zviv (ˆ`wbK hyMvšÍi, 15 Ryb 2010)| ivR‰bwZK welq eY©bvi Rb¨ G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv †ewk Dc‡hvMx| gšÍeägx© fve_v‡K †nZz AwaKvsk msev`cÎ G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv †j‡L bv| 2.7.8. we¯§qm~PK msev`-m~Pbv : †Kv‡bv GKwU wel‡qi eY©bvq hLb we¯§q w`‡q ïiæ K‡i cieZ©x mg‡q †m wel‡qieY©bv †Ìqv nq, ZLb Zv‡K we¯§qm~PK msev`-m~Pbv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bimsev`-m~Pbvq nvév welq w`‡q ïiæ K‡i Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í cvVK‡K g~j wel‡q wb‡qhvIqv nq| GKwU D`vniY welqwU‡K Av‡iv ¯úó Ki‡Z cv‡i| ÔD”P Av`vj‡Z wePviK wb‡qv‡M †Kv‡bv ¯^”Q bxwZ Av‡Q wK! msweav‡b wePviKwb‡qv‡Mi msL¨v mywbw`©ó bv _vKvi my‡hv‡M me miKviB Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb IB”Qvg‡Zv wb‡qvM msL¨v evwo‡q‡Q ev Kwg‡q‡QÕ (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, 8 AvM÷,2010)|2.7.9. msjvc msev`-m~PbvG ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvq wPËvKl©K Ges cvV‡Ki g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kivi Rb¨K‡_vcK_‡bi fw½‡Z ev msjv‡ci gva¨‡g NUbvi g~j e³e¨ Zz‡j aiv nq| Gai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv GKUz e¨wZµgagx© Ges msev`c‡Î Gi eënvi Lye Kg| Z‡emsjv‡ci gva¨‡g g~j Z_¨wU cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q mn‡RB †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i G ai‡bimsev`-m~Pbv|2.7.10. AjsKvi ev iƒcKagx© m~Pbv Kwe-mvwnwZ¨Kiv †hgb K‡i Zv‡ì †jLvq fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h AjsKvi evfvlvMZ iƒcK eënvi K‡i GKUv we‡kl Qwe Zz‡j a‡ib AjsKvi ev iƒcKagx©msev` kx‡l©i gva¨‡gI GKRb mvsevw`K Zv Zz‡j aivi †Póv K‡ib|†hgb: ÔGK Aj•N¨ yM© `L‡ji Rb¨ jovB K‡i‡Qb †mbvcwZ| †mB jovB‡qi†Kv‡bv GK AmZK© gyn~‡Z© n‡Zv`¨g n‡q coj †mbv`j| G‡jv‡g‡jv,

AvZ¥wek¦vmnxb, D™£všÍ †mB †mbv`‡ji g‡a¨ Avevi Avkvi mÂvi Ki‡jb wZwbÕ(mgKvj, 15 A‡±vei 2010)|G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv GKUz e¨wZµgx nevi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq Lye fv‡jvjv‡M Ges cvVK‡K bvov †`q| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq G ai‡bi msev`-m~PbvqD×…wZ msev`-m~Pbvi auvPI G‡m hvq| 2.7.11. wejw¤^Z msev`-m~PbvG ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv gvbweK Av‡e`bag©x msev`-Kvwnwbi †ÿ‡Î AwaK eëüZnq| †h Kvi‡Y G‡K A‡bK mgq wdPvi msev`-m~PbvI e‡j| G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv cÖ_‡gB GKwU Mí, NUbvi eY©bv, ev D`vniY w`‡q ïiæ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î msev`-†jLK wKQz AbyavebMZ we¯§q w`‡q msev`-MíwU ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| LyecÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msev`-m~Pbvq AvcvZZ Dn¨ †i‡L cieZ©x mg‡q Zv Dc¯’vcb Kivnq| G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv KL‡bv mswÿß n‡ZI cv‡i Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv GwU2 evK¨ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Pvi Aby‡”Q` ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î GKRb cvVK †klch©šÍ g~j NUbvwU m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ Z_¨ LuyR‡Z _v‡Kb AbymwÜrmvi Q‡j| A_©vrG ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv GKw`‡K †hgb cvV‡Ki AvMÖn‡K g~j msev`-Kvwnwb‡Z a‡iiv‡L, †Zgwbfv‡e cvVK‡K g~j Kvwnwb co‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i| D`vniY wn‡m‡ewb‡Pi msev`-m~PbvwU‡K D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|Ômv‡eK A_©gš¿x kvn G Gg Gm wKewiqv nZ¨v gvgjv cywjk ¯^cÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q wfbœLv‡Z cÖevwnZ Ki‡Q| Gi †cQ‡b K‡qKRb c`¯’ Kg©KZ©v RwoZ| gvgjvi e¨vcv‡iweGbwci D”Pgn‡j †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡j G e¨vcv‡i wKQz bv Kivi wb‡`©k †Ìqvnq| ZLb Kivi wKQzB wQj bv| wmAvBwWi 6 w`‡bi wigv‡Ûi Z…Zxq w`‡b eveiGme K_v e‡j‡QbÕ (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, 15 †deªæqvwi 2010)|Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, msev`c‡Î ¯’vb, Kvj, cvÎ I welq‡f‡` wewfbœai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi jÿ Kiv hvq| Z‡e welq I cwiw¯’wZwbf©i÷vBjwfwËK msev`-m~Pbvi g‡a¨ Av‡jvwPZ welq¸‡jvB cÖavb Ges evsjv‡`‡kimsev`c‡Î G¸‡jvi cÖvavb¨B †`Lv hvq|2.8. MYgva¨g I cvVK cÖZ¨vkvÔThe mass media play a large and growing role in how we spend our timeand live our lives’ (Baran, Jerilyn, & Meyer, 1984: 1)| A_©vr gvbyl Kxfv‡eZvi mgq KvUv‡e Ges Rxeb wbe©vn Ki‡eÑ †mUv MYgva¨gB wba©viY K‡i †`q|g~jZ GB Dw³wU MYgva¨‡gi Ici AvaywbK gvby‡li Mfxi wbf©ikxjZv‡K wb‡`©kK‡i| MYgva¨g gvby‡li g‡bviÄb K‡i, we‡bvw`Z K‡i, Z_¨ †`q Ges e„nËimgv‡Ri cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv‡Z Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ RbMY‡K g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm I

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AvPiYwewa †kLvq| †m Kvi‡Y MYgva¨g mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi kw³kvjx G‡R›Uwn‡m‡eI ¯^xK…Z| Watson Ges Hill (1996: 162) Gi fvlvq, ÔThe mass mediaare considered to be particularly influential in transmitting awareness andexpectations concerning a wide range of societal behaviour|Õïay mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w×‡ZB bq, wkÿvmn eyw×e„wËK Dbœq‡b, Áv‡bi Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b, PwiÎ MV‡b Ges `ÿZv I mvg_©¨ AR©‡b MYgva¨g mnvqZvg~jK KvR K‡i_v‡K| AZxZ HwZn¨ wUwK‡q ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ mvs¯‹…wZK Ges ˆkwíK m„wói cÖPvi,Kíbvi RvMiY Ges bv›`wbK Pvwn`v I m„wókxjZvi DÏxcbv Øviv mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœq‡bMYgva¨g KvR K‡i| bvUK, bvP-Mvb, K‡gwW, †Ljvayjv BZ¨vw` cÖPvi/cÖKvk K‡i_v‡K e¨w³MZ I mgwóMZ Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡ì Rb¨| G‡K Ab¨‡K Rvb‡Z I eyS‡ZMYgva¨g msnwZi KvR K‡i| mgvR cwieZ©b I RvZxq Dbœq‡b MYgva¨‡gi mnvqKf~wgKvi K_v †Zv mËi-Gi `k‡K kÖ¨vg ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb (Schramm, 1964)|MYgva¨‡gi Giƒc BwZevPK f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q _v‡K, ÔMYgva¨g wkïi wcZv,wkÿK †evKv RbM‡Yi c_cÖ`k©K, †bZv bvweK, ag©¸iæ, AwffveK, d¨vkb-†d‡i¯Ív Ges wZwbB we‡eK; wZwbB Avqbv Ges iv‡óªi PZz_© ¯Í¤¢Õ (ivq, 2005: 1)|wKš‘ MYgva¨g †hme mgq G iKg Av`k©ev`x KvR K‡i hv‡”Q, Avevi mgvR Igvby‡li Ici MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve †h GZUv kw³kvjx Zv wKš‘ bq| G Kvi‡Ymgv‡Ri Ici MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve wbY©‡qi Rb¨ eû Av‡M †_‡KB M‡elYv ïiæn‡q‡Q| 1920-Gi `k‡K hLb MYgva¨g wb‡q M‡elYv ïiæ n‡qwQj ZLb †_‡Kïiæ K‡i AvR Aewa †hvMv‡hvM M‡elYvi g~j DcRxe¨ MYgva¨g I mgv‡RiAvšÍtm¤úK© welqK Av‡jvPbv Z_v mgv‡Ri Ici MYgva¨‡gi cÖfv‡ei cÖK…wZwe‡kølY (McQuail, 1977: p. 70-74; Rogers, cited in Defleur & Lowery,1988)| mgv‡Ri Ici MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve e¨vcKÑ G msµvšÍ M‡elYvi g~j welq wQjwkï‡ì Ici Pjw”P‡Îi cÖfve (Dominick, 1987: 531) wb‡q| wesk kZvãxiïiæ‡Z gvwK©b gyjy‡K Pjw”PÎ wkí ixwZg‡Zv cÖwZôv jvf K‡i, 20 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ hvcÖavb cvwievwiK we‡bv`b gva¨‡g cwiYZ nq| wkï‡ì Ici Pjw”P‡Îi cÖfvei‡q‡QÑ Giƒc mgv‡jvPbvi ciB MYgva¨‡gi mvgvwRK cÖfve wb‡q bZzb K‡ifvebv-wPšÍv ïiæ nq| hvi m~Î a‡i 1928 mv‡j ÔPjw”PÎ M‡elYv cwil`Õ bv‡ggvbeKj¨vYg~jK GKwU msMVb Ô†cBb dvÛÕ bv‡g GKwU ms¯’vi mnvqZvq wkï‡ìIci Pjw”P‡Îi cÖfve wb‡q 13wU (12wU cwigvYMZ I 1wU ¸YMZ) M‡elYv K‡ihv cieZx©Kv‡j Ô†cBb dvÛÕ M‡elYv bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq (Avjx I cvifxb, 1995:40)|

G mgq mgv‡Ri Ici MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve m¤ú‡K© †h wek¦vm cÖPwjZ wQj, Zv‡K ejvn‡Zv, ÔnvB‡cvWviwgK wbWj ZË¡Õ ev Ôey‡jU ZË¡Õ| G mgqKv‡j A_©vr 1923 mv‡jMwVZ Ôd«v¼dzU ¯‹zjÕ MYgva¨‡gi Giƒc cÖfv‡ei welqwU‡K mg_©b KiZ|MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve Z‡Ë¡i g~j welq wQj Giƒc †h, mgv‡Ri Ici MYgva¨‡gi cÖfvee¨vcK, cÖZ¨ÿ, XvjvI I kw³gq| aviYv Kiv n‡Zv †h, †Kv‡bv evZ©v gvby‡li g‡bcÖ‡ek Kiv‡Z cvi‡jB Zvi KvR n‡e e› y‡Ki †UvUvi g‡Zv Ae¨_©| Av‡iv g‡b Kivn‡Zv MYgva¨‡gi `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK †ivMxi g‡Zv, hvi gw¯Í‡®‹ MYgva¨‡gi evZ©vBb‡RKk‡bi my‡Pi g‡Zv duy‡o †h‡Z cvi‡jB n‡jv, Kvw•ÿZ dj Awbevh©|MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve msµvšÍ Gme Z‡Ë¡ MYgva¨‡gi `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK‡K wbw®Œqwn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv| Z‡e Ô†cBb dvÛÕ M‡elYv¸‡jvi dj D×…Z K‡iMYgva¨‡gi A‡bK mgv‡jvPKB `vwe Ki‡jb †h, Lvivc Av`k©, Lvivc bxwZ‡evaGes Lvivc AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx n‡jv Pjw”PÎ|ÔnvB‡cvWviwgK wbWj ZË¡Õ ev Ôey‡jU Z‡Ë¡Õi mv‡_ cixÿYg~jK M‡elYvi êcixZ¨†hvMv‡hvM we‡klÁ‡ì bZzb K‡i M‡elYv Ki‡Z cÖjyä K‡i| GiB djkÖæwZ‡Z1938 mv‡j Rbmvavi‡Yi Ici †iwWIÕi cÖfve msµvšÍ Ôthe invasion from theMars’ bvgK M‡elYvwU Kiv n‡jv| welqwU wQj Giƒc †h, 1938 mv‡ji 30A‡±vei mÜ¨vq wmweG‡mi wbqwgZ mvÜ¨ Abyôvb ÔgvK©vwi w_‡qUvi Ae w` GqviÕïbwQ‡jb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi 60 jÿ gvbyl| AbyôvbwU‡Z msev` cv‡Vi g‡Zv K‡iGBP wR I‡qj‡mi weÁvbKí ÔIqvi Ae `¨ IqvìmÕ-Gi bvUïƒc cÖPvi Kiv nw”QjGfv‡e †h, gvbyl‡K mvsNvwZK giYiwk¥ w`‡q nZ¨v K‡i g½jMÖ‡ni fqsKi cÖvYxivgvwK©b hy³ivóª `Lj K‡i wb‡”Q| Abyôvb ïiæi †NvlYv †kv‡bbwb Giƒc †kªvZvivwelqwU‡K wek¦vm K‡i †d‡jwQ‡jb Ges eû gvby‡li g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi AvZ¼ Qwo‡qc‡owQj| wKš‘ NUbvwU MYgva¨g M‡elK‡ì Rb¨ wb‡q G‡jv wekvj my‡hvM| GB AvZ¼ IZvi cÖwZwµqv m¤ú‡K© ZvrÿwYKfv‡e M‡elYv ïiæ Ki‡jb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªiwcÖÝUb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †eZvi M‡elYv wefv‡Mi n¨vWwj K¨vw›Uªj I Zvi mn‡hvMxiv(Cantril et al., 1940)| G‡Z †`Lv †Mj †h, †hme †kÖvZvi mgv‡jvPbvZ¥K „wófw½Kg ev Kg wkwÿZ ev AwkwÿZ Zviv †Kej welqwU‡K wek¦vm K‡i‡Q, Abïv bq|ÔnvB‡cvWviwgK wbWj ZË¡Õ ev Ôey‡jU Z‡Ë¡i Õ cÖfve †_‡K MY‡hvMv‡hvM M‡elYv‡KA‡bKvs‡k †ei K‡i Avb‡Z mÿg n‡qwQj eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU| Ab¨w`‡K, 1942mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡b MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve wb‡q Kjw¤^qvwek¦we`¨vj‡qi mgvRwe`¨v wefvM I dwjZ mgvR-M‡elYv ey ‡ivi cj j¨vRviwdìI Zvi mn‡hvMxiv †h M‡elYv K‡ib Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, MYgva¨‡gi cÖPvi-hy×

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mvaviY †fvUvi‡ì gZ cwieZ©‡b mvgvb¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj| eis gZcwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î MYgva¨‡gi †P‡q AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM A‡bK †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj e‡j M‡elYvwU‡Z D‡jøL Kiv n‡qwQj (Lazarsfeld et al.,1948)| cieZ©x mg‡q cÂv‡ki `k‡K Gwjû K¨vR I cj j¨vRviwdì Zv‡ì ÔPersonalInfluence’ kxl©K mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i f~wgKv wbY©q msµvšÍ M‡elYvq †`Lvb †h,MYgva¨g †_‡K hviv evZ©v cvq Zviv ïay Zv Qwo‡q †`q bv, Dciš‘ Zviv Ab¨‡ìcÖfvweZ K‡i| MYgva¨g M‡elYvq Ôopinion leader’-Gi f~wgKv‡K M‡elYvwU‡Z¯^xKvi Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Ôey‡jU Z‡Ë¡iÕ AmviZv cÖgvwYZ n‡Z _v‡K GesÔ†hvMv‡hv‡Mi wØ-avc Z‡Ë¡iÕ weKvk N‡U (Katz & Lazarsfeld, 1955)| G Z‡Ë¡iweKv‡ki gva¨‡g GKwU welq cwi®‹vi n‡q DVj †h, MYgva¨‡gi †ÿ‡Î`k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| welqwU cieZx©Kv‡j †Wwfm‡bi GKwUmgxÿvq cÖgvwYZ nq| mgxÿvi djvd‡j †`Lv hvq †h, `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvV‡KicÖ‡qvRb †gvUv‡bvi Z_¨ w`‡Z cvi‡jB †Kej MYgva¨g ev †hvMv‡hvMKvix`k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i (Davison, 1960, cited in Dexter &White, 1964: 83)| GKwU welq G‡ÿ‡Î cwi®‹vi n‡q I‡V †h, `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK†Kv‡bv wbw®Œq welq bq †h Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv evZ©v w`‡jB Zviv cÖfvweZ n‡e| eisevZ©vi Kvh©KvwiZv wbf©i K‡i `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvV‡Ki Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ, wek¦vmBZ¨vwì Ici| Abercrombie (1996: 140) welq‡K Gfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Qb,ÔAudiences are not blank sheets of paper on which media messages can bewritten; members of an audience will have prior attitudes and beliefs whichwill determine how effective media messages are|ÕAvevi, 1950-Gi `k‡K DBjevi kÖvg I Zvi mn‡hvMxiv wkï‡ì †Uwjwfkbeënvi Ges eënviRwbZ mš‘wói welq wb‡q M‡elYv K‡ib| cÖfv‡ei w`KwU ¸iæZ¡bv †c‡jI M‡elYvwU‡Z Gwjû K¨v‡Ri MYgva¨‡gi Ôeënvi I Zzwó ZËÕ (Uses andGratification Theory)3- Gi cÖfve jÿ Kiv hvq| GB M‡elYvwU‡Z wkï‡ì‡Kmwµq we‡ePbv K‡i †`Lv‡bv nq †h, Zviv Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Abyôvb †e‡Q†bq Ges Z…wß Abyfe K‡i (Schramm et al., 1961)| G M‡elYv †_‡K wgwWqvUªv÷‡dvm© cieZx© mg‡q GKwU Abywm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡qwQj †h, †Uwjwfkb mgv‡Rmwnsm AvPiY‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Q hv mf¨mgv‡R MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq (Francois, 1977:17)| 1960-Gi `k‡K AvjevU© ev› yiv cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvwU‡ZI cÖvq GKB ai‡bi

djvdj cvIqv hvq (Bandura, 1985, cited in Defleur & Dennis, 1985, p. 318-320)| Z‡e Avwki `k‡K cÖKvwkZ Television and Behaviour-G wgwWqv M‡elYvimvZwU †ÿÎ h_vµ‡gÑ fv‡qv‡jÝ, ¯^v¯’¨, mgvRgyLx AvPiY, wUwf `k©‡bi Av‡eMMZcÖfve, cwievi I AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM, mvgvwRK wek¦vm I AvPiY Ges gvwK©bcÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Ici MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nq Ges M‡elYvwU †_‡KMYgva¨‡gi ¯^í‡gqvw` cÖfv‡ei cwie‡Z© `xN©‡gqvw` cÖfv‡ei welqwU †ei n‡qAv‡m| Z‡e MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve me mgq ïay †h †bwZevPK, Zv fvevi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB|A‡bK mgq MYgva¨g RvZxq Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| welqwU kª¨vg ZviM‡elYvq †`wL‡q‡Qb (Schramm, 1964: 91)| Avevi, fviZxq MYgva¨g M‡elKjQgb ivI (1996) ywU MÖv‡gi Ici mgxÿv Pvwj‡q cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb †h, †`‡kimvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve Ab¯^xKvh©| Frey(1966), Ges Lerner (1957) Zv‡ì M‡elYvqI GKB djvdj †c‡q‡Qb (D×…Z,P‡Ævc¨va¨vq, 1982: 301)| Ômgv‡Ri Ici MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve e¨vcK I my ~icÖmvixÕÑ MYgva¨‡gi cÖfvemsµvšÍ Giƒc aviYv cÖvq 60 eQi A_©vr 1990 mvj ch©šÍ cÖwZwôZ wQj hZÿY bvAndrew Hatt-Gi g‡Zv Av‡iv A‡bK †hvMv‡hvM M‡elK Ges we‡klÁMY Zv‡ìM‡elYvq †`Lvb †h, MYgva¨‡gi †ÿ‡Î Zvi `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©(Hatt, 1991: 60)| Phillips J Hanes welqwU‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb, ÔTheexact relationship between the media and their audiences has been the sub-ject of debate since the media were first seriously studied and emphasises theimportance of the audience and of their relationship with the media’ (Hanes,undated: 1)| Avm‡j 1960-Gi `kK ch©šÍ M‡elYv¸‡jv‡Z MYgva¨‡gi`k©K/‡kÖvZv/cvVK‡K A‡bKUv wbw®Œq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ cieZx©mg‡q G‡m Zv‡ì‡K mwµq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kivi cÖeYZv M‡elYv¸‡jv‡Z jÿKiv †Mj| MYgva¨‡gi Ôeënvi I Zzwó ZË¡Õ (Uses and Gratofication Theory) Abyhvqx a‡i†bIqv nq †h, `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK MYgva¨g eënvi K‡i MYgva¨‡gi Kv‡Q Zv‡ì†h cÖZ¨vkv i‡q‡Q Zv c~iY Kivi Rb¨| †h Kvi‡Y cieZx© mg‡q Katz, Blumler& Gurevitch (2003, p. 37-38) Zv‡ì M‡elYvq cÖgvY K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h,MYgva¨‡gi `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK MYgva¨g KZUzKz eënvi Ki‡e Zv wbf©i Ki‡eeënviKvix‡ì cÖZ¨vkv KZUzKz c~iY n‡”Q Zvi Ici| Zv‡ì fvlvq (2003: 38),ÔPatterns of media use are shaped by more or less definite expectations ofwhat certain kinds of content have to offer the audience memberÕ GKwesk

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3. GB ZË¡ Abyhvqx MYgva¨g Zvi `k©K/†kªvZv/cvVK‡K Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i †mwU bq eis`k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK Kxfv‡e MYgva¨g eënvi K‡i evZ©vi Kvh©KvwiZv Zvi Ici wbf©ikxj|

kZvãx‡Z G‡m MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve msµvšÍ M‡elYvq †m Kvi‡YB `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVKGes Zv‡ì Pvwn`v I cÖZ¨vkv mwe‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| mgv‡R MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKv wb‡q †hgb bvbvwea M‡elYv m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q, †ZgwbMYgva¨‡gi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Abyl½ msev`cÎ Ges Zvi Av‡aq wb‡qI we¯ÍiM‡elYv n‡q‡Q ev GL‡bv n‡”Q| Z‡e GKwU welq we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GRb¨ †h,eZ©gvb weÁvb I cÖhyw³i be be D™¢veb MYgva¨g‡K bZzb gvÎv w`‡q‡Q| MYgva¨gcwiev‡i †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡bi mv‡_ †hvM n‡q‡Q m¨v‡UjvBU P¨v‡bj, B›Uvi‡bUmn mvgvwRK wewfbœ†bUIqvK© (†dmeyK, UzBUvi BZ¨vw`)| G Kvi‡Y msev`cÎ‡K cÖwZwbqZcÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡”Q Gme bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³i mv‡_| G Kvi‡Y msev`c‡ÎiAv‡aqÕ‡Z Avb‡Z n‡”Q wewfbœ ai‡bi cwieZ©b| cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡bi hy‡Mevsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U msev`c‡Îi Av‡aq wb‡q wKQz M‡elYv n‡jI msev`-Kvwnwbi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Abyl½ msev`-m~Pbv wb‡q †Zgb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ M‡elYv†bB| msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi †ÿ‡Î KZUv we`¨vqZwbK welqUv ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q †m-welqUv Rvbv Riæwi| Avevi msev`c‡Îi Kv‡Q `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©n‡q D‡V‡Q| KviY `k©K/†kÖvZv/cvVK †h Zvi cÖvY| Zviv bv _vK‡j cwÎKv Pj‡eKxfv‡e? G Kvi‡Y Zviv Kx Pvq, A_©vr cwÎKvq Av‡aq wbgv©‡Y Zv‡ì gZvgZ‡K¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q msev`cÎ| wKš‘ msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvV‡Ki cÖZ¨vkv A_©vr Zviv KxPvqÑG wb‡q evsjv‡`‡k †Zgb †Kv‡bv M‡elYv †Pv‡L c‡o bv| eZ©gvb M‡elYvwUM‡elYv‡ÿ‡Îi G duvKwU c~iY Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e e‡j wek¦vm Kwi| 2.9. DcmsnviGB Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K msev`-m~Pbv Kx, msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi BwZnvm,msev`-m~Pbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, Av`k© msev`-m~Pbvi êwkó¨, fv‡jv msev`-m~PbvKxfv‡e †jLv hvq, msev`-m~Pbvi aib Ges MYgva¨g I cvVK cÖZ¨vkv wb‡qch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| msev`-m~Pbv Kx Gi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Aa¨vq2.2.-G| msev`-m~Pbvi BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq, 1896 mv‡j ÔThe NewYork Times’ cwÎKvq cÖ_g AvaywbK msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi m~ÎcvZ nq (Aa¨vq 2.3.`ªóe¨)| g~jZ cvV‡Ki g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kivi AvKv•ÿv Ges cvVK-cvwVKvi mgqeuvPv‡bvi B”QvÑ G ywU Kvi‡Y GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbv †jLv nq (we¯ÍvwiZ Aa¨vq2.6. `ªóe¨)| Avevi GKwU Av`k© msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi †ÿ‡Î 4wU êwk‡óï D‡jøLKiv n‡q‡Q (Aa¨vq 2.5 `ªóe¨)| msev`c‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvijÿ Kiv †M‡jI, eûj eëüZ 11 ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv Av‡jvP¨ Aa¨v‡q e¨vL¨v Kivn‡q‡Q (Aa¨vq 2.7. `ªóe¨)| MYgva¨g I cvVK G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ A½vw½fv‡e

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3.1 f~wgKvGB M‡elYvKg©wU GKwU ¸YMZ c×wZi M‡elYv| Z‡e ¸YMZ Z‡_ï mg_©‡b eve¨vL¨vKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cwigvYMZ AvKv‡i †Uwej I MÖv‡di mvnv‡h¨ kZKiv nvi,NUbmsL¨v BZ¨vw` Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Creswell’s (1994) Gi fvlvq G‡K ejvn‡”Q cÖvavb¨kxj I Kg-cÖvavb¨kxj aviv| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq cÖvavb¨kxj aviv n‡jvZ‡_ï ¸YMZ we‡kølY Ges †hwU Ki‡Z wM‡q Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ Ges Rwicc×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbv we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GKwUKvh©Kix c×wZ wn‡m‡e Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡aq-we‡kølYc×wZ‡Z msL¨vZ¥K I ¸YvZ¥K yB ai‡bi cwigvcK eënvi Kiv nq (Wimmer& Dominick, 1987)| GB M‡elYvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡ÎcÖKvwkZ msev`-m~Pbvi KvVv‡gv I aib wbiƒcY, †m‡nZz G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡aq-we‡køl‡YiDfq ai‡bi cwigvc‡Ki eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q hv msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev`-m~PbviKvVv‡gv wbiƒc‡Y mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| GQvov msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡Mvôxi aviYv I cÖZ¨vkvi ¯îƒc AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ Rwic c×wZeënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Db¥y³ I Ave× Dfq cÖkœgvjv eënvi K‡i mivmwimvÿvrKv‡ii gva¨‡g bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ DËi`vZv‡ì KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖnKiv n‡q‡Q| 3.2 Z_¨-msMÖ‡ni c×wZAv‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, GB M‡elYvKg©wU wØ-gvwÎK| wØ-gvwÎK GB A‡_© †h,eZ©gvb M‡elYvq GKw`‡K msev`-m~Pbvi Av‡aqi ¯îƒc I KvVv‡gv wbiƒc‡Yi †PóvKiv n‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K msev`cÎ cvVK Kx ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib †mUvAbymÜv‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ eZ©gvb M‡elYvqAv‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ I Rwic c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|3.2.1 Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ c×wZ wn‡m‡e Av‡aq-we‡kølY DcvË msMÖn I we‡køl‡Yi Dcvq| G‡K GK ai‡bi`wjj-wbf©i c×wZ ejv P‡j| KviY GLv‡b g~jZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi hveZxq wjwLZwel‡qi we‡kølY Kiv nq (Bgvg, 1998)| MYgva¨‡gi welqe¯‘ we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎAv‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ 1930-Gi `kK †_‡KB †ek RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q| Kg

mgq, Kg LiP Ges cÖPzi cÖwkÿYcÖvß Kgx© I eë¯’vcbv Qvov wbR¯^ mxgve×Zvig‡a¨ †_‡K Av‡aq-we‡kølY Kiv hvq †nZz eZ©gv‡b c×wZwU LyeB Kvh©Ki Ges GKvi‡Y MYgva¨g M‡elK‡ì Kv‡Q LyeB RbwcÖq (Bgvg, 1996)| Wimmer andDominick (1987: 165)-Gi fvlvq, ÔThe method is popular with mass mediaresearchers because it provides an efficient way to investigate the content ofthe media|Õ Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ‡Z g~jZ †Kv‡bv †U·U Ges †U·U¸‡”Qi g‡a¨wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv kãvewj ev aviYvewji Dcw¯’wZ wba©viY Kiv nq| Stone I Zvimn‡hvMxiv (1966: 5) Av‡aq-we‡kølY‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ÔContentanalysis is a research technique for making references by systematically andobjectively identifying specified characteristics within texts|Õ †U·U ej‡Zg~jZ eB, eB‡qi †Kv‡bv Aa¨vq, cÖeÜ, mvÿvrKvi, Av‡jvPbv, msev`c‡Îi Kjvg,wk‡ivbvg ev †h‡Kv‡bv Av‡aq, HwZnvwmK bw_cÎ, e³…Zv, K‡_vcK_b, weÁvcb,bvUK A_ev †hvMv‡hvMxq fvlvq †Kv‡bv NUbv‡K we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| (http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/contnet/pop2a.cfm)|Avevi Bernald Berelson (1952: 489) Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡ZwM‡q e‡j‡Qb, ÔContent analysis is a research technique for the objective, sys-tematic and quantitative description of the manifest content of communica-tion|Õ GKBfv‡e Neuendorf, (2002: 10) Av‡aq-we‡kølY‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb|Zuvi g‡Z, ‘Content analysis is a summarising quantitative analysis of mes-sages that relies on the scientific method (including attention to objectivity-intersubjectivity, a priori design, subjectivity, validity, generalizability,replicability and hypothesis testing) and is not limited as to the types of vari-ables that may be measured or the context in which the messages are creat-ed or presented|’hwÌ †e‡ijmb I wbD‡qbWid& †hvMv‡hvM Av‡aqi msL¨vZ¥K we‡kølY‡K Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ e‡j msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ Av‡aq-we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †U·‡Uiwelqe¯‘i ¸YvZ¥K we‡kølYI Kiv nq| Dfq ai‡bi we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g†hvMv‡hvMKvixi D‡Ïk¨, cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi cÖeYZv, cÖjyä Kivi Afxáv, cv‡VïAvw½KMZ ˆkjx BZ¨vw` wel‡q Rvb‡Z †Póv Kiv nq (Bgvg, 1998: 283)| g~jZmsiwÿZ Z‡_ï ev †U·‡Ui welqe¯‘‡K êÁvwbK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g AbymÜvb Kivi†KŠkjB n‡jv Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ (Walizer & Wienir, 1978)|eZ©gvb M‡elYvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev`-m~Pbvi ¯îƒc I KvVv‡gv wba©viY, †m‡nZz Av‡aq-we‡køl‡Yi cwigvYMZ I ¸YMZDfq c×wZB eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| hwÌ ¸YMZ M‡elYv n‡”Q Ggb †Kv‡bv wel‡qi

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eY©bv ev we‡kølY hv Pj‡Ki cwigv‡ci Ici wbf©i K‡i bv (Wimmer &Dominick, 1987: 499), ZeyI Av‡jvP¨ M‡elYvq cÖ_‡gB cwigvYMZ Av‡aqwe‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g msev`-m~Pbvi msL¨vZ¥K ¯îƒc (†hgb, Ôlo KÕ RvZxq msev`-m~Pbvi msL¨v, RwUj kã msewjZ msev`-m~Pbvi msL¨v, wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi msL¨v BZ¨vw`) †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz cwigvYMZ Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZïay evZ©vi, †U·‡Ui ev Z‡_ï ¯úóZ cÖZxqgvb Ask ev DcwiZ‡ji w`K¸‡jviIci †Rvi †`q (Woollacott, 1982: 92), †m‡nZz wØZxq ch©v‡q fvlv I kãMZwePvi-we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g msev`-m~Pbvi ¯îƒc Luy‡R †c‡Z ¸YMZ Av‡aq-we‡kølYc×wZi AvkÖq †bIqv n‡q‡Q|

3.2.1.1 M‡elYv-mgMÖK msÁvqbM‡elYv-mgMÖK n‡jv welqe¯‘, PjK, aviYv A_ev NUbvi web¨vm ev †kÖwY (Walizer& Wienir, 1978)| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ RvqMv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ meˆ`wbK msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì msev`-m~Pbv‡K M‡elYv-mgMÖK wn‡m‡ewe‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|3.2.1.2 bgybvqbAv‡aq-we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡aq †h bgybvwU †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q †mB bgybvwUevQvB Kivi Rb¨ eû ¯Íi bgybvqb c×wZi1 AvkÖq †bIqv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb M‡elYvqGi 5wU ¯Íi i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv: 1) mgq wba©viY, 2) wbw`©ó msev`c‡Îi bgybvwba©viY, 3) bgybvK…Z ˆ`wbKmg~n †_‡K †h-msL¨K msev`cÎ bgybv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q†bIqv n‡e Zvi msL¨v wba©viY, 4) Bmy mg~‡ni bgybv wba©viY, 5) P~ovšÍ Av‡aqbgybv wba©viY|3.2.1.2.1 mgq wba©viYGB M‡elYvq 2010 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gvm †_‡K wW‡m¤î gvm A_©vr GK eQi (12gvm) mgqKv‡ji msev`cÎ‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q †bIqv n‡q‡Q| msev`cÎmg~‡nimgmvgwqK cÖeYZv wbiƒc‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ G mgqKvj wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|3.2.1.2.2 wbw`©ó msev`c‡Îi bgybv wba©viYZ‡e mg‡qi mxgve×Zv I ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ RvqMv †_‡KcÖKvwkZ me ˆ`wbK‡K M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ Kiv m¤¢e bq e‡j Av‡aq-we‡køl‡Yimsev`cÎ bgybvq‡bi Rb¨ ¸”Q bgybvqb (cluster sampling)2 c×wZ eënvi Kiv

n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K cÖKvwkZ ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Kfvlv Abyhvqx ywU ¸‡”Q A_©vr evsjv ˆ`wbK I Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK G- ywU ¸‡”Q fvM Kivn‡q‡Q| cÖPvi msL¨v Abymv‡i Dfq ¸‡”Qi ˆ`wbKmg~‡ni ga¨ †_‡K 5wU evsjvˆ`wbK Ges 1wU Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| me©‡klmiKvwi wnmve Abyhvqx RvZxq ˆ`wbKmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cÖPvimsL¨vi kx‡l© Ae¯’vbKvixcÖ_g cuvPwU evsjv RvZxq ˆ`wbK h_vµ‡g cÖ_g Av‡jv, hyMvšÍi, Kv‡ji KÉ, ˆ`wbKB‡ËdvK I mgKvj| hwÌ ÔThe Daily Star’ cwÎKvwU cÖPvi msL¨vi w`K †_‡KeZ©gvb M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ cuvPwU msev`c‡Îi c‡ii Ae¯’v‡b †bB ZeyI Bs‡iwR¸‡”Qi g‡a¨ GwU me©vwaK cÖPvwiZ Ges M‡elYvq GKwU Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK AšÍfy©³Kivi ¯^v‡_© Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK ÔThe Daily Star’-†K bgybv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q †bIqvn‡q‡Q3 (cÖ_g Av‡jv, 11 †d«iæqvwi, 2011, c„. 24)| 3.2.1.2.3 bgybvK…Z ˆ`wbKmg~n †_‡K †h-msL¨K msev`cÎ bgybv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q†bIqv n‡q‡Q Zvi msL¨v wba©viY bgybvK…Z ˆ`wbK †_‡K †h msL¨K msev`cÎ bgybv wn‡m‡e †bIqv n‡e Zvi msL¨vwba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †÷¤új-Gi GKwU M‡elYvi djvdj AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|G‡KKwU ˆ`wb‡Ki KZwU Bmy i Av‡aq-we‡kølY Kiv n‡j Zv cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK n‡eZv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb, GK eQ‡ii ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ †_‡K bgybvwn‡m‡e 6wU, 12wU, 18wU, 24wU ev 48wU Bmy i Av‡aq we‡kølY Ki‡j fv‡jvfv‡eP‡j (Stemple, 1952: 333)| G-w`K we‡ePbvq †i‡L Ges †h‡nZz eZ©gvbM‡elYvwU gvÎ 3 (wZb) gv‡mi g‡a¨ m¤úbœ Kiv n‡q‡Q †m‡nZz cÖwZwU ˆ`wb‡Ki12wU K‡i Bmy (12X6 =72wU) bgybv wn‡m‡e evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q| 3.2.1.2.4 Bmy¨mg~‡ni bgybv wba©viYBmy mg~‡ni bgybv wba©viY Kivi †ÿ‡Î A_©vr GKwU ˆ`wb‡Ki wbw`©ó Bmy evQvB Kivi†ÿ‡Î wbqgvbyM bgybvqb (systematic sampling) c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Bmy mg~‡ni bgybv wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Mv‡qb I †iRvi (1996: 138) M‡elYv‡KAbymiY K‡i eQ‡ii mKj Ask †_‡K Bmy ¸‡jv Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jvBmy¨mg~‡ni bgybv hv‡Z cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj nq †mUv wbwðZ Kiv| Bmy¨mg~‡ni bgybvPq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Jones & Carter (1959)-Gi D™¢vweZ wbwg©Z mgqKvj c×wZ eënviKiv n‡q‡Q| KvRwU Kiv n‡q‡Q g~jZ K‡qKwU av‡c| cÖ_g av‡c 2010 mvj‡K12wU ¯Í‡i (12 gvm) ¯ÍivwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU gvm (1 gvm) wb‡q MwVZn‡q‡Q GKwU ¯Íi| wØZxq av‡c cÖwZwU ¯Íi †_‡K GKwU K‡i Bmy Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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3. MZ 10 †deªæqvwi, 2011 RvZxq msm‡` mvsm` eRjyj nK nviæ‡bi GK cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e wjwLZ e³e¨ AvKv‡i G-Z_¨Rvbvb Z_¨gš¿x Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv‡ì Abycw¯’wZ‡Z AvBb cÖwZgš¿x Kvgiæj Bmjvg|

1. eû ¯Í‡i bgybv msMÖ‡ni c×wZ n‡jv eû ¯Íi c×wZ (Avn‡g`, 2005: 514)| G‡ÿ‡Î bgybv GKK‡K K‡qKwU ¯Í‡ifvM K‡i bgybv wbe©vPb Kiv nq|

2. In cluster sampling, cluster, i.e., a group of population elements, constitutes the samplingunit, instead of a single element of the population (Ahmed, 2009: 1).

A_©vr DwjøwLZ 1 eQ‡i cÖwZwU msev`c‡Îi bgybv msL¨v 12| 12 gvm mgqmxgv†_‡K 15 w`b K‡i weiwZ w`‡q mgqmxgv wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gici cÖ_g gv‡micÖ_g ZvwiL, wØZxq gv‡mi c‡b‡iv ZvwiL, Z…Zxq gv‡mi cÖ_g ZvwiL, PZz_© gv‡mic‡b‡iv ZvwiL, cÂg gv‡mi cÖ_g ZvwiL Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g cÖwZwU msev`c‡Îi 12gv‡mi bgybv evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU e¨wZµg n‡jv, 14 GwcÖj 2010evsjv bee‡l©i QzwU _vKvq †h‡nZz 15 GwcÖj 2010 †Kv‡bv msev`cÎ cÖKvwkZnqwb, †m-Kvi‡Y ïay GwcÖj gv‡mi †ÿ‡Î 15 Zvwi‡Li cwie‡Z© 14 Zvwi‡Limsev`cÎ‡K bgybv Bmy wn‡m‡e eZ©gvb M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| DwjøwLZ 6wU cwÎKvi cÖwZwUi bgybv KvVv‡gv n‡e wb¤œiƒc:

3.2.1.2.5 P~ovšÍ Av‡aq-bgybv wba©viYG‡KKwU ˆ`wb‡Ki bgybvwqZ 12wU Bmy i cÖ_g cvZvq cÖKvwkZ mKj msev‡ìmsev`-m~Pbv‡K eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Av‡aqi P~ovšÍ bgybv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|3.2.1.3 we‡køl‡Yi GKKP~ovšÍ bgybvq cÖvß me msev`-m~Pbv‡K G M‡elYvq we‡køl‡Yi GKK wn‡m‡ewe‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|3.2.1.4 eM© MVbP~ovšÍ bgybvq cÖvß msev`-m~Pbv‡K m¤¢ve¨ K‡qKwU e‡M© fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡Pwelq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q (†KvwWs wk‡Ui Rb¨ cwiwkó-1`ªóe¨)|

msev`-m~Pbvi aib/KvVv‡gv| †hgb, mvigg© msev`-m~Pbv, ey‡jU/KvZ©yRmsev`-m~Pbv, ÷¨vKv‡Uv msev`-m~Pbv, eY©bvg~jK msev`-m~Pbv, D×„wZ evwee„wZ msev`-m~Pbv, msjvc msev`-m~Pbv, AjsKvi ev iƒcKagx© msev`-m~PbvBZ¨vw`|msev`-m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ-Gi eënvimsev`-m~Pbvq msev‡ì g~j e³‡eï Dc¯’vcb/cwic~Y© wel‡qi Dc¯’vcbAvKl©Yxq, †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi, wj½‰elg¨RwUj k‡ãi/ev‡Kï eënviwe‡kl‡Yi AvwaK¨Z_¨-NvUwZ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ

fzj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ/Z‡_ï NvUwZGKB wel‡q GKvwaK cwÎKvq msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï wewfbœZvmsev`-m~Pbvi AvKviAvÂwjKZvi cÖfve, RvwZ‰elg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi, Avwèvmx‡ì m¤ú‡K©êlg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi|

3.2.1.2 Rwic c×wZ†Kv‡bv GKwU NUbv ev wel‡qi Z_¨ hLb mgMÖ‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj Ask †_‡Kmivmwi ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g GKRb M‡elK Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv ZLb Z_¨msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Rwic c×wZ4 †ek Dc‡hvMx| eZ©gvb M‡elYvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkv hvPvB Kiv †hLv‡b ch©‡eÿY ev Ab¨vb¨c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e bq| Avevi Rwic c×wZ mvgvwRK weÁv‡b AZ¨šÍRbwcÖq I eûj eëüZ c×wZ| msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡ìcÖZ¨vkvi ¯îƒc AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †ckvi gvby‡li gZvgZ Rvbvi Rb¨G Kvi‡Y eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Rwic c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G c×wZ‡Z cÖkœgvjveënvi K‡i mvÿvrKv‡ii gva¨‡g mgMÖ‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj As‡ki KvQ †_‡K Z_¨msMÖn Kiv nq|3.2.1.2.1 M‡elYvi ¯’vb wbe©vPbevsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g RM‡Z ev¯Íe Kvi‡Y XvKvi Ae¯’vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ev¯ÍeZvUvn‡jv, †`‡ki kxl© ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ¸‡jvi meKwUB XvKv †_‡K cªKvwkZ nq|msev`cÎ cÖKvk I gy ª‡Yi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D‡`¨vM I ¯’vcbv XvKvqB M‡o D‡V‡Q| ejvhvq XvKv n‡q D‡V‡Q MYgva¨g eë¯’vcbvi PviY‡ÿÎ| G Kvi‡Y ˆ`wbK msev`cÎI MYgva¨gwelqK cÖvÁZv I DrKl© XvKvq weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| XvKvq Av‡Qb†ckv`vi Ges A‡ckv`vi MYgva¨g e¨w³Z¡, MYgva¨gKgx©, MYgva¨g eë¯’vcK,MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb| ewY©Z GmeB G M‡elYvK‡g© Z_¨-DcvË-gZvgZ-cÖwZwµqvcÖvwßi wbf©i‡hvM¨ Drm e‡j ¯^xK…Z| GQvov QvÎRxe‡b XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Ges PvKwim~‡Î `xN©w`b a‡i XvKvq Ae¯’vbKivi Kvi‡Y GKwU XvKvwfwËK †bUIqvK© M‡o D‡V‡Q| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq GB†bUIqvK© h‡_ó Kv‡RI w`‡q‡Q| hw` XvKv ev‡` Ab¨ kn‡i G M‡elYvwU Kiv n‡ZvZ‡e GZ Aímg‡q GZ eo GKwU KvR Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e n‡Zv| KviY †mme

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4. ‘Survey research is a method for collecting and analysing social data via highly structuredand often very detailed interviews or questionnaires in order to obtain information fromlarge members of respondents presumed to be representative of a specific population’(Berger, 2000: 188).

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cÖ_g w`b c‡bi‡ivZgw`b

cÖ_g w`b c‡b‡ivZgw`b

RvqMvq M‡el‡Ki cwiwPwZ XvKvi gvÎvq A‡bK Kg| XvKv evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx Ges me‡P‡q eo kni| evsjv‡`‡ki Ggb †Kv‡bv AÂj†bB †hLvbKvi †jvKRb XvKv kn‡i †bB| G w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j XvKv GKwUKm‡gvcwjUb kni| ZvB G kn‡ii †ckvRxex hviv eZ©gvb M‡elYvq bgybv wn‡m‡ewbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb, Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib †nZz,M‡elYvi djvdj‡KI cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj ejvi h‡_ó KviY _vK‡e| Avi Gme Kvi‡YB M‡elK Zvi M‡elYv GjvKv XvKv gnvbMixi g‡a¨ mxwgZ†i‡L‡Q| 3.2.1.2.2 M‡elYv-mgMÖK†Kv‡bv M‡elYvq bgybv wn‡m‡e AšÍfy©³ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb mevB‡K mgMÖK e‡j|Basha and Harter (1980) Gi g‡Z ‘a population is any set of persons orobjects that possesses at least one common characteristic|Õ eZ©gvb M‡elYvRwi‡ci mgMÖK n‡e XvKv gnvbMixi mKj msev`cÎ cvVK hv‡ì g‡a¨ GKwUmvaviY êwkó¨ Av‡Q hv n‡jv mevB msev`cÎ cvVK| 3.2.1.2.2 bgybv wbe©vPb I wbe©vP‡bi †KŠkjhLb mgMÖ‡Ki AvKvi Lye eo n‡q hvq ZLb M‡elK Zvi M‡elYvi myweav‡_©mgMÖ‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj GKwU Ask‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q †bq| XvKv gnvbMixi†jvKmsL¨v 10 wgwjq‡bi Dc‡i| G‡ì g‡a¨ KZRb msev`c‡Îi cvVK †mUvwbw`©ó K‡i ejv m¤¢e bv n‡jI †mUv †h K‡qK wgwjq‡bi Kg bq; †mUv wbwðZ|GZ e¨vcK cvVK‡Mvôx‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv †hgb m¤¢e bq, †Zgwb mg‡qiGes Avw_©K mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y5 G cvVK‡Mvôxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj Ask‡K (A_©vrmgMÖ‡Ki 1 kZvsk †_‡K 10 kZvs‡ki g‡a¨) bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv m¤¢e bq|G Kvi‡Y bgybv wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvq‡bi (purposive sampling)6

gva¨‡g 7wU †ckvi msev`cÎ cvVK‡K bgybv wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †ckvmg~n n‡jv,(1) wkÿK, (2) wkÿv_x©, (3) mvsevw`K, (4) eëmvqx, (5) AvBbRxex, (6)wPwKrmK Ges (7) miKvwi Kg©KZ©v| cÖwZwU †ckv †_‡K D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e 10 RbK‡i (7 x 10 = 70 Rb) A_©vr †gvU 70 Rb‡K GB M‡elYvq bgybv wn‡m‡e

AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡ìwb‡¤œv³ êwkó¨¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbvq †bIqv n‡q‡Q|

1) GB M‡elYvq bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ AšÍZ GKwU msev`cÎ c‡ob, 2) AšÍZ 10 eQi XvKv gnvbMix‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Qb, 3) Zv‡ì eqm n‡e b~ bZg 18 eQi| 4) wj½‰elg¨ ~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU †ckv †_‡K AšÍZ 3 Rb‡K bvix n‡Z n‡e|

cÖwZwU †ckv †_‡K 10 Rb K‡i DËi`vZv D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vPbKiv n‡jI GKB †ckvi wewfbœ As‡ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU †ckviwewfbœ K¨vUvMwi †_‡K Zv‡ì‡K bgybvq AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb, wkÿKZv†ckvq XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K 4 Rb, D”Pgva¨wgK ch©v‡q Kg©iZ wkÿK‡ì g‡a¨†_‡K 4 Rb Ges gva¨wgK ch©v‡q 2 Rb wkÿK‡K eZ©gvb M‡elYvq bgybv wn‡m‡ewbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB wefvM †_‡K bv wb‡q D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e bgybvq‡bigva¨‡g XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi 10wU wefv‡Mi 10 Rb wkÿv_x©‡K (cÖwZwU wefvM †_‡KGKRb K‡i) bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wefvM¸‡jv n‡jv evsjv, DbœqbAa¨qb, wek¦ag© I ms¯‹…wZ, mgvRweÁvb, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv, Bs‡iwR,ivóªweÁvb, MwYZ, f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek Ges AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© wefvM| mvsevw`K‡ì†ÿ‡ÎI GKB c×wZ AbymiY K‡i wcÖ›U wgwWqv †_‡K 8 Rb A_©vr †WBwj ÷vi†_‡K 1 Rb, hyMvšÍi †_‡K 2 Rb, †WBwj mvb †_‡K 2 Rb, cÖ_g Av‡jv †_‡K 1Rb, evsjv‡`k cÖwZw`b †_‡K 1 Rb Ges ˆ`wbK mgKvj †_‡K 1 Rb GesB‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv A_©vr GKz‡k †Uwjwfkb †_‡K 2 Rb‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPbKiv n‡q‡Q| eëmvqx‡ì †ÿ‡Î †kqvi gv‡K©U eëmvqx 2 Rb, Mv‡g©›Um eëmvqx3 Rb, e¯¿ eëmvqx 3 Rb Ges cvj©vi eëmvqx 2 Rb‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kivn‡q‡Q| wPwKrmK‡ì g‡a¨ XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡jR †_‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kivn‡q‡Q 7 Rb, e½eÜz †kL gywRe †gwW‡Kj K‡jR †_‡K 2 Rb Ges XvKv evi‡WgnvmcvZvj †_‡K 1 Rb wPwKrmK| miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì g‡a¨ Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq †_‡K2 Rb, A_© gš¿Yvjq †_‡K 5 Rb, e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v 2 Rb, AvBb gš¿Yvjq †_‡K 1Rb‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ïay AvBbRxex‡ì g‡a¨ 10 Rb‡Kevsjv‡`k mywcÖg †KvU© †_‡K wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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5. M‡elYvKg©wU gvP© 2011 †_‡K Ryb 2011 A_©vr gvÎ 4 gvm mgqKv‡j †kl Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Avevi mgMÖ‡Ki e„nrcÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj Ask‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kivi Rb¨ †h LiP cÖ‡qvRb M‡elYv Lv‡Z †m cwigvY A‡_©i ms¯’vb†bB|

6. Purposive sampling techniques are primarily used in qualitative studies and may be defined as select-ing units (e.g., individuals, groups of individuals, institutions), based on specific purposes associatedwith answering a research study’s questions. Maxwell (1997: 87) further defined purposive sampling asa type of sampling in which, ‘particular settings, persons, or events are deliberately selected for theimportant information they can provide that cannot be gotten as well from other choices.’

3.2.2.4 Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZbgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ‡ì KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î KvVv‡gve× mvÿvrKv‡ii7

Avkªq †bIqv n‡q‡Q| Rwic Kvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ QKe× cÖkœgvjv ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q†hLv‡b Ave× I Db¥y³ Dfq ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi mwbœ‡ek N‡U‡Q (cwiwkó 2 ªóe¨)| Berger(2000) Rwic Kv‡h© Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Ave× I Db¥y³ Dfq ai‡bi cÖkœmsewjZcÖkœgvjv eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Ave×cÖkœgvjvi †ÿ‡Î nu v, bv, cÖZ¨vkv Kwi, ev Kwi bv, A_ev wewfbœ Ack‡bi wecix‡ZwUKwPý †èvi my‡hvM wQj| GQvov Db¥y³ cÖ‡kœi8 †ÿ‡Î msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ†èvi my‡hvM wQj| DËi`vZv‡ì KvQ †_‡K mvÿvrKv‡ii gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn GesAv‡aq-we‡kølY A_©vr Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni hveZxq KvRwU m~Pviæiƒ‡c m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ 4 Rb(2 Rb bvix Ges 2 Rb cyiæl) hv‡ì 3 Rb MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefv‡MiGgGmG‡mi wkÿv_x© Ges GKRb IB wefv‡Mi cÖv³b wkÿv_x©‡K wb‡qvM †Ìqvn‡qwQj| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi Av‡M M‡elK Ges we‡klÁ Z_¨ msMÖnKvix‡ì yB w`‡bcÖvq Pvi NÈv weªwds K‡i‡Qb Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ, cÖkœgvjvq eëüZ cÖkœ, Kxfv‡eAv‡aq-we‡kølY Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©| Z‡e Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni KvRwU mvwe©Kfv‡eZË¡veavb K‡i‡Qb M‡elK wb‡R Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î eZ©gvb M‡elYvi we‡klÁ|Z‡e GKwU welq e‡j ivLv fv‡jv †h, DËi`vZv‡ì KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Av‡McÖwZwU †ckvi GKR‡bi mvÿvrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q Ges Zvi wfwË‡Z cÖkœgvjvi wKQz cÖkœms‡hvRb Ges we‡qvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi Av‡M cÖwZwUDËi`vZvi KvQ †_‡K Zv‡ì m¤§wZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡ì‡K M‡elYvi D‡ÏkÏ welqe ‘ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 3.3. Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgm¨vmsev`cÎ cvVK‡ì KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq I Av‡aq-we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †ekwKQz mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡q‡Q| (K) A‡bK †ÿ‡Î mgq¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y DËi`vZvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM bv K‡i Zv‡ìmvÿvrKvi wb‡Z hvIqv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z K‡i KL‡bv KL‡bv Zv‡ì †c‡Z GKvwaK w`bGKB RvqMvq †h‡Z n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †hgb mgq bó n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb Avw_©K ÿwZIn‡q‡Q| (L) A‡bK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mgq¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q Geswm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡_B Kvh©µg ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mywbw`©ó

Ges myw¯’i Kg©cwiKíbv ˆZwii AeKvk cvIqv hvqwb|(M) mvÿvr`vZv‡ì A‡b‡KB cÖ‡kœi Reve`v‡b Abxnv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| KviY wn‡m‡eZviv Zv‡ì mg‡qi Afve‡K D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| mvÿvr`vZv‡ì g‡a¨ wPwKrmK GesAvBbRxex‡ì A‡b‡Ki KvQ †_‡KB ch©vß mvov cvIqv hvqwb| A‡b‡KB mvÿvrKvicÖ v‡b AcviMZv/Abxnv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, AvBbRxex‡ì Kv‡Q mgq PvIqvn‡j Zv‡ì †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb Zv‡ì K¬v‡q›U‡ì e‡m _vKvi K_v ev †KvU© ïiæ n‡qhvevi K_v ev we‡K‡j †P¤vi Kivi K_v| GKBfv‡e wPwKrmK‡ì A‡b‡K e‡j‡Qb,Zv‡ì‡K ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Acv‡ikb w_‡qUv‡i †h‡Z n‡e| G‡ì †KD †KD Avevie‡j‡Qb †h Zviv cwÎKv covi Lye Kg mgq cvb| (N) A‡bK DËi`vZvB Lye ZvovZvwo K‡i †Kv‡bvg‡Z cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|†h Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì A‡b‡Ki KvQ †_‡K ch©vß Z_¨ cvIqv KóKi n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Z_¨msMÖnKvix‡ì eyw×gËv I â‡h©i d‡j AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î Kvw•ÿZ DËi cvIqv m¤¢en‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G cÖwµqvwU wQj h‡_ó Kómva¨| (O) msev`-m~Pbv welqwU ZvwË¡K I †ckvMZ welq| hvi d‡j †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvmvÿvrKvi cÖ`vbKvixi KvQ †_‡K cÖvmw½K I cÖ‡qvRbxq e³e¨ cvIqv hvqwb|(P) XvKv gnvbMix‡Z ¯^í I ~i c‡_i MšÍ‡e¨ hvZvqv‡Z cwienY cÖvwßi wbðqZv†bB| G M‡elYvK‡g© mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Ki‡Z wM‡q M‡elK I Z_¨ msMÖnKvix‡ì‡KXvKv gnvbMix‡Z e¨vcK ågY Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| G †ÿ‡Î Pig Amyweav I msKU†gvKvwejv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| (Q) msev`-m~Pbvi Av‡aq-we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q Z_¨ msMÖnKvixiv wewfbœ mgqwewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨vq c‡o‡Qb| †hgb, msev`-m~Pbvi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó welq eyS‡ZAmyweav n‡q‡Q| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì‡K we‡kl‡Ái mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z n‡q‡Q evievihv Z_¨ msMÖn cÖwµqv‡K h‡_ó mgq I kÖgmva¨ K‡i‡Q| 3.4. cÖvß Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølYAv‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, GB M‡elYvwU GKwU ¸YMZ c×wZi M‡elYv| GKvi‡Y Db¥y³ cÖ‡kœi DËi¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì †kÖwY Abymv‡i mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Ave×cÖ‡kœi †ÿ‡Î DËi¸‡jv‡K U¨vwj gvK© w`‡q cieZx© mg‡q †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb Kivn‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î eY©bvg~jK cwimsL¨v‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ eënvi K‡i cÖvß Z_¨-DcvË we‡kølY I Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|¸YMZ M‡elYvq Z_¨-DcvË we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Lye mZK©fv‡e Ô¸W RvR‡g›UÕ IÔ†Lvjv gbÕ aviYvi mvnvh¨ †bIqv n‡q‡Q (Priest, 1996: 181)| Ô¸W RvR‡g›UÕn‡jv wePvi-we‡ePbv K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv A_©vr Z_¨-DcvË¸‡jv Av‡`Š M‡elYviwelqe¯‘i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ wKbv| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Av‡aq-we‡kølY A_evmvÿvrKvi †_‡K msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cÖvß †Kv‡bv Z_¨-DcvË welqe¯‘i mv‡_

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7. In this kind of interview, the researcher uses an interview schedule – a specific set of instructions thatguide those who ask respondents for answers (Berger, 2000).

8. Open-ended questions allow the respondents to elaborate on their experience or attitudes and help todisclose in-depth information from their own frame of reference (Power, 2002).

msMwZc~Y© wKbv †mUv wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Avi †Lvjv gb n‡jv †Kv‡bvce©-aviYv‡K cÖkÖq bv w`‡q †Lvjvg‡b mg¯Í Z_¨ we‡ePbvq Avbv Ges hZUv m¤¢emyk„•Ljfv‡e I mZK©Zvi mv‡_ we‡kølY Kiv| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq G welq¸‡jv‡Kh‡_ó ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 3.5. M‡elYvi mxgve×ZvZ‡e GK_v A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB †h, hw` Av‡iv †ewk bgybv MÖnY Kiv n‡Zvev XvKvi evB‡i wewfbœ wefvMxq kni †_‡K Av‡iv bgybv‡K eZ©gvb M‡elYvqAšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡Zv Ges Av‡iv wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev`cÎ XvKv Ges XvKvi evB‡i†_‡K M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡Zv Zvn‡j M‡elYvwUi djvdj AviIcÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj n‡Z cviZ| GQvovI Av‡aq-we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mgq¯^íZv GesAvw_©K mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y GK eQ‡ii GKwU cwÎKvi 12wU Bmy †bIqv n‡q‡Q|hw` 2 ev 3 eQ‡ii cwÎKv Ges cÖwZeQ‡ii 24 ev 48wU Bmy †bIqv n‡Zv Zvn‡jdjvdj Av‡iv †ewk cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj n‡Zv|

3.6. DcmsnviGB Aa¨v‡q M‡elYvKg© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ Z_¨ msMÖn eëüZ c×wZ, Z_¨we‡køl‡Yi c×wZ, Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgm¨v Ges mxgve×Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivn‡q‡Q| c×wZMZ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GwU ¯úó †h, eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU GKwU wØ-gvwÎKM‡elYv Ges G Kvi‡Y Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ I Rwic c×wZeënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q (Aa¨vq 3.2. I 3.2.2 `ªóe¨)| Av‡aq-we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î 2010mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gvm †_‡K wW‡m¤î gvm mgqKv‡ji 6wU RvZxq ˆ`wbK hv‡ì g‡a¨5wU evsjv Ges 1wU Bs‡iwR msev`cÎ‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e †bIqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwUmsev`c‡Îi bgybv msL¨v 12wU hv cÖwZ gv‡mi 15 ZvwiL †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q(Aa¨vq 3.2.1.2.2 †_‡K 3.2.1.2.4. `ªóe¨)| GB M‡elYvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ †h‡nZzmsev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkv hvPvB Kiv ZvB GB cÖZ¨vkvi ¯îƒcAbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ Rwic c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| bgybv wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡ÎD‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g 7wU †ckvi msev`cÎ cvVK‡K bgybv wn‡m‡ewbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nevi †ÿ‡Î hviv w`‡b AšÍZ GKwUmsev`cÎ c‡ob, hv‡ì eqm n‡e b~ bZg 18 eQi Ges AšÍZ 10 eQi XvKvgnvbMix‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Qb Ggb cvVK‡K we‡ePbvq †bIqv n‡q‡Q|wj½‰elg¨ ~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU †ckv †_‡K AšÍZ 3 Rb bvix‡K bgybv wn‡m‡ewbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q (Aa¨vq 3.2.2.1 †_‡K 3.2.2.3 `ªóe¨)| KvVv‡gve× cÖkœgvjvigva¨‡g DËi`vZv‡ì KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ 4 Rb Z_¨ msMÖnKvixmve©ÿwYK KvR K‡i‡Qb|

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PZz_© Aa¨vqAv‡aq-we‡kølY

4.1 f~wgKvGB M‡elYvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨ evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~PbvieZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZv wbg©vY| †m Kvi‡Y M‡elYvi ïiæ‡ZB evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© RvZxqˆ`wbK msev`c‡Îi cÖ_g cvZvq cÖKvwkZ msev`-m~Pbvi cÖK…wZ, aib I cÖeYZvwbY©‡qi Rb¨ Av‡aq-we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ †gvU 6wU RvZxqˆ`wbK msev`c‡Îi bgybvwqZ †gvU 72wU (12X6=72) msL¨vq GKeQ‡i cÖKvwkZ(1 Rvbyqvwi, 2010-31 wW‡m¤î, 2010) msev`-m~Pbvi Av‡aq-we‡kølY Kivn‡q‡Q (Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ msev`cÎ I bgybv msL¨v m¤ú‡K©we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q)| we‡køl‡Y †gvU 725wU msev`-m~Pbv we‡kølY Kivn‡q‡Q (†Uwej-4.1 `ªóe¨)| msev`-m~Pbvi Av‡aq-we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †h welq¸‡jvwe‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv, cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì msL¨v, msev`-Kvwnwbi aib,msev`-m~Pbvi aib, AvKvi A_©vr msev`-m~Pbvq eëüZ kãmsL¨v, msev`-m~PbvqÔlo-KÕ-Gi eënvi, g~j wel‡qi Dcw¯’wZ, fyj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ, wj½‰elg¨, RvwZ-ag©‰elg¨, Z‡_ï AwZiÄb, Z_¨ NvUwZ, †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi, we‡kølY IRwUj k‡ãi eënvi BZ¨vw`| G welq¸‡jv we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZmsev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv jvf Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| 4.2 msev‡ì †gvU msL¨vgvbyl Rvb‡Z Pvq| Rvbvi G AvMÖn Zvi wPišÍb| mgv‡Ri †Kv_vq Kx NU‡Q, †KbNU‡QÑ †m welq¸‡jv ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Rvbvi Rb¨ †m MYgva¨‡gi Z_v msev`c‡ÎiØvi¯’ nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki msev`cÎ mgvR-gvby‡li Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ wbišÍimsev` cÖKvk K‡i hv‡”Q| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Av‡aq-we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡kiQqwU RvZxq ˆ`wbK cwÎKv h_vµ‡g cÖ_g Av‡jv, hyMvšÍi, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, Kv‡jiKÉ, mgKvj I The Daily Star cwÎKv‡K †e‡Q †bIqv nq| cÖwZwU cwÎKvi GKeQ‡ii †gvU 12wU msL¨vi (cÖwZ gv‡m GKwU K‡i) cÖ_g cvZvi msev‡ì Av‡aq-we‡kølY Kiv nq (bgybv wbe©vPb m¤úwK©Z we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_ï Rb¨ Z…Zxq Aa¨vq†`Lyb)| djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, wbe©vwPZ 6wU msev`c‡Îi bgybvwqZ 72wUmsL¨vi cÖ_g cvZvq GK eQ‡i †gvU 725wU msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q (†Uwej 4.1ªóe¨)|

†Uwej 4.1msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì †gvU msL¨v

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†Uwej 4.1 we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU cwÎKvi 1 eQ‡ii †gvU12wU msL¨vi cÖ_g cvZvq cÖKvwkZ †gvU msev‡ì msL¨v wQj cÖ_g Av‡jvq 97wU,hyMvšÍ‡i 109wU, ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K 123wU, Kv‡ji K‡É 95wU, mgKv‡j 105wU GesThe Daily Star-G 196wU| we‡køl‡Y GKwU welq cwi®‹vi †h, GK eQ‡i me‡P‡q†ewk msev` Qvwc‡q‡Q The Daily Star (196wU) hv cÖ_g Av‡jvi I Kv‡ji K‡ÉiwØ¸‡YiI †ewk| msev` Qvcv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK(123wU)| GQvov hyMvšÍi (109wU) I mgKvj (105wU) cÖvq GKB msL¨K msev`Qvwc‡q‡Q| me‡P‡q Kg msev` Qvwc‡q‡Q Kv‡ji KÉ (95wU) hv cÖ_g Av‡jvi cÖvqmgvb (97wU)|

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hv‡ì g‡a¨ Avevi 35wU AbymÜvbg~jK Ges 61wU e¨vL¨vg~jK msev`| Gw`K†_‡K cÖ_g Av‡jv cwÎKvwU †ek wcwQ‡q| †Kbbv cwÎKvwU †gvU cÖKvwkZ 97wUmsev‡ì g‡a¨ gvÎ 4wU K‡i †gvU 8wU AbymÜvbg~jK I e¨vL¨vg~jK msev`†Q‡c‡Q| Z‡e Gw`K †_‡K me‡P‡q GwM‡q The Daily Star| cwÎKvwU‡ZAbymÜvbg~jK I e¨vL¨vg~jK msev‡ì cwigvY h_vµ‡g 9wU I 24wU hwÌ Zv‡ì†gvU cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì msL¨v 196wU| msL¨vi wePv‡i Gic‡ii Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡QKv‡ji KÉ hv‡ì †gvU cÖKvwkZ 95wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ AbymÜvbg~jK I e¨vL¨vg~jKmsev‡ì cwigvY h_vµ‡g 10wU Ges 13wU| hwÌ kZKiv wnmv‡e ZvivB me‡P‡q†ewk AbymÜvbg~jK I e¨vL¨vg~jK msev` cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK ImgKvj GKB msL¨K A_©vr 3wU K‡i AbymÜvbg~jK I 6wU K‡i e¨vL¨vg~jK msev`†Q‡c‡Q †hLv‡b hyMvšÍi †Q‡c‡Q 6wU AbymÜvbg~jK I 8wU e¨vL¨vg~jK msev`|cÖvß djvdj Abyhvqx msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z mv`vgvUv msev‡ì cÖvPzh© jÿ Kiv hvq(†Uwej 4.2 `ªóe¨) hvi cwigvY cÖKvwkZ †gvU msev‡ì A‡a©‡KiI †ewk| me‡P‡q†ewk mv`vgvUv msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K †hLv‡b †gvU cÖKvwkZ128wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ 104wUB mv`vgvUv msev`| Gic‡i cÖ_g Av‡jvi ¯’vb(84wU)| mgKv‡j I cÖ_g Av‡jvq cÖvq mgmsL¨K (82) mv`vgvUv msev` cÖKvwkZn‡q‡Q| me‡P‡q Kg mv`vgvUv msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q The Daily Star-G (30wU)|Avi mgKv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 32wU mv`vgvUv msev`| Ab¨w`‡K hyMvšÍ‡i cÖKvwkZmv`vgvUv msev‡ì msL¨v 67wU| cÖvß djvdj Abyhvqx ü`qwe`viK msev‡ì cwigvY GB M‡elYvq LyeB Kg(10wU)| G‡ì g‡a¨ 9wU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hyMvšÍ‡i Avi gvÎ 1wU msev` cÖKvwkZn‡q‡Q cÖ_g Av‡jvq| M‡elYvaxb Avi †Kv‡bv cwÎKvq ü`qwe`viK msev` cvIqvhvqwb| cÖ_g Av‡jv ev‡` M‡elYvaxb Avi me cwÎKvq gvbweK Av‡e`bag©x msev`cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hwÌ Gi cwigvY cÖvq me‡ÿ‡ÎB Kg| †hgb, mgKvj †Q‡c‡Q11wU, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 10wU, hyMvšÍi I Kv‡ji KÉ 7wU K‡i Ges The Daily Star4wU| ïay ZvB bq msev`-Kvwnwb †jLvi †¶‡Î ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK ev‡` M‡elYvaxbAvi me msev`cÎ †ek cixÿv-wbixÿv Pvwj‡q‡Q e‡j djvdj „‡ó g‡b nq|†Kbbv, cÖPwjZ msev`-Kvwnwbi ai‡bi evB‡iI Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi ÔAb¨vb¨Õ6

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1. †Kv‡bv NUbvi Pzj‡Piv we‡kølY bv K‡i ev Le‡ii †cQ‡bi Lei bv Luy‡R, ïay NUbvi GKwU PvjwPÎ Dc ’vcbKiv nq A_©vr †Kv‡bv NUbvi mv`vgvUv Dc ’vcbvB mv`vgvUv msev` (ivq, 2003; d‡qR, 2001)|

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3. gvby‡li ü`q‡K ¯úk© K‡i hvq Ggb †Kv‡bv NUbvi msev`‡K eZ©gvb M‡elYvq ü`qwe`viK wn‡m‡e MY¨Kiv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i MZ RyjvB, 2011-G PÆMÖv‡g msNwUZ yN©Ubv hv‡Z cÖvq45 Rb wkÿv_©x g„Zz eiY K‡i‡Q| NUbvwU G ai‡bi msev`-Kvwnwbi cÖK…ó D`vniY|

4. †Kv‡bv NUbv ev welq hv Pvcv _v‡K wKsev inmë„Z _v‡KÑ†m me NUbv ev wel‡qi Mfx‡i wM‡qAbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g welqwUi inm¨ DÑvUbB AbymÜvbg~jK wi‡cvwU©s‡qi KvR (ivq, 1994)|

5. e¨vL¨vg~jK wi‡cvU© n‡jv †Kv‡bv NUbv ev welq‡K cUf~wgi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ cwi®‹vifv‡ecvV‡Ki mvg‡b Zz‡j aiv (ivq, 1994)|

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wfbœ Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ Ki‡ZB G gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbvb Zviv|ÕAvi AbymÜvbg~jK msev` †Q‡c‡Q 9wU| †m‡ÿ‡Î msev`-Kvwnwbi wfbœZvi w`Kw`‡q †ek GwM‡q i‡q‡Q The Daily Star| KviY G cwÎKvwU‡Z †gvU cÖKvwkZ196wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ 129wU ÔAb¨vb¨Õ ai‡bi msev` Qvcv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨vb¨msev‡ì cwigvY Kv‡ji K‡É 33wU I hyMvšÍ‡i 12wU| Z‡e G ai‡bi msev‡ìcwigvY LyeB Kg mgKvj (3wU) Ges cÖ_g Av‡jvq (4wU)|†Uwej 4.2 Abyhvqx GKwU welq AZ¨šÍ cwi®‹vi †h, M‡elYvaxb msev`¸‡jv NUbvimv`vgvUv eY©bv w`‡ZB †ewk ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡i‡Q| mvsevw`KZvi g~j AvKl©YAbymÜvbg~jK I e¨vL¨vg~jK msev‡ì cwigvY msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z †ek Kg| Z‡ecÖPwjZ mv`vgvUv ai‡bi evB‡i G‡m msev`-Kvwnwb eY©bvB ZviZg¨ Avbvi Rb¨we‡kl K‡i The Daily Star cwÎKvwU †ek AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| eZ©gvbM‡elYvq cÖvß G djvdjwUi mv‡_ Ryb, 2001 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi ‘ReadershipInstitute: Media Management Center at Northwestern University’ cwiPvwjZcvVK cÖZ¨vkv m¤úwK©Z M‡elYvi djvdj mvhyR¨c~Y©| G M‡elYvwU‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q,iweev‡i cÖKvwkZ msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z 54% wQj mv`vgvUv msev`, mßv‡ni Ab¨vb¨w`‡b Gi cwigvY wQj 71% Ges †QvU msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z Gi cwigvY wQj 65%(Untitled, 2001)| 4.4. msev`-m~Pbvi aibmsev`-m~Pbv cvVK‡K msev‡ì ïiæ‡ZB GKwU NUbv ms‡ÿ‡c Rvwb‡q †`q| wKš‘me msev‡ì †ÿ‡ÎB hw` GKB ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv eënvi Kiv nq Z‡e cvV‡KiKv‡Q GK‡N‡qwg g‡b n‡Z cv‡e, Avevi cvVK wei³ n‡Z cv‡i| †h Kvi‡Y memsev‡ì cÖwZ cvV‡Ki AvKl©Y a‡i ivL‡Z msev`cÎ¸‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡i (wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© wØZxq Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbvKiv n‡q‡Q)| eZ©gvb mg‡qi msev`cÎ¸‡jv †ewkifvM †¶‡ÎB NUbvi mvigg©w`‡q msev‡ì m~PbvwU wj‡L _v‡K| Z‡e NUbvi eY©bv w`‡qI msev`-m~Pbv †jLvicÖeYZv j¶ Kiv hvq|

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cwiYZ nIqvi j‡ÿ¨ wbwe©‡Nœ GwM‡q P‡j‡Q| MZKvj †mvgevi XvKvi GKwU†nv‡U‡j GK Abyôv‡b wZwb G K_v e‡jb| Gi Av‡M cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv I wkwPbwcs-Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z evsjv‡`k I Px‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq|evsjv‡`k‡K 4 †KvwU BDqvb (40 †KvwU 77 jvL UvKv ) Aby vb †`‡e Pxb|Õ(Kv‡ji KÉ, 15 Ryb, 2010)| Avevi The Daily Star †_‡K cÖvß mvigg© msev`m~PbvwU wQj Giƒc, ‘The Communications Ministry has taken up seven prior-ity projects to upgrade the internal railway links, an signal system and con-nect Bangladesh with Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) network (The Daily Star,15 August, 2010)| Dc‡ii msev`-m~Pbvi meKwU‡ZB Ôlo-KÕ-Gi AwaKvsk ÔKÕ-Gi Dcw¯’wZ i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, eY©bvg~jK msev`-m~Pbv n‡jv M‡elYvaxb msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z eëüZwØZxq m‡e©v”P msev`-m~Pbv| cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z Gi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk| A_©vr †gvUcÖKvwkZ 97wU msev‡ì 38wUi ïiæ eY©bvg~jK msev`-m~Pbv w`‡q| D`vniYwn‡m‡e cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z cÖKvwkZ GKwU msev`-m~Pbv n‡jv, ÔAvR 15 AvM÷| 35eQi Av‡M GB w`‡b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ee©i NvZ‡Ki ey‡j‡U wbnZ nb|GKB m‡½ wbnZ nb Zvi cZœx †eMg dwRjvZz‡bœQv gywRe, Zvi wZb cyÎ †kLKvgvj, †kL Rvgvj, †kL iv‡mj Ges Zvi yB cyÎea~ hv‡ì GKRb wQ‡jbAšÍtmË¡v| †mw`b †mB bviKxq nZ¨vh‡Ái wkKvi nb e½eÜzi wcÖqRb I Nwbô‡ìAviI A‡b‡K| cÖvYx wn‡m‡e gvbyl giYkxj e‡j meviB GKwU g„Zz w`b _v‡K|Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gvby‡li ïay †`nvemvb N‡U| g„Zz nq bv| gywRe g„Zz nxb|Õ(cÖ_g Av‡jv, 15 AvM÷ 2010)| cÖvq mgmsL¨K eY©bvg~jK msev`-m~Pbv eënviK‡i‡Q mgKvj (35wU)| Aek¨ G cwÎKvq †gvU msev‡ì cwigvY wQj 105wU|ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K 28wU (123wU msev‡ì g‡a¨) msev`-m~Pbv wQj eY©bvg~jK, TheDaily Star-G wQj 24wU (196wU msev‡ì g‡a¨), hyMvšÍ‡i 17wU (109wU msev‡ìg‡a¨) Ges Kv‡ji K‡É gvÎ 7wU (95wU msev‡ì g‡a¨)| eëüZ msev`-m~Pbvi g‡a¨ Z…Zxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q D×„wZ ev wee„wZ msev`-m~Pbv|Gi cwigvY Lye GKUv †ewk bv n‡jI (†gvU cÖKvwkZ 725wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ 33wU)The Daily Star ev‡` M‡elYvaxb Avi me cwÎKvqB Gi eënvi jÿ Kiv hvq|ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK me‡P‡q †ewk msL¨K A_©vr 11wU D×„wZ ev wee„wZ msev`-m~Pbveënvi K‡i‡Q, hyMvšÍi 8wU, mgKvj 7wU, cÖ_g Av‡jv 5wU Ges Kv‡ji KÉ eënviK‡i‡Q gvÎ 2wU| D×„wZ ev wee„wZ msev`-m~Pbvi GKwU D`vniY n‡jv, ÔbZzbeQ‡ii ïiæ‡ZB e½eÜzi Lywb‡ì g„Zz `Ð Kvh©Ki Kivi cÖZ¨q e¨³ K‡i‡QbcÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv| MZKvj e„n¯úwZevi Bs‡iwR bee‡l©i ï‡f”Qv evYx‡Z wZwbe‡jb, Ô2010 mv‡ji m~Pbvj‡Mœ RvwZi Rb‡Ki mcwiev‡i nZ¨vi duvwmi ivq

Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z Avgiv e×cwiKi|Õ (mgKvj, 1 Rvbyqvwi 2010)| mvKz‡j¨ 7wUwejw¤^Z msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi M‡elYvaxb cwÎKvq cvIqv †M‡Q hv‡ì g‡a¨mgKvj I ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K 3wU K‡i Ges hyMvšÍ‡i 1wU| ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K cÖKvwkZGKwU wejw¤^Z msev`-m~Pbv Giƒc, ÔgywÝMÄ †Rjv wQj weGbwci NuvwU| Pvi`jxq†RvU miKv‡ii Avg‡j †Rjv †_‡K Dc‡Rjv ch©šÍ mKj cÖkvmb weGbwci Ggwc,hye`j I QvÎ`j K¨vWvi‡ì Kv‡Q wRw¤§ wQj| Zv‡ì K_vi evB‡i †Kv‡bv KvRn‡Zv bv| GgbwK Zv‡ì mycvwik e¨ZxZ _vbvq gvgjv wKsev mvaviY Wv‡qwi ch©šÍcywjk MÖnY KiZ bv| cÖwZcÿ‡K GjvKvq _vK‡Z w`Z bv| G mgq cÖKv‡kÄvIqvgx jx‡Mi †ek K‡qKRb †bZv-Kg©x‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| jyUcvU I AwMœms‡hvMP‡j‡Q e¨vcK nv‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y MZ msm` wbe©vP‡b gywÝMÄ †Rjvi wZbwU Avm‡bweGbwci fivWzwe n‡q‡QÕ (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, 1 b‡f¤î 2010)| M‡elYvaxb Ab¨cwÎKv G ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡iwb| M‡elYvaxb me cwÎKv cÖkœ‡evaK, gšÍeägx©, iƒcK, msjvcagx©, ÷¨vKv‡Uv Geswe¯§qagx© msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡iwb| †hgb, M‡elYvaxb cwÎKvi g‡a¨ mgKvjI hyMvšÍi 2wU K‡i Ges Kv‡ji KÉ 1wU cÖkœ‡evaK msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡i‡Q|†hgb, hyMvšÍi Giƒc GKwU msev`-m~Pbv eënvi Kiv n‡qwQj| m~PbvwU wQj Giƒc-Ô†Uv‡qw›U 20 w`‡q ïiæ| †U÷ g¨vP w`‡q †kl| nvi w`‡q ïiæ| nvi w`‡q †kl? †klfv‡jv hvi me fv‡jv Zvi| cÖPwjZ G cÖev` evK¨ evsjv‡`k wK Zvn‡j mZ¨ cÖgvYKi‡Z cvi‡e? n¨vwgjU‡b AvR ïiæ nIqv wmwi‡Ri GKgvÎ †U‡÷B Gi RevecvIqv hv‡eÕ (hyMvšÍi, 15 †deªæqvwi 2010)| Aciw`‡K, Kv‡ji KÉ 3wU GeshyMvšÍi 2wU ÷¨vKv‡Uv msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡i‡Q| †hgb, Ô¯^vMZ bZzb eQi|Awfb›`b m¤¢vebv| I‡qjKvg 2010| gnvKv‡ji A‡gvN avivq AviI GKwU bZzbeQ‡ii m~Pbv nj AvR| kx‡Zi wSgaiv iv‡Z, Kzqvkvi Pvì mwi‡q †h m~h© Dw`Zn‡q‡Q AvR mKv‡j, Zv GK bZzb Av‡jvi Lei wb‡q G‡m‡Q c„w_exi Rb¨Õ (hyMvšÍi,1 Rvbyqvwi 2010)| Kv‡ji KÉ I ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 1wU K‡i we¯§qm~PK msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡i‡Q| †hgb, ÔD”P Av`vj‡Z wePviK wb‡qv‡M †Kv‡bv ¯^”Q bxwZAv‡Q wK! msweav‡b wePviK wb‡qv‡Mi msL¨v mywbw`©ó bv _vKvi my‡hv‡M me miKviBZv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb I B”Qvg‡Zv wb‡qvM msL¨v evwo‡q‡Q Kwg‡q‡QÕ| hyMvšÍi (2wU)Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwÎKv gšÍe¨ msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡iwb Ges mgKv‡j gvÎ 1wUiƒcKagx© msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi †`Lv †M‡Q| mgKv‡j cÖKvwkZ iƒcKagx© msev`-m~PbvwU wQj, ÔGK Aj•N¨ yM© `L‡ji Rb¨ jovB K‡i‡Qb †mbvcwZ| †mBjovB‡qi †Kv‡bv GK AmZK© gyn~‡Z© n‡Zv`¨g n‡q coj †mbv`j| G‡jv‡g‡jv,AvZ¥wek¦vmnxb, D™£všÍ †mB †mbv`‡ji g‡a¨ Avevi Avkvi mÂvi Ki‡jb wZwb|

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Avevi †mbvcwZi †bZ…‡Z¡ msMwVZ n‡jv ZvivÕ (mgKvj, 15 A‡±vei, 2010)| Z‡e Av‡jvwPZ aib¸‡jvi evB‡i hyMvšÍi I ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK ev‡` Avi me cwÎKvÔAb¨vb¨Õ7 msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡i‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv Kv‡ji KÉ†hLv‡b G ai‡bi 15wU msev`-m~Pbv cvIqv †M‡Q| Kv‡ji K‡É cÖKvwkZ ÔAb¨vb¨Õmsev`-m~Pbvi GKwU D`vniY n‡jv, Ôc`Z¨vMx ¯îvóªgš¿x ZvbRxg Avn‡g` †mv‡njZvR AvR hy³iv‡óª wd‡i hv‡”Qb| cÖvq AvU gvm Av‡gwiKvq †_‡K MZ 27 RvbyqvwiwZwb †`‡k †d‡ib| 19 w`b †`‡k _vK‡jI GL‡bv wVK nqwb †mv‡nj Zv‡Ric`gh©v`vÕ (Kv‡ji KÉ, 15 †deªæqvwi, 2010 )| Gi c‡i i‡q‡Q The Daily Star(5wU), cÖ_g Av‡jv 3wU Ges mgKvj 1wU| msev`-m~Pbvi ai‡bi w`KUv we‡ePbvqwb‡j GKwU welq cwi®‹vi n‡q D‡V †h, M‡elYvaxb AwaKvsk msev`cÎ msev`-m~Pbvq êwPÎ¨gqZv Avbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi K‡iwb| eisZviv AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î mvigg© msev`-m~Pbv, Zvic‡i eY©bvg~jK msev`-m~Pbv GesD×…wZ ev wee„wZ msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡i‡Q| Gw`K †_‡K GB cwÎKvwU e¨wZµgxcÖ‡Póvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q| †Kbbv eZ©gvb M‡elYvq bgybvwqZ cwÎKv¸‡jvi†Kv‡bvwUB msev` †jLvi †¶‡Î iƒcKagx© msev`-m~Pbvi GB aibwU AbymiYK‡iwb| GB M‡elYvq bgybvwqZ GKgvÎ Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK The Daily Star me‡P‡q†ewkmsL¨K (196wU) msev` cÖKvk K‡i‡Q hv‡ì g‡a¨ 33wU AbymÜvbg~jK Ie¨vL¨vg~jK cÖwZ‡e`b _vK‡jI (†Uwej 4.2 `ªóe¨), msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi †¶‡ÎZviv †Kv‡bv wbix¶v ev êwPÎ¨gq cš’v Aej¤^b bv K‡i AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î mvigg©msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡i‡Q (†Uwej 4.3 `ªóe¨)| 4.5 msev`-m~Pbvq eëüZ kãmsL¨vKZwU kã eënvi K‡i GKwU msev`-m~Pbv †jLv n‡e GUv wbf©i K‡i †h NUbv wb‡qmsev` †jLv n‡”Q Zvi cÖK…wZi Ici| Z‡e hZ Kg k‡ã NUbvi g~j welqwU eY©bvKiv hvq ZZB fv‡jv (GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbv Kxfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e Zvi wi¯ÍvwiZweeiY 2.6-G †Ìqv n‡q‡Q)| Av‡jvP¨ M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ msev`cÎmg~n msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi †ÿ‡Î KL‡bv 30 kã Avevi Zvi †ewk Avevi KL‡bv 30 k‡ãi Kgkã eënvi K‡i‡Q| hwÌ evsjv‡`‡ki msev`gva¨‡g †ewk k‡ã msev`-m~Pbv †jLvnq Giƒc Awf‡hvM A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB Av‡Q| American Society ofNewspapers Editors-Gi mv‡eK mfvcwZ Edward Merry 1990 mv‡je‡jwQ‡jb, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki cwÎKv¸‡jv‡Z weivU weivU msev`-m~Pbv Ges eo eoAby‡”Q‡` msev`-Kvwnwb ˆZwi Kiv nqÕ (D×…Z, ivq, 2003: 76)|

†Uwej 4.4msev`-m~Pbvq eëüZ kãmsL¨v

m~Î: Av‡aq-we‡kølY †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2010|

†Uwej 4.4 Abyhvqx †`Lv hvq †h, M‡elYvaxb 6wU cwÎKvi †gvU cÖKvwkZ 725wUmsev‡ì g‡a¨ wbe©vwPZ †Kv‡bv cwÎKvq 10 k‡ãi wb‡P †Kv‡bv msev`-m~Pbv †bB|Ab¨w`‡K cÖ_g Av‡jv Ges hyMvšÍi ev‡` Ab¨ me cwÎKvqB msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi†ÿ‡Î 10-14 k‡ãi eënvi †`L‡Z cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 10 †_‡K 14 k‡ãeëüZ me©‡gvU 8wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK me‡P‡q †ewkmsev`-m~Pbv †Q‡c‡Q| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 10 †_‡K 14 kã eënvi K‡i msev`-m~Pbv†Q‡c‡Q 4wU| msL¨vi wePv‡i Gi c‡ii Ae¯’vb `¨ †WBwj ÷v‡ii| `¨ †WBwj ÷vi†Q‡c‡Q 2wU, 1wU K‡i †Q‡c‡Q h_vµ‡g Kv‡ji KÉ Ges mgKvj| 15 †_‡K 19k‡ãi eënvi wbe©vwPZ me cwÎKvqB †`L‡Z cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| 15-19 k‡ã eëüZme©‡gvU 44wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK †Q‡c‡Q 17wU msev`-m~Pbv, `¨†WBwj ÷vi 9wU, hyMvšÍi Ges mgKvj †Q‡c‡Q 6wU K‡i, cÖ_g Av‡jv Ges Kv‡jiKÉ †Q‡c‡Q 3wU K‡i| M‡elYvaxb cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ †gvU 725wU msev`-m~Pbvig‡a¨ †gvU 92wU msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi †`L‡Z cvIqv wM‡q‡Q 20 †_‡K 24 k‡ã|Gi g‡a¨ `¨ †WBwj ÷vi †Q‡c‡Q 36wU, mgKvj 21wU, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 18wU,Kv‡ji KÉ 5wU Ges cÖ_g Av‡jv 4wU| 25 †_‡K 29 kã eënvi K‡i wbe©vwPZcwÎKv¸‡jv me©‡gvU msev`-m~Pbv †Q‡c‡Q 96wU| Gi g‡a¨ `¨ †WBwj ÷vi †Q‡c‡Q31wU, hyMvšÍi 20wU, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 17wU, mgKvj 16wU Ges 6wU K‡i †Q‡c‡QcÖ_g Av‡jv I Kv‡ji KÉ| 30 kã ev 30 k‡ãi Dc‡i kã msL¨v eënvi K‡i

57 58

cwÎKvi bvgÔlo-KÕ-Gi eënvi

Kx KLb †Kv_vq †K †Kb †Kgb K‡i

cÖ_g Av‡jv 96 73 80 80 80 80hyMvšÍi 108 71 92 92 92 92ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 123 86 92 92 92 92Kv‡ji KÉ 95 40 55 55 55 55mgKvj 105 71 69 69 69 69The Daily Star 196 143 91 91 91 91me©‡gvU 723 484 479 479 479 479

7. Ab¨vb¨ ej‡Z msev`-m~Pbvi aib †hgb-mvigg© m~Pbv, eY©bvg~jK m~Pbv, ey‡jU m~Pbv, gšÍe¨msev`-m~Pbv (†Uwej 4.3 `ª:) BZ¨vw` aib¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvwU‡ZB c‡o bv †m¸‡jv‡K GLv‡bÔAb¨vb¨Õ-Gi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q|

me‡P‡q †ewk msev`-m~Pbv †`L‡Z cvIqv wM‡q‡Q `¨ †WBwj ÷v‡i| eZ©gvbM‡elYvq 30 ev Z ~aŸ© k‡ã †gvU 485wU msev`-m~Pbv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hvi g‡a¨`¨ †WBwj ÷vi †Q‡c‡Q 118wU, cÖ_g Av‡jv †Q‡c‡Q 84wU, Gici Kv‡ji KÉ80wU, hyMvšÍi 75wU, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 67wU Ges mgKvj †Q‡c‡Q 67wU|Dc‡iv³ †Uwe‡ji mvwe©K we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, me‡P‡q Kg kã msL¨v eënviK‡i msev`-m~Pbv †Q‡c‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK cwi‡ewkZ msev`-m~Pbvq eëüZ k‡ãi eni wQj 11 kã| Gi c‡ii Ae¯’v‡b Kv‡ji KÉ| Kv‡jiKÉ eënvi K‡i‡Q 12 k‡ãi msev`-m~Pbv| Gici `¨ †WBwj ÷v‡i cÖKvwkZn‡q‡Q 13 k‡ãi msev`-m~Pbv| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î 30-Gi †ewk kãmsev`-m~Pbvq eënvi Kiv nq e‡j eZ©gvb M‡elYvq cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q| 4.6 msev`-m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ-Gi eënvimsev`-m~Pbvi D‡Ïk¨ cvVK‡K msev‡ì ïiæ‡ZB mswÿß AvKv‡i NUbvi g~jwelqwU e‡j| GwU Ki‡Z wM‡q GKRb mvsevw`K GKwU cš’v ev c×wZ Aej¤^bK‡ib| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î wZwb cvV‡Ki cÖ‡kœi DËi Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ Ôlo-KÕ cš’v‡K†e‡Q †bb (we¯ÍvwiZ 2.6 `ªóe¨)| AwaKvsk msev‡ì msev`-m~Pbv Ôlo-KÕ cš’vAej¤^b K‡iB †jLv nq|

†Uwej 4.5msev`-m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ-Gi eënvi


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êlg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi I AvÂwjKZv yó k‡ãi/ev‡Kï eënvi m¤úwK©Z Z_¨

m~Î: Av‡aq-we‡kølY †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2010|msev`-m~Pbv †h‡nZz mgMÖ msev`-weeiYx m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡K aviYv †`q, †m‡nZzmsev`-m~Pbvq msev`-Kvwnwbi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ Awbevh© n‡q c‡o| GB

M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ cÖvq me cwÎKvi msev`-m~PbvqB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ jÿKiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î GKUz e¨wZµg n‡jv The Daily Star †hLv‡b 13wU msev`-m~Pbvq Ges mgKv‡ji 1wU msev`-m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Abycw¯’wZ i‡q‡Q| GiKviY wn‡m‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, msev`-m~Pbvq GKUz wfbœ Avw½‡K Z‡_ïDc¯’vcbv| KL‡bv KL‡bv msev`-m~Pbvi GK‡N‡qwg ~i Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎmg~nwfbœfv‡e A_©vr msev`-m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ bv w`‡q msev` weeiYxi Ab¨ As‡kZv Dc¯’vcb K‡i hv‡Z cvVK AvMÖnf‡i msev`-weeiYxi †kl Aÿi co‡Z eva¨nq| Ab¨w`‡K Kv‡ji K‡Éi 1wU msev`-m~Pbv ev‡` Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwÎKvi msev`-m~Pbvq fyj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ cvIqv hvqwb| Kv‡ji KÉ †_‡K cÖvß msev`-m~PbvwUZz‡j aiv n‡jv- Ô†g‡q‡ì DË¨³ Kivi cÖwZev` Rvbv‡bvq eLv‡Ui nv‡Z cÖvYnviv‡bv dwi`cyi wPwbK‡ji Kgx© Puvcv ivbx †fŠwg‡Ki Lywb †èvkxl mvnv iwb‡K†MÖßvi K‡i‡Q cywjk| nZ¨vKv‡Ði Pviw`b ci MZKvj iweevi mKvj mv‡o 10Uviw`‡K dwi`cyi cywj‡ki GKwU we‡kl `j wSbvB`n kn‡ii Avivccyi evm÷¨vÛGjvKv †_‡K Zv‡K †MÖßvi K‡i| Puvcv ivbx‡K †gvUimvB‡K‡j Pvcv †Ìqv iwb†MÖßvi nIqvq GjvKvevmx ¯^w¯Íi wbtk¦vm †d‡j‡Q| Z‡e iwbi duvwmi `vwe‡Zwe‡ÿvf mgv‡ek K‡i‡Q wewfbœ msMVb|Õ GB msev`-m~PbvwU‡Z Ôiwb †MÖßvi nIqvqGjvKvevmx ¯^w¯Íi wbtk¦vm †dj‡QÕ GB evK¨wUi mv‡_ msev`-Kvwnwbi eY©bvi†Kv‡bv mswkøóZv cvIqv hvqwb| wKsev msev`-m~Pbvq GjvKvevmxi G ai‡bi †Kv‡bve³e¨ ev wee„wZI Zz‡j aiv nqwb| (Kv‡ji KÉ, 1 b‡f¤î 2010)| G welqwUmsev`c‡Î Kg©iZ‡ì wbôv I `vwqZ¡kxjZvi Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ †ckv`vwi‡Z¡i cwiPqenb K‡i| mgKv‡ji 1wU K‡i msev`-m~Pbvq RvwZMZ êlg¨g~jK I Avwèvmx‡ìcÖwZ êlg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi j¶ Kiv †M‡Q| GwU ev‡` M‡elYvaxb Ab¨ †Kv‡bvcwÎKvq welqwU cvIqv hvqwb| †h msev`-m~Pbvq GwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q †mwUn‡jv, ÔnvB‡Kv‡U©i GK iv‡q cve©Z¨ AvÂwjK cwil`‡K A‰ea †NvlYv Kivq cve©Z¨†Rjv¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ gn‡j cÖwZwµqv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| cve©Z¨ kvwšÍPzw³i fwel¨rwb‡qI k¼vq Av‡Qb A‡bK cvnvwo †bZv| ZvrÿwYK cÖwZwµqvq A‡b‡KB G ivqAcÖZ¨vwkZ Ges iv‡qi weiæ‡× Avwcj Kivi gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb|Õ GB m~PbvwU‡ZÔcvnvwo †bZvÕ kãwU RvwZMZ êlg¨g~jK I Avwèvmx‡ì cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK kãwn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡Z †`Lv wM‡q‡Q (mgKvj, 14 GwcÖj 2010)| Z‡e welqwUGKev‡iB e¨wZµg Ges M‡elYvjä djvdj msev`cÎKgx©‡ì D`vi g‡bvfveGes ÿz ª RvwZmËvi cÖwZ Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡kxjZvi cwiPq enb K‡i| Gw`‡K ˆ`wbKB‡Ëdv‡Ki GKwU e¨wZµg ev‡` Ab¨ †Kv‡bv msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~PbvqAvÂwjKZvi cÖfve yó †Kv‡bv kã ev ev‡Kï eënvi jÿ Kiv hvqwb| ˆ`wbKB‡ËdvK †h msev`-m~PbvwU eënvi K‡i‡Q †mwU n‡jv, ÔBUvwji cÖavbgš¿x wmjwfI

65 66

welq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©Z‡_ïDcw¯’wZAv‡QwKbv

fzj Z‡_ïDcw¯’wZ

Av‡Q wKbv

RvwZMZêlg¨g~jK

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Av‡Q wKbv

Avwèvmx‡ìm¤ú‡K©

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cÖ_g Av‡jvAv‡Q 97 - - - -bvB - 97 97 97 97

hyMvšÍiAv‡Q 109 - - - -bvB - 109 109 109 109

ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvKAv‡Q 123 - - - 1bvB - 123 123 123 122

Kv‡ji KÉAv‡Q 95 1 - - -bvB - 94 95 95 95

mgKvjAv‡Q 104 - 1 1 -bvB 1 105 104 104 105

The Daily StarAv‡Q 184 - - - -bvB 13 196 196 196 196

me©‡gvUAv‡Q 711 1 1 1 1bvB 14 724 724 724 724

evijym †Kvwb MZKvj g½jevi Zvi weiæ‡× Avbv Av¯’v Ges Abv¯’v Dfq †fv‡UDZ‡i †M‡Qb| Av¯’v †fv‡U †ek eo eëav‡b wRZ‡jI Abv¯’v †fv‡U gvÎ wZb†fv‡Ui eëav‡b wR‡Z‡Qb wZwb|Õ GB msev` m~PbvwU‡Z AvÂwjK kãwU n‡jvÔDZ‡i †M‡QbÕ GLv‡b ÔwR‡Z‡QbÕ ej‡j fv‡jv n‡Zv (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, 15wW‡m¤î 2010)|4.9 msev`-m~Pbv AvKl©Yxq wKbv ev msev`-m~Pbv msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ cÖKvk K‡i wKbv? GKwU msev`-m~Pbv hZ †ewk AvKl©Yxq n‡e ZZB cvVK msev`-Kvwnwb co‡ZDØy× n‡e| KviY msev`-m~Pbv AvKl©Yxq bv n‡j cvVK msev`-weeiYx co‡ZAvMÖn nvwi‡q †dj‡e|

†Uwej 4.8msev`-m~Pbv AvKl©Yxq wKbv ev msev`-m~Pbv msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ cÖKvk K‡i wKbv


GB M‡elYvq Kv‡ji K‡Éi cÖvq 31wU msev`-m~Pbv‡K Ges The Daily Star-Gi2wU msev`-m~Pbv‡K AvKl©Yxq e‡j g‡b nqwb| GQvov M‡elYvaxb Ab¨ me

cwÎKvi msev`-m~Pbv AvKl©Yxq K‡i †jLvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q hv cvVK‡K msev`-weeiYx co‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j| ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K cwi‡ewkZ G ai‡bi GKwUmsev`-m~Pbv n‡jv, ÔMÖvgvÂ‡j wbixn gvbyl hLb cÖwZwbqZ _vbv cywjk AviÿgZvmxb `‡ji wKQz †bZvKgx©i nv‡Z bvbv nqivwb I wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡”QbZLb XvKvi cvk¦©eZx© GK †Rjvq GK cywjk mycvi mvaviY gvbyl‡K Ab¨vq, nqivwb,wg_¨v gvgjv, wbh©vZb †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ cÖvYcY j‡o P‡j‡QbÕ (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, 1†g 2010)| Ab¨w`‡K Kv‡ji K‡Éi 6wU ev‡` Ab¨me msev`-m~Pbv msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡Zz‡j a‡i e‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q| †hgb, Ô†ebv‡cv‡ji cUzLvjx MÖv‡g AvwacZ¨we¯Ívi‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvÕjx‡Mi yB MÖæ‡ci g‡a¨ msN‡l©i NUbv N‡U‡Q| msN‡l©bvRgyj nvmvb evey bv‡g GK hyejxM †bZv wbnZ I 5 Rb AvnZ n‡q‡Q| wbnZ eveycUzLvjx cwðg cvov MÖv‡gi gZje m`©v‡ii †Q‡j| †mvgevi ivZ mv‡o 8Uvi w`‡K†ebv‡cv‡ji cUzLvjx MÖv‡g G NUbv N‡UÕ ( hyMvšÍi, 15 Ryb 2010 )|4.10. Dcmsnvi GB Aa¨v‡q M‡elYvaxb msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì msL¨v, msev`-Kvwnwbi aib,msev`-m~Pbvi aib, msev`-m~Pbvq eëüZ kã msL¨v, msev`-m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ-Gieënvi, msev`-m~Pbvq g~j wel‡qi Dcw¯’wZ, fzj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ, wj½‰elg¨,RvwZ-ag©‰elg¨, Z‡_ï AwZiÄb, Z_¨ NvUwZ, †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi,we‡klY I RwUj k‡ãi eënvi BZ¨vw` we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖvß djvdjwe‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, wbe©vwPZ 6wU msev`c‡Îi bgybvwqZ 72wU msL¨vi cÖ_gcvZvq 1 eQ‡i †gvU 725wU msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q (†Uwej 4.1 `ªóe¨)| msev`-Kvwnwbi aib we‡køl‡Y jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q †h, M‡elYvaxb msev`cÎ¸‡jv †ewkifvM†ÿ‡ÎB NUbvi mv`vgvUv eY©bv w`‡q‡Q hvi cwigvY cÖKvwkZ †gvU msev‡ìA‡a©‡KiI †ewk (†Uwej 4.2 `ªóe¨)| Aciw`‡K AbymÜvbg~jK I e¨vL¨vg~jKmsev‡ì cwigvY wQj †ek Kg (†Uwej 4.2. `ªóe¨)| cvV‡Ki GK‡N‡qwg ~i KiviRb¨ msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbvi eënvi jÿ Kiv hvq| Z‡eG‡ÿ‡Î mvigg© msev`-m~Pbv cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| KviY M‡elYvq †gvU cÖKvwkZ725wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ 497wU msev` mvigg© msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡i‡Q (†Uwej4.3. `ªóe¨)| msev`c‡Î msev`-m~Pbvq eëüZ k‡ãi eni ev AvKvi we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †`LvwM‡q‡Q, wbe©vwPZ 6wU cwÎKvi †Kv‡bvwU‡ZB 10 k‡ãi wb‡P †Kv‡bv msev`-m~Pbv†bB| Z‡e me‡P‡q Kg kã eënvi K‡i msev`-m~Pbv †Q‡c‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvKGes Gi c‡ii Ae¯’vb Kv‡ji KÉ| Z‡e 30-Gi †ewk kã eënvi K‡i †ek wKQzmsev`-m~Pbv eZ©gvb M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ cwÎKvq cvIqv †M‡Q (†Uwej 4.4. `ªóe¨)|

67 68

welqAvKl©Yxq wKbv hv cvVK‡K

msev`-Kvwnwb co‡Z DØy× K‡imsev`-m~PbvwU msev‡ì¸iæZ¡ cÖKvk K‡i wKbv

cwÎKvi bvg

cÖ_g Av‡jv nu¨v 97 97bv - -

hyMvšÍi nu¨v 109 109bv - -

ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK nu¨v 123 123bv - -

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mgKvj nu¨v 105 105bv - -

The Daily Star nu¨v 194 196bv 2 -

me©‡gvU nu¨v 692 719bv 33 6

eZ©gvb M‡elYvq cÖvß djvdj we‡køl‡Y GKwU welq ¯úó n‡q D‡V †h, wbe©vwPZ6wU cwÎKvq eëüZ msev`-m~Pbvq A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB Ôlo-KÕ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Gi g‡a¨ ÔKxÕ cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡q me‡P‡q †ewk msev`-m~Pbv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q (†Uwej4.5. `ªóe¨)| Aciw`‡K, M‡elYvaxb 6wU cwÎKvq †gvU cÖKvwkZ 725wU msev‡ì g‡a¨708wU‡Z g~j e³‡eï Dc¯’vcb jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q| `¨ †WBwj ÷vi cwÎKvq †Kv‡bvRwUj kã ev evK¨ eënvi K‡i msev`-m~Pbv cÖKvwkZ n‡Z †`Lv hvqwb| `¨ †WBwj÷vi ev‡` Ab¨ me cwÎKvB RwUj kã ev ev‡Kï eënvi K‡i‡Q| we‡klYhy³ kãeënv‡i msL¨vi wePv‡i hyMvšÍ‡i Ae¯’vb mevi Av‡M| A_©vr †gvU 86wU we‡klYhy³msev`-m~Pbvi g‡a¨ 54wU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hyMvšÍ‡i| †gvU cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì g‡a¨gvÎ 3wU †ÿ‡Î wj½‰elg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi Kiv n‡jI we‡kølYvaxb †Kv‡bvmsev`c‡Î †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi †`L‡Z cvIqv hvqwb (†Uwej 4.6. `ªóe¨)|M‡elYvaxb 6wU cwÎKvi †ewkifvM msev` m~PbvqB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ jÿKiv †M‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K msev`-m~Pbvq fzj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZi †ÿ‡Î Kv‡ji K‡É 1wUgvÎ msev` m~Pbvq fzj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ jÿ Kiv †M‡Q| M‡elYvaxb cwÎKv‡ZRvwZMZ êlg¨ I Avwèvmx‡ì cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi mPivPi jÿ Kivbv †M‡jI mgKvj cwÎKvi 1wU gvÎ msev`-m~Pbvq Gi eënvi jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q|Avevi AvÂwjKZvi cÖfve yó kã/evK¨ jÿ Kiv †M‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K cÖKvwkZgvÎ 1wU msev`-m~Pbvq (†Uwej 4.7. `ªóe¨)| GB M‡elYvq wbe©vwPZ 6wU cwÎKvicÖ_g cvZvq cÖKvwkZ †gvU 725wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ 692wU msev`-m~PbvB AvKl©YxqK‡i †jLvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K †gvU cÖKvwkZ 725wU msev‡ì g‡a¨719wU msev` m~Pbvq msev‡ì g~j wel‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Zz‡j ai‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q (†Uwej4.8. `ªóe¨)|

69 70

cÂg Aa¨vqmsev`cÎ cvVK : cvV Af¨vm I cv‡Vi KviY

5.1 f~wgKv GB Aa¨v‡q msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae ’vi eY©bv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| wewfbœM‡elYvq Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae ’v we‡køl‡Y PjK wn‡m‡e wkÿv, Avq, eqm, êevwnKAe ’v, †ckv, wj½, †kÖwY, cwiev‡ii m`m¨-msL¨v BZ¨vw`‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K(Lawrence, 2011; Liu & Liu, 2010; Todd, Ballinger & Whitehead, 2008;Wojcicki, 2005)| GB M‡elYvq Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae ’v ej‡Z msev`cÎ cvVK‡ìwj½-web¨vm, eqm, wkÿv I †ckv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvq msev`-m~Pbvm¤ú‡K© msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ XvKv gnvbMixi 7wU †ckv†_‡K 10 Rb K‡i †gvU 70 R‡bi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q (we ÍvwiZ Z…ZxqAa¨vq ªóe¨)| GQvovI GB Aa¨v‡q cvV‡Ki msev`cÎ cv‡Vi Af¨vm, cv‡Vi ’vb,msev`cÎ †Kbvi Af¨vm, msev`cÎ cv‡Vi KviY BZ¨vw` †ei Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 5.2 msev`cÎ cvV‡Ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vG As‡k DËi`vZv‡ì †ckvwfwËK wj½-web¨vm, eqm Ges wkÿvMZ †hvM¨ZvDc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| 5.2.1 msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì †ckvwfwËK wj½-web¨vm

†Uwej 5.1DËi`vZv‡ì †ckvwfwËK wj½-web¨vm

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|

Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h,GB M‡elYvq AskMÖnYKvix DËi`vZvi †gvU msL¨vwQj 70 Rb| 7wU †ckv †_‡K D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvq‡bi wfwË‡Z XvKv gnvbMix †_‡K10 Rb K‡i DËi`vZv wbe©vwPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e GB M‡elYvq

DËi`vZv wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jI hviv cÖwZw`b ev AšÍZ gv‡S gv‡S msev`cÎ c‡obGgb DËi`vZv‡ì bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY, msev`cÎ c‡ob bvGgb DËi`vZv bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡j Zv‡ì c‡ÿ msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨Kiv m¤¢e bq hv M‡elYvi cÖK…Z djvdj cÖYq‡b †Kv‡bv f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv|†Uwej 5.1-G †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, DËi`vZv‡ì g‡a¨ 61.42% cyiæl Ges 38.58%bvix| †ckvwfwËK djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, wkÿK, miKvwi PvKwiRxex,AvBbRxex Ges mvsevw`K DËi`vZv‡ì g‡a¨ cyiæl DËi`vZvi msL¨v 60% Gesbvix DËi`vZvi msL¨v 40%| wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡a¨ cyiæl I bvixi mgvb AskMÖnYi‡q‡Q A_©vr Dfq †ÿ‡Î 50%| GQvov eëmvqx I wPwKrmK‡ì g‡a¨ 70%DËi`vZv cyiæl Ges 30% bvix| †`‡ki eZ©gvb RbmsL¨vi A‡a©K †h‡nZz bvix1

†m‡nZz †h‡Kv‡bv M‡elYvq cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj djvdj cvevi Rb¨ wj½-web¨vm mylgn‡j fv‡jv nq| Gw`K we‡ePbvq eZ©gvb M‡elYvi †ckvwfwËK wj½-web¨vmbvix‡ì AwaK AskMÖnY Ges bvix-cyiæl fvimv‡gï Bw½Z enb K‡i|5.2.2 msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì eqm web¨vmGB M‡elYvq bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì eqm wb‡`©k K‡iDËi`vZv‡ì eqm K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM K‡i wRÁvmv Kiv n‡qwQj| †hgb, 15eQ‡ii wb‡P, 15-20 eQ‡ii g‡a¨, 21-25 eQ‡ii g‡a¨, 26-30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨,31-35 eQ‡ii g‡a¨, 36-40 eQ‡ii g‡a¨, 41-45 eQ‡ii g‡a¨, 46-50 eQ‡iig‡a¨, 51-55 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Ges 55 eQ‡ii E‡aŸ©|

71 72

†ckv wkÿK(msL¨v)(%)

wkÿv_x©(msL¨v)(%)

miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

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mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

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cyiæl 6 60

5 50

6 60

7 70

6 60

7 70

6 60

4361.42

bvix 4 40

5 50

4 40

3 30

4 40

3 30

4 40

2738.58

†gvU 10 100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70100

1. evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨v 14 †KvwU 23 jvL 19 nvRvi hv‡ì g‡a¨ 7 †KvwU 12 jvL 55 nvRvi cyiæl Ges 7†KvwU 10 jvL 64 nvRvi bvix (BBS, 2011)|

†Uwej 5.2DËi`vZv‡ì eqm web¨vm

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|†Uwe‡j 5.2-G †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, 15 eQ‡ii wb‡P †hgb †Kv‡bv DËi`vZvi eqm †bB,†Zgwbfv‡e 55 eQ‡ii Dc‡iI †Kv‡bv DËi`vZv GB M‡elYvq †bB| AveviAwaKvsk DËi`vZvi (81.21%) eqm 21 †_‡K 45 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| DËi`vZv‡ìg‡a¨ 26-30 eQi eq‡mi DËi`vZvi msL¨v 18.57%| †hme DËi`vZvi †ckvwk¶KZv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ me eq‡mi DËi`vZv i‡q‡Qb| †hgb, 2 R‡bi A_©vr 20%-Gi Mo eqm 26-30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨; 20%-Gi 31-35 eQ‡ii g‡a¨; 36-40eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 40% Ges 41-50 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 20%| wk¶v_©x‡ì eqm 15-30eQ‡ii g‡a¨ hv‡ì 30%-Gi eqm 15-20 eQ‡ii g‡a¨; 60%-Gi 21-25eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Ges 10%-Gi 26-30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| A_©vr wkÿv_x©iv eZ©gvbM‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ †h‡Kv‡bv †ckvi DËi`vZv‡ì †P‡q Kg eqwm Ges hyeK/hyewZ|

Gi g~j KviY n‡jv evsjv‡`‡k GKRb wkÿv_©x M‡o 16 eQi eq‡m GmGmwm evmggv‡bi cixÿvq cvm K‡i| Gici hw` Zvi wkÿvRxeb h_vmg‡q †kl nq Z‡e23 †_‡K 24 eQ‡i †m ¯œvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jv‡f mÿg nq| †h Kvi‡Y eZ©gvbM‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q 60% wkÿv_x©i eqm 21-25 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| Z‡e, wkÿvRxe‡bÔbreak of study’ ev D”PZi wWwMÖ jv‡fi Rb¨ wkÿvRxeb †kl n‡Z †`wi n‡j Zvieqm GKUz †ewk n‡ZI cv‡i| ZvB eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Giƒc 10% wkÿv_©x cvIqv†M‡Q hv‡ì eqm 26-30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ hviv Zv‡ì wkÿvRxe‡bi ïiæ K‡i‡Q Giƒc30% Gi eqm 15-20 eQi| G †_‡K aviYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, wewfbœ ch©v‡qiwkÿv_x© GB M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ n‡q‡Q| wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡Zv ZiæY mvsevw`K‡ìAvwaK¨ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î GB M‡elYvq 21-25 eQi eqwm mvsevw`KwQ‡jb 40% Ges 60% wQ‡jb 26-30 eQi eqwm| wkÿK I wkÿv_©x ev‡` GB M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ Ab¨ me †ckvi DËi`vZv‡ì g‡aëq‡mi mvhyR¨ jÿYxq| A_©vr Gme †ckvi wewfbœ eqwm DËi`vZv eZ©gvbM‡elYvq cvIqv †M‡Q, hv‡ì eqm 26-55 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| miKvwi PvKwiRxexi†ÿ‡Î 26-30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q 10%; 31-35 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q 10%; 36-40 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q 20%; 41-45 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q 20%; 46-50 eQ‡iig‡a¨ i‡q‡Q 20% Ges 51-55 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q 20%| GKBfv‡e eëmvqx‡ìg‡a¨ 20%-Gi eqm 26-30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨, 20%-Gi 31-35 eQ‡ii g‡a¨,40%-Gi 36-40 eQ‡ii g‡a¨, 10%-Gi 41-45 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Ges 10%-Gi51-55 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| AvBbRxex DËi`vZv‡ì g‡a¨ 21-25 eQi eq‡mi wQ‡jb10%; 31-35 eQi eq‡mi wQ‡jb 20%; 41-45 eQi eq‡mi wQ‡jb 40; 46-50 eq¯‹ wQ‡jb 10%; 51-55 eQi eq¯‹ wQ‡jb 20%| wPwKrmK‡ì g‡a¨ 10%wQ‡jb 26-30 eQi eq¯‹; 20% wQ‡jb 31-35 eQi eq¯‹; 20% wQ‡jb 36-40eQi eq¯‹; 30% wQ‡jb 41-45 eQi eq¯‹; 10% wQ‡jb 46-50 eQi eq¯‹ Ges10% wQ‡jb 51-55 eQi eq¯‹| 5.2.3 msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv†Uwej 5.3-G DËi`vZv‡ì wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi cwimsL¨vb Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|DËi`vZv‡ì wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ Zv‡ì‡K GmGmwmi wb‡P,GmGmwm, GBPGmwm, ¯œvZK, ¯œvZ‡KvËi Ges Ab¨vb¨2 Gfv‡e fvM Kiv nq|djvd‡j †`Lv hvq †h, DËi`vZv‡ì e„nr AskB A_©vr 61.63% D”PwkwÿZ|

73 74



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU (msL¨v)(%)

eqm

15eQ‡iiKg

- - - - - - - -

15-20 eQi - 3 30

- - - - - 3 4.28

21-25 eQi - 6 60

- - 1 10

- 4 40

11 15.71

26-30eQi

2 20

1 10

1 10

2 20

- 1 10

6 60

13 18.57

31-35 eQi 2 20

- 1 10

2 20

2 20

2 20

- 9 12.85

36-40eQi

440

- 2 20

4 40

- 220

- 12 17.15

41-45 eQi 2 20

- 2 20

1 10

4 40

3 30

- 12 17.15

46-50eQi

- - 2 20

- 110

1 10

- 4 5.72

51-55 eQi - - 2 20

1 10

2 20

1 10

- 6 8.57

55 eQ‡ii†ewk

- - - - - - - -

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

2. Ab¨vb¨ ej‡Z D”PZi wWwMªavix A_©vr ¯œvZ‡KvËi ev mggv‡bi †P‡q †ewk| GKUz Avjv`vfv‡e ej‡j ejv hvq hvivwcGBPwW ev GdwmwcGm K‡i‡Qb Ggb wWwMÖavix‡ì ÔAb¨vb¨Ô wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb M‡elYvq|

†Uwej 5.3DËi`vZv‡ì wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi ¯Íi web¨vm


M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ DËi`vZv‡ì wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h,wkÿK‡ì g‡a¨ 80% mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖavix Ges Ab¨ 20% wkÿ‡Ki Ab¨vb¨ wWwMÖi‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ 30% GBPGmwm cvm, mœvZK wWwMÖ AR©bKvix50% Ges mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©bKvix 20%| †hme wkÿv_x© m¤§vb †Kv‡m©Aa¨qbiZ Ges GL‡bv ¯œvZK wWwMÖ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb Zv‡ì‡K GBPGmwm cvmwn‡m‡e eZ©gvb M‡elYvq aiv n‡q‡Q| miKvwi PvKwiRxex I AvBbRxex‡ì g‡a¨100%-B mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖavix| Gw`‡K eëmvqx‡ì g‡a¨ 50% mœvZK wWwMÖavix,mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©bKvix 40% Ges Ab¨vb¨ wWwMÖ AR©bKvix 10%|wPwKrmK‡ì g‡a¨ mœvZK wWwMÖavix 10%; mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖavix 10% Ges Ab¨vb¨wWwMÖ AR©bKvix 80%| GKBfv‡e, mvsevw`K‡ì g‡a¨ 20% mœvZK wWwMÖavix GesmœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖavix 80% (†Uwej 5.3 `ªóe¨)| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq GmGmwmi wb‡Pev GmGmwm cvm †Kv‡bv DËi`vZv †bB| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GmGmwmi Dc‡i| G Kvi‡YeZ©gvb M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ DËi`vZvMY h‡_ó wkwÿZÑGK_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq|5.3 DËi`vZv‡ì msev`cÎ cv‡Vi Af¨vmG As‡k msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì msev`cÎ cv‡Vi Af¨vm, cÖwZw`b KqwU msev`cÎc‡ob, KZÿY c‡ob, msev‡ì †Kvb cvZvwU c‡ob Ges msev‡ì †Kvb AskwU†ewk c‡obÑ G welq¸‡jv AbymÜvb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

5.3.1 msev`cÎ cv‡Vi Af¨vmAv‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, DËi`vZv wn‡m‡e wZwbB GB M‡elYvq wbe©vwPZ n‡eb whwbmsev`cÎ c‡ob|

†Uwej 5.4DËi`vZv cÖwZw`b msev`cÎ c‡ob wKbv


†Uwej 5.4 Abyhvqx †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, wk¶K, wk¶v_©x, miKvwi PvKwiRxex, eëmvqx,AvBbRxex, wPwKrmK Ges mvsevw`K‡ì g‡a¨ 100% ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ c‡ob| 5.3.2 DËi`vZvMY KZwU msev`cÎ c‡ob?GB M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ DËi`vZv cÖwZw`b KZwU msev`cÎ c‡obÑ G As‡k †mwelqwU AbymÜvb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†Uwej 5.5DËi`vZv ˆ`wbK KZwU msev`cÎ c‡ob


75 76



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)wkÿvMZ

†hvM¨Zv

GBPGmwmi Kg - - - - - - - -GmGmwm - - - - - - - -GBPGmwm 3

303

4.29mœvZK 5

50550

110

220

13 18.57

mœvZ‡KvËi 880

220

10100

440

10100

110

880

4361.43

Ab¨vb¨ 220

110

880

1115.71

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

Le‡ii KvMR msL¨v

GKwU 550

330

110

220

110

660

220

2028.57

ywU 330

660

550

440

220

220

330

2535.72

wZbwU 110

110

110

440

440

110

330

1521.43

PviwU 110 - 2

20 - 110 - 2

206

8.57cuvPwU ev ZviAwaK - - 1

10 - 220

110 - 4

5.71†gvU 10

10010100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

cÖwZw`b msev`cÎc‡ob wKbv

Le‡ii KvMRc‡ob

10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

Le‡ii KvMRc‡ob bv

- - - - - - - -

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

†Uwej 5.5 Abyhvqx †`Lv hvq †h, GK-Z…Zxqvs‡ki †ewkmsL¨K DËi`vZv (35.72%)ˆ`wbK AšÍZ ywU msev`cÎ c‡ob| GKwU msev`cÎ c‡ob 28.57% DËi`vZv GeswZbwU msev`cÎ c‡ob 21.43% DËi`vZv| PviwU msev`cÎ c‡ob gvÎ 8.57%DËi`vZv Ges me‡P‡q KgmsL¨K DËi`vZv (5.71%) cuvPwU ev Zvi AwaK msev`cÎc‡ob| wk¶K DËi`vZv‡ì g‡a¨ 50% ˆ`wbK GKwU msev`cÎ c‡ob, 30% c‡obywU, 10% wZbwU Ges 10% PviwU| Ab¨w`‡K wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡a¨ 30% ˆ`wbK GKwU

msev`cÎ c‡ob, 60% c‡ob ywU Ges 40% wk¶v_©x c‡ob ˆ`wbK wZbwU msev`cÎ|eëmvqx‡ì g‡a¨ 20% c‡ob GKwU K‡i msev`cÎ, 40% c‡ob ywU Ges ˆ`wbKwZbwU K‡i msev`cÎ c‡ob Ggb eëmvqxi msL¨v 40%| Ab¨w`‡K 10% AvBbRxexˆ`wbK GKwU K‡i msev`cÎ c‡ob, 20% ywU, 40% wZbwU, 10% PviwU Ges cuvPwUev Zvi AwaK msev`cÎ c‡ob Ggb AvBbRxex n‡jb 20%| 60% wPwKrmK ˆ`wbKGKwU K‡i msev`cÎ c‡ob, 20% ywU, 10% wZbwU Ges cuvPwUi AwaK c‡ob 10%|mvsevw`K‡ì g‡a¨ 20% ˆ`wbK GKwU msev`cÎ c‡ob, 30% c‡ob ywU K‡i; wZbwUK‡i msev`cÎ c‡ob 30% Ges 20% c‡ob PviwU K‡i msev`cÎ| DËi`vZv‡ìmevB wewfbœ †ckvq Kg©iZ n‡jI Zv‡ì ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ cv‡Vi Af¨vm h‡_óBwZevPKÑGK_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq| 5.3.3 DËi`vZvMY ˆ`wbK M‡o KZÿY msev`cÎ c‡ob?GKRb DËi`vZv `wbK M‡o KZÿY msev`cÎ c‡obÑ †mUv wbf©i K‡i DËi`vZvi mgq,cÖwZw`b Pvwiw`‡K N‡U hvIqv wewfbœ NUbv Rvbvi AvMÖn Ges msev`cÎ cv‡Vi Af¨v‡miIci| †Uwej 5.6 DËi`vZvMY ˆ`wbK Mo msev`cÎ cv‡Vi mgqKvj wb‡ ©k K‡i|

†Uwej 5.6DËi`vZv ˆ`wbK M‡o KZÿY msev`cÎ c‡ob


Dc‡ii †Uwe‡j †`Lv hvq †h, DËi`vZv‡ì A‡a©‡KiI †ewk Ask A_©vr 58.58%ˆ`wbK M‡o 1 †_‡K †ò NÈv msev`cÎ c‡ob| †ò NÈv †_‡K yB NÈv ch©šÍmsev`cÎ c‡ob 20% DËi`vZv Ges 12.85% DËi`vZv 1 NÈvi Kg msev`cÎc‡ob| gvÎ 8.57% DËi`vZv yB NÈv †_‡K wZb NÈv ch©šÍ msev`cÎ c‡ob|wKš‘ wZb NÈvi †ewk msev`cÎ c‡ob Ggb DËi`vZv eZ©gvb M‡elYvq cvIqvhvqwb| wkÿK‡ì g‡a¨ 10% ˆ`wbK M‡o 1 NÈvi Kg mgq msev`cÎ c‡ob,50% c‡ob 1 †_‡K †ò NÈv, 20% †ò NÈv †_‡K 2 NÈv Ges 20% wk¶Kˆ`wbK M‡o 2 NÈv †_‡K 3 NÈv ch©šÍ msev`cÎ covi †cQ‡b e¨q K‡ib|wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ 10% 1 NÈvi Kg, 70% 1 †_‡K †ò NÈv Ges 20% †ò NÈv†_‡K 2 NÈv ˆ`wbK M‡o msev`cÎ c‡ob| Ab¨w`‡K 10% miKvwi PvKwiRxexˆ`wbK M‡o 1 NÈvi Kg mgq a‡i msev`cÎ c‡ob, 70% c‡ob 1 †_‡K †òNÈv, 10% c‡ob †ò NÈv †_‡K 2 NÈv Ges 10% c‡ob M‡o 2 NÈv †_‡K 3NÈv| Ab¨w`‡K 20% eëmvqx ˆ`wbK 1 NÈvi Kg mgq a‡i msev`cÎ c‡ob,50% c‡ob 1 †_‡K †ò NÈv, 20% c‡ob †ò NÈv †_‡K 2 NÈv Ges 10%eëmvqx ˆ`wbK M‡o 2 NÈv †_‡K 3 NÈv ch©šÍ msev`cÎ c‡ob| Gw`‡K AvBbRxex‡ì g‡a¨ 20% 1 NÈvi Kg msev`cÎ c‡ob, 50% c‡ob 1†_‡K †ò NÈv, 20% †ò NÈv †_‡K 2 NÈv Ges 10% c‡ob M‡o 2 NÈv †_‡K3 NÈv| wPwKrmK‡ì g‡a¨ 1 NÈvi Kg mgq a‡i Le‡ii KvMR c‡ob 30%, 1†_‡K †ò NÈv c‡ob 60% Ges 10% c‡ob †ò NÈv †_‡K yB NÈv| Zv‡ì†KD 2 NÈvi AwaK msev`cÎ c‡ob bv| miKvwi PvKwii evB‡i Zviv cÖvB‡fUcÖ¨vKwU‡m GZ e¨¯Í _v‡Kb †h, A‡b‡K msev`cÎ covi †Zgb mgq cvb bv| DËimsMÖnKv‡j K‡qKRb wPwKrmK welqwU ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb hv Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbvKiv n‡q‡Q| mvsevw`K‡ì g‡a¨ msev`cÎ covi †cQ‡b 1 †_‡K †ò NÈv mgqe¨q K‡ib 70%, †ò NÈv †_‡K 2 NÈv c‡ob 20% Ges 10% mvsevw`K ˆ`wbKM‡o 2 NÈv †_‡K 3 NÈv ch©šÍ msev`cÎ c‡ob| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© G-we‡k¦ cvV‡Ki c‡ÿ `xN© mgq a‡i msev`cÎ covm¤¢e bq| KviY, wb‡Ri RxweKv wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ n‡jI Zv‡K A‡bK KvR Ki‡Z nq|Aciw`‡K eZ©gvb M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, DËi`vZv‡ì mevB ¯^ ¯^ †ckvqwb‡qvwRZ| ZvB Zv‡ì c‡ÿ `xN© mgq a‡i msev`cÎ cov m¤¢e bq| Gic‡iIeZ©gvb M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ cvVK‡ì msev`cÎ cv‡Vi mgqKvj G‡Kev‡i Kg bqÑGK_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq| 5.3.4 DËi`vZvMY msev`c‡Îi †Kvb cvZvwU †ewk c‡ob?AwaKvsk cvVK †h‡nZz †Kv_vq Kx NU‡Q †mUv Rvb‡Z Pvq, †m Kvi‡Y w`‡bi

77 78



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)KZÿY c‡ob

1 NÈvi Kg 110

110

110

110

220

330 - 9

12.851 †_‡K †òNÈv ch©šÍ

550

770

770

440

550

660

770

4158.58

†ò NÈv †_‡K2 NÈv

220

220

110

440

220

110

220

1420.00

2 NÈv †_‡K 3NÈv

220 - 1

10110

110 - 1

106

8.573 NÈvi †ewk - - - - - - - -

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev`wU Rvbvi Rb¨ Zv‡K Aek¨B msev`c‡Îi cÖ_g I †kl cvZv co‡Znq| Z‡e me cvVKB †h msev`c‡Îi cÖ_g I †kl cvZv co‡eÑGgb bq|msev`c‡Îi †Kvb cvZvwU cvVK co‡e, †mwU wbf©i K‡i Zvi AvMÖ‡ni ai‡biIci| †Uwej 5.6-G M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ msev`cÎ cvVK †Kvb msev`c‡Îi cvZvwU†ewk c‡obÑ †mwU †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

†Uwej 5.7DËi`vZv msev`c‡Îi †h cvZvwU †ewk c‡ob


†Uwej 5.7-G †`Lv hvq †h, AwaKvsk cvVKB (71.43%) msev`c‡Îi cÖ_g cvZvc‡ob| wPwKrmK‡ì mevB (100%) cÖ_g cvZv †ewk c‡ob| wkÿK‡ì g‡a¨cÖ_g cvZv †ewk covi nvi 90%| GQvov, 80% miKvwi PvKwiRxex I AvBbRxexGes 60% eëmvqx I mvsevw`K cÖ_g cvZv c‡ob| wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡a¨ G nvime‡P‡q Kg A_©vr gvÎ 30%| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, msev`c‡Îi cÖ_gcvZv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †hLv‡b w`‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev` ¯’vb cvq| cÖ_g cvZv‡KAvevi msev`c‡Îi Ô†kv-wcmÕ ejv n‡q _v‡K| †m Kvi‡Y A_©vr w`‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©msev` Rvbvi Rb¨B M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ DËi`vZvMY cÖ_g cvZv c‡ob| cÖ_g cvZvi c‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cvZv wn‡m‡e †kl cvZv wPwýZ n‡jI gvÎ 1.42%wkÿv_©x ev‡` Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †ckvi DËi`vZv G-cvZvwU c‡ob bv (†Uwej 5.7`ªóe¨)| Z‡e M‡elYvq 27.15% DËi`vZv cÖ_g I †kl cvZv ev‡` A_©vr Ab¨vb¨cvZv c‡ob e‡j M‡elYvi djvd‡j †`Lv hvq| wkÿv_©x (60%) Ges mvsevw`K(40%) I eëmvqx‡ì (40%) g‡a¨ Ab¨vb¨ cvZv covi nvi me‡P‡q †ewk|wkÿv_©xiv wkÿv-welqK msev` †ewk c‡o e‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨vb¨ cvZv coviAvMÖn †ewk _v‡K| Avevi eëmv msµvšÍ Le‡ii cÖwZ eëmvqx‡ì h‡_ó AvMÖn_v‡K Ges eëmv msµvšÍ msev` †fZ‡ii cvZvq _v‡K e‡j A‡bK eëmvqx Ab¨vb¨

cvZv †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q c‡ob e‡j g‡b nq| 5.3.5 DËi`vZvMY msev‡ì †Kvb AskwU †ewk c‡ob?GKwU msev`-weeiYxi wZbwU Ask _v‡K| 1) msev`-wk‡ivbvg 2); msev`-m~Pbv;3) msev`-Kvwnwb (ivq, 2003)| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, AwaKvsk cvVKBmsev‡ì wk‡ivbvg Ges msev`-m~Pbv c‡o Ab¨vb¨ Ask c‡ob bv| A‡b‡KB ïaymsev‡ì wk‡ivbvg c‡ob| GB M‡elYvq AbymÜv‡bi GKwU welq wQj †hmsev`cÎ-cvVK GKwU msev‡ì †Kvb AskwU me‡P‡q †ewk c‡o _v‡Kb| GwUAbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ M‡elYvq msev`cÎ cvVK‡K wZbwU welq wRÁvmv Kiv n‡qwQj|G¸‡jv n‡jv: cvVK msev`-wk‡ivbvg bvwK msev`-m~Pbv, bvwK mgMÖ-Kvwnwb †ewkc‡ob| †Uwej 5.8-G msev`c‡Îi †Kvb AskwU cvVK †ewk c‡obÑ†mUv eY©bv†Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

†Uwej 5.8DËi`vZv msev‡ì †h AskwU †ewk c‡ob


†Uwe‡j 5.8-G †`Lv hvq †h, msev`-wk‡ivbvg I msev`-m~Pbv †ewk c‡ob cÖvqKvQvKvwQ msL¨K DËi`vZv hv‡ì msL¨v h_vµ‡g 45.72% Ges 38.57%| gvÎ15.71% DËi`vZv mgMÖ msev`-Kvwnwb †ewk c‡ob| Av‡MB Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q †h,cvVK ¯^íZg cwim‡i GKwU welq Rvb‡Z Pvq| KviY mgMÖ msev`-Kvwnwb covimgq Zvi †bB e‡jB AwaKvsk (cÖvq 85%) DËi`vZv e‡j‡Qb †h, Zviv msev`-wk‡ivbvg Ges msev`-m~Pbv †ewk c‡ob| M‡elYvi djvd‡j †`Lv hvq †h, †ewkifvM mvsevw`K (60%) msev`-wk‡ivbvg c‡ob Ges Aewkó Ask (40%) msev`-m~Pbv c‡ob| msev`-Kvwnwb iPbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡jI Zviv mgMÖmsev`-Kvwnwb co‡Z †ewk AvMÖnx bq| h_vµ‡g wkÿv_x©, miKvwi PvKwiRxex,AvBbRxex Ges wPwKrmK‡ì A‡a©K (50%) msev`-wk‡ivbvg †ewk c‡ob| G nvi

79 80



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

msev`c‡ÎicvZv

cÖ_g cvZv 990

330

880

660

880

10100

660

5071.43

†kl cvZv - 110 - - - - - 1

1.42Ab¨vb¨ (cÖ_g I†kl cvZv ev‡`)

110

660

220

440

220 - 4

4019

27.15†gvU 10

10010100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

†h Askc‡ob

msev`wk‡ivbvg

440

550

550

220

550

550

660

3245.72

msev`m~Pbv

330

440

330

440

550

440

440

2538.57

mgMÖ wi‡cvU© 330

110

220

440 - 1

10 - 1115.71

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

wk¶K‡ì g‡a¨ 40% Ges eëmvqx‡ì g‡a¨ 20%| Aciw`‡K, AvBbRxex‡ìA‡a©K (50%) msev`-m~Pbv †ewk c‡ob, wKš‘ G‡ì †KD mgMÖ msev`-Kvwnwbco‡Z †ewk AvMÖnx bb| Av‡jvP¨ djvdj †_‡K GKwU welq cwi®‹vi †h, AwaKvskDËi`vZvi †SuvK msev`-wk‡ivbvg I msev`-m~Pbv covi w`‡K, mgMÖ msev`-Kvwnwbcovi w`‡K bq|5.3.6 DËi`vZvMY †Kb msev`cÎ c‡ob?msev`cÎ cvVK †Kb msev`cÎ c‡obÑ cvVK‡ì Giƒc GKwU Db¥y³ cÖkœ Kivn‡qwQj| msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì msev`cÎ covi KviY †ei Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨B cÖkœwUKiv n‡qwQj| wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î wfbœZv _vK‡jI DËi`vZv‡ì AwaKvskB msev`cÎcv‡Vi KviY wn‡m‡e cÖvq GKB ai‡bi DËi cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| †ckvwfwËKDËi`vZv‡ì DË‡ii mvhyR¨¸‡jv‡K GK RvqMvq K‡i †h KviY¸‡jv cvIqv †M‡QÑZv wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|

†Uwej 5.9msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì msev`cÎ cv‡Vi KviY


GB M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ me †kÖwY-†ckvi gvby‡li msev`cÎ cvVK‡K msev`cÎ covi†¶‡Î †hme welq mvaviYZ cÖ‡Yvw`Z K‡i _v‡K †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑRvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK mgmvgwqK wel‡qi msev` I Zvi e¨vL¨v Rvbv, wb‡R‡KZ_¨mg„× Kiv, wewfbœ wel‡q Ávbjvf Kiv Ges ˆ`bw›`b N‡U hvIqv NUbvmn Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK NUbv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv| wPwKrmK‡ì Kv‡Q mvaviY Z_¨cÖvwßmsev` cv‡Vi gyL¨ KviY e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡jI miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì A‡b‡KBm¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxqmn bZzb bZzb êÁvwbK AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Gesˆ`bw›`b hvwcZ Rxe‡bi Mu vovKj †_‡K wb®‹…wZ jvf A_©vr we‡bv`b cÖvwßi Rb¨msev`cÎ c‡ob| wkÿK‡ì A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib, msev`cÎ cvV mvgvwRK gh©v`ve„w× I mvgvwRK mshyw³ eRvq ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i Ges G Kvi‡YB Zviv msev`cÎc‡ob| wkÿv_©xiv ZiæY mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| †Ljvayjv Zv‡ì Ab¨Zg AvMÖ‡ni welqhvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q eZ©gvb M‡elYvq| KviY wkÿv_©x‡ì A‡b‡KB †Ljvi msev`Rvbvi Rb¨ msev`cÎ c‡ob e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| GQvovI wkÿv_©xiv Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡†`b wb‡R‡K Avc‡WU ivLvi Ici| Avi GB Avc‡WU ivLvi welqwU Zv‡ì Kv‡QwØgvwÎK, wbR AvZ¥vi †LvivK †RvMv‡bv Ges kvmK †kÖwYi Kg©KvÐ wb‡Riv †R‡bmvaviY gvbyl‡K Zv †evSv‡bv| ivRbxwZ A‡bK wkÿv_©xi AvMÖ‡ni welq| KviYwkÿv_©x‡ì A‡b‡KB e‡j‡Qb †h, Zviv kvmK‡kÖwYi Kg©KvÐ Rvb‡Z Ges †m-wel‡qgvbyl‡K Rvbv‡bvi ZvwM‡`B msev`cÎ c‡ob| eëmvqx‡ì A‡b‡KB mvaviYmsev` Rvbvi cvkvcvwk eëmv msµvšÍ msev` Rvbv‡K msev`cÎ cv‡Vi Ab¨ZgKviY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| AvBbRxexiv msev` Rvbv, Zv‡ì †ckvMZ `ÿZve„w× Ges mvsevw`K‡ì fyjÎæwU a‡i Gi cÖwZev` Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ c‡ob| Avimvsevw`Kiv mvaviY Kvi‡Yi cvkvcvwk Zv‡ì †jLvi gvb e„w× Ges †ckvMZgv‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨ msev`cÎ c‡ob e‡j AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| 5.4 DcmsnviGB M‡elYvq msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© msev`cÎ cvVK‡Mvôxi cÖZ¨vkv hvPvB KiviRb¨ 7wU †ckv †_‡K 10 Rb K‡i †gvU 70 R‡bi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|GB Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvPbvq cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj djvdj cvevi Rb¨ wj½-web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Îbvix Ges cyiæ‡li fvimvg¨‡K cÖvavb¨ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvq DËi`vZv‡ì eqmweb¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, 81.21% DËi`vZvi eqm wQj 21 †_‡K 45 eQ‡iig‡a¨| 26 †_‡K 30 eQi eq‡mi DËi`vZv wQj 18.57%| 15 eQ‡ii wb‡P Ges55 eQ‡ii Dc‡i †Kv‡bv DËi`vZv eZ©gvb M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ wQ‡jb bv| M‡elYvqjÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q wkÿK I wkÿv_x© ev‡` M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ Ab¨ me †ckvi

81 82

wPwKrmK miKvwiKgKZ©v eëmvqx wkÿK wkÿv_x© AvBbRxex mvsevw`K

msev` RvbviRb¨;†`k-we‡`‡kimsev` RvbviRb¨;Kx n‡”Q, KxNU‡Q- GmeRvbvi Rb¨;wewfbœ wel‡qwb‡R‡KAv‡jvwKZKivi Rb¨|

mgmvgwqK IcÖvZ¨wnK msevìvLvi Rb¨;wb‡R‡KAvc‡WU ivLviRb¨;Z_¨ RvbviRb¨;RvZxq GesAvšÍR©vwZKmsev` Rvbv,†`‡k-we‡`‡kiivR‰bwZK GesA_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vGes we‡kølYm¤ú‡K© aviYv†bIqvi Rb¨;m¤úv`Kxq, Dc-m¤úv`Kxqmnwewf` wel‡qcÖeÜ c‡o mg„×nIqv Ges bZzbêÁvwbKAMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K©AewnZ nIqviRb¨;fv‡jv jv‡MZvB;we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨|

†`k-we‡`‡kiAv_©-mvgvwRK,ivR‰bwZK msev`Rvbvi Rb¨;Z_¨ Rvbvi Rb¨;cwiw¯’wZ RvbviRb¨;eëmvi mv‡_mswkøó msev`Rvbvi Rb¨|

Av_©-mvgvwRK IivR‰bwZK wel‡qe¯‘wbô msev`Rvbvi Rb¨;†`k I †`‡kievB‡ii cwiw¯’wZRvbvi Rb¨;RvZxq IAvšÍR©vwZKwelqvewj m¤ú‡K©ˆ`bw›`b msevÀeMZ nIqviRb¨;mvgvwRK gh©v`ve„w× I mvgvwRKmshyw³ eRvqivLvi Rb¨|

†`‡k-we‡`‡kibvbviKg msev`Rvbvi Rb¨;†Ljvi msev`Rvbvi Rb¨;AvZ¥vi †LvivK†RvMv‡bvi Rb¨;ˆ`wbK N‡U hvIqvNUbv¸‡jv RvbviRb¨;RbM‡Yi msev`Rvbvi Rb¨;Avgv‡ì kvmK†kªwYi Kg©KvÐRvbvi Rb¨ I Zvgvbyl‡K †evSv‡bviRb¨;Avc‡WU _vKviRb¨|

†`k-we‡`‡kiLei RvbviRb¨, Z_¨mg„× nIqv,RM‡Zi f‡½Zvj †gjv‡bviRb¨;Z_¨ Rvbv I†ckvMZ `ÿZve„w×i Rb¨;mv¤úªwZKNUbvewj RvbvicvkvcvwkmvgvwRK,mvs¯‹…wZK,AvšÍR©vwZKwel‡q Ávbjvf KiviRb¨;Acmvsevw`KZviwb›`v Kivi ga¨w`‡q KjywlZmvsevw`KZv Imsev‡ìcÖwZev` Kiv|

wb‡R‡KZ_¨mg„× KivI mg‡qimv‡_ PjviRb¨;mgmvgwqKwel‡qi mv‡_wb‡R‡KcwiwPZ ivLviRb¨;wbR †ckvq Iev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Îeënv‡iiRb¨;msev`Rvb‡Z,gZvgZco‡Z Gesmsev`cÖwZ‡e`b†jLv †kLviRb¨;cwicvk¦©‡KRvbvi Rb¨|

DËi`vZv‡ì eqm cÖvq GKB iKg (†Uwej 5.2 `ªóe¨)| cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv hvq†h, DËi`vZv‡ì g‡a¨ 61.42% wQ‡jb cyiæl Ges 38.58% w bvix (†Uwej 5.1`ªóe¨)| wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi we‡køl‡Y †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, GmGmwmi wb‡P ev GmGmwm cvm†Kv‡bv DËi`vZv †bB| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GmGmwmi Dc‡i (†Uwej 5.3 `ªóe¨)| whwbmsev`cÎ c‡ob wZwbB GB M‡elYvq DËi`vZv wn‡m‡e AšÍfz©³ n‡q‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡ÎGB M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ 7wU †ckvi 10 Rb K‡i †gvU 70 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨kZKiv 100 fvM cvVKB msev`cÎ cvV K‡ib (†Uwej 5.4 `ªóe¨)| DËi`vZvMYˆ`wbK KZwU msev`cÎ cvV K‡ib GB we‡køl‡Y jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q †h, me‡P‡q†ewkmsL¨K DËi`vZv AšÍZ cÖwZw`b ywU K‡i msev`cÎ c‡ob hvi nvi 35.72%Ges me‡P‡q KgmsL¨K A_©vr ˆ`wbK cuvPwU ev cuvPwUi †ewk msev`cÎ c‡ob GgbDËi`vZv 5.71% (†Uwej 5.5 `ªóe¨)|ˆ`wbK 1 †_‡K †ò NÈv ch©šÍ mg‡qi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk msev`cÎ cv‡Vi Af¨vm58.58% DËi`vZvi| Z‡e wZb NÈvi †ewk msev`cÎ c‡ob Ggb DËi`vZvimsL¨v M‡elYvq cvIqv hvqwb (†Uwej 5.6 `ªóe¨)| DËi`vZv‡ì g‡a¨ †ewkifvMDËi`vZvB msev`c‡Îi cÖ_g cvZv c‡ob, 71.43%| wPwKrmK‡ì g‡a¨ 100%cvVKB cÖ_g cvZv c‡ob, wkÿK‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g cvZv c‡ob 90%, hv wkÿv_x©‡ìg‡a¨ me‡P‡q Kg gvÎ 30% (†Uwej 5.7 `ªóe¨)| msev` weeiYxi wZbwU As‡ki g‡a¨ GKwU cvVK †Kvb AskwU †ewk c‡ob Giwe‡køl‡Y GKwU welq cwi®‹vi †h, AwaKvsk DËi`vZvi †SuvK msev` wk‡ivbvgGes msev`-m~Pbv covi w`‡K| DËi`vZv‡ì g‡a¨ msev` wk‡ivbvg c‡ob45.72% Ges msev`-m~Pbv c‡ob 38.57% DËi`vZv (†Uwej 5.8 `ªóe¨)|M‡elYvi GB Aa¨v‡q msev`cÎ cvVK †Kb msev`cÎ c‡ob Giƒc GKwU Db¥y³cÖ‡kœi DË‡i cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, DËi`vZv‡ì AwaKvskB msev`cÎcv‡Vi KviY wn‡m‡e cÖvq GKB ai‡bi DËi cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb (†Uwej 5.9 `ªóe¨)|Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv- RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK msev` I Zvi e¨vL¨v Rvbv,wb‡R‡K Z_¨mg„× Kiv, bZzb bZzb êÁvwbK AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv, we‡bv`bcÖvwßGes †ckvMZ `ÿZv e„w×|

83 84

lô Aa¨vq msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì g~j¨vqb I cÖZ¨vkv

6.1 f~wgKvGB M‡elYvwU‡Z †h‡nZz msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvV‡Ki cÖZ¨vkv hvPvB Kivi †PóvKiv n‡q‡Q, †m‡nZz msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvV‡Ki g~j¨vqb AbymÜvb Riæwi| GKvi‡Y msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvV‡Ki mvwe©K g~j¨vqb Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q GAa¨v‡q| GQvovI msev`cÎ-cvVK‡ì g~j¨vq‡bi Av‡jv‡K msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K©Zv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 6.2 msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© msev`cÎ-cvVK‡ì g~j¨vqbAv‡jvPbvi G As‡k msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì †Kv‡bv aviYv Av‡QwKbv, msev`-m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ-Gi DËi m¤ú‡K© cvVK Kx aviYv †cvlY K‡i,msev`-m~Pbv KwVbfv‡e wjLv nq wKbv, †Kv‡bv Z_¨-NvUwZ wKsev Z_¨ †Mvc‡bicÖeYZv msev`-m~Pbvq jÿYxq wKbv, AvÂwjKZvi cÖfve yó k‡ãi/ev‡Kï eënvi,we‡kl‡Yi eënvi, †hŠb DÏxcK, RvwZ‰elg¨g~jK, Avwèvmx‡ì m¤ú‡K©êlg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi msev`-m~Pbvq nq wKbv Ges mvwe©Kfv‡e msev`-m~Pbvm¤ú‡K© cvVK‡ì g~j¨vqb Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q G Aa¨v‡q| 6.2.1 msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡ì aviYvDËi`vZv‡ì msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© Av‡`Š †Kv‡bv aviYv Av‡Q wKbv G welqwU wb‡Pi†Uwe‡j (†Uwej 6.1) †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI msev`-m~Pbv‡K GKwU msev‡ìmswÿßiƒc e‡j cvVK‡ì g‡b nq wKbv Zv †Uwej 6.2-G D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†Uwej 6.1msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZvi aviYv


msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© msev`cÎ-cvVK‡ì aviYv Av‡Q wKbv DËi`vZv‡ì Kv‡Q GwelqwU Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj| djvd‡j †`Lv hvq †h, AwaKvsk DËi`vZvi(82.85%) msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© aviYv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Aewkó 17.15 kZvskDËi`vZvi G m¤ú‡K© †Zgb aviYv †bB| mvsevw`K‡ì mevi (100%) msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© aviYv i‡q‡Q| mvsevw`KZvi m‡½ msev`-m~Pbv welqwU IZ‡cÖvZfv‡eRwoZ e‡j mvsevw`KMY welqwU m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb e‡j g‡b nq| Z‡e, DËi`vZv‡ìg‡a¨ 90% wPwKrmK I eëmvqx, 80% wk¶K I AvBbRxex Ges 70% wkÿv_x©I miKvwi PvKwiRxexi G msµvšÍ aviYv Av‡Q| Lye AímsL¨K DËi`vZv hv‡ìg‡a¨ 30% wkÿv_x© I miKvwi PvKwiRxex, 20% wkÿK I AvBbRxex Ges 10%eëmvqx I wPwKrm‡Ki G m¤ú‡K© †Zgb †Kv‡bv aviYv †bB, Kv‡iv fyj wKsev Kv‡ivA¯úó aviYv i‡q‡Q| †hgb, GKRb wPwKrmK, GKRb miKvwi PvKwiRxex GesGKRb AvBbRxex msev`-m~Pbv‡K Ômsev`-wk‡ivbvgÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|miKvix PvKwiRxex‡ì Avi GKRb Aek¨ msev`-m~Pbv‡K ÔK¨vckbÕ e‡j AwfwnZK‡i‡Qb| GKRb miKvwi PvKwiRxex msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb,Ômsev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© AwfavbMZ A_© Avgvi Rvbv †bB, Z‡e msev‡ì ïiæiwelqwU †`L‡j eyS‡Z Amyweav nq bv †fZ‡i Kx Av‡Q|Õ GKRb AvBbRxexe‡j‡Qb, Ômsev‡ì ïiæi †h welqwU _v‡K Zv‡KB msev`-m~Pbv e‡j hv msev`wUimwVK welqe ‘i GKwU aviYv Zz‡j a‡i|Õ eëmvqx‡ì GKRb Aek¨ msev`-m~Pbv‡K Ôf~wgKvÕ wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb| A‡bKUv GKBiKgfv‡e GKRb wkÿK msev`-m~Pbv‡K †`‡Lb ÔStatement Sentence’ wn‡m‡e| Z‡e eZ©gvb M‡elYvqAšÍfy©³ gvÎ K‡qKRb DËi`vZvi msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© A¯úó aviYv _vK‡jIAwaKvsk DËi`vZvi aviYv ¯úó e‡jB cÖZxqgvb nq|

†Uwej 6.2msev`-m~Pbv mgMÖ msev‡ì mswÿß iƒc


85 86



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

DËi`vZviaviYv

Av‡Q 880

770

770

990

880

990

10100

5882.85

bvB 220

330

330

110

220

110 - 12

17.15†gvU 10

10010100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

msev` m~Pbv mgMÖmsev‡ì mswÿßiƒc

g‡b K‡ib 10100

550

990

990

880

440

10100

5578.57

g‡b K‡ib bv - 550

110

110

220

660 - 15

21.43†gvU 10

10010100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

GKv‡WwgK msÁv Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv msev‡ì me‡P‡q msw¶ß iƒc †hLv‡b msev‡ìg~j K_v¸‡jv mswÿßvKv‡i e‡j †Ìqv nq †mwU n‡jv msev‡ì m~Pbv (wØZxq Aa¨vq`ªóe¨)| Av‡jvP¨ msÁvqb cwðgv we`¨vqZwbK †¶Î †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Kv‡RB eZ©gvbM‡elYvq AvMÖ‡ni welq wQj cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q GB msÁvq‡bi iƒcwU †Kgb GesZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv wKiƒc Zv Rvbv| G Kvi‡Y eZ©gvb M‡elYvq G m¤ú‡K©DËi`vZv‡ì AwfgZ Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj| DËi`vZv‡ì AwaKvskB(78.57%) msev`-m~Pbv‡K mgMÖ msev‡ì me‡P‡q msw¶ß iƒc wn‡m‡e ivq †`b|Gi g‡a¨ wk¶K I mvsevw`K (100%), miKvwi PvKwiRxex I eëmvqx 90%,AvBbRxex 80%| Z‡e wkÿv_x© I wPwKrmK‡ì h_vµ‡g 50% Ges 40% G-aviYvi c‡ÿ Zv‡ì gZ †`b| miKvwi PvKwiRxex‡ì GKRb e‡jb, Ômsev`-m~Pbvg~jZ GKwU mswÿß iƒc hvi gva¨‡g GKwU msev` m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq|ÕAvevi GKRb eëmvqxi g‡Z, Ômsev`-m~Pbv Aek¨B mswÿß iƒc| KviY GKwUwi‡cv‡U©i AšÍwb©wnZ Zvrch© mswÿß AvKv‡i Zz‡j aivB †Zv msev`-m~Pbv|Õ Z‡eGKRb wPwKrmK whwb msev`-m~Pbv‡K msev‡ì mswÿß iƒc g‡b K‡ib bv, wZwbe‡jb, Ôme msev` †Zv Avi msev`-m~Pbvq _v‡K bv| †h Kvi‡Y msev`-m~Pbv‡Kmsev‡ì mswÿß iƒc ejv wVK bq|Õ GKBfv‡e GKRb wkÿv_x© e‡jb, ÔmvaviYZme msev` †Zv Avi msev`-m~Pbvq _v‡K bv, wKQz Z_¨ m~Pbvq _v‡K, wKQz _v‡Kwi‡c©v‡U|Õ Z‡e AwaKvsk DËi`vZvB msev`-m~Pbv ej‡Z msev‡ì mswÿßiƒcwU‡KB †ev‡Sb Ges AwaKvsk cvVKB mswÿß msev`-m~Pbv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| GcÖm‡½ GKRb miKvwi Kg©KZ©vi gšÍe¨ n‡jv, Ômsev`-m~Pbv †QvU †QvU ev‡K¨, mnRI mvejxjfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e| GUv 19-29 k‡ãi g‡a¨ n‡Z cv‡i|Õ GB M‡elYvqAšÍfy©³ cvVK‡ì AwaKvs‡ki cÖZ¨vkv hv‡Z msev`-m~Pbv 20-25, ev 25-29k‡ãi g‡a¨ †jLv nq| hwÌ PZz_© Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej 4.4-G †`Lv hv‡”Q †h,M‡elYvaxb msev`c‡Îi AwaKvsk msev`-m~Pbv 30 k‡ãi E‡aŸ© †jLv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘Avm‡j M‡elYvaxb cvVK‡ì AwaKvs‡ki cÖZ¨vkv, msev`-m~Pbv †hb 30 k‡ãiwb‡P nq| GKv‡WwgKfv‡e GwUB fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbvi Av`k© hv wØZxq Aa¨v‡qAv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| e¨¯ÍZg GB c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZwU gvbyl‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i RMr msmv‡i wU‡K _vK‡Zn‡”Q| me©ÎB Pj‡Q Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvi jovB| wU‡K _vKvi GB msMÖv‡g mswÿß mg‡qZv‡K A‡bK KvR Ki‡Z n‡”Q| msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì nv‡Z ZvB msev`cÎ covi`xN©mgq †bB| G Kvi‡Y msev‡ì ïiæUv c‡oB †m msev‡ì gg©v_© eyS‡Z Pvq|cvVK ZvB cÖZ¨vkv K‡i mswÿß msev`-m~Pbvi| GB M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ DËi`vZv‡ì AwaKvs‡ki cÖZ¨vkvI wVK ZvB| GKRb

eëmvqxi g‡Z, ÔGKwU wi‡cv‡U©i AšÍwb©wnZ Zvrch© msev`-m~Pbvq mswÿß AvKv‡iZz‡j aiv DwPZ|Õ wPwKrmKMYI me©m¤§Zfv‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, msev` m~Pbvn‡”Q msev‡ì msw¶ß iƒc| Ab¨w`‡K wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡ì cÖZ¨vkv cÖvqGKBiKg| Zv‡ì g‡Z, msev`-m~Pbvq mswÿß AvKv‡i mgMÖ msev‡ì g~j welqwUm¤ú‡K© aviYv †Ìqv DwPZ| Avevi mvsevw`K‡ì cÖZ¨vkv n‡jv, mswÿß msev`-m~Pbv hv cy‡iv msev`-Kvwnwbi g~j fve Zz‡j a‡i †mUvB cÖK…Z msev`-m~Pbv|evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev`-m~Pbvi ev¯ÍeZv (PZz_© Aa¨vq `ªóe¨) GesDËi`vZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv‡K we‡kølY K‡i GKwU wel‡q Abywm×v‡šÍ Avmv hvq †h,cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkv n‡jv mswÿß Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨mg„× msev`-m~Pbvi hv mgMÖmsev`-Kvwnwbi g~jfvewU Zz‡j ai‡Z mÿg nq|

6.2.2 msev`-m~Pbvq Z_¨NvUwZ Ges me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I me©‡kl Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ msev`-m~Pbvq †Kv‡bv Z_¨ NvUwZ cvVK jÿ K‡ib wKbv Ges msev`-m~Pbvqmsev‡ì me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges me©‡kl Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ nq wKbvÑ GUv Rvbvi†Póv Kiv n‡qwQj| welq ywU h_vµ‡g †Uwej 6.3 Ges 6.4-G Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

†Uwej 6.3msev`-m~Pbvq Z_¨NvUwZ Av‡Q wKbv

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|GKRb mvsevw`K hLb †Kv‡bv NUbv ev welqe¯‘i Ici msev`-Kvwnwb iPbv K‡ibZLb Zvi Ici eûgvwÎK `vwqZ¡ eZ©vq| Avi Gme `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑmvgvwRK `vwqZ¡, AvBbMZ `vwqZ¡ I †ckvMZ `vwqZ¡| Gme `vwq‡Z¡i AšÍwb©wnZZvrch© I gvÎv e¨w³ wn‡m‡e wZwb †h mgv‡Ri m`m¨ †mB mgvR‡K ¯úk© K‡i|Kv‡RB GKRb mvsevw`K hLb msev`-Kvwnwb iPbv Ki‡eb Zv †hb †Kv‡bv NUbvev welqe¯‘i c~Y©v½ w`K‡KB ¯úk© K‡i †mUvB Kvg¨| †Kbbv msev`-Kvwnwb‡ZZ‡_ï NvUwZ wKsev wfbœ Z_¨ Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i weåvwšÍi| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq bgybvwn‡m‡e AšÍfy©³ msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ 725wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ gvÎ 44wU msev`-

87 88



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

Z_¨ NvUwZ _v‡KwKbv

nu¨v 770

880

880

440

550

550

550

4260.00

bv 330

220

220

660

550

550

550

2840.00

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

m~Pbvq Z‡_ï NvUwZ i‡q‡Q (PZz_© Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej 4.6 `ªóe¨)| Avi GB welqwUeZ©gvb M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ DËi`vZvMYI †Lqvj K‡i‡Qb| †Uwej 6.3-G †`Lvhv‡”Q †h, 60% DËi`vZv g‡b K‡ib †h, msev`-myPbvq Z‡_ï NvUwZ _v‡K|wkÿv_x© I miKvwi PvKwiRxex‡ì AwaKvskB (80%) msev`-m~Pbvq Z_¨NvUwZjÿ K‡ib| wkÿK‡ì †ÿ‡Î G nvi 70%| AvBbRxex, mvsevw`K GeswPwKrmK‡ì †ÿ‡Î G nvi 70% n‡jI eëmvqx‡ì †ÿ‡Î G nvi gvÎ 40%|gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv mvsevw`Kiv hviv wb‡Riv msev`-m~Pbv iPbv K‡ib Zv‡ì A‡a©K(50%) msev‡ì m~Pbvq Z‡_ï NvUwZ j¶ K‡ib| Kv‡RB eZ©gvb M‡elYvq cÖvßdjvdj bgybvq AšÍfy©³ msev`cÎ¸‡jvq cÖKvwkZ msev`-Kvwnwbi msev`-m~PbvqZ‡_ï NvUwZi welqwU wb‡`©k K‡i| †hme DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï NvUwZ jÿ K‡ib, Zv‡ì A‡b‡Ki gZvgZA‡bKUv GKBiKg| Zv‡ì g‡Z, msev`-m~Pbvq A‡bK mgq NUbvi mv‡_RwoZ‡ì K_v †mfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ cvq bv, me ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨¸‡jv h_v_©fv‡e Dc¯’vwcZnq bv, NUbvi wbi‡cÿZv _v‡K bv, Ab¨vb¨ MYgva¨‡gi mv‡_ Z‡_ï dvivK _v‡K,†Kv‡bv NUbv GKcvwÿKfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nq, Z‡_ï A¯úóZv _v‡K, me ÔKÕ-GiDËi _v‡K bv BZ¨vw`| mvsevw`K‡ì GKRb e‡jb, Ômsev`-m~Pbvq †Kb GesKxfv‡e Gi DËi cÖvqB cvIqv hvq bv|Õ GKRb wkÿ‡Ki gšÍe¨ n‡jv, Ômsev`-m~Pbvq ¯’vb, mgq Ges g~j cÖm½ Abycw¯’Z _v‡K| NUbvi mv‡_ †h mg¯Í cÖvmw½Kwelq mswkøó _v‡K †m¸‡jv AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB missing _v‡K|Õ A_©vr wkÿ‡Ki GgšÍe¨wUI msev`-m~Pbvq wewfbœ ÔKÕ-Gi DËi bv cvIqvi Awfe¨w³ cÖKvk K‡i|KviY, ¯’vb A_©vr NUbvwUi DrcwË¯’j ev Ô†Kv_vqÕ, mgq ej‡Z, ÔKLbÕ BZ¨vw`‡Kwb‡`©k K‡i| Ô†KbÕ Ges ÔKxfv‡eÕ Gi DËi msev`-Kvwnwbi wb‡Pi w`‡K w`‡jIAšÍZ Ô†KÕ, ÔKxÕ, ÔKLbÕ, I Ô†Kv_vqÕ Gi DËi Aek¨B msev`-m~Pbvq _vKv DwPZhv fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbvi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ (wØZxq Aa¨vq `ªóe¨) e‡jI we‡ewPZ|hwÌ M‡elYvjä djvd‡j †`Lv hvq †h, msev`-m~Pbvq AwaKvsk‡ZB Ôlo-KÕ-GiA‡bK¸‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ _v‡K (PZz_© Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej 4.5 `ªóe¨), Z‡e DËi`vZv‡ìwe‡kølY Abyhvqx Zviv msev`-m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ-Gi mwVK Dcw¯’wZ Av‡iv †ewkgvÎvqcÖZ¨vkv K‡ib e‡jB GB M‡elYvq cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q| msev` wk‡ivbvg I msev`-Kvwnwbi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© msev`-m~Pbv M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³DËi`vZv‡ì AwaKvs‡ki cÖZ¨vkv| GKRb miKvwi Kg©KZ©vi g‡Z, Ômsev`-m~Pbvwk‡ivbv‡gi m‡½ msMwZc~Y© n‡e †hLv‡b NUbvi g~j welqwU ewY©Z n‡e h_v_©fv‡e|ÕGKBfv‡e GKRb AvBbRxex Awf‡hvM K‡i e‡jb, Ômsev`-m~PbvwU covi cimsev`-Kvwnwbi cy‡ivUzKz co‡j msev`-m~Pbvi Ici Abv¯’v P‡j Av‡mÕ| g~jZ,e³e¨ ywUi gg©v_© n‡jv msev`-m~Pbv n‡e mg¯Í msev`-weeiYxwUi mswÿß iƒc hv

GKwU Av`k© msev`-m~Pbvi êwkóÏ e‡U (wØZxq Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)| Avevi msev`-m~Pbvq GKwU NUbvi cwic~Y© Dc¯’vcbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb NUbvi mv‡_ mswkøó mevigZvg‡Zi Dc¯’vcb| AwaKvsk cvV‡Ki cÖZ¨vkvI A‡bKUv G iKgB| GKRbeëmvqxi g‡Z, Ômsev`-m~Pbvq A‡bK mgq yÕc‡ÿi gZvgZ †`Lv hvq bv hv GKwUmsev`‡K cÿcvZ yó K‡i| †m Kvi‡Y msev`-m~Pbvq Dfq c‡ÿi gZvg‡Zi h_v_©Dc¯’vcb nIqv DwPZ|Õ A_©vr cvVK msev`-m~Pbvq yÕc‡ÿi gZvg‡Zi mwVKDc¯’vcbv †`L‡Z Pvb| Avevi A‡bK mgq Z‡_ï NvUwZ‡Z ev Dc¯’vcbvicv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y cvVK weåvšÍ nb| KviY Zviv GKwU NUbvi wewfbœ gva¨‡g wfbœwfbœ Dc¯’vcbv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib bv hv cvVK‡K weåvšÍ K‡i| GKRb wPwKrmK g‡bK‡ib, Ômsev`c‡Îi †Kv‡bv msev‡ì msev`-m~Pbv covi ci wUwf msev` †`L‡j†ek ZviZg¨ jÿ Kiv hvq|Õ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Ôlo-KÕ-Gi eënvi K‡i msev`-m~Pbvq¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcbv _vK‡j GKB NUbvi msev‡` cvVK weåvwšÍi my‡hvM LyeKg _v‡K| KviY G‡Z K‡i GKB NUbvi g~j wel‡qi †Zgb ZviZg¨ _v‡K bv| Avevi cvVK †h‡nZz msev‡ì ïiæ‡ZB NUbvi g~j welqwU Rvb‡Z Pvb †mRb¨msev`-m~Pbv msev‡ì Ggb GKwU Ask †hLv‡b msev`-Kvwnwbi me©‡kl I me‡P‡q¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨wU mwbœ‡ewkZ nq| hwÌ eZ©gvb M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ msev`c‡ÎcÖKvwkZ msev`-Kvwnwbi msev`-m~Pbvq gvÎ 14wU ev‡` me‡ÿ‡ÎB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ïmwbœ‡ek N‡U‡Q (PZz_© Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej 4.7 `ªóe¨)| welqwU‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q eZ©gvbM‡elYvq G wel‡q msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì Dcjwä I cÖZ¨vkvi welqwU hvPvB Kivi†Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î †ek PgKcÖ` DËi cvIqv †M‡Q|

†Uwej 6.4msev`-m~Pbvq wbw`©ó wel‡q me©‡kl Ges me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcb

wel‡q DËi`vZv‡ì g~j¨vqb


89 90



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

msev`-m~Pbvqme‡P‡q¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨cvb wKbv

nu¨v 110

770

770

110

550

110

880

3042.86

bv 990

330

330

990

550

990

220

4057.14

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

DËi`vZv‡ì A‡a©‡Ki †ewk Ask A_©vr 57.14% g‡b K‡ib †h, A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎBmsev`-m~Pbvq wbw`©ó wel‡q me©‡kl I me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨wU Zviv cvb bv| AviG‡¶‡Î wk¶K, eëmvqx I wPwKrmKiv m‡e‡P‡q mgv‡jvPbvgyLi wQ‡jb| †KbbvZv‡ì 90% Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h Zviv msev`-m~Pbvq me©‡kl I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨wU cvbbv| AvBbRxex‡ì GKwU eo Ask A_©vr 50% G-g‡Zi mg_©K n‡jI, wkÿv_x©Ges miKvwi PvKwiRxex‡ì †ÿ‡Î Gi msL¨v 30%| KviY, wkÿv_x© Ges miKvwiPvKwiRxex‡ì 70% g‡b K‡ib †h, msev`-m~Pbvq wbw`©ó wel‡q me©‡kl I me‡P‡q¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨wU Zviv cvb| mvsevw`K‡ì AwaKvskB G welqwUi mv‡_ GKgZGes Zv‡ì 80% g‡b K‡ib †h, msev`-m~Pbvq me©‡kl Ges me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©Z_¨wU cwi‡ewkZ nq| GKRb wPwKrmK e‡jb, Ômsev`-m~Pbvq A‡bK mgq¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ _v‡K bv| KviY A‡bK mgq msev`-KvwnwbwU m¤ú~Y©covi c‡i g‡b nq, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqwU msev`-m~Pbvq †bB †hUv Aek¨B msev`-m~Pbvq ms‡hvRb Kiv †hZ|Õ GKBfv‡e GKRb eëmvqx g‡b K‡ib, ÔAvm‡jmvsevw`Kiv A‡bK mgq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨‡K Avovj Kivi Rb¨ msev`-m~Pbvq Zv†P‡c hvb| GUv A‡bKUv njy mvsevw`KZvi kvwgj|Õ G K_v †Zv A¯^xKvi Kivi†Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB †h, mgq ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y msev`-m~Pbv c‡o A‡bK mgq cvVKcy‡iv msev`wU eyS‡Z Pvb| G Kvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ hw` msev`-m~Pbvq Dc¯’vcbKiv bv nq, Z‡e cvVK‡ì A‡b‡KB msev‡ì g~j welqwU Rvb‡Z cvi‡e bv| †m Kvi‡YB AwaKvsk cvV‡Ki cÖZ¨vkv msev`-m~Pbvq me©‡kl I me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcb| GRb¨ GKRb mvsevw`K‡K n‡Z nq mr, gvbwmKZv _vK‡Z nqe¯‘wbô msev` cwi‡ek‡bi| m‡e©vcwi mvsevw`K‡ì `ÿZvi e¨vcviwUI Riæwi|AvBbRxex‡ì A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib, mvsevw`K‡ì `ÿZv e„w× Kiv DwPZ| Zv‡ìDwPZ ivRbxwZi E‡aŸ© D‡V I A_©wjáv cwinvi K‡i cvV‡Ki Pvwn`v Abyhvqx msev`cwi‡ek‡b cÖe„Ë _vKv| wPwKrmK, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡ìAwaKvskB AvBbRxex‡ì e³‡eï mv‡_ GKgZ n‡jI Zv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv n‡jv †hbmvsevw`Kiv msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi †ÿ‡Î Av‡iv m‡PZb nb| GKRb eëmvqxicÖZ¨vkv n‡jv, Ômvsevw`K‡ì mZ¨‡K mZ¨ e‡j gvb‡Z n‡e Ges njy mvsevw`KZvcwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ Avevi GKRb mvsevw`K e‡jb, Ôcy‡iv welqwU fv‡jvfv‡eDcjwä K‡i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I cÖvmw½K welqwU cvVK AvMÖn we‡ePbv K‡imsev`-m~Pbvq wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| Gme †ÿ‡Î mvsevw`‡Ki News Sence _vKvRiæwi|Õ g~jZ msev`-m~Pbv‡K Av‡iv AvKl©Yxq I Z_ëûj K‡i †Zvjvi †ÿ‡ÎDËi`vZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv¸‡jv‡K †gvUv`v‡M wPwýZ Ki‡j †h welq¸‡jv D‡V Av‡m

†m¸‡jv n‡jv:1) msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä K‡i †mfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e; 2) †hvM¨ I `ÿ mvsevw`K wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e; 3) msev`c‡Îi ivR‰bwZK mswkøóZv cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e; 4) mnR ev‡K¨ †QvU K‡i g~j fveUzKz cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e; 5) Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ bv n‡q Z_¨ cwi‡ekb Kiv hv‡e bv;6) mZ¨‡K mZ¨ e‡j gvb‡Z n‡e Ges njy mvsevw`KZv cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e;7) ivR‰bwZK cÖfvegy³ †_‡K, cvV‡Ki gvbwmKZv ey‡S e¯‘wbôfv‡e msev` wjL‡Zn‡e;8) NUbv¯’‡j m‡iRwgb Dcw¯’Z †_‡K cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e;9) Ôlo-KÕ AbymiY K‡i msev`-m~Pbv wjL‡Z n‡e; 10) cy‡iv welqwU fv‡jvfv‡e Dcjwä K‡i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I cÖvmw½K welqwUcvVK AvMÖn we‡ePbv K‡i msev`-m~Pbvq wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| 6.2.3 DËi`vZv msev`-m~PbvwU c‡o wi‡cv‡U©i ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb K‡ib wKbv GesmgMÖ wi‡cvU© co‡Z AvMÖnx nb wKbv gvbeRxe‡bi GKwU Acwinvh© Ask n‡”Q †hvMv‡hvM| cÖwZwU †hvMv‡hv‡MB †Kv‡bvbv †Kv‡bv gvÎvq evZ©vi mÂviY N‡U| GB evZ©vi mÂviY hw` A_©en wKsevcvi¯úwiK †eva m„wóKvix bv nq Zvn‡j Zv †hvMv‡hvMKvixi †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨B mvabKi‡Z cv‡i bv| gvbexq mËvi evB‡i GKRb mvsevw`K‡K cÖwZwbqZ Zvi †ckvMZ`vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi ZvwM‡` Z_v Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gvb‡mB †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z nqcvVK‡ì m‡½| msev`-Kvwnwb‡Z Zv‡ì GB †hvMv‡hvM evZ©v hw` mnR‡eva¨,¸iæZ¡c~Y© I AvKl©Yxq bv nq Zvn‡j Zv cvV‡Ki g‡b †Kv‡bv †ev‡ai m„„wó K‡i bv|d‡j, Kvh©Z e¨_© nq Zvi †hvMv‡hvM D‡Ïk¨| †h Kvi‡YB eZ©gvb M‡elYvqDËi`vZv‡ì Kv‡Q cÖkœ Kiv n‡qwQj †h, msev`-m~Pbv c‡o mgMÖ wi‡cv‡U©i ¸iæZ¡Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡ib wK-bv| Avevi, msev`-m~Pbv †h‡nZz mgMÖ wi‡cvU© m¤ú‡K©GKwU aviYv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g cvVK‡K msev`-Kvwnwbi cieZx© Ask co‡Z AvMÖnxK‡i †Zv‡j (wØZxq Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q), G Kvi‡YB cvVK‡ì‡K cÖkœKiv n‡qwQj †h, msev`-m~Pbv Zv‡ì‡K mgMÖ wi‡cvU©wU co‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡jwKbv| G wel‡q DËi`vZv‡ì cÖwZwµqv wb‡Pi †Uwej 6.5 Ges 6.6-†Z Dc¯’vwcZn‡q‡Q|

91 92

†Uwej 6.5msev`-m~PbvwU c‡o wi‡cv‡U©i ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Kiv hvq wKbv

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|msev`-m~Pbv‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K wi‡cv‡U©i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask hv c‡o GKRbmsev`cÎ cvVK cy‡iv wi‡cv‡U©i ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb K‡ib Ges wm×všÍ †bb †h wZwbcy‡iv msev`-KvwnwbwU co‡eb wKbv| GB M‡elYvq DËi`vZv‡ì gZvg‡ZI Gih_v_©Zv cvIqv †M‡Q| †Kbbv 68.57% DËi`vZvB g‡b K‡ib †h, msev`-m~Pbvc‡o Zviv mgMÖ wi‡cv‡U©i ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †hme DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbv c‡oB mgMÖ msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv‡ì g‡a¨ mvsevw`K ImiKvwi PvKwiRxex i‡q‡Qb 90%, eëmvqx I AvBbRxex i‡q‡Qb 80% Geswk¶K i‡q‡Qb 70%| wKš‘ wk¶v_©x (40%) Ges Wv³vi‡ì (30%) DËi †ekPgKcÖ`| †Kbbv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ h_vµ‡g 60% I 70% Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, Zvivmsev`-m~Pbv c‡o cy‡iv msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| AwaKvskDËi`vZvi Dcjwä †_‡K GKwU welq AZ¨šÍ cwi®‹vi †h, msev`-m~Pbv AwaKvskcvV‡Ki msev`-Kvwnwbi ¸iæZ¡ Abyave‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|DËi`vZv‡ì AwaKvskB nu v-m~PK Reve w`‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, msev‡ì m~Pbv c‡oBZviv cÖvq cy‡iv msev`-KvwnwbwUi g~j welqwU Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GKRbeëmvqx Rvwb‡q‡Qb Ômsev`-m~Pbv c‡o NUbvi g~j wel‡qi Avfvm cvIqv hvq|ÕGKRb AvBbRxexI eëmvqxi e³e¨‡K mg_©b K‡i‡Qb| GKRb wPwKrm‡Kie³e¨ n‡jv, Ôme Z_¨ †Zv Avi msev`-m~Pbvq cvIqv hv‡e bv, Z‡e msev`-m~Pbvc‡o wi‡cv‡U©i ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Kiv hvq|Õ Aek¨ GKRb mvsevw`K e‡j‡Qb,Ô†h‡nZz msev`-m~Pbv msev‡ì c‡ii Aby‡”Q‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i, †m Kvi‡Ymsev`-m~Pbv †_‡K wi‡cv‡U©i ¸iæZ¡ †gvUvgywU Abyaveb Kiv hvq|Õ A‡b‡K Aek¨msev‡ì m~Pbvq me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨wU cvIqvi †¶‡Î Ô†gvUvgywUÕ kãwU D‡jøLK‡i‡Qb| †hgb, GKRb wkÿK e‡j‡Qb, Ô†hme msev`-m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï

Dcw¯’wZ _v‡K bv, †mB msev`-m~PbvwU c‡o mgMÖ msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Kiv hvqbv|Õ e³e¨wU †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ¸‡jvi mewi‡cv‡U©i m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ _v‡K bv| GRb¨ cvVK msev`-m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib hv GB Aa¨v‡qi 6.2.2-G D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU msev`-Kvwnwbi cÖwZwU evK¨, cÖwZwU Aby‡”Q` †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e G‡KAci‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| †Kbbv ev‡Kï Ges Aby‡”Q‡ì GB cvi¯úwiKcÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK web¨vmB Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcbv‡K †cv³ K‡i; cvVK‡K cÖ‡Yvw`Z K‡iG‡Kev‡i †kl evK¨wU covi Rb¨| Kv‡RB Z‡_ï GB web¨vm hw` gm„Y bv nq;cvVK hw` msev`-Kvwnwbi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb bv K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb †Kv‡bvfv‡eB cy‡ivmsev`-KvwnwbwU co‡Z AvMÖnx n‡eb bv| Av‡`Š msev`-m~Pbv cvVK‡K cy‡ivmsev`wU co‡Z ZvwoZ K‡i wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb M‡elYvq|

†Uwej 6.6msev`-m~Pbv c‡o mgMÖ wi‡cvU©wU co‡Z AvMÖn cvb wKbv

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|†Uwej 6.6 Abyhvqx †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AwaKvsk DËi`vZvB (75.71%) msev`-m~Pbvc‡o cy‡iv msev`wU co‡Z AvMÖn cvb| AvBbRxex‡ì g‡a¨ 90%, wk¶K, eëmvqxI mvsevw`K‡ì g‡a¨ 80% Ges wkÿv_©x I miKvwi PvKwiRxex‡ì g‡a¨ 70%msev`-m~Pbv c‡oB wm×všÍ †bb cy‡iv msev`wU co‡eb wKbv| wPwKrmK‡ì g‡a¨G nvi GKUz Kg A_©vr 60%| GKRb wPwKrmK †hgbUv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, Ôfv‡jvjvM‡j, AvMÖn RvM‡j mgMÖ wi‡cvU©wU cwo|Õ GLvb †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvq, memsev`-m~Pbv cvVK‡K g~j Kvwnwb‡Z †U‡b wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv| wVK GKB K_ve‡j‡Qb GKRb miKvwi Kg©KZ©v| wZwb e‡jb, Ôcy‡iv NUbv †evSvi Rb¨ Avgv‡Kcy‡iv msev`B co‡Z nq|Õ Z‡e GB M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ DËi`vZv‡ì e³e¨ AbyhvqxGKRb cvVK cy‡iv msev`-KvwnwbwU co‡eb wKbv wKsev msev`-m~PbvwU cvVK‡Kcy‡iv msev`-KvwnwbwU co‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡e wKbv Zv g~jZ K‡qKwU m~P‡Ki Ici

93 94



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

wi‡cv‡U©i ¸iæZ¡Abyaveb Ki‡Zcv‡ib wKbv

cv‡ib 770

440

990

880

880

330

990

4868.57

cv‡ib bv 330

660

110

220

220

770

110

2231.43

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100



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(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

mgMÖ wi‡cv‡U©wUco‡Z AvMÖncvb wKbv

AvMÖn cvb 880

770

770

880

990

660

880

5375.71

AvMÖn cvb bv 220

330

330

220

110

440

220

1724.29

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

wbf©i K‡i| Avi †mB m~PK¸‡jv n‡jvÑ ÔAvKl©Yxq, eY©bv †KŠkj, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ïDc¯’vcbv, mswÿßZv I me©‡kl Z_¨msewjZ weeiYx| †hgb: wk¶KZv †ckviGKRb DËi`vZv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, Ômsev`-m~Pbv c‡o mgMÖ wi‡cvU©wU co‡ZAvMÖn cvb wKbv Zv wbf©i K‡i m~Pbvi eY©bvi Ici| gvbm¤§Z m~Pbv bv n‡j cvVKAvMÖn nviv‡e GUvB ev¯Íe| Avgv‡K AvK…ó K‡i msev` wb‡RB| ZvB Avwg m¤ú~Y©msev`wU cwo KL‡bv KL‡bv|Õ Ab¨w`‡K GKRb mvsevw`K Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Ôm~Pbv hw`bvUKxqfv‡e ïiæ nq Zv cvVK‡K wi‡cv‡U©i Mfx‡i †U‡b wb‡q hvq|Õ Avevi GKRbeëmvqx e‡jb, Ôwi‡cv‡U©i ïiæUv AvKl©Yxq n‡j mgMÖ wi‡cvU© co‡Z AvMÖnx nB|ÕKv‡RB cvV‡Ki cÖZ¨vkv n‡jv, msev`-m~Pbv n‡e me©‡kl Z_¨msewjZ, mswÿß IAvKl©Yxq| Z‡e M‡elYvq cÖvß djvdj Abyhvqx GKwU welq cwi®‹vi †h, cy‡ivmsev`-Kvwnwb covi †ÿ‡Î msev`-m~Pbv DÏxcK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| 6.2.4 msev`-m~Pbv KwVb K‡i †jLv Ges we‡kl‡Yi eënvi m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡ìaviYvwØZxq Aa¨v‡q GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbvi êwkó¨ Av‡jvPbvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h,msev`-m~Pbv nq mnR I mvejxj hv‡Z msev`cÎ cvVK AwZ mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i|Avevi cvVK‡K cy‡iv msev`-Kvwnwb cv‡V cÖjyä Kivi cÖ‡kœ †gv¶g †KŠkjwU n‡”Qm~PbvwU AvKl©Yxq nIqv| Avi GB AvKl©Yxq msev` m~Pbv †jLvi Ab¨Zg †KŠkjn‡”Q hZUv m¤¢e Aí kã I mnR fvlv eënvi K‡i me‡P‡q †ewkmsL¨K Z_¨cwi‡ekb Kiv (Aa¨vq 2.6 `ªóe¨)| G‡¶‡Î ev‡K¨ we‡klY eënv‡ii e`‡jAvKl©Yxq I †Rviv‡jv wµqv eënvi KivUvB †kªq| †Kbbv Gme we‡klY †Kv‡bvNUbv ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cvV‡Ki g‡bvRM‡Z „k¨MZ-wµqv mÂvwiZ K‡i bv eismv`vgvUv fv‡jv-g‡›ì weeiYx nvwRi K‡i| ïay ZvB bq, Gme we‡kl‡Yi gva¨‡gmvsevw`‡Ki GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ I c¶cvZ mÂvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| A_Pevsjv‡`‡ki cwÎKv¸‡jv‡Z Gi PP©v †ek †Rviv‡jvfv‡e cÖZxqgvb (PZz_© Aa¨v‡q†Uwej 4.6 `ªóe¨)| Gme we‡ePbvq eZ©gvb M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ cvVK‡ì Kv‡QRvb‡Z cvIqv n‡qwQj Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î eëüZ msev`-m~Pbv‡K KZUvKwVb g‡b K‡ib wKsev msev`-m~Pbvq we‡klY eënvi m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì aviYvB evcÖZ¨vkv Kx| †Uwej 6.7 Ges 6.8-G welqwUi eY©bv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

†Uwej 6.7msev`-m~Pbv KwVb K‡i †jLv nq wKbv

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|†Uwej 6.7-G †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AwaKvsk DËi`vZv A_©vr 85.85% g‡b K‡ib †h,msev`-m~Pbv KwVbfv‡e †jLv nq bv| G‡ì g‡a¨ mvsevw`K, wkÿv_x© GeswPwKrmK‡ì †KDB g‡b K‡ib bv †h, msev`-m~Pbv KwVb K‡i †jLv nq| eëmvqxI AvBbRxex‡ì 90% G-g‡Zi mg_©K| wKQzUv A¯^vfvweK n‡jI 30% wkÿKGes 70% miKvwi PvKwiRxex wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡i e‡jb †h, evsjv‡`‡kimsev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z msev`-m~Pbv KwVb fvlvq †jLv nq| †h‡nZz DËi`vZv‡ìAwaKvskB GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib †h, evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z msev`-m~PbvKwVb K‡i †jLv nq bv, †m‡nZz fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbvi êwkó¨ AbymiY K‡ievsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î mnR I mij fvlvq msev`-m~Pbv †jLv n‡eÑ G cÖZ¨vkvDËi`vZv‡ì| e³e¨ ev NUbvi h_vh_ cÖKv‡k we‡kl‡Yi eënvi †ek mnvqK n‡jI GBwe‡klYB KL‡bv KL‡bv e³e¨‡K weK…Z Ki‡Z cv‡i, Qov‡Z cv‡i weåvwšÍ| GKvi‡Y GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbv KL‡bvB AcÖ‡qvRbxq we‡klY eënvi K‡i bv(Aa¨vq 2.6 `ªóe¨)| Giƒc ZvwM` †_‡KB msev`-m~Pbvq we‡kl‡Yi eënvi m¤ú‡K©cvVK‡ì gZvgZ Rvbvi †Póv Kiv nq eZ©gvb M‡elYvq|

95 96



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

KwVb K‡i †jLvnq wKbv

AvMÖn cvb 330 - 7

70110

110 - - 12

17.15AvMÖn cvb bv 7

7010100

330

1090

990

10100

9100

5882.85

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

†Uwej 6.8DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbvq †Kv‡bv we‡kl‡Yi eënvi jÿ K‡ib wKbv

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|PZz_© Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej 4.6 Abyhvqx †`Lv hvq †h, GB M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbvq we‡klY eënvi Kiv nq| we‡kl‡Yi AwaK eënv‡iiwelqwU msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì „wó Govqwb| †m Kvi‡Y †Uwej 6.8-G †`Lv hv‡”Q †h,msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì A‡a©‡Ki †ewk A_©vr 51.43% Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, Zviv msev‡ìm~Pbvq we‡kl‡Yi eënvi j¶ K‡ib| hviv msev`-m~Pbvq we‡kl‡Yi eënvi j¶K‡ib Zv‡ì g‡a¨ 70% †ckvq wk¶K, 60% wk¶v_©x, miKvix PvKwiRxex 40%,eëmvqx 50%, AvBbRxex 40%, Wv³vi 40% Ges mvsevw`K 60%| hwÌcvVK‡ì GKwU eo Ask A_©vr 48.57% DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbvq we‡kl‡Yieënvi j¶ K‡ib bv e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb ZeyI we‡klY eënvi m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ìAwaKvs‡ki gZvgZ M‡elYvaxb Av‡aqi ev¯ÍeZvi (PZz_© Aa¨v‡q †Uwej 4.6`ªóe¨) mv‡_ msMwZc~Y©| Avi GB welqwU eZ©gvb M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ DËi`vZv‡ìI„wó Govqwb|

DËi`vZv‡ì ch©‡e¶Y Abyhvqx mvaviYZ bvix I ivR‰bwZK e¨w³eM©B wewfbœwe‡kl‡Y f~wlZ n‡q _v‡Kb| †hgb, GKRb wk¶K Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Ò†`k †bZv IcÖfvekvjx e¨w³‡K GKvwaK we‡kl‡Y we‡klvwqZ Kivi cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q|Ó AveviGKRb AvBbRxexi g‡Z, ÒivR‰bwZK e¨w³e‡M©i †ZvqvR Kivi Rb¨ AwaKvskmgq we‡klY eënvi Kiv nq| †hgb, mv‡eK ivóªcwZ û‡mBb gynv¤§` Gikv`-Gi†¶‡Î eënvi Kiv nq ÔcjøxeÜzÕ we‡klYwU| Ab¨w`‡K gwZqv †PŠayixi †¶‡ÎÔAwMœKb¨vÕ, †kL nvwmbvi †¶‡Î ÔRb‡bÎxÕ Ges †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv Ô†`k‡bÎxÕwe‡klYwU|Ó GQvovI bvix‡ì †¶‡Î †lvokx, cÖgxjv, M„nea~, my›ìx I hyewZmnwewfbœ we‡klY eënvi Kiv nq e‡j mvsevw`K‡ì A‡b‡KB gšÍe¨ K‡‡Qb|

wkÿv_x©‡ì A‡b‡KB Gme we‡kl‡Yi mv‡_ Av‡iv wKQz we‡kl‡Yi eënvimsev`c‡Î jÿ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, MvQ‡L‡Kv eb Kg©KZ©v| M‡elYvi djvdjevsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbvq †h we‡kl‡Yi eënvi n‡”Q- †mwUI cÖgvYK‡i| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î DËi`vZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv n‡jv hZ Kg we‡klY we‡kl K‡i†h¸‡jv bvix‡ì‡K Avjv`v mË¡v wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i Ges evRbxwZwe`‡ì RqMvbK‡i- Zv hZUv ev` †`qv hvq ZZB fv‡jv| 6.2.5 Z_¨ †Mvc‡bi cÖeYZv I wewfbœ msev`c‡Î eëüZ Z‡_ï wewfbœZvq weåvwšÍZ_¨ †Mvcb A_© cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msev`-m~Pbvq bv e‡j Zv Gwo‡q hvIqv| msev`-m~Pbv †h‡nZz msev`-Kvwnwbi g~j welqwU cvVK‡K Rvwb‡q †`q, †m‡nZz msev`-m~Pbvq cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †Mvcb ev Gwo‡q hvIqv n‡j msev`-m~PbvwU cvVK‡Kmsev`-Kvwnwb m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv w`‡Z e¨_© nq| G‡Z K‡i msev`-m~Pbvi g~jD‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K, GKB ai‡bi msev`-Kvwnwb eY©bvq wewfbœmsev`c‡Î Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcb hw` wfbœ wfbœ nq, Z‡e cvVK ïay weåvšÍB nb bv,GKBmv‡_ msev‡ì msev`-g~jÏ K‡g hvq| Dc‡ii welq¸‡jv‡Z msev`cÎcvV‡Ki gZvgZ †Uwej 6.9 Ges 6.10-†Z Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|

†Uwej 6.9msev`-m~Pbvq Z_¨ †Mvcb ivLvi cÖeYZv

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|†`‡ki msev`cÎ¸‡jv msev`-m~Pbvq †Kv‡bv iKg Z_¨ †Mvcb K‡i wKbv †mBcÖ‡kœi DËi`vZv‡ì GK ai‡bi mvg¨ j¶ Kiv hvq| kZKiv 50 fvM DËi`vZvg‡b K‡ib msev‡ì m~Pbvq Z_¨ †Mvcb Kiv nq, Ab¨w`‡K 50 fvM g‡b K‡ib†Kv‡bv iKg Z_¨ †Mvcb Kiv nq bv| Z‡e wfbœZv j¶ Kiv hvq †ckvMZ cÖ‡kœ|†hgb 90%, 80%, 50%, 50% h_vµ‡g wk¶K, wk¶v_©x, eëmvqx I wPwKrmKnu v Reve w`‡q‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K miKvwi PvKwiRxex, AvBbRxex I mvsevw`K‡ìg‡a¨ h_vµ‡g 80% I 70% g‡b K‡ib †h, msev‡ì m~Pbvq Z_¨ †Mvcb Kivi

97 98



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

msev` m~Pbvqwe‡kl‡Yieënvi jÿK‡ib wKbv

nu¨v 770

660

440

550

440

440

660

3651.43

bv 330

440

660

550

660

660

440

3448.57

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

Z_¨ †MvcbK‡i wKbv

nu¨v 990

880

220

550

330

550

330

3550.00

bv 110

220

880

550

770

550

770

3550.00

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

cÖeYZvwU Zviv j¶ K‡ib bv (†Uwej 5.17 `ªóe¨)| miKvwi PvKwiRxex whwb Z_¨†Mvc‡bi welqwU †Lqvj K‡ib wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒKL‡bv KL‡bv cy‡iv welqwU eY©bvbv K‡i AvswkK eY©bv Kiv nq Ges NUbvi mv‡_ mswkøó mevi gZvgZ B”QvK„Zfv‡emsev`-m~Pbvq †Ìqv nq bv|Ó wVK GKB e³‡eï cÖwZaŸwb †kvbv hvq GKRbeëmvqxi K‡É| whwb e‡jb, ÒNUbvi mv‡_ mswkøó yÕc‡ÿi gZvgZ e¯‘wbôfv‡emsev`-m~Pbvq Dc¯’vwcZ nq bv| A_©vr mvsevw`KMY †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl gnj,†Mvôx ev `j‡K ev e¨w³‡K myweav w`‡Z wM‡q A‡bK mgq GUv K‡i _v‡Kb|Ó Z_¨†Mvc‡bi G ms¯‹„wZ †Kv‡bv DËi`vZvi cÖZ¨vkv bq| Zviv Pvq †Kv‡bv Z_¨ †Mvcbbq eis Z‡_ï mwVK, mnR, mvejxj, AvKl©Yxq wKš‘ e¯‘wbô Dc¯’vcbv|

†Uwej 6.10GKB wel‡q GKvwaK msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï wewfbœZvq DËi`vZv

weåvšÍ nb wKbv Ges G‡Z msev`-g~j¨ K‡g hvq wKbv

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|Ab¨w`‡K GKB wel‡q msev` cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wfbœ wfbœ msev`c‡Î Z‡_ï wfbœZvj¶ Kiv hvq| d‡j msev`cÎ cvV‡Ki c‡ÿ †KvbwU Avmj Z_¨ Zv ey‡S †bIqv†hgb KwVb n‡q c‡o, †Zgwb cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ weåvwšÍi Avk¼vI _v‡K| Z‡_ï GBwfbœZv msev‡ì g~j¨‡KI Kwg‡q †`q| GB M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, cÖvq yB-Z…Zxqvsk cvVKB (64.29%) Z‡_ï GB wfbœZv jÿ K‡ib| GLv‡b GKwU welqcwi®‹vi nIqv cÖ‡qvRb †h, †hme cvVK gvÎ GKUv msev`cÎ c‡ob Zv‡ì c‡ÿwfbœ wfbœ msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï GB wfbœZv wbiƒcY Kiv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e hvivGKvwaK msev`cÎ c‡ob Zv‡ì A‡b‡KB GB wfbœZv jÿ K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jvP¨ch©‡eÿ‡Yi mv‡_ cÂg Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej 5.5-G cÖvß Z‡_ï mv „k¨ jÿ Kiv hvq|GB †UwejwU‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, 28.57% DËi`vZv ˆ`wbK GKwUgvÎ msev`cÎc‡ob| G Kvi‡Y GB M‡elYvq cÖvq 35.71% DËi`vZv e‡j‡Qb †h, Zviv wfbœwfbœ msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï wfbœZv jÿ K‡ibwb

(†Uwej 6.10 `ªóe¨)| 60% wk¶K, wk¶v_©x, eëmvqx, AvBbRxex Ges mvsevw`KZ‡_ï wfbœZv jÿ K‡ib| miKvwi PvKwiRxex I wPwKrm‡Ki †ÿ‡Î GB msL¨vh_vµ‡g 60% Ges 80%| DËi`vZv‡ì A‡b‡KB Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, wewfbœ msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev‡ìmsev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï wfbœZv _vK‡j cy‡iv msev`-KvwnwbwUi msev`-g~j¨ K‡ghvq|Õ GKRb eëmvqx e‡j‡Qb, ÔGKB wel‡q GKvwaK Z_¨ we‡kl K‡iwecixZgyLx n‡j weåvšÍ nB| Avi G‡Z K‡i msev‡ì gvbUvI K‡g hvq|Õ A_©vrDËi`vZvi e³e¨ Abyhvqx Z‡_ï wfbœZv ïay msev`-g~j¨ Kwg‡qB †`q bv, mv‡_mv‡_ weiw³iI D‡`ªM K‡i, m„wó K‡i weåvwšÍi hv GKRb wPwKrm‡Ki e³‡eÏdz‡U D‡V‡Q| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔZ‡_ï wfbœZvq weåvšÍ nIqvi †P‡q weiw³ Av‡m†ewk| Avi †mB mv‡_ wbDR †fjy †Zv K‡gB hvq|Õ GKRb wkÿv_x©I cÖvqGKBiKgfv‡e e‡j‡Qb, Ôwewfbœ msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï cv_©K¨ hw`†`Lv hvq, Zvn‡j mwVK Z_¨ Rvbv hvq bv, GRb¨ cvVK‡K weåvwšÍ‡Z co‡Z nq|ÕAvi Gme weåvwšÍ, weiw³ ev msev`-g~j¨ K‡g hvevi KviY wn‡m‡e DËi`vZvivK‡qKwU KviY D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ cÖK…Z Z_¨ AcÖKvwkZ _v‡K, mwVK Z_¨ †c‡Zmgm¨v nq, NUbvi ev¯ÍeZv‡K cvk KvwU‡q hvq| G cÖm‡½ GKRb wPwKrm‡Kie³e¨ n‡jvÑ ÔG¸‡jv B‡qv‡jv Rvb©vwjRg| Gi gva¨‡g gvbyl‡K wRw¤§ Kiv n‡”Q|ÕA‡bK DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï GB wfbœZvi Rb¨ mvsevw`K‡ì ivR‰bwZKc¶cvZ Ges e¨w³MZ ¯^v_©ciZv‡KB `vqx K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ GKRb wkÿKe‡jb, ÔAwaKvsk msev`cÎ ivR‰bwZK I e¨w³MZfv‡e cÿcvZ yó| G Kvi‡YKL‡bv KL‡bv wKQz wKQz cwÎKv ÿgZvmxb miKv‡ii e›`bvMxwZ‡Z gMœ nq|eZ©gv‡b wgwWqv BÛvw÷ª ¯^v_©v‡š^lxgn‡ji Kv‡Q wRw¤§ Ges wgwWqvigvwjK/¯^Z¡vwaKvixMY Zv‡ì gbg‡Zv msev` cwi‡ekb K‡i _v‡Kb| Avi GRb¨BwbDR †fjy K‡g hvq|Õ hv‡nvK g~j K_v n‡”Q msev` gv‡bB mZ¨ I e¯‘wbô|Kv‡RB GB mZ¨ me‡ÿ‡Î GKB n‡eÑ †mUvB cÖZ¨vwkZ| AwaKvsk DËi`vZvwelqwUi mv‡_ GKgZ Ges G cÖm‡½ GKRb mvsevw`K e‡j‡Qb, Ômsev` gv‡bBmZ¨, e¯‘wbô Avi mZ¨ me‡ÿ‡ÎB GK| Avi G Kvi‡YB cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkv n‡jvmZ¨ I e¯‘wbô msev‡ì Dc¯’vcbv|Õ Gi Rb¨ ìKvi mvsevw`K Z_v msev`cÎcÖwZôvb‡K `jxq I e¨w³¯^v‡_©i E‡aŸ© D‡V msev` cwi‡ekb Kiv| hw` me cwÎKvI mvsevw`K Gi PP©v K‡ib Z‡e Aek¨B wewfbœ msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev‡ìm~Pbvq Dc¯’vcbMZ cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI Z_¨weåvwšÍi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM _vK‡e bv| AviAwaKvsk cvV‡Ki cÖZ¨vkvI †h ZvB|

99 100



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

msev` g~j¨ K‡ghvq wKbv

nu¨v 660

660

770

660

660

880

660

4564.29

bv 440

440

330

440

440

220

440

2535.71

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

6.2.6 msev`-m~Pbvq fyj Z_¨ cwi‡ekb m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡ì cÖwZwµqv I cÖZ¨vkvmsev`-m~Pbv n‡jv msev‡ì g~j Kvwnwbi mswÿß, AvKl©Yxq, mnR, mvejxj Ie¯‘wbô Dc¯’vcb| msev`-m~Pbvq fyj Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcb msev‡ì wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv‡Kbó K‡i Ges cvVK‡ì g‡a¨ Gi gvivZ¥K cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq| wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j(†Uwej 6.11) G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|

†Uwej 6.11msev`-m~Pbvq fzj Z‡_ï cwi‡ekb

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ¸‡jvi msev`-m~Pbvq fyj Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ nIqvi welqwUDËi`vZvMY †ek fv‡jvfv‡eB j¶ K‡i‡Qb| KviY, †Uwej 6.11 Abyhvqx †`Lvhvq †h, 82.85% DËi`vZv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î fzj Z_¨ cwi‡ek‡bi wel‡qGKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jvP¨ djvdj GB A_© cÖKvk K‡i bv †h, memgqBcvVKMY msev`-m~Pbvq fzj Z‡_ï cwi‡ekb jÿ K‡ib, eis †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvmgq Gme DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbvq fzj Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcb jÿ K‡i‡Qb| wk¶K,eëmvqx Ges AvBbRxex‡ì g‡a¨ G msL¨v 100%, miKvwi PvKwiRxex IwPwKrmK‡ì g‡a¨ 80%, mvsevw`K‡ì g‡a¨ 70% Ges wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡a¨ 50%|M‡elYvi djvdj Abyhvqx Lye AímsL¨K (17.15%) DËi`vZv msev`-m~PbvqKL‡bv fyj Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcb jÿ K‡ibwb| DËi`vZvMY †hme †ÿ‡Î fzj Z‡_ïcwi‡ekb jÿ K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv, e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi fzjbv‡gi eënvi, msev`-m~‡Îi bvg fzjfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ges wewfbœ cwimsL¨vbfzjfv‡e Dc¯’vcb| GKRb eëmvqx e‡j‡Qb, Ômsev`-m~Pbvq KL‡bv KL‡bv bv‡gifzj _v‡K Ges msev`-m~Î fzjfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nq|Õ bv‡gi fzj gvivZ¥K hv e¨w³iRb¨ gvbnvwbKi| hwÌ Gme fzj A‡bK †ÿ‡Î AmveavbZvekZ ev UvB‡cvMÖvwdK,Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î msev`Kgx©‡ì †ewkgvÎvq m‡PZb nIqv DwPZ| Z‡e A‡bK cvVK

msev`Kgx©‡ì weiæ‡× B”QvK…Z fz‡ji Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Qb| Gme fzj AwaKvsk†ÿ‡Î ivR‰bwZK †jRyoe„wËi Kvi‡Y A_ev e¨w³¯^v_© PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨ Kiv nq|GKRb wkÿK Awf‡hvM K‡i e‡jb, ÔivR‰bwZK msev` †jLvi †ÿ‡Î msev`-m~Pbvq fzj Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ nq| Avevi fzj Z_¨ cvIqv hvq `ªe¨g~j¨ m¤úwK©Zwi‡cv‡U©i †ÿ‡Î|Õ msev`-m~Pbvq Giƒc fzj Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ n‡j Zv‡Z cvVK‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwZwµqvn‡eÑGUvB ¯^vfvweK| fzj Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi d‡j AwaKvsk cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ †hcÖwZwµqv nq, †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑ cvVKMY msev`c‡Îi Ici Av¯’vnvwi‡q †d‡jb, mvsevw`K‡ì Ici exZkÖ× nb Ges mZ¨ DÑvU‡b weåvšÍ nb|GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~Pbvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó¨ †h‡nZz mwVK Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcb(wØZxq Aa¨v‡qi 2.6 `ªóe¨), †m‡nZz B”QvK…Z ev Awb”QvK…Z hvB †nvK bv †Kb,KL‡bvB cvVKiv Giƒc fzj Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcb cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib bv| Zviv Pvb NUbvimZ¨ I e¯‘wbô Dc¯’vcb hv Zviv wek¦vm Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

6.2.7 msev`-m~Pbvq †hŠb DÏxcK, AvÂwjK, RvwZ‰elg¨g~jK I wj½‰elg¨g~jKk‡ãi/ev‡Kï eënvi Ges Avwèvmx‡ì Dc¯’vcb wel‡q cvVK-g~j¨vqb I cÖZ¨vkv

msev`-m~Pbvq Ggb †Kv‡bv kã/evK¨ eënvi Kiv wVK bq hv‡Z Zv †hŠb Db¥v`bvm„wó K‡i ev †Kv‡bv RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l K‡ói KviY nq| GB M‡elYvqAv‡aqi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ msev`cÎmg~‡n †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi cvIqv bv†M‡jI (PZz_© Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej 4.6 `ªóe¨) mvwe©K wePv‡i KL‡bv KL‡bvmsev`cÎmg~n msev`-m~Pbvq Giƒc kã/evK¨ eënvi K‡ib (†Uwej 6.12 `ªóe¨)|GB M‡elYvq gvÎ GKwU K‡i wj½‰elg¨g~jK, RvwZ‰elg¨g~jK, AvÂwjKkã/ev‡Kï eënvi jÿ Kiv †M‡jI (PZz_© Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej 4.6 `ªóe¨), M‡elYvqAšÍfy©³ cvVKMY msev`-m~Pbvq G welq¸‡jv gv‡S g‡a¨ jÿ K‡ib e‡j gšÍe¨K‡i‡Qb (†Uwej 6.13, 6.14 I 6.15 `ªóe¨)| GQvovI Avwèvmxiv G‡`‡ki¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask n‡jI Zv‡ì Dc¯’vcb msev`c‡Î AZ¨šÍ ÿxY hv PZz_© Aa¨v‡qi†Uwej 4.7-G Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| G wel‡q cvVK‡ì gZvgZ eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡qi†Uwej 6.16-G Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

101 102



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

fzj Z‡_ïcwi‡ekb nqwKbv

nu¨v 10100

550

880

10100

10100

880

770

5882.85

bv- 5

50220 - - 2

20330

1217.15

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

†Uwej 6.12msev`-m~Pbvq †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi


wØZxq Aa¨v‡q D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, msev`c‡Îi cvVK wKš‘ 12 eQ‡ii wkï †_‡Kïiæ K‡i 80 eQ‡ii e„× ch©šÍ| G Kvi‡YB msev`c‡Î Ggb †Kv‡bv fvlv ev kãeënvi Kiv DwPZ bq hv Avgv‡ì mgvR-ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© bq| wKš‘evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbvq Ggb me †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi jÿKiv hvq hv †gv‡UI Kvw•ÿZ bq| M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ DËi`vZv‡ì yB-Z„Zxqvs‡kiAwaK (67.15%) evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ¸‡jvi msev`-m~Pbvq A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †hŠbDÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi j¶ K‡ib| G‡ì g‡a¨ wk¶K i‡q‡Qb 100%, wk¶v_©x60%, miKvwi PvKwiRxex 60%, eëmvqx 80%, AvBbRxex 40%, wPwKrmK70% Ges mvsevw`K i‡q‡Qb 60%| †hgb, GKRb wkÿv_©x `vwe K‡i‡Qb †h,Ômsev`-m~Pbvq A‡bK mgq Pjw”P‡Îi msev` Dc¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î Ô†m·Õ kãwUieënvi jÿ Kiv hvq|Õ Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi DËi`vZvMY ZvrÿwYKfv‡e D`vniY w`‡Zbv cvi‡jI msev`-m~Pbvq †h †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi jÿ K‡ib †m welqwU¯úófv‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| GKwU welq GLv‡b Aek¨ ejv cÖvmw½K n‡e †h, M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ msev`c‡Îiwbe©vwPZ msev`-m~Pbvq †Kv‡bv †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi cvIqv hvqwb (PZy_©Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej 4.6 `ªóe¨)| G djvd‡ji mg_©‡b 32.85% DËi`vZv i‡q‡Qbhviv KL‡bv msev`-m~Pbvq †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi jÿ K‡ibwb e‡j gšÍe¨K‡i‡Qb| G‡ì g‡a¨ AvBbRxex i‡q‡Qb 60%, wkÿv_©x, mvsevw`K Ges miKvwiPvKwiRxex i‡q‡Qb 40%, wPwKrmK i‡q‡Qb 30% Ges eëmvqx i‡q‡Qb 20%(†Uwej 6.12 `ªóe¨)| cvVK‡ì gZvgZ †_‡K GKwU welq cwi®‹vi †h, GBM‡elYvq wbe©vwPZ msev`-m~Pbvq †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi bv cvIqv †M‡jI

evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î G ai‡bi k‡ãi eënvi i‡q‡Q G K_v ejv hvq| Z‡eDËi`vZv‡ì mevi cÖZ¨vkv †hb †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi bv Kiv nq|

†Uwej 6.13msev`-m~Pbvq AvÂwjKZvi cÖfve yó kã/evK¨

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|msev`c‡Î msev‡` êwPÎ¨ Avbvi Rb¨ KL‡bv KL‡bv AvÂwjK kã ev evK¨ eënviKiv n‡jI ninv‡gkv †mUv Kiv nq- GgbwU bq| KviY msev`cÎ me AÂ‡jigvby‡li Rb¨| ZvB AvÂwjK k‡ãi/ev‡Kï eënvi Ab¨ AÂ‡ji gvby‡li†evaM‡g¨ mgm¨v ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y cÖwgZ fvlvixwZ AbymiY K‡imsev`c‡Î msev` †jLv nq hv‡Z K‡i me AÂ‡ji gvby‡li †evaM‡g¨ †Kv‡bv mgm¨vm„wó bv K‡i| †Uwej 6.13 Abyhvqx †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, msev`-m~Pbvq AvÂwjKZvicÖfve yó k‡ãi †Zgb eënvi nq e‡j DËi`vZv‡ì AwaKvskB g‡b K‡ib bv|†gvU DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ 75.71% g‡b K‡ib †h Zviv msev`-m~Pbvq †Kv‡bv iKgAvÂwjKZvi cÖfve j¶ K‡ibwb| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î mvsevw`K I wk¶K‡ì LvwbKUvmskqev`x e‡j g‡b n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ gvÎ 40% msev`-m~PbvqAvÂwjKZvi cÖfve j¶ K‡ib e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| ¯úó D`vniY w`‡Z bv cvi‡jIZviv msev`-m~Pbvq KL‡bv KL‡bv Giƒc kã ev ev‡Kï eënvi jÿ K‡i‡Qb| GmsL¨v wkÿv_©x Ges AvBbRxex‡ì †ÿ‡Î 30%, miKvwi PvKwiRxex, eëmvqx IwPwKrmK‡ì †ÿ‡Î gvÎ 10%| GB M‡elYvi djvdj M‡elYvq wbe©vwPZmsev`c‡Îi Av‡aq we‡køl‡Y cÖvß Z‡_ï mv‡_ A‡bKUv mvhyR¨c~Y©| KviY G‡ÿ‡Îwbe©vwPZ †gvU msev`-m~Pbvq gvÎ 1wU AvÂwjKZvi cÖfve yó kã eënvi K‡i‡Q(PZz_© Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej 4.7 `ªóe¨)| msev`-m~Pbvq cÖvß djvdj Ges DËi`vZv‡ìgZvgZ †_‡K GKwU welq cwi®‹vi †h, evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ¸‡jv AvÂwjKZvicÖfve yó kã ev evK¨ eënv‡i h‡_ó m‡PZb hv cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkvi mv‡_mv „k¨c~Y©|

103 104



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

†hŠb DÏxcKk‡ãi eënvinq wKbv

nu¨v 10100

660

660

880

440

770

660

4767.15

bv- 4

40440

220

660

330

440

2332.85

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

AvÂwjKZvicÖfve`yókã/evK¨

nu¨v 440

330

110

110

330

110

440

1724.29

bv 660

770

990

990

770

990

660

5375.71

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

†Uwej 6.14msev`-m~Pbvq wj½‰elg¨


†hme mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, kvixwiK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K m~P‡Ki wfwË‡Z Avgiv GKRbe¨w³‡K bvix wKsev cyiæl wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kwi †mme m~PK‡KB ˆjw½K mËv wn‡m‡emsÁvwqZ Kiv nq| GB ˆjw½K mËv Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †Kbbv GBmËvi wbwi‡LB Avgiv G‡K Ab¨‡K †`wL Ges Dcjwä Kwi| Z‡e A‡bK mgq GBmËv‡K †Zgb ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q ˆjw½K welqwU †Kej bvix†Kw›`ªK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvKiv nq| A_P GB welqmg~n Avgv‡ì hvwcZ Rxeb I mgvR‡K †Kv‡bv bv†Kv‡bvfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| hv‡nvK, GB mgv‡RiB GKRb m`m¨ wn‡m‡emvsevw`K‡ì `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Zviv †h evZ©v mÂvwiZ K‡ib Zv †hb mgv‡Ri †Kv‡bvm`m¨‡KB †bwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ bv K‡i| hwÌ evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Îwj½‰elg¨ i‡q‡Q e‡j wewfbœ M‡elYvq cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q (†di‡`Šm,†ivev‡qZ I kviwgb, Avwidv, 2001, evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î †RÛvims‡e`bkxjZv)| msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbvq GB ˆjw½K welqwUi Dc¯’vcbvKxfv‡e msev`cÎ cvVKMY Dcjwä K‡ib Ges G-wel‡q Zv‡ì cÖZ¨vkvI ev wK,†mUv Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj GB M‡elYvq| M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ msev`-m~Pbvqˆjw½K êl‡gï cÖ‡kœ †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, DËi`vZvM‡Yi g‡a¨ ÔbvÕ Gi gvÎvB †ewk|hvi nvi n‡”Q 57.15%| G msL¨v AvBbRxex‡ì †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk A_©vr90%| mvsevw`K‡Ki †ÿ‡Î G msL¨v 80%, miKvwi PvKwiRxex‡ì †ÿ‡Î 60%,wkÿv_©x Ges wPwKrmK‡ì †ÿ‡Î 50%, eëmvqx‡ì †ÿ‡Î 40% Ges wkÿK‡ì†ÿ‡Î G msL¨v 30%| Ab¨w`‡K 42.85% DËi`vZv g‡b K‡ib †h, msev‡ìm~Pbvq wj½‰elg¨ _v‡K| M‡elYvi djvdj wbe©vwPZ msev`c‡Îi Av‡aq we‡køl‡YcÖvß djvd‡ji mv‡_ A‡bKUv mv „k¨c~Y©| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î wbe©vwPZ †gvU msev`-

m~Pbvq gvÎ 1wU wj½‰elg¨g~jK kã eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q (PZz_© Aa¨v‡qi †Uwej4.7 `ªóe¨)| Dc‡ii †Uwej 6.14 Abyhvqx, msev`c‡Î ˆjw½K Bmy wUi Dc¯’vcbv DËi`vZvMY†ek fv‡jvfv‡eB †Lqvj K‡ib e‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q| DËi`vZv‡ì Dcjwä‡K†gvUv`v‡M ejv hvq-G‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î bvixiv BwZevPKfv‡e wKsev BwZevPKKvi‡Y Dc¯’vwcZ nb bv eis †hŠbZv I wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi wn‡m‡eB Dc¯’vwcZ nb|†m‡¶‡Î eënvi Kiv nq wewfbœ we‡klY| †hgb, jjbv, cÖgxjv, gwnjv, M„nea~,igYx, hyewZ, bvix, my›ìx, my›ìx hyewZ| †hgb, GKRb miKvwi Kg©KZ©v e‡jb,Ôbvix cÖZviK A¯¿mn †MÖdZvi, Avevi moK yN©Ubvq bvixmn 5 Rb wbnZ-Giƒcfv‡e bvix‡K nvBjvBUm K‡i msev`-m~Pbvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|Õ AveviGKRb wkÿK e‡jb, Ôcywj‡ki msev‡` A‡bK mgq AwZiwÄZfv‡e gwnjv cywjke‡j bvix‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq msev`-m~Pbvq|Õ hv‡nvK, msev`c‡Î ˆjw½KwelqwUi mvgwMÖK Dc¯’vcbv‡K GKRb wPwKrmK DËi`vZv h_v_©fv‡eB e‡j‡Qb,ÔcyiælZvwš¿K g‡bvfve gy‡L mgZvi K_v ej‡jI cwÎKvq msev‡ì Dc¯’vcb †`‡Lg‡b nq bv|Õ GKRb AvBbRxex DËi`vZv e‡jb, Ômsev`c‡Î bvix‡ì Dc¯’vc‡bimgq Avjv`v mËv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv bv K‡i, bvix-cyiæl‡K GKBfv‡e we‡ePbv KivDwPZ|Õ AvBbRxexi g‡Zv GB M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ AwaKvsk DËi`vZvi cÖZ¨vkvbvix‡K bvix wn‡m‡e Avjv`vfv‡e Dc¯’vcb bv K‡i gvbyl wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv|

†Uwej 6.15Avwèvmx‡ì welqwU msev`-m~Pbvq ch©vßfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nq wKbv

m~Î: mvÿvrKvi †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, 2011|evsjv‡`‡k Avwèvmx Rb‡Mvôx msL¨vjNy| †`‡ki RvZxq MYgva¨g¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡ìRxebwP‡Îi h_vh_ Dc¯’vc‡bi †¶‡Î GB jNy‡Z¡i welqwU A‡bK †ÿ‡Î dz‡U I‡V|

105 106

†ckv

wkÿK(msL¨v)(%)


miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

Avwèvmx‡ìwelqe¯‘ch©vßfv‡eDc¯’vwcZ nqwKbvnu¨v - 4

40220 - 6

60440

440

2028.57

bv 10100

660

880

10100

440

660

660

5071.43

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100



miKvwiPvKwiRxex

(msL¨v) (%)

eëmvqx(msL¨v)(%)

AvBbRxex(msL¨v)(%)

wPwKrmK(msL¨v)(%)

mvsevw`K(msL¨v)(%)

†gvU(msL¨v)(%)

msev` m~Pbvqwj½‰elg¨ Av‡QwKbv

nu¨v 770

550

440

660

110

550

220

3042.85

bv 330

550

660

440

990

550

880

4057.15

†gvU 10100

10100

10 100

10100

10 100

10 100

10 100

70 100

†Uwej 6.15-G †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, 71.43% DËi`vZvB g‡b K‡ib msev`-m~PbvqAvwèvmx‡ì welqmg~n ch©vßfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nq bv| Z‡e Avwèvmx cÖ‡kœ wk¶KI eëmvqx‡ì me‡P‡q †ewk ms‡e`bkxj e‡j g‡b n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv Zv‡ì g‡a¨kZKiv 100 fvMB g‡b K‡ib †h evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ¸‡jvi msev`-m~PbvqAvwèvmx‡ì welqmg~n ch©vßfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nq bv| Ab¨w`‡K miKvwiPvKwiRxex‡ì †ÿ‡Î G msL¨v 80%| wk¶v_©x, Wv³vi I mvsevw`K‡ì g‡a¨ 60%Ges AvBbRxex‡ì g‡a¨ 40% g‡b K‡ib Avwèvmx‡ì welqwU h_vh_fv‡eDc¯’vwcZ nq bv| 28.57% DËi`vZv G wel‡q GKgZ bv n‡jI G K_vwbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, Avwèvmxiv evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbvqh_v_©fv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ n‡”Q bv| GKRb mvsevw`K e‡jb, ÔAvwèvmxiv G‡`‡kiAvw` evwm›`v n‡jI msev`c‡Î G‡ì Dc¯’vcbv h‡_ó Kg| †h Kvi‡Y msev`-m~Pbvq G‡ì Dc¯’vcbv Kg nIqvB ¯^vfvweK| Avgvi g‡b nq we‡kl we‡kl w`‡bev msev‡ì †ÿ‡Î Avwèvmx‡ì cÖvavb¨ w`‡q msev`-cwi‡ekb Kiv DwPZ|Õ A_©vrmsev`-m~Pbvq Avwèvmx‡ì msev` BwZevPKfv‡e Dc¯’vcb cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib eZ©gvbM‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ DËi`vZvMY| 6.3 msev`-m~Pbv †Kgb n‡eÑ G m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkvmsev`-m~Pbv †Kv‡bv msev`-Kvwnwbi Ggb GKwU Ask †hLv‡b msev‡ì me‡P‡q¸iæZ¡c~Y© e³e¨wU Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Avi GB Dc¯’vcbvwU Ggb n‡Z nq †hb ZvcvV‡Ki g‡b mivmwi, mnR, AvKl©Yxq I cÿcvZnxbfv‡e cy‡iv KvwnwbwU m¤ú‡K©aviYv †`q| Kv‡RB ejv hvq †h, msev`-m~Pbv n‡”Q †Kv‡bv msev`-Kvwnwbimsw¶ßZg iƒc| Kv‡iv cÖwZ êlg¨ bq; ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ PwiZv_© Kivi gvb‡mbq; eis mZ¨ NUbvi mswÿß A_P mvgwMÖK eY©bvB Av`k© msev`-m~Pbvi êwkó¨|cvVKiv Kx ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib- eZ©gvb M‡elYvq G wel‡qcvVK‡ì Kv‡Q cÖkœ Kiv n‡qwQj| DËi`vZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv¸‡jv‡K †gvUv`v‡Mwb‡¤œv³fv‡e web¨¯Í Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) GB M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ DËi`vZvMY me©m¤§Zfv‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, msev`-

m~Pbv n‡e msev‡ì msw¶ß iƒc †hLv‡b GKwU wi‡cv‡U©i AšÍwb©wnZ Zvrch©mswÿß AvKv‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡e| msev`-m~Pbvq msw¶ß AvKv‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y©Z_¨¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e †hb cvVK m~PbvwU c‡oB mgMÖ msev‡ìg~j fvewU eyS‡Z cv‡i| GKwU Av`k© msev`-m~Pbv 19-29 k‡ãi g‡a¨ n‡eGes Zv me©vwaK 3wU ev‡Kï g‡a¨ n‡e e‡j cvVK‡ì AwaKvskB cÖZ¨vkvK‡ib| msev`-m~Pbvi evK¨¸‡jvI mswÿß n‡e| eZ©gvb cÖZ¨vkvi mg_©‡bGKRb mvsevw`‡Ki e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡e| wZwb e‡jb, Ô19-29

k‡ãi g‡a¨ Lye ms‡ÿ‡c m‡e©v”P 3 jvB‡bi †fZi wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ Dc¯’vcbKiv DwPZ GKwU Av`k© msev`-m~Pbvq|Õ

2) msev`-m~Pbvi g~j KvRB n‡”Q me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I me©‡kl Z_¨wUmswÿßvKv‡i cvVK‡K Av‡M Rvwb‡q †Ìqv| hv‡nvK, GB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I mswÿßDc¯’vcbvi mnR †KŠkj n‡”Q msev`-m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ (Kx, KLb, †Kv_vq, †K,†Kb Ges †Kgb K‡i)ÑGi DËi †Ìqv| mvsevw`KZvq GwU eûj eëüZc×wZ (G m¤ú‡K© wØZxq Aa¨v‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q)| wKQz wKQzmsev`-m~Pbv Ôlo-KÕ-Gi DËi cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †jLv bv n‡jI, AwaKvsk†ÿ‡Î GwU eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ msL¨vMwiôDËi`vZvB cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib †h, msev`-m~Pbv Ggbfv‡e †jLv DwPZ hv‡Zmsev`-Kvwnwbi ïiæ‡ZB Ôlo-KÕ-Gi DËi cvIqv hvq|

3) msev`-m~Pbv n‡e Z_ëûj, mZ¨ I wbfy©j| Avi Z_ëûj, mZ¨ I wbfy©jmsev`-m~Pbv iPbvi †¶‡Î Zv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv I civgk©¸‡jv wQj wVK GiKg:mvsevw`KMY msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä K‡i Zv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb; msev`cÎcÖwZôvb¸‡jv †hvM¨ I `ÿ mvsevw`K wb‡qvM Ki‡e; msev`cÎ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvZv‡ì ivR‰bwZK mswkøóZv cwinvi Ki‡e; mnR ev‡K¨ †QvU K‡i g~j fveUzKzcÖKvk Ki‡e; Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ bv n‡q Z_¨ cwi‡ekb Ki‡e bv; mZ¨‡KmZ¨ e‡j gvb‡e Ges njy mvsevw`KZv cwinvi Ki‡e; ivR‰bwZK cÖfvegy³†_‡K cvV‡Ki gvbwmKZv ey‡S e¯‘wbôfv‡e msev` wjL‡Z n‡e; NUbv¯’‡jm‡iRwgb Dcw¯’Z †_‡K cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Ki‡e| Z‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì civg‡k©iRvqMvwU GKUz AbïKg| Zviv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib †h, whwb msev` msMÖn K‡ibZv‡K †m msev` Qvcv‡bvi êaZv w`‡Z n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K AvBbRxex‡ì civgk©n‡jv mvsevw`K‡ì Nyl LvIqvi cÖeYZv Kgv‡Z n‡e| KviY Nyl bv wb‡jmZZvi RvqMvwU cwi”Qbœ _vK‡e Ges NUbvi mZ¨ weeiYx cÖKv‡k Avi †Kv‡bvmgm¨v _vK‡e bv| Avi mvsevw`K‡ì civgk©¸‡jv G‡Kev‡iB AwfÁZvcÖm~Z|†hgb, Zviv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib msev`‡ÿ‡Î †ckv`vi mvsevw`K wb‡qvM Imvsevw`‡Ki †ckvi ¯^vaxbZv| Zviv Pvb, cy‡iv welqwU fv‡jvfv‡e Dcjwä K‡ime‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I cÖvmw½K welqwU cvVK AvMÖn we‡ePbv K‡i msev` m~PbvqAvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

4) †Kv‡bv RwUj kã, evK¨ ev fvlv bq, msev`-m~Pbv wjL‡Z n‡e AZ¨šÍ mnRfvlvq| †Kv‡bv AwZiwÄZ Z_¨ msev`-m~Pbvq eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡emnR-mij fvlvq msev`-m~Pbv wjL‡jI Gi Dc¯’vcb‰kjx n‡e PgrKvi hv‡ZK‡i me ai‡bi cvV‡Ki Rb¨ Zv †evaMg¨ nq|

107 108

5) mgMÖ wi‡cv‡U©i ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i msev`-m~Pbv wjL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cvVKmsev‡ì m~Pbv c‡oB cy‡iv msev`-KvwnwbwUi AšÍwb©wnZ Zvrch© DcjwäKi‡Z cv‡ib Ges m¤ú~Y© msev`-weeiYxwU co‡Z DØy× nb|

6) cvVK‡K cy‡iv msev`-Kvwnwb cv‡V cÖjyä Kivi cÖ‡kœ †gv¶g †KŠkjwU n‡”Qmsev`-m~PbvwU AvKl©Yxq nIqv| Avi GB AvKl©Yxq msev`-m~Pbv †jLviAb¨Zg †KŠkj n‡”Q hZUv m¤¢e Aí kã eënvi K‡i me‡P‡q †ewkmsL¨KZ_¨ cwi‡ekb Kiv| G‡¶‡Î ev‡K¨ we‡klY eënv‡ii e`‡j AvKl©Yxq I†Rviv‡jv wµqv eënvi KivUvB cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkv| †Kbbv Gme we‡klY†Kv‡bv NUbv ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cvV‡Ki g‡bvRM‡Z „k¨MZ-wµqv mÂvwiZK‡i bv eis mv`vgvUv fv‡jv-g‡›ì weeiYx nvwRi K‡i| ïay ZvB bq, Gmewe‡kl‡Yi g‡a¨ mvsevw`‡Ki GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ I c¶cvZmÂvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| msev`-m~Pbvq ZvB hZUv m¤¢e we‡klY Kg eënvi KivBAwaKvsk cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkv|

7) msev`-m~Pbvq †hŠb DÏxcK, RvwZ‰elg¨g~jK, Avwèvmx‡ì cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK,wj½‰elg¨g~jK I AvÂwjKZvi cÖfve yó kã I ev‡Kï eënvi msev‡ìe¯‘wbôZv‡K webó K‡i| wKš‘ cvVK me mgqB msev`-m~Pbvq e¯‘wbô Z‡_ïDc¯’vcb cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| e¯‘wbô msev` wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ ZvB msev`-m~Pbvq†hŠb DÏxcK, RvwZ‰elg¨g~jK, Avwèvmx‡ì cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK Geswj½‰elg¨g~jK kã I ev‡Kï eënvi bv Kivi civgk© DËi`vZv‡ì|

8) GKRb mvsevw`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ ïay msev` iPbvi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq eis ZvimvgvwRK `vwqZ¡I i‡q‡Q| †m Kvi‡Y wZwb hLb msev`-Kvwnwb iPbv Ki‡ebZv †hb †Kv‡bv NUbv ev welqe¯‘i c~Y©v½ w`K‡KB ¯úk© K‡iÑ GUvBDËi`vZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv| †Kbbv msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï NvUwZ wKsev wfbœ Z_¨Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i weåvwšÍi hv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZvi|

9) GKwU msev`-m~Pbvi cÖwZwU evK¨ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e G‡K Aci‡KcÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| †Kbbv ev‡Kï GB cvi¯úwiK cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK web¨vmBZ‡_ï Dc¯’vcbv‡K †cv³ K‡i; cvVK‡K cÖ‡Yvw`Z K‡i G‡Kev‡i †kl evK¨wUcovi Rb¨| msev`-m~Pbvq Ggbfv‡e evK¨¸‡jv mvRv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Z‡_ïmyweb¨¯Í web¨vm m¤¢e nq Ges Zvn‡jB cvVK cy‡iv msev`-KvwnwbwU co‡e|msev`-m~PbvwU cvVK‡K cy‡iv msev`-KvwnwbwU co‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡e wKbv Zvg~jZ K‡qKwU m~P‡Ki Ici wbf©i K‡i| Avi †mB m~PK¸‡jv n‡jv, msev`-m~Pbv n‡e AvKl©Yxq, eY©bv †KŠkj, gRv`vi nIqv I me©‡kl Z_¨msewjZweeiYx| †hgb, GKRb wk¶K D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, ÔmgMÖ wi‡cvU©wU covi

AvMÖn cvb wKbv Zv wbf©i K‡i m~Pbvi Ici| gvbm¤§Z m~Pbv bv n‡j AvMÖnnviv‡e GUvB ev¯Íe| Avgv‡K AvK…ó K‡i msev` wb‡RB| ZvB Avwg m¤ú~Y©msev`wU cwo KL‡bv KL‡bv|Õ Ab¨w`‡K mvsevw`KZv †ckvi GKRb DËi`vZvRvwb‡q‡Qb, Ômsev`-m~Pbv hw` bvUKxqfv‡e ïiæ nq Zv cvVK‡K wi‡cv‡U©iMfx‡i †U‡b wb‡q hvq|Õ Kv‡RB GUv †Rvi w`‡qB ejv hvq †h, msev` m~Pbvn‡e me©‡kl Z_¨msewjZ, AvKl©Yxq I KL‡bv KL‡bv bvUKxqI e‡U|

†gvUv`v‡M DËi`vZvMY †h ai‡bi msev` m~Pbv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib Zv n‡jv- weï× ImZ¨wbô, mwVK I wbi‡cÿ, we‡klYnxb, cÿcvwZZ¡nxb, mvejxj, e¨w³¯^v_© IivR‰bwZK ¯^v_©ewR©Z, mswÿß I mij e¯‘wbô, hyw³msMZ Ges PgKcÖ`, mnR IAvKl©Yxq| †hgb: GKRb wkÿv_x© Zvi cÖZ¨vwkZ msev`-m~Pbvi K_v Rvwb‡qe‡j‡QbÑ Ô†h m~Pbv cÖK…Z Z‡_ï Bw½Z enb K‡i|Õ Ab¨ GKRb wkÿK e‡jb,ÔGgb GKwU msev`-m~Pbv †hLv‡b Avgvi g‡bi wRÁvwmZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi_vK‡e|Õ Z‡e msev‡ì m~Pbvq wRÁvwmZ cÖ‡kœi DËi _vK‡jB Pj‡e bv mZÏD™¢vwmZ n‡Z n‡e| †hgbUv e‡j‡Qb GKRb AvBbRxex| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔmZ¨K_vwU mivmwi †jLv cÖZ¨vkv Kwi|Õ Z‡e GKRb eëmvqxi cÖZ¨vkv ïay mZ¨ Z_¨Bbq eis mvsevw`‡Ki mZZv _vKvI Riæwi| AwZiwÄZ Z_¨ w`‡q weåvšÍ Kiv hv‡ebv| Avi weåvwšÍ ~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Z‡_ï mywbweo mgš^q| Z‡e cÖZ¨vwkZmsev`-m~Pbvi K_v cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î AvBbRxex †ckvi DËi`vZv‡ì `vwe †ek†Rviv‡jv I c~Y©v½ g‡b n‡q‡Q| Zviv e‡jb, Ômsev`-m~Pbv n‡Z n‡e GKwbô,ewjô, wØav-Ø›Ønxb, cÿcvZnxb, mvnmx Ges AvKl©Yxq| mvejxj fvlvq wjL‡Zn‡e mZ¨, wbi‡cÿ, mswÿß|Õ Ab¨w`‡K mvsevw`K‡ì PvIqv GKv‡WwgK gvb`‡ÐiKvQvKvwQB g‡b n‡q‡Q| Avi GiKg nIqvB †hŠw³K| †Kbbv Zuv‡ì GB cÖZ¨vkvicÖKvk †ckvMZ AwfÁZv mÄvZ| hv‡nvK, mvsevw`K‡ì cÖZ¨vwkZ msev`-m~Pbvn‡e GgbÑLye ms‡ÿ‡c 3 jvB‡bi †fZi wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb; bvUKxq IAvKl©Yxq| 6.4 DcmsnviGB Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GKwU welq ¯úó n‡q D‡V †h, M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³AwaKvsk cvV‡Ki msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© aviYv Av‡Q| msev`-m~Pbv Kx ev GiAe¯’vb †Kv_vqÑG welqwU Zv‡ì AwaKvskB †ev‡Sb (†Uwej 6.1 `ªóe¨)| 80%-Gi †ewk DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbv‡K msev‡ì mswÿß iƒc e‡j g‡b K‡ib (†Uwej6.2 `ªóe¨)| Z‡e cÖvq 40% DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbvq Z_¨ NvUwZ I me©‡kl I¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ jÿ K‡ib bv (†Uwej 6.3 I 6.4 `ªóe¨)| DËi`vZv‡ìcÖvq yB-Z…Zxqvsk g‡b K‡ib †h, msev`-m~Pbv c‡o Zviv msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb

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K‡ib (†Uwej 6.5 `ªóe¨) Ges 75%-Gi AwaK DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbv c‡omsev`wU covi AvMÖn cvb (†Uwej 6.6 `ªóe¨)| Lye KgmsL¨K DËi`vZv(17.15%) (†Uwej 6.7 `ªóe¨) g‡b K‡ib †h, msev`-m~Pbv KwVb K‡i †jLv nqGes cÖvq A‡a©K DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbvq we‡kl‡Yi eënvi I Z_¨ †Mvc‡YicÖeYZv jÿ K‡ib (†Uwej 6.8 I 6.9 `ªóe¨)| DËi`vZv‡ì AwaKvskB msev`-m~Pbvq we‡kl‡Yi eënvi I Z_¨ †Mvc‡bi ms¯‹…wZ cQ›` K‡ib bv| cÖvq 65%DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï wewfbœZv jÿ K‡ib bv (†Uwej 6.10 `ªóe¨) Gesmsev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï wewfbœZv Zv‡ì cQ›Ì bq| gvÎ 17.15% DËi`vZvmsev`-m~Pbvq fyj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ jÿ K‡ib (†Uwej 6.11 `ªóe¨)| msL¨vq LyeKg n‡jI wKQz DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbvq Avwèvmx‡ì êlg¨g~jK, wj½‰elg¨g~jK,†hŠb DÏxcK I RvwZ‰elg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi jÿ K‡ib (†Uwej 6.11, 6.13,6.14 I 6.15 `ªóe¨) wKš‘ G¸‡jv Zv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv bq| M‡elYvi djvdj we‡kølYKi‡j †`Lv hvq †h, DËi`vZvMY weï× I mZ¨wbô, mwVK I wbi‡cÿ, we‡klYnxb,cÿcvwZZ¡nxb mvejxj, e¨w³¯^v_© I ivR‰bwZK ¯^v_©ewR©Z, mswÿß I mij e¯‘wbô,hyw³msMZ Ges PgKcÖ`, mnR I AvKl©Yxq msev`-m~Pbv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| Zviv Pvbmsev`-m~Pbv n‡e m‡e©v”P wZbwU ev‡K¨ Ges 19-29 k‡ãi g‡a¨| DËi`vZv‡ìcÖZ¨vkv n‡jv msev`-m~Pbvq me©‡kl I me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ _vK‡e|

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mßg Aa¨vqDcmsnvi I mycvwik

7.1 DcmsnviÔLe‡ii KvM‡Ri msev`-m~Pbv : GKwU g~j¨vqbÕ kxl©K M‡elYvwU c×wZMZ w`K†_‡K ¸YMZ c×wZi M‡elYv| Z‡e Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZGes Rwic c×wZ Df‡qiB Avkªq †bIqv n‡q‡Q| GKwU Kvh©Kix c×wZ wn‡m‡eGB M‡elYvq msev`-m~Pbv we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Av‡aq-we‡kølY c×wZ eënvi Kivn‡q‡Q| Av‡aq we‡køl‡Yi cwigvcK wn‡m‡e msL¨vZ¥K I ¸YvZ¥K DfqB eënviKiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K cvVK Rwi‡ci †ÿ‡Î msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ †ckvicvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkvi ¯îƒc AbymÜv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Rwic c×wZi Avkªq †bIqv n‡q‡Q|mivmwi mvÿvrKv‡ii gva¨‡g XvKv gnvbMixi wewfbœ †ckvi 70 Rb msev`cÎcvV‡Ki KvQ †_‡K Db¥y³ I Ave× Dfq ai‡bi cÖkœgvjv eënvi K‡i mvÿvrKviMÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q (we¯ÍvwiZ Z…Zxq Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

GB M‡elYvq 6wU cwÎKvi Av‡aq we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cwÎKv¸‡jv n‡jv:cÖ_g Av‡jv, hyMvšÍi, Kv‡ji KÉ,ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, mgKvj I `¨ †WBwj ÷vi|Av‡aq-we‡køl‡Y M‡elYvaxb msev`cÎ¸‡jvi cÖ_g c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì †gvUmsL¨v, msev`-Kvwnwbi aib, msev`-m~Pbvi aib, msev`-m~Pbvq Ôlo-KÕ-Gieënvi, msev`-m~Pbvq g~j wel‡qi Dcw¯’wZ, m~Pbvq fzj Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ Av‡QwKbv, wj½‰elg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi, RvwZ-ag©‰elg¨, Z‡_ï AwZiÄb, Z_¨NvUwZ, msev`-m~Pbvq †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi, we‡klY I RwUj k‡ãi eënviAv‡Q wKbv Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Av‡aq we‡køl‡Yi ïiæ‡ZB msev`c‡Îi cÖ_g cvZvq cÖKvwkZ Le‡ii †gvUmsL¨v we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡køl‡Y †`Lv wM‡q‡Q, wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU cwÎKvi 1eQ‡ii †gvU 12wU msL¨vi cÖ_g cvZvq cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì msL¨v cÖ_g Av‡jvQvwc‡q‡Q 97wU msev`, hyMvšÍ‡i 109wU, ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K 123wU, Kv‡ji K‡É95wU, mgKv‡j 105wU Ges `¨ †WBwj ÷vi Qvwc‡q‡Q 196wU| we‡køl‡Y jÿ KivwM‡q‡Q †h, GK eQ‡i me‡P‡q †ewk msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q `¨ †WBwj ÷v‡i|Gici wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK Ges me‡P‡q Kg msev` Qvwc‡q‡Q Kv‡jiKÉ (we¯ÍvwiZ PZz_© Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

cÖKvwkZ msev`-Kvwnwbi aib we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, msev`-Kvwnwb †jLvi †ÿ‡Î

êwPÎ¨gqZv Ges AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ cwÎKv¸‡jv msev`-Kvwnwbi wewfbœai‡bi kiYvcbœ n‡q _v‡K| GKwU cwÎKvi m‡Zï Qvc c‡o Zvi cÖKvwkZAbymÜvbg~jK Ges e¨vL¨vg~jK msev` cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g| M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ mg‡qmsev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e LyeB KgmsL¨K cwigv‡Y AbymÜvb Gese¨vL¨vg~jK msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡Z †`Lv wM‡q‡Q| †gvU cÖKvwkZ 725wU msev‡ìg‡a¨ 35wU wQj AbymÜvbg~jK Ges 61wU wQj e¨vL¨vg~jK| cÖvß djvdj Abyhvqxmsev`-Kvwnwbi aib¸‡jvi g‡a¨ msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z mv`vgvUv msev` cÖKvwkZn‡q‡Q me‡P‡q †ewk| mv`vgvUv msev` cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î kxl© Ae¯’vb ˆ`wbKB‡Ëdv‡Ki| ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K cÖKvwkZ 123wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ 104wU mv`vgvUvmsev`| wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b cÖ_g Av‡jv| Z…Zxq Ae¯’v‡b mgKvj| mv`vgvUv msev`me‡P‡q Kg Qvwc‡q‡Q `¨ †WBwj ÷vi| M‡elYvq cÖvß djvdj Abyhvqxü`qwe`viK msev‡ì cwigvY LyeB Kg| †gvU cÖKvwkZ 725wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ü`qwe`viK msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 10wU| hyMvšÍi Ges cÖ_g Av‡jv ev‡`M‡elYvaxb Avi †Kv‡bv cwÎKvq ü`qwe`viK msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡Z †`Lv hvqwb|gvbweK Av‡e`bagx© msev` cÖ_g Av‡jv ev‡` Ab¨me cwÎKvqB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡QZ‡e cwigv‡Y cÖvq me‡ÿ‡ÎB Kg| wbe©vwPZ msev`cÎ¸‡jv cÖPwjZ msev`-Kvwnwbi ai‡bi evB‡i I ÔAb¨vb¨Õ-Gi AvIZvq msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hvicwigvY 181wU (we¯ÍvwiZ PZz_© Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

GLv‡b jÿYxq †h, M‡elYvaxb cwÎKv¸‡jv NUbvi Kvwnwb eY©bvq mv`vgvUveY©bv w`‡ZB †ewk ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡i‡Q| cvV‡Ki GK‡N‡qwg ~i Kivi Rb¨msev`cÎ¸‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi msev`-m~Pbv eënvi K‡i| we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq,eZ©gvb mg‡qi †ewkifvM cwÎKvqB NUbvi mvigg© w`‡q msev‡ì m~Pbv wj‡L‡Q|Z‡e NUbvi eY©bv w`‡qI msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi cÖeYZv jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q| eZ©gvbM‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, †gvU cÖKvwkZ 725wU msev‡ì g‡a¨ 497wU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Qmvigg©wfwËK msev`-m~Pbv| Ab¨w`‡K eY©bvg~jK msev`-m~Pbv n‡jv M‡elYvaxbmsev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z eëüZ wØZxq m‡e©v”P msev`-m~Pbv| †gvU cÖKvwkZ 725wUmsev‡ì g‡a¨ 149wU eY©bvg~jK msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| eëüZ msev`-m~Pbvig‡a¨ Z„Zxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q D×„wZ ev wee„wZ msev`-m~Pbv| `¨ †WBwj ÷vi QvovM‡elYvaxb Ab¨ me cwÎKvqB D×„wZ ev wee„wZ msev‡ì eënvi jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q|hwÌ Gi cwigvY Lye GKUv †ewk bv| D×„wZ msev`-m~Pbv me‡P‡q †ewkmsL¨KcÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K hvi cwigvY 11wU| wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b hyMvšÍi 8wU,mgKvj 7wU, cÖ_g Av‡jv 5wU Ges Kv‡ji KÉ 2wU (we¯ÍvwiZ PZz_© Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

we‡køl‡Y jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q †h, M‡elYvaxb me cwÎKv cÖkœ‡evaK msev`-m~Pbv,

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gšÍeägx© m~Pbv, iƒcK, msjvcagx©, ÷¨vKv‡Uv Ges we¯§qagx© msev`-m~Pbv eënviK‡iwb| welqwU cwi®‹vi †h, msev`-m~Pbv hZ Kg k‡ã NUbvi g~j welqwU‡K eY©bvKi‡e ZZB fv‡jv| M‡elYvaxb msev`cÎ¸‡jv msev`-m~Pbv †jLvi †ÿ‡Î KL‡bv30 kã, Avevi Zvi †ewk Avevi KL‡bv 30 k‡ãi Kg kã eënvi K‡i‡Q|jÿYxq †h, M‡elYvaxb 6wU cwÎKvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cwÎKvq 10 k‡ãi wb‡P †Kv‡bvmsev`-m~Pbv †bB| cÖ_g Av‡jv Ges hyMvšÍi ev‡` Ab¨me cwÎKvqB msev`-m~Pbv†jLvi †ÿ‡Î 10-15 k‡ãi eënvi †`L‡Z cvIqv wM‡q‡Q (we¯ÍvwiZ PZz_© Aa¨vq`ªóe¨)|

AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î GKRb mvsevw`K cvVK‡K NUbvi mswÿß eY©bv Rvbv‡bviRb¨ Ôlo-KÕ cš’v‡K †e‡Q †bb| GB M‡elYvq cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h,M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ 6wU cwÎKvq eëüZ msev`-m~Pbvq A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB Ôlo-KÕeënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GKwU welq †h, M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ cÖvq me cwÎKvBmsev`-m~Pbvq ÔKxÕ cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡q msev`-m~Pbv cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Q| Avevimsev`-m~Pbvq g~j Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ, †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi, wj½‰elg¨,Z_¨NvUwZ, we‡kl‡Yi eënvi Ges RwUj kã/ev‡Kï eënvi mgKvj Ges Kv‡jiK‡É wKQzUv e¨wZµg †`Lv †M‡jI M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ msev`c‡Îi AwaKvsk msev`-m~Pbvq msev‡ì g~j e³‡eï Dc¯’vcb wQj A_©vr †gvU cÖKvwkZ 725wU msev‡ìg‡a¨ 708wU‡Z msev‡ì g~j e³‡eï Dcw¯’wZ jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q| msev`-m~PbvqRwUj kãwewkó ev‡Kï eënvi h‡_ó Kg jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q| Zvic‡iI Gime‡P‡q †ewk eënvi jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q hyMvšÍ‡i| wØZxq Ae¯’vb ˆ`wbKB‡Ëdv‡Ki| hyMvšÍi RwUj kã/ev‡Kï msL¨vi eënvi K‡i‡Q 16wU msev`-m~Pbvq| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK K‡i‡Q 11wU‡Z| Kv‡ji K‡É Gi cwigvY wQj me‡P‡qKg| Ab¨w`‡K `¨ †WBwj ÷vi cwÎKvq †Kv‡bv RwUj kã/ev‡Kï eënvi jÿ Kivhvqwb| Ab¨w`‡K wj½‰elg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvi hyMvšÍ‡i jÿ Kiv †M‡jIwe‡kølYvaxb †Kv‡bv msev`c‡Î †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi msev`-m~Pbvq jÿ Kivhvqwb| msev`-Kvwnwbi h_vh_ cÖKv‡k we‡kl‡Yi eënvi h‡_ó mnvqK n‡jImsev`-m~Pbvq hZ Kg we‡klY eënvi Kiv hvq ZZB fv‡jv| Av‡aq we‡køl‡Y†`Lv hvq, we‡klYhy³ kã eënvi K‡i me‡P‡q †ewk msev`-m~Pbv Dc¯’vcbK‡i‡Q hyMvšÍi (54wU) (we¯ÍvwiZ PZz_© Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

msev`-m~Pbv mgMÖ wi‡cvU© m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i ZvB msev`-m~PbvqNUbvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e| m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ïDcw¯’wZ msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GB M‡elYvq msev`-m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv wM‡q‡Q, M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ cÖvq me

cwÎKvqB msev`-m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bvmsev` m~Pbvq êwPÎ¨ Avbvi Rb¨ msev`cÎmg~n msev`-m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ bvw`‡q msev`-Kvwnwbi Ab¨ As‡k Zv Dc¯’vcb K‡i hv‡Z cvVK msev`-Kvwnwbicy‡iv eY©bv co‡Z AvMÖnx nq| Gw`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j `¨ †WBwj ÷vi GesmgKvj msev`-m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Abycw¯’wZ jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q| msL¨viwePv‡i hwÌ LyeB bMY¨ hvi cwigvY h_vµ‡g 13wU Ges 1wU| mgKv‡j 1wU K‡imsev`-m~Pbvq RvwZMZ êlg¨g~jK I Avwèvmx‡ì cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK k‡ãi eënvijÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q| M‡elYvaxb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwÎKvq GwU jÿ Kiv hvqwb| M‡elYvich©v‡jvPbvq GKwU welq jÿYxq †h, M‡elYvaxb cÖvq me cwÎKvi msev`-m~PbvAvKl©Yxq K‡i †jLvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q hv cvVK‡K msev`-weeiYx co‡Z AvMÖnxK‡i †Zv‡j (we¯ÍvwiZ PZz_© Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

GB M‡elYvwU‡Z †h‡nZz msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvVK cÖZ¨vkvi ¯îƒc hvPvBKivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q ZvB msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© cvV‡Ki g~j¨vqb AbymÜvbRiæwi| msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ XvKvgnvbMixi 7wU †ckv †_‡K 10 Rb K‡i †gvU 70 R‡bi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kivn‡q‡Q| DËi`vZv‡ì †ckvwfwËK wj½ web¨vm, eqm Ges wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvwe‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, DËi`vZv‡ì gv‡S kZKiv 61.42 fvM wQ‡jb cyiæl GeskZKiv 38.58 fvM bvix| †ckvwfwËK djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, wkÿK,miKvwi PvKwiRxex, AvBbRxex Ges mvsevw`K DËi`vZv‡ì g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡ecyiæl DËi`vZvi msL¨v †ewk| Z‡e wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡a¨ bvix I cyiæ‡li mgvbAskMÖnY i‡q‡Q| Avevi eëmvqx Ges wPwKrmK‡ì g‡a¨ cyiæl DËi`vZvi msL¨v†ewk jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvq †ckvwfwËK wj½ web¨vm bvix‡ì AskMÖnYGes bvix-cyiæ‡li fvimv‡gï Bw½Z enb K‡i (we¯ÍvwiZ cÂg Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

M‡elYvi djvdj cÖvß Z‡_¨ †`Lv †M‡Q †h, 15 eQ‡ii wb‡P ev 55 eQ‡iiDc‡i †Kv‡bv DËi`vZvi eqm †bB| Avevi DËi`vZv‡ì wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi†ÿ‡Î †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, DËi`vZv‡ì eo AskB D”PwkwÿZ hvi nvi 61.63%|msev`cÎ cv‡Vi Af¨vm hvPvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î whwb msev`cÎ c‡ob wZwbB eZ©gvbM‡elYvq DËi`vZv wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Qb| cvVK‡Mvôx DËi`vZv KZwUmsev`cÎ c‡ob G wel‡q Zv‡ì gZvgZ hvPvB‡q †`Lv hvqÑ GK-Z…Zxqvs‡ki†ewkmsL¨K DËi`vZv ˆ`wbK AšÍZ ywU cwÎKv cvV K‡ib A_©vr 35.72%| GKwUmsev`cÎ c‡ob 28.57% Ges ˆ`wbK wZbwU cwÎKv c‡ob 21.43% DËi`vZv|cuvPwU ev ZviI †ewk msev`cÎ cvV K‡ib Ggb DËi`vZvi msL¨v me‡P‡q Kg(5.71%) (we¯ÍvwiZ cÂg Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

115 116

GKRb DËi`vZv ˆ`wbK M‡o KZÿY msev`cÎ cvV K‡ib †mUv wbf©i K‡icvV‡Ki mg‡qi Ici| GKRb cvVK‡K Zvi Kg©¯’‡j A‡bK mgq KvR Ki‡Z nq|ZvB Kg©e¨¯ÍZvi gv‡S GKRb cvVK `xN© mgq a‡i msev`cÎ cov m¤¢e nq bv|ZviciI M‡elYvi wbe©vwPZ DËi`vZv‡ì A‡b‡KB msev`cÎ covi †cQ‡b A‡bKmgq e¨q K‡ib| jÿYxq †h, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cvVK (mvsevw`K, eëmvqx) ˆ`wbKM‡o 2 NÈv †_‡K 3 NÈv ch©šÍ msev`cÎ cvV K‡ib (we¯ÍvwiZ cÂg Aa¨vqªóe¨)|

Rvbvi AvMÖn cvV‡Ki cÖej| †KŠZ~njx cvVK ZvB cÖwZw`b Kx NU‡e †mUvRvb‡Z Pvq, e¨¯Í mg‡qi wf‡o cvVK ZvB w`‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev` Rvbvi Rb¨msev`c‡Îi Ici †PvL †evjvb Avi ZvB mgq¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y cvVK msev`c‡ÎicÖ_g Ges †kl cvZvq †PvL iv‡Lb| cvV‡Ki Af¨vm, AvMÖn, cQ‡›ì Ici wbf©iK‡i msev`c‡Îi †Kvb cvZvwU wZwb co‡eb| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ msev`cÎcvVK Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq, AwaKvsk cvVKB (71.43%) msev`c‡Îi cÖ_g cvZvc‡ob| cÖ_g cvZv covi nvi wPwKrmK‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk (100%)|wPwKrmK‡ì mevB msev`c‡Îi cÖ_g cvZv c‡ob| Gi c‡ii Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡QbwkÿK| wkÿK‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g cvZv covi nvi 90% (we¯ÍvwiZ cÂg Aa¨vqªóe¨)|

GB M‡elYvq msev`cÎ cvVK GKwU msev‡ì †Kvb AskwU me‡P‡q †ewkc‡obÑ GB wel‡q Awfg‡Zi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, msev`-wk‡ivbvg I msev`-m~Pbv†ewk c‡ob cÖvq KvQvKvwQ msL¨K DËi`vZv hv‡ì msL¨v h_vµ‡g 45.72% Ges38.57%| mgMÖ msev`-Kvwnwb c‡ob gvÎ 15.71% DËi`vZv| Zviv g‡b K‡ib,msev`-Kvwnwbi eY©bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡jI mgq¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y cy‡iv msev`-Kvwnwbi eY©bv co‡Z Zviv AvMÖnx bb| ch©v‡jvPbvq GKwU welq ¯úó †h,†ewkifvM DËi`vZvi †SuvK msev`-wk‡ivbvg I msev`-m~Pbv covi w`‡K|msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì †Kv‡bv aviYv Av‡QwKbv G e¨vcv‡i cvV‡Ki AwfgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, AwaKvsk DËi`vZv A_©vr82.85% DËi`vZvi msev`-m~Pbv m¤ú‡K© aviYv Av‡Q Ges evwK 17.15%DËi`vZvi G wel‡q †Zgb †Kv‡bv aviYv †bB (we¯ÍvwiZ cÂg Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

msev`-m~Pbvq †h‡nZz mswÿßvKv‡i mgMÖ msev`-Kvwnwbi iƒcwU dz‡U I‡V ZvBG m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡ì AwfgZ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, DËi`vZv‡ìAwaKvskB (78.57%) msev`-m~Pbv‡K mgMÖ msev‡ì mswÿßiƒc wn‡m‡e g‡bK‡ib| msev`-m~Pbv msev‡ì Dc‡hvMx Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z iwPZ n‡e| msev`-m~Pbvq†Kv‡bv Z_¨ NvUwZ cvVK jÿ K‡ib wKbv Ges msev`-m~Pbvq msev‡ì me‡P‡q

¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges me©‡kl Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ nq wKbv GB we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 60%DËi`vZv g‡b K‡ib msev`-m~Pbvq Z‡_ï NvUwZ Av‡Q| me©‡kl Ges me‡P‡q¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ nq wKbv GwU hvPvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, DËi`vZv‡ì57.15% A_©vr A‡a©‡Ki †ewk DËi`vZv g‡b K‡ib Zviv msev`-m~Pbvq wbw`©ówel‡q me©‡kl I me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ cvb bv| GKwU msev`-m~Pbvq wi‡cv‡U©i¸iæZ¡ Abyave‡bi †ÿ‡Î msev`-m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv Av‡Q e‡j Zviv g‡bK‡ib| 68.57 fvM DËi`vZv msev`-m~Pbv c‡o mgMÖ wi‡cv‡U©i ¸iæZ¡ AbyavebKi‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zviv AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb (we¯ÍvwiZ cÂg Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

msev`-m~Pbv n‡”Q g~jZ GKwU msev‡ì weÁvcb¯îƒc| GKwU PUK`viweÁvcb †hgb gvbyl‡K AvK…ó K‡i †Zgwb GKwU fv‡jv msev`-m~PbvI gvbyl‡KAvKl©Y K‡i, ZvB eZ©gvb M‡elYvq msev`-m~Pbv c‡o mgMÖ wi‡cvU©wU AvMÖn cvbwKbv G wel‡q cvVK‡ì AwfgZ hvPvB‡q †`Lv hvq, †ewkifvM DËi`vZvB(75.71%) msev`-m~Pbv c‡o cy‡iv msev`wU co‡Z AvMÖn cvb| Avm‡j msev`-m~Pbv n‡e meai‡bi evûj¨ ewR©Z, mnR, mvejxj Ges ¯úó hv‡Z cvVK mn‡RBeyS‡Z cv‡i| ZvB msev`-m~Pbv KwVb K‡i †jLv DwPZ bv e‡j AwfgZ e¨³K‡i‡Qb 85.85% DËi`vZv| DËi`vZv‡ì AwaKvskB GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib †h,evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z msev`-m~Pbv KwVb K‡i †jLv nq bv| we‡kl‡Yieënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î cvVK‡ì gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, DËi`vZv‡ì A‡a©‡Ki†ewk A_©vr 51.43% Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, Zviv msev`-m~Pbvq we‡kl‡Yi eënvi jÿK‡ib| Avevi msev`-m~Pbvq Z_¨ †Mvcb ivLvi cÖeYZvi wel‡qI jÿ Kiv hvq,50 fvM DËi`vZv Z_¨ †Mvcb Kiv nq e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| GKB wel‡q msev`cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wfbœ wfbœ msev`c‡Î Z‡_ï wfbœZv jÿ Kiv hvq (we¯ÍvwiZ cÂgAa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

msev`c‡Î GKB wel‡q msev` cwi‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ cwÎKvq Z‡_ïwfbœZvi d‡j Zviv weåvšÍ nb, wØavØ‡›Ø c‡o hvb †KvbwU mwVK ev †KvbwU fzjZ_¨| Z‡_ï GB wfbœZv msev‡ì g~j¨‡K †hgb Kwg‡q †`q †Zgwb ZvivI Av¯’vnvwi‡q †d‡jb e‡j gZcÖKvk K‡ib| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq ZvB jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q, hvivGKvwaK msev`cÎ c‡ob Zv‡ì †ÿ‡Î cÖvq yB-Z…Zxqvsk cvVKB A_©vr kZKiv64.29% cvVK Z‡_ï GB wfbœZv jÿ K‡ib| Abyiƒcfv‡e, wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z‡_ïwfwË‡Z msev` iPbv †hgb msev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ evwo‡q †`q †Zgwb fzj Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcbmsev` iPbvi †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Kvg¨ bq| cvVKgvÎB mwVK I wbfy©j msev`cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| M‡elYvi djvd‡j †`Lv wM‡q‡Q, evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZmsev`-m~Pbvq KL‡bv KL‡bv fzj Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ nq e‡j DËi`vZvMY GKgZ

117 118

†cvlY K‡ib (we¯ÍvwiZ lô Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|¯úóZv, ¯^”QZv msev‡ì GKwU Ab¨Zg êwkó¨| msev`-m~Pbvq fzj, A¯úó

Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ n‡j cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ weiƒc cÖwZwµqv Rb¥ †bq| M‡elYvq wbe©vwPZDËi`vZv‡ì KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ iK‡gi cÖwZwµqv Rvbv wM‡q‡Q †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb,Zviv msev`c‡Îi cÖwZ Av¯’v nvivb Avevi †KD e‡jb mvsevw`‡Ki Ici exZkª×nb| jÿYxq †h, eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Av‡aqi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ msev`cÎmg~‡n †hŠbDÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi cvIqv hvqwb| Z‡e mvwe©K wePv‡i KL‡bv KL‡bvmsev`cÎmg~‡n msev`-m~Pbvq Giƒc kã eëüZ nq e‡j Zviv gZcÖKvk K‡ib|GB M‡elYvq wj½‰elg¨g~jK, RvwZ‰elg¨g~jK AvÂwjK kã/ev‡Kï eënv‡ii†ÿ‡ÎI jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q †h, DËi`vZvMY G welqwU gv‡S g‡a¨ jÿ K‡i‡Qb e‡jRvwb‡q‡Qb| M‡elYvq †`Lv wM‡q‡Q Avwèvmx Rb‡Mvôxi RxebwP‡Îi h_vh_Dc¯’vcb RvZxq MYgva¨g¸‡jv‡Z ch©vßfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nq bv e‡j 71.43%DËi`vZv g‡b K‡ib| Z‡e 28.57% DËi`vZv G wel‡q GKgZ bv n‡jI G K_vwbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, Avwèvmxiv evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Îi msev`-m~Pbvqh_v_©fv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ n‡”Q bv (we¯ÍvwiZ lô Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|

M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ msev`c‡Î †hme msev`-m~Pbv eënvi Kiv nq, A‡bK†ÿ‡ÎB †m¸‡jv msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì cÖZ¨vkv c~iY K‡i e‡j cvVK‡ì AwaKvskBg‡b K‡ib| Z‡e M‡elYvq cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv hvq †h, msev`-m~Pbvi AvKvi wb‡qA‡bK DËi`vZvB Lye GKUv mš‘ó bb| KviY msev`-m~Pbvq AwaK k‡ãi eënviZviv cÖvqB jÿ K‡ib| DËi`vZv‡ì AwaKvs‡ki cÖZ¨vkv n‡jv Zviv AbwaK 29k‡ãi g‡a¨ msev`-m~Pbv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| Avevi Zviv wj½‰elg¨g~jK,RvwZwe‡Ølg~jK ev AvÂwjK fvlv ev k‡ãi eënvi msev`-m~Pbvq †`L‡Z Pvb bv|Zviv Pvb msev`-m~Pbv †hb ms‡ÿ‡c NUbvi g~j welqwU cvVK‡K Rvwb‡q †`q|Zviv GKB mv‡_ msev`-m~Pbvq AwaKgvÎvq we‡kl‡Yi eënviI †`L‡Z Pvb bv|mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZv‡K Avg‡j wb‡q Zviv GB AwfgZ e¨³ K‡ib †h, Zviv msev`-m~Pbvq †hŠb DÏxcK k‡ãi eënvi †`L‡Z Pvb bv| g~jZ Zviv Pvb NUbvi mv‡_m¤úK©hy³ mwVK I wbf©yj msev`-m~Pbv hv NUbvwU m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡K Z¡wiZ wKš‘mwVK I wbf©yj aviYv w`‡Z mÿg nq|

7.2 mycvwik1. cuvP W Ges GK H-†K h_vm¤¢e a‡i †i‡L msev`-m~Pbv wjL‡Z n‡e| 2. msev` m~Pbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡_ï Dc¯’vcb _vKv DwPZ Zvn‡j GKB NUbvi

msev‡` cvVK weåvwšÍi my‡hvM Kg _v‡K|

3. msev`-m~Pbv AvKl©Yxq Ges mswÿß n‡e|4. msev`-m~Pbv †QvU †QvU ev‡K¨, mnR I mij fvlvq wjL‡Z n‡e|5. msev‡ì wk‡ivbvg I msev`-Kvwnwbi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© msev`-m~Pbv nIqv

DwPZ|6. msev`-m~Pbv n‡Z n‡e cwi”Qbœ, msMwVZ, wØavØ›Ønxb, hv‡Z cvVK g~j

Kvwnwb co‡Z Drmvnx nb|7. msev`-m~Pbvq Dfq c‡ÿi gZvg‡Zi h_v_© Dc¯’vcb nIqv DwPZ|8. msev`-Kvwnwbi cy‡iv welqwU fv‡jvfv‡e Dcjwä K‡i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I

cÖvmw½K welqwU msev`-m~Pbvq wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|9. Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ bv n‡q Z_¨ cwi‡ekb Kiv hv‡e bv| 10. msev`-m~Pbvq AwaK we‡klY eënvi bv KivB fv‡jv|11. m~Pbvq †Kv‡bv iKg Z_¨ †Mvcb Kiv hv‡e bv| Z_¨ †Mvcb Kivi ms¯‹…wZ

cvV‡Ki Kvg¨ bq|12. †h‡nZz msev`cÎ me AÂ‡ji gvby‡li Rb¨ ZvB fvlvixwZ AbymiY K‡i

msev` wjL‡j me AÂ‡ji gvby‡li †evaM‡g¨ †Kv‡bv mgm¨v nq bv|13. bvix‡ì Dc¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avjv`v mËv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv bv K‡i bvix-

cyiæl‡ì‡K GKBfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ|14. msev`-m~Pbvq hZ Kg k‡ã NUbvi g~j welqwU eY©bv Kiv hvq ZZB fv‡jv|

mvaviYZ kã msL¨v 19-29 kã n‡j fv‡jv nq|15. RvwZ-ag©-eY©-wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l mevi mwVK I h_v_© Dc¯’vcbv msev`-m~Pbvq

_vKv DwPZ|16. m‡e©vcwi cvVK‡Mvôxi cªZ¨vkv Abyhvqx msev`cÎ wk‡íi mv‡_ mswkøó

bxwZwba©viK‡ì msev` m~Pbv wjL‡Z w`K-wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡gcÖv‡qvwMK mvsevw`KZvi gvb DrK‡l© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|

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Z_¨m~Î:1. Bgvg, gynv¤§` nvmvb ( 1996)| mvgvwRK M‡elYv: cÖZ¨q, cÖwµqv I

c×wZ| XvKv: Aaybv cÖKvkbx|2. Avn‡g`, †gvRvnvi DwÏb (2005)| gWvb© cwimsL¨vb| XvKv: QvÎeÜz

cvewj‡KkÝ| 3. ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, 11 †d«iæqvwi, 2011, c„. 24|4. Mv‡qb, Kv‡eix Ges †mwjg †iRv (1996), Ômsev`c‡Î MÖvg: XvKvi ˆ`wb‡K

MÖvgxY msev‡ì Avw½K-Dc¯’vcb’, mvgvwRK weÁvb Rvb©vj, 4(1).5. Avgxb, kvgxg Avj (2004)| MYgva¨g I mvsevw`KZv| XvKv: K_v cÖKvk| 6. Avjx, Avnv y¾vgvb †gvnv¤§` I cvifxb, wmZviv (1995)| ÔMY‡hvMv‡hvM

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a‡jk¦ix cÖKvkbx| 8. ivq, myavsï †kLi (2003)| mvsevw`KZv, mvsevw`K I msev`cÎ| XvKv:

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mvsevw`KZv cÖ_g cvV| XvKv: wewmwW‡Rwm|11. P‡Ævcva¨vq, cv_© (1982)| MYÁvcb| KjKvZv: cwðge½ ivR¨ cy ÍK

cl©`|12. P‡Ævcva¨vq, cv_© (1994)| msev` we`¨v| KjKvZv: cwðge½ ivR¨ cy ÍK

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I Kjv‡KŠkj| XvKv: GgGgwm|14. Rv‡n`x, kv‡n` (2009)| mvsevw`KZv wkKo †_‡K wkLi| XvKv: cjj

cÖKvkbx|15. wbMvi †nv‡mb, †di‡`Šm (Aby) (1987)| mvsevw`KZv cwiwPwZ, g~j: eÛ,

†d«Rvi, Gd, A¨vb Bb‡UªvWvKkvb Uz Rvb©vwjRg, XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg| 16. †di‡`Šm, †ivev‡qZ Ges kvigxb, Avwidv Gm, (2001); evsjv‡`‡ki

msev`c‡Î †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv, XvKv; gwnjv I wkïwelqK gš¿Yvjq GimnvqZvq cøvR KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ M‡elYvcÎ|

17. †mb, wbg©j (2000)| ÔAvR‡Ki msev`cÎ I mvsevw`KZv †ckvÕ| wbixÿv,msL¨v 100, †m‡Þ¤î-A‡±vei, c„-27| XvKv: wcAvBwe|

18. nvmvb, gvneye (2000)| Ômsev`c‡Î welqMZ iƒcvšÍiÕ, wbixÿv, msL¨v98-99, †g-AvM÷, c„-3| XvKv: wcAvBwe|

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125 126

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GKwU D`vniY ejyb :

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Le‡ii KvM‡Ri msev` m~Pbv - pib.portal.gov.bdpib.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/pib.portal.gov.bd/page... · Le‡ii KvM‡Ri msev` m~Pbv GKwU g~j¨vqb Kvgiæb bvnvi †cÖm