Imperialism: American Style U.S. Foreign Policy at Turn of Century Imperialism Expansion by acquiring ownership /control over colonial areas/protectorates for economic, military, religious, or nationalist reasons. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: U. S. Foreign Investments: American Foreign Trade: Commercial/Business Interests Reasons for Invest surplus capital Billion by 1900 Obtain raw materials Control Export Markets Establish naval and military bases Send missionaries to make converts Compete for world power Philosophy of American Imperialism Monroe Doctrine, 1823 Manifest Destiny, 1840s Political Darwinism Racial Superiority Spread of Democracy Blaines Pan-Americanism Roosevelt Corollaryhemisphere policemen Alfred MahanBuilding A World Class Navy Influence of Sea Power Upon History Book by Alfred T. Mahan President of Naval War College, 1885 Thesisthe great imperial nations of the past had gained their power & prestige through naval supremacy 1880 fleet142 wooden vessels Blaine, Sec.State>naval expansion 1900 fleet3 rd in world Differences between Old & New Expansionism Supported by urban, middle class Provided distraction from domestic from domestic problems problems Yellow Journalism sensationalism of sensationalism of international events international events Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 Japanese View of Commodore Perry Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854 Sewards Folly: 1867 $7.2 million Sewards Icebox: 1867 U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii Imiola Church first built in the late 1820s Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians! U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1875 Reciprocity Treaty 1890 McKinley Tariff American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. 1893 American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. U.S. Territorial Acquisitions Alaska, 1867Sewards Ice Box Midway Islands, 1867 American Samoa, 1878 Annexation of Hawaii, Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, 1878 Queen Liliuokalani Dole Revolution Republic then annexation Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905 U.S. Foreign Policy Perry Ends Japanese Isolationism, 1853 Hays Open Door Policy with China, 1898 Spanish American War, 1898 T.R.s Big Stick Diplomacy in L.A. 1904 Gentlemans Agreement: 1908 Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering U.S. Japan recognized U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries. U.S. government got school board of San Francisco to rescind order to segregate Asians in separate schools Root-Takahira Agreement. Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912 Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere. U.S. Instigate Revolt in Panama, 1904 T.R. mediates peace between Russia & Japan 1905wins Nobel Peace Prize Tafts Dollar Diplomacy in L.A, 1909 Completion of Panama Canal, 1914 The Imperialist Taylor Spanish Misrule in Cuba Valeriano Weylers Reconcentration Policy Yellow Journalism & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and Ill furnish the war! De Lme Letter Dupuy de Lme, Spanish Ambassador to U.S. Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana Causes: Spanish American War American investments & tariffs Cuban revolutionaries The Butcher-General Valeriano Weyler Yellow Journalism De Lome Letter Remember the Maine! The Rough Riders Dewey Captures Manila! The Splendid Little War War correspondents Naval Victory at Manila Bay Rough Riders Siege of Santiago The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against annexation of Philippines and other acts of imperialism. Is He To Be a Despot? To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898 Emilio Aguinaldo L eader of the Filipino Uprising. July 4, 1946: Philippine independence The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and Guam. U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines. U. S. became imperial power! Effects of War Cuban Independence, but Platt Amendment Annexation of the Philippines Filipino Insurrection Acquisition of Puerto Rico & Guam Growth of Nationalism William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines Great administrator. Cuban Independence? Senator Orville Platt Platt Amendment (1903) 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 2. U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to U.S. for naval and coaling station. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904) The Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: 1905 The Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power power. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick! The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 Peaceful Harmonious Fists. 55 Days at Peking. The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power. America as a Pacific Power The Cares of a Growing Family Constable of the World The Great White Fleet: 1907 Tafts Dollar Diplomacy Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote Americas commercial interests. Wilsons Moral Diplomacy The U. S. should be conscience of world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism Condemn colonialism. Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914. U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914 U. S. Interventions in Latin America: s Uncle Sam: One of the Boys? What the U. S. Has Fought For