$12.50), stresses the urban origins of that legislation. C. H. Chrislock examines The Progressive Era in Minnesota, 1899-1918 (St Paul: Minnesota Hist. SOC., $7.50). Otis L. Graham, The Great Campaigns: Reform and War in America, 1900-1928 (Prentice Hall, f8.95), is unusual in crossing the barrier of the First World War.

Paul L. Murphy, The Constitution in Crisis Times 1918-1969 (N.Y.: Harper, $IO), is a valuable addition to the New American Nati0.n Series. Richard Polenberg, War and Society : The United States Igp-Ig45 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, $5.951, is a useful survey of the social history of the Second World War, Joseph P. Lash in Eleanor: the Years Alone (N.Y. : Norton, $9.95), completes his study of a remarkable woman. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1gjy-rg7r (3 vols., N.Y.: Random House, $95), provides the raw material for assessing the changing moods of the American people.

JOHN A. WOODS

(ii) LATIN AMERICA

The growing importance of Latin American Studies to the publishing industry is clearly demonstrated by the proliferation of general historical works intended for the non-specialist reader. The best of the year was E. Bradford Burns, Latin America : A Concise Interpretative History (Prentice- Hall, E4.20, pbk. Ez.50), which is distinguished by the quality of the discussion on Brazil and by the wise decision to adopt a thematic rather than country-by-country approach. More traditional, but also to be recommended, is Stephen Clissold, Latin America: New World, Third World (Pall Mall, E5), a thorough, clearly written introduction to the area’s historical background and current problems. The same author’s The Saints of South America (Charles Knight, E3) deals coherently with the lives of ten colonial saints. Those interested in more modern thinkers should turn to Harold Eugene Davis, Latin American Thought : A Historical Introduction (Louisiana State U.P., $IO), which serves largely as a direct- ory. Reference works are notoriously easy to fault, but they do fulfil a useful role, and the Scarecrow Press of Metuchen, N.J., undaunted by savage reviews, continues to publish historical dictionaries of individual countries. The most important additions to the series are Salvatore Bizzaro, Historical Dictionary of Chile ($7.50) and Dwight B. Heath, Historical Dictionary of Bolivia ($9.). A useful impression of recent trends in research is provided by the essays in Man, State and Society in Latin American History, edited by Sheldon B. Liss and Peggy K. Liss (N.Y.: Praeger, $12.50 pbk. $5.95), while Magnus Miirner’s ‘The Study of Latin American History Today’ (Latin Amer. Research R., viii) discusses not only research but also facilities and institutions in various countries.

For the colonial history of Spanish America William B. Taylor’s

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Landlord and Peasant in Colonial Oaxaca (O.U.P., Es) stands out for its thoroughness and originality. The author challenges generally accepted views about the place of the Indian in colonial society by showing that in this part of Mexico Indian communities and caciques remained important landowners throughout the period of Spanish rule. Valuable information about native local government elsewhere in New Spain is contained in Ralph L. Roys, The Indian Background of Colonial Yucatan (Oklahoma U.P., $8.95), a work first published in 1943. See, too, Manuela Garcia Bernal, La Sociedad de Yucatrin 1700-r750 (Seville, E.E.H.A., E2). Historical summaries of each of the minor administrative jurisdictions in the viceroyalty are available in Peter Gerhard, A Guide, to the Historical Geography of New Spain (C.U.P., E14.60). The state of research on colonial social history is discussed authoritatively in three useful articles : James Lockhart, ‘The Social History of Colonial Spanish America’ (Latin Amer. Research R., viii), Karen Spalding, ‘The Colonial Indian : Past and Future Research Perspectives’ (ibid.), and Frederick P. Bowser, ‘The African in Colonial Spanish America: Reflections on Research Achievements and Priorities’ (ibid.). Bowser also contributes to a major series of essays on slavery and racial discrimination in the New World: Neither Slave nor Free: The Freedman of Afiican Descent in the Slave Societies of the New World, ed. David W. Cohen and Jack P. Greene (Johns Hopkins U.P., $13.50). Those interested in social history should also consult James Lockhart, The Men of Cajamarca (Texas U.P., E4.60), John V. Murra, ed., Visita de la Provincia de Ledn de Hudnuco en r562 (Huinuco, 1972), and the Anuario de Estudios Americanos (xxviii, 1971), which devotes the entire volume to eighteen papers on social and economic history presented to a conference held in Seville in 1970.

Various aspects of colonial silver mining are examined in Tibor Wittman, ‘Ultimos dias de la azogueria potosina’, ( A d a Histdrica, Szeged, xli) and D. A. Brading and Harry E. Cross, ‘Colonial Silver Mining: Mexico and Peru’, (Hisp. Amer. H.R., lii), while the attempts of outsiders to seize bullion are covered in Juan Juirez Moreno, Asaltos Piratas a Veracruz y Campeche durante el siglo X V I I (Seville: E.E.H.A., L4). Further light is thrown on colonial finances by Maria Justina Sarabia Viejo, El ’&ego de Gallos en Nueva Espaiia (Seville: E.E.H.A., EI-95). Solid but uninspired studies of late colonial Mexico are available in Los Virreyes de Nueva Espaiia en el reinado de Carlos I V , edited by JosC Antonio Calder6n Quijano (Seville, E.E.H.A., 2 vols. 1300 pts). Far more stimulating is the abridged version of Alexander von Humboldt, Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, edited by Mary Maples Dunn (N.Y.: Knopf, $4.95, pbk. $2.95). Extracts from the works of other travellers are brought together in an addition to the Borzoi series, Colonial Travelers in Latin America, edited by Irving A. Leonard (N.Y.: Knopf, EI -~o) . A number of articles have appeared which stress the power of local elites in eighteenth century Spanish America. See, for example, Jacques A. Barbier, ‘Elite and Cadres in Bourbon Chile’, (His?. Amer. H.R., lii), Leon G. Campbell, ‘A Colonial Establishment: Creole Domination of the Audiencia of Lima During the Late Eighteenth Century’ (ibid.), and M. A. Burkholder & D. S. Chandler, ‘Creole Appointments and the Sale of Audiencia Positions

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in the Spanish Empire under the Early Bourbons, 1701-1750’ (7. Latin Amer. Studies, iv). Crown attempts to increase centralization in the late eighteenth century are dealt with in Mark A. Burkholder, ‘From Creole to Peninsular: The Transformation of the Audiencia of Lima’ (Hisp. Amer. H.R., lii). For the general administrative background in Madrid see Gildas Bernard, Le Secrktariat d’Etat et le Conseil Espagnol des I d e s (r70+1808), (Geneva, .Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, k4.15) a work for which the acclamation ‘fills a gap’ is fully deserved.

A neglected rebellion in the eighteenth century is unearthed by James Schofield Saeger, ‘Origins of the Rebellion of Paraguay’ (Hisp. Amer. H.R., lii). The far more important wars of independence of the early nineteenth century receive partial but stimulating treatment in Richard Graham, Independence in Latin America : A Comparative Approach (N.Y. : Knopf), which pays particular attention to modernizing trends. A work to be welcomed is Heraclio Bonilla, ed., L a Indepmdmcia en el Perli (Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos), one of the first serious attempts by a Peruvian scholar to penetrate nationalistic rhetoric in order to examine social and economic realities. The collapse of urban government in Mexico during the second decade of the nineteenth century is explained in Timothy E. Anna, ‘The Finances of Mexico City During the War of Independence’ (J. Latin Amer. Studies, iv). Other revealing articles on urban history are: Warwick Bray, ‘The City State in Central Mexico at the Time of the Spanish Conquest’ (ibid.) and Richard M. Morse, ‘A Prolegomenon to Latin American Urban History’, (Hisp. Amer. H.R., lii). The growth of dictatorship in Mexico in this troubled period is looked at in Fernando Diaz Diaz, ‘La Guerra de Independencia en Mixico: Caudillos y Caciques (Rev. de Hist. de Amer., lxxii, 1g71), while the confrontation between Bolivar and San Martin at Guayaquil is gone into once again by David J. Cubitt, ‘Guerra y Diplomacia en la Repliblica de Guayaquil, 182~-22’ (i6id.). The career of an early Cuban revolutionary, who died in 1826, is examined by Roberto Padr6n Larrazibal, ‘Vida revolucionaria de Francisco Agiiero Velazco’ (Historiografia y Bibliograffa Americanistas, xvi). For the commercial and economic impact of the emancipation of Spanish America on the port of CQdiz, see Antonio Garcia-Banquero Gonzilez, Comercio Colonial y Guerras Revolucionarias (Seville: E.E.H.A., 300 pts).

Little of importance has appeared on colonial Brazil, but attention should be drawn to H. B. Johnson, Jr, ‘The Donatary Captaincy in Perspective : Portuguese Backgrounds to the Settlement of Brazil’, (Hisp. Amer. H.R., lii), which stresses the institutional continuity between metropolis and colony, and Anita Novinsky, CristCos Novos nu Bahia (Siio Paulo : EditBra Perspectiva), which provides rich information on the social, religious and economic activities of Bahian New Christians in the seventeenth century. On the background to Brazilian independence an informative article by Alan K. Manchester, ‘The Growth of Bureaucracy in Brazil, 1808-1821’ (J. Latin Amer. Studies, iv) shows how the presence of the royal family in Rio de Janeiro encouraged the growth of an admini- strative system and experience of government which eased the transition to full independence. Relations with Britain after 1821 are discussed in

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Marize Arcuri Magalhles, ‘Relaqijes Brasil-Inglaterra no I” ImpCrio’ (Rewista de Histbia, Sfio Paulo, xlv), while SCrgio Correa da Costa, Every Inch a King (Robert Hale, EZ-SO), a work first published in 1950, remains a well-written, if somewhat uncritical, biography of Pedro 11. The whole question of the abolition of slavery and its economic and social implications continues, naturally enough, to attract scholars. Robert Conrad, The Destruction of Brazilian SIavery 1850-1888 (California U.P., E6.55, pbk., 41-90) provides a competent survey of the general process. David T. Haberly, ‘Abolitionism in Brazil : Anti-Slavery and Anti-Slave’ (Luso- Brazilian Review, ix), examines abolitionist literature and suggests that it was inspired more by racialist distrust for the Negro than by racial toler- ance. The effects of abolition in northern Brazil are discussed in Peter L. Eisenberg, ‘Abolishing Slavery: The Process on Pernambuco’s Sugar Plantations’ (Hisp. A m . H.R., lii) Here, it is argued, the planters retained control over the rural proletariat after 1888. An article on the effects of the earlier abolition of slavery in British Guiana - M. Moohr, ‘The Economic Impact of Slave Emancipation in British Guiana’ (Econ. H.R., xxv) - shows how former slaves were denied the opportunity of acquiring avail- able land by the restrictive policies of the colonial authorities. A more general discussion of relations between whites and Negroes - Indians are not mentioned -is provided by Thomas E. Skidmore, ‘Toward a Compara- tive Analysis of Race Relations Since Abolition in Brazil and the United States’ (J. Latin Amer. Studies, iv). On the Old Republic, see HClio Silva, 1889. A Repiiblica Niio Esperon o Amanhecer (Rio de Janeiro, Editbra Civilizaqao Brasileira). Two useful articles have appeared on the economic history of Brazil: N. H. Leff, ‘Economic Retardation in Nineteenth Century Brazil’ (Econ. H. R., xxv), and Maxine Margolis, ‘The Coffee Cycle on the Parani Frontier’ (Luso-Brazilian Review, ix). Brazil in the Sixties, edited by Riordan Roett (Vanderbilt U.P., $15) contains essays on the Church, the military, the economy, the political structure, and literature since the military takeover in 1964. The role of the army in modern Brazil and the inability of its officers to distinguish between the welfare of the army and that of the state is clarified by Frederick M. Nunn, ‘Military Professionalism and Professional Militarism in Brazil, 1870-1970: Historical Perspectives and Political Implications’ (J. Latin Amer. Studies, iv). Right-wing politics in Brazil in the 1930s are examined in Stanley E. Hilton, ‘AqHo Integralista Brasileira: Fascism in Brazil, 1932-1938’ (Luso-Brazilian Review, ix).

Argentina, like Brazil, had important links with Germany before and during the last war, and two useful articles have appeared on the German role in supplying her army with both weapons and an ideology: Warren Schiff, ‘The Influence of the German Armed Forces and War Industry on Argentina, 1880-1914’ (Hisp. Amer. H.R., lii), and George Pope Atkins & Larry V. Thompson, ‘German Military Influence in Argentina, 1921- 1940’ (J Latin Amer. Studies, iv). Marvin Goldwert, Democracy, Militar- ism, and Nationalism in Argentina, 1930-1966 : An Interpretation (Texas U.P., 63-50) might also be consulted, although it is somewhat superficial. A more substantial work is Winfield J. BurggraafF, The Venezuelan Armed Forces in Politics, Ig35-Ig59 (Missouri U.P., $10). On Argentina in the

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nineteenth century, see Jorge Comadrin Ruk, ‘Algunos Aspectos de la Estructura Demogrifica y Socio-Econ6mica de Mendoza hacia 1822-1824’ (Historiografia y Bibliografia Americanistas, xvi), and, fbr the country’s more recent history, the following articles: Susana I. Rat0 de Sambuccetti, ‘Del “Boom” a la Crisis. Las Presidencias de Juirez Celman y Carlos Pellegrini’ (Rev. de Hist. de Amer., Ixxi); David Rock, ‘Machine Politics in Buenos Aires and the Argentine Radical Party, 1912-1930’ (J. Latin Amer. Studies, iv); Peter H. Smith, ‘The Social Base of Peronism’ (Hisp. Amer. H.R., lii); Mark Falcoff, ‘ R a ~ l Scalabrini Ortiz: The Making of an Argentine Nationalist’ (ibid.). Albert J. Pla, ‘Ideologfa y Metodo en la Histm’ografia Argentina (Buenos Aires, Ediciones Nueva Visi6n) explains recent trends in Argentine historical scholarship. The only’ item worth mentioning on the neighbouring country of Paraguay is John Hoyt Williams, ‘Paraguayan Isolation under Dr. Francia : A Re-evaluation’ (Hisp. Amer. H.R., lii). For a more general discussion of nineteenth century political trends, see Jaime E. Rodriguez, ‘An Analysis of the First Consti- tutions of Spanish-America’ (Rev. de Hist. de Amer., lxxii), and Charles A. Hale, ‘The Reconstruction of Nineteenth-century Politics in Spanish America: A Case for the History of Ideas’ (Lat. Amer. Research R., viii). For an excellent discussion of commercial relations between Latin America and Britain in the same period, see D. C. M. Platt, Latin America and the British Trade, rBo6-rg14 (Black, &-25). A fascinating insight into the operations of a British mining company in Mexico is provided by Robert W. Randall, Real del Monte: A British Mining Venture in Mexico (Texas U.P., E3-75). W. M. Mathew’s ‘Foreign Contractors and the Peruvian Government at the Outset of the Guano Trade’ (Hip. Amer. H.R., lii) argues that, as far as this particular venture was concerned, foreign interests were less independent than is usually thought.

Charles F. Geddes, Patifio. The Tin King (Robert Hale, E3.50) provides a substantial amount of information about the activities and power of this key Bolivian entrepreneur of the twentieth century. For a more general discussion of Bolivia since independence, see the outstanding J. Valerie Fifer, Bolivia : Land, Location and Politics since 1825 (C.U.P., E7-80). Chile, naturally enough, has attracted more attention, although much that has appeared is of poor quality. Alistair Horne’s, Small Earthquake in Chile (Macmillan, E3-95) is more good journalism than historical analysis, but it is informative about the seizure of land by peasants. One study which stands out for its objectivity is Alan Angell, Politics and the Labour Move- ment in Chile (O.U.P., Es), the first systematic study of the labour move- ment’s involvement in politics in the post-Depression period. Most of what has been written about Allende is, of course, already out of date, but for a collection of sober and original studies see Allende’s Chile, edited by Kenneth Medhurst (Hart-Davis MacGibbon, E 2 . z ~ ) . For a useful survey of the ideas of Peru’s outstanding political thinker in the twentieth century, see John M. Baines, Revolution in Peru : Mariategui and the Myth (Alabama U.P., $6.50). The literature available on peasant rebellion in Peru and Colombia is discussed in two articles in Latin Amer. Research R., viii: Leon G. Campbell, ‘The Historiography of the Peruvian Guerrilla Movement’, and Russell W. Ramsey, ‘Critical Bibliography of La Violencia

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in Colombia’. General revolutionary strategy among radical groups is covered by Alistair Hennessy, ‘The New Radicalism in Latin America’ (Journal of Contemp. Hist, vii), while Karl M. Schmitt, The Roman Catholic Church in Modern Latin America (N.Y.: Knopf, $4.95) covers not only the call to revolution of Camilo Torres-and the demands for reform of HClder Pessoa CAmara, but also the position of the Church in the nineteenth century.

One of the benefits of the migration of undistinguished commentators to the field of Chilean studies is that the quality of books on Cuba under Castro continues to improve. Cuba, Castro and Revolution edited by Jaime Suchlicki (Miami U.P., $7.95) provides a number of scholarly essays on various aspects of the Castro regime. Mauricio Halperin, The Rise and Decline of Fidel Castro: An Essay in Contetiporary History (California U.P., $12.95) is sympathetic to the Cuban leader, but written with insight, while Nelson Lowry, the author of the classic Rural Cuba ( I~so) , provides a clear, sober assessment of the political, social and economic results of the Revolution in Cuba: The Measure of a Revolution (Minnesota U.P., Es). Fidel Castro, Revolutionary Struggle, 1947-1958, edited and with an introduction by Roland0 E. Bonachea and P. ValdCs Nelson (M.I.T. Press, $12.50) is an invaluable and carefully selected anthology of Castro’s writings, with a long, illuminating introduction on recent Cuban history. On radical revolution before Castro, see Luis E. Aguilar, Cuba 1933. Prologue to Rmotution (Cornell U.P., $9.50). Charles Minguet, ‘Liberal- ismo y Conservadurismo en Cuba en la Primera Mitad del Siglo XIX. Contradiccibn entre “lo especiiico y lo general” ’ (Historiografia y Biblio- graffa Americanistas, xvi) underlines the conservative attitude towards slavery in the nineteenth century of Cuban liberals. The creation by the United States of a Cuban Army, which relieved the protecting power of the need to intervene to deal with insurgency, and which served as a tool of the Liberal Party, is discussed by Louis A. PCrez, Jr, in ‘Supervision of a Protectorate: The United States and the Cuban Army, 1898-1908’ (Hisp. Amer. H.R., lii).

The policy of the United States towards Latin America remains a favourite theme with historians. Glen Barclay, Struggle for a Continent : The Diplomatic History of South America, IgI7-Ig45 (New York U.P., $7.50) is, in fact, concerned with Argentine-US. relations. U S . Fore@ Policy and Peru, edited by Daniel Sharp (Texas U.P., $10) presents a variety of views on the aims and needs of American policy, while Cole Blasier, ‘The United States, Germany, and the Bolivian Revolutionaries (1914-1946)’ (Hisp. Amer. H.R., lii) deals with diplomatic rivalry else- where in the Andean area. Ian Cameron, The Impossible Dream: The Building of the Panama Canal (N.Y., William Morrow & Co., $7.95) gives a clear account of the actual construction of the canal rather than the diplomatic issues that it involved. Two books have appeared on the US. armed intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965: Abraham F. Lowenthal, an eye-witness, presents an interesting discussion of the shaping of policy and motives in The Dominican Intervention (Harvard U.P., E5.50); G. Pope Atkins & Larman C. Wilson, The United States and the Trujillo Regime (Rutgers U.P., $10). sets the affair in a wider context,

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but carefully avoids taking sides on the crucial question of whether Communists were, in fact, taking over the island before the intervention. On American policy towards the 1910 Mexican Revolution, see Cole Blasier, ‘The United States and Madero’ (J. Latin Amer. Studies, iv). The welcome publication in paperback of John Womack, Jr., Zapata and the Mexican Revohtion (Pelican, E1.25) makes more accessible this out- standing biography of a key Mexican revolutionary, which first appeared in 1969. Michael C. Meyer, Huerta. A Political Portrait (Nebraska U.P., $9.50) goes to the other extreme of the political spectrum to examine the career of this important conservative politician. Charles C. Cumberland, Mexican Revolution : The Constitutionalist Years (Texas U.P., $IO), a posthumous publication, covers the progress of the Revolution between 1913 and 1920. Daniel Cosio Villegas, Historia Moderna de Mkxico. Yo1 I X : El Porjiriato. La Vida Politica Interior (MCxico, Editorial Hermes) is the final volume in an outstanding collection by Mexico’s leading historian, covering the country’s political life between 1884 and 1911. Joan Haslip, The Crown of Mexico : Majcimilian and His Empress Carlota (N.Y., Holt, Rinehart, $10) is somewhat derivative, but reasonably sound for those who want to read yet another account of the attempt to re- establish monarchy in Mexico in the 1860s. Finally, it shouId be mentioned that the excellent journal, Historia Mexicana, continues to enjoy the distinction, rare in Latin America, of appearing regularly and on time. It would be tedious to list all its articles for this year (vol. xxii) but attention might be drawn to the following: Arthur F. Convin, ‘Historia de la Emigraci6n Mexicana, I ~ O O - I ~ ~ O . Literatura y Investigacih’; Paul J. Vanderwood, ‘Los Rurales: Product0 do una Necessidad Social’; Mark Wasserman, ‘Oligarquia y Interereses Extranjeros en Chihuahua Durante el Porfiriato’.

JOHN FISHER

XI1 - T H E TWENTIETH CENTURY, 1914-1972

Source Material, Bibliographical and other Reference Works. - Two additions, First Series, Vol. xviii, Greece and Turkey September 3, 1922-3uIy 24, I923 (EII-75) and Second Series, Vol. xii, European Affairs, August 5, I934 - April 18, 1935 (E9.50) were made to W. N. Medlicott et al., eds. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939 (H.M.S.O.), and two volumes appeared in Akten xur Deutschen Auswartrtigen Politik, 1918-1945, Serie B Ig25-Ig33, Bd. v, 17 Mum bis 30 Juni I927 (DM47) and Serie E Igp-Ig45, Bd. ii, I Marx bis 15runi1g45 (DM40) Gottingen : Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht). Further progress in Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, DC. : U.S. Government Printing Office) came with 1944, Conference at Quebec ($4.75); -1946, General: United Nations ($5.75); Far East : China (2 vols., $7 and $6.75), I947, British Commonwealth : Europe ($5.75); Council of Forertign Ministers : Germany

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