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PPKE-JKNemzetkzi Kzigazgats

(BA)

Ktelezen vlaszthat 2 flvestanegysg

Jegyzet

2012/2013 2. flv

Fejlesztette:Guba Andrs,

Szederknyi va,Danku Mrton

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Description .................................................................................................................................... 3

Globalisation ................................................................................................................................. 5

Definition of globalisation ........................................................................................................... 5

Pros and cons of globalisation ..................................................................................................... 6

Case study ................................................................................................................................... 7

Cross-cultural communication ..................................................................................................... 8

Origins of the discipline .............................................................................................................. 8

Interdisciplinary orientation......................................................................................................... 8

How culturally aware are you? - Cross-cultural quiz.................................................................... 9Understanding culture Case studies ........................................................................................ 10Case study No 1: Protests in Sri Lanka .................................................................................. 10

Case study No 2: ................................................................................................................... 11

Rebecca Fong faces up to flowers and the question of beauty Listen comprehension .............. 12

Vocabulary ................................................................................................................................ 12

Religions of the world ................................................................................................................. 14

Buddhism at a glance ................................................................................................................ 14

Buddhist teachings ................................................................................................................ 14

Venerating the Buddha .......................................................................................................... 14

Pilgrimage ............................................................................................................................. 14

Buddhist worship .................................................................................................................. 15Exercises ............................................................................................................................... 15

Hinduism at a glance ................................................................................................................. 15

God or gods? ......................................................................................................................... 16

The cycle of life .................................................................................................................... 16

What happens after death....................................................................................................... 16

Caste system.......................................................................................................................... 16

Worship ................................................................................................................................. 17

Animal Ethics ........................................................................................................................ 17

Islam at a glance ........................................................................................................................ 17

The Five Pillars of Islam ....................................................................................................... 17

Cheating on the Five Pillars is impossible .............................................................................. 17Basic articles of faith ............................................................................................................. 18

Exercises ................................................................................................................................... 18

Vocabulary ................................................................................................................................ 19

Migration ..................................................................................................................................... 20

Types of migration .................................................................................................................... 20

Activity 1 .................................................................................................................................. 21

International migration .............................................................................................................. 21Activity 2 .................................................................................................................................. 21

Activity 3 .................................................................................................................................. 22Activity 4 .................................................................................................................................. 22

The refugee crisis ...................................................................................................................... 23

Palestinian refugees Case study .............................................................................................. 23

Impact on the Lebanon .......................................................................................................... 23

Impact on Israel ..................................................................................................................... 23

Impact on the refugees in the Lebanon................................................................................... 23

Activity 5 .................................................................................................................................. 24

Vocabulary ................................................................................................................................ 24

Recommended readings .............................................................................................................. 26

Oral exam questions .................................................................................................................... 27

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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRSCULTURAL AWARENESS

Description

Instructors: Danku Mrton, Guba Andrs

1:GLOBALISATION

Definition of globalisation Reading

Mark Gregory, BBC World Service Business Correspondent speaks about

globalisation

Listening comprehension

Pros and Cons of globalisation

For or against globalisation?

Matching activity

Debate

Case study on film Cooperation Film watching

2: CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATIONOrigins of the discipline Reading

Interdisciplinary orientation Reading

How culturally aware are you? Cross-cultural quiz

UNDERSTANDING CULTURECASE STUDIES

Case study No 1: Protests in Sri Lanka Activity

Case study No 2: TV in Arabic world Activity

Rebecca Fong faces up to flowers and the question of beauty Listening comprehension

3:WORLD RELIGIONSBuddhism at a glance

Buddhist teachingsVenerating the BuddhaPilgrimage

The Buddhist worship

Reading

The Dalai Lama Listening comprehension

Hinduism at a glance

God or gods?Cycle of the life

What happens after death?

Caste systemWorshipAnimal ethics

Reading

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Islam at a glance

Five Pillars of IslamCheating on the Five Pillars is impossibleBasic articles of faith

Reading

Tasks Activity

4:INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONTypes of migration Reading

Push factors and pull factors Activity

Refugee crisis Reading

Palestinian refugees Case study

Noam Chomskys views on migration Interview and analysis

Course material: Given photocopied notes

Assignments and marking system:

1. Participation in lessons

2.

End-of term assignment (oral)

Rules of attendance:-You may miss a maximum1of our 4 sessionsduring the semester, without any consequences.- After 1 absence you will not get a signature acknowledging your credit.- Persistent lateness (-20 minutes from class) will be counted as absences.- If you miss a class, you are still required to prepare for the next class and write the word tests and themini-tests, you can check what you have to read and learn in this syllabus.

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Globalisation

Definition of globalisation

A) Match the aspects and the effects below. There are some aspects, which might be connected to

many effects.

Ecological

Political

Financial

Technical

Industrial

Legal/Ethical

Language

Cultural1) The creation of the international criminal court and international justice movements.

2) Emergence of worldwide money markets and better access to external money providing for borrowers.

3) Growth of cross-cultural contacts; new categories of identities which embodies cultural diffusion, the

desire to increase one's standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas.

4) Since many factories are built in developing countries with less environmental regulation, globalism and

free trade may increase pollution.

5) About 90% of all Internet traffic uses English.

6) Some use "globalization" to mean the creation of a world government, or cartels of governments (e.g.

WTO, World Bank, and IMF) which regulate the relationships among governments.

7) Worldwide crazes and pop culture such as Pokmon, Sudoku, Origami, YouTube, Facebook, etc.

Accessible to those who have Internet or Television, leaving out a substantial segment of the Earth's

population.

8) Crime importation and raising awareness of global crime-fighting efforts and cooperation.

9) Development of a global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow, using suchtechnologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless telephones

10) Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity (e.g. through the exportof Hollywood and Bollywood movies).

11) Global environmental challenges might be solved with international cooperation, such as climate change,cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species.

12) The most popular language is English.

13) Greater international travel and tourism

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14) Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g. copyright laws, patents and world tradeagreements.

15) Development of worldwide production and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumersand companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries.

16) Spread of local consumer products (e.g. food) to other countries (often adapted to their culture).

Pros and cons of globalisation

A) Listen to the interview and answer the following questions. (04:48-06:24)

1) Which countries do get benefits from the globalisation?_____________________________

2) Which mentioned country has cheap labour?____________________________________

3) Which mentioned country has good technology?_________________________________

Gary speaks to Mark Gregory, BBC World Service Business Correspondent Source: bbclearningenglish.com

Gary: So what are some of the benefits of this new world were living in?Mark: Well, the theoretical benefits are that, if you have globalisation with all those things that weve beentalking about, you have _________________efficiency and thus greater wealth - and that in some

_________________, some poor countries have lifted themselves out of poverty because of their access toglobal markets. And those people would say that people are a lot _________________and a lot better

educated in China than they were fifteen years ago, because of that countrys phenomenal economic_________________. And thats been tied in to the fact that Chinas involved in international trade. Andcountries like South Korea and Japan grew in the same way before it. So, there have been some definitewinners and its, if you like, globalisation _________________a forum in which opportunities for many

people and many countries are greatly increased.Gary:But if there are winners, are there losers as well?

Mark: Of course, a lot of people would say that these _________________have not only been positive,some have been negative; and that the process of globalisation is a process in which, if you like, somecountries win and others lose. So that, for example, if youve got very cheap labour like China, you expandenormously in areas that _________________cheap labour, to the detriment of other countries which havegot _________________cheap labour. And yet if youve got very good technology like Japan, say, you do

very well, which means that there are also losers: other people who dont have quite such good technology asJapan whove lost out. And a lot of people say, well, thats actually negative. And, of course, globalisation is

often is associated with the growth of Global Corporations, in which there are fewer _________________onwhat they can do. Some people say this is good, and others say well, there are many problems with it.

B) Fill in the brackets with suitable words.

C) Which words from the text above do the following definitions refer to?

1) _________________: to become greater in size, number or importance; to make sth greater in size,

number or importance

2) _________________: the quality of doing sth well with no waste of time or money

3) _________________: a large amount of money, property, etc. that a person or country owns

4) _________________: an advantage that sth gives you; a helpful and useful effect that sth has

phenomenal: very great or impressive

5) _________________: sure or certain; unlikely to change

6)

_________________to link sth or be linked to sth; to happen, or arrange for sth to happen, at the

same time as sth else

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D) Fill in the sentences with the given words. There is a word, which does NOT fit into any sentences.

better off, actually, enormously, associated with, efficiency, benefit, restrictions

1) He couldnt see the _________________of arguing any longer.

2) This syndrome is _________________frequent coughing.

3) The price of wine varies _________________depending on where it comes from.

4) Families will be _________________under the new law.

5) The government has agreed to lift _________________on press freedom.

6) There are lots of people there who can _________________help you.

E) What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalisation? Take the cards into the two groups.

F) This task is about creating a debate in the topic of globalisation.

a) Debate is a formal contest of argumentation between two teams or individuals. Write a short speech (20-25

lines) about the globalisation. You can write your speech for or against it.

b) Read out your speech.c) The audience may ask questions about your arguments.

d) Answer their questions.

Case study

G) The following part of the film Corporationis about the cheap labour in Less Economically

Developed Countries (LEDCs).

a) What the following numbers refer to?

3_____________________________________________________________________________

178___________________________________________________________________________

13____________________________________________________________________________

8_____________________________________________________________________________

b) Answer the following questions.

Why did the National Labor Committee purchase clothes from different corporations?

How did they get the payment information from Honduras?

What did Kathy Lee Gifford say about her clothes?

Why is it a great paradox?

What is written on the flags, which the developing countries wave?

How did developing countries regard Nike?

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Cross-cultural communication

Origins of the discipline

The application of cross-cultural communication studies began post World War II. Its use was

originally found within businesses and the government both seekingto expand globally. Businesses began to

offer language training to their employees. Businesses found that their employees were ill equipped foroverseas work in the globalizing market. Programs developed to trainemployees to understand how to actwhen abroad. Current cross-cultural training in businesses does not only focus on language training but alsoincludes focus on culture training.

As the application of cross-cultural communication theory to foreign language education is

increasingly appreciated around the world, cross-cultural communication classes can be found within foreignlanguage departments of some universities, while other schools are placing cross-cultural communication

programs in their departments of education.

Interdisciplinary orientation

Cross-cultural communication tries to bring together such relatively unrelated areas as culturalanthropology and areas of communication. Its core is to establish and understand how people from differentcultures communicate with each other. Its chargeis to also produce some guidelines with which people from

different cultures can better communicate with each other.Cross-cultural communication, as in many scholarly fields, is a combination of many other fields.

These fields include anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, sociology, communication and humangeography. The field has also moved both toward the treatment of interethnic relations, and toward the studyof communication strategies used by co-cultural populations, i.e., communication strategies used to deal withmajority or mainstream populations.

1) Find synonyms for the following words on your own.Seeking:_________________________________________________________________

To train:_________________________________________________________________

Charge:__________________________________________________________________

2) Match the scholarly fields and their definitions. There is a field, which does NOT have a pair.

A) anthropology 1) Science, study, of the mind and its processes

B) cultural studies 2) Science of nature and growth of populations and behaviors in

populations

C) human geography 3) Science of verbal and nonverbal connections between people

and animals

D) sociology 4) E. g. : art, literature

E) communication 5) Science of man, especially of the beginnings, development,

customs and of beliefs of mankind.

F) psychology

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Understanding culture Case studies

Case study No 1: Protests in Sri Lanka

The Thai government announced in September 2004 that it is now formulating, writing and preparing to

publish a guide on Thai etiquette for foreigners. The patience shown towards poor cross cultural etiquette byforeigners was exhausted when a poster was distributed for a US film showing a man sitting on the head of a

statue of Buddha.

The poster illustrated the lack of cross cultural awareness individuals and companies can have when dealingwith different cultures. Thailand is an overwhelmingly Buddhist country and the poster was seen as an act of

degradation towards the holy.

'Hollywood Buddha', the film that caused the offence, is the story of a struggling film producer who turns to

the Buddhism in order to find success. His new faith helps him to turn things around.

The poster had also angered Buddhist monks from Sri Lanka,Malaysia, and Burma. Around 500 monks took to the streets of

Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka, to protest against the film.

"Please Western people, or US government or US people orwhatever people who is trying to degrade the Buddha, please stop

that act," pleaded protesting monk Sachu Waru.

In response to the affair the Thai government is now preparing aguide book for foreigners to educate them in Thai etiquette, protocol

and public behaviour.

The incident is a good example of why cross cultural knowledge is

critical in international ventures. Had Philippe Caland, the film'sdirector, applied a little cross cultural understanding and examined

the possible repercussions of the poster, his film could have been asuccess in Thailand. Instead, revenue will be lost via the boycotting

of the film by those offended by the poster.

Similarly, travellers to foreign countries must also ensure that they appreciate the differences in etiquette.Poor etiquette can and does lead to offence, which reflects poorly on foreigners and mars their visit.

(www.kwintessential.co.uk)

1) Why does the Thai government prepare to publish a guide of etiquette?

2) Describe the mentioned film poster.

3) What is the mentioned film about?

4) Why do the monks protest?

5) How could be this film a success in Thailand?

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Case study No 2:

The breadth of cross cultural understanding applies to many fields in the business and personal spheres.Many cross cultural experts focus on the application of cross cultural communication to business and relatedareas such as negotiation, advertising and marketing. Others promote the idea that cross cultural awareness isnecessary in most aspects of 21st century life due to the international nature of the world today. Therefore

art, music and TV are also areas where cross cultural awareness becomes relevant.

A recent example of poor cross cultural sensitivity occurred with the launching of a new TV show in theMiddle East.

The television show 'Big Brother', where contestants are kept under lock and key inside the same house untilpublic voting leaves a winner, was first launched in the UK on Channel 4 in 2001. It has gone on to see spin

off versions in countries such as Russia, Turkey and Australia.

In early 2004, the Arab TV channel MBC surprisingly decided to produce their own version, Al-Ra'is (theBoss), in Bahrain. Perhaps just as unsurprising was the decision to cancel the show after its second showing

following intense media criticism accompanied by protests on the streets of Bahrain.

One can only wonder how the MBC producers failed to see the cross cultural implications of Al-Ra'is. Anunderstanding that the show demanded some cross cultural modifications became manifest as the producers

decided to segregate the sleeping quarters of the male and female contestants. In addition a prayer area,

women's lounge and mixed-sex communal area were introduced to better accommodate Islamic principles.

Targeting an audience comprising of mainly Muslims, Al-Ra'is failed to read the cross cultural signs. Theclose quarter interaction between men and women was culturally unacceptable to the majority of viewers. "Itis normal for males and females to mix, but not to put them together in the same house for a long time," said

21-year-old student Maryam al-Sayrafi, who summed up most Muslims' feelings on the show.

The failure of Al-Ra'is points to two things: 1) the adverse consequences of a failure to incorporate crosscultural analysis into a business strategy; in this case a TV show, and 2) the importance of cross cultural

understanding in transferring ideas and concepts across cultures. (www.kwintessential.co.uk)

1) Give a title for the article.2) Decide if the following statements are true or false. Write T in front of true ones and F in front

of false ones.

a) ___The cross cultural awareness is not really important in the 21stcentury, because the international

nature of the world today.b) ___The Arab TV channel, Al Rai started to broadcast the show in Bahrain.

c) ___The Arab TV channel stopped the broadcasting of the program after media critics and protests onthe streets of Bahrain.

d) ___The Arab TVs producers did not change the format of the show at all.

e)

___Arab women and men do not turn up together in a public area in Bahrain.f) ___The TV viewers in Bahrain did not like the program, because the women and men lived too close

together in the Big Brother House.

3) How many times was on program the Arabic Big Brother?

4) What were the main differences between the British and the Arabic Big Brother?

5) What did not the producers consider well before launching the show?

6) How could be avoid this failure?

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Rebecca Fong faces up to flowers and the question of beauty Listen comprehension

1) Listen carefully the part of the interview and answer the questions without checking the answers in

the transcript.

a) What is Ikebana?b) Why did Rebecca laugh at a piece of work?c) Why do we see things culturally differently?

2) Fill in the missing word in the brackets.

When I was quite young I went to live in ______________, and after having been there for a littlewhile I was asked by some of the women I was working with if I'd like to do 'Ikebana'which is Japaneseflower arranging.

I decided not to but I did go to many flower arranging exhibitions and one day I was at one of these

exhibitions and I saw an arrangement and I laughed and I said 'oh well that one was obviously done by abeginner ' and the person I was with who had been studying for a long time said 'no no that was done by an

______________and I could never do that, that's very hard'.I later discovered that when the Japanese are looking at flower arrangement they see something that

we don't see. Because they've been ______________in flower arranging and trained in the understanding orappreciation of the art of flower arranging they can appreciate it for its beauty in a way that I was completely

unable to see when I first went to the country.Think about what this implies for the way that we see beauty. We were both looking at the

same object at the same time but they were seeing something ______________different. What this

implies is that we're all wearing culture tinted glasses if you like. We're looking at things and

judging their value from our own cultural ______________and our own experience, which is often

very different. (bbclearningenglish.com)

Vocabulary

English Pronunciation Magyar

Cross cultural communication

application plI;keISn alkalmazs, felhasznls

establish I;stblIS megalapoz

orientation O:rI@n;teISn eligazods

charge tSA:dZ feladat

guideline GAkDaLAkNb irnyelv(ek), program

appreciate @;pri:SieIt mltnyol, (meg)becsl,

How culturally aware are

you?

aware @;we@ tudatban van valaminek

purpose ;p=:p@s clthe pros and cons proU mellette s ellene szl rvek

discuss dI;sk8s megvitat, megtrgyal, megbeszl

agreement @;gri:m@nt megllapods, egyezsg

consensus k@n;sens@s megegyezs

brief bri:f sszefoglal

boost bu:st emel

pay respect rI;spekt tiszteletet mutat

ashamed @;SeImd szgyenkez, szgyenls

not have a clue klu: fogalma sincs, halvny gze sincs vmirl

at hand HiND azonnal

subordinate s@;bO:dIn@t beosztottproposal pr@;poUzl ajnlat, elterjeszts

blunt bl8nt becsletes s nyersen szinte [ember];

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rude ru:d durva, goromba

politely p@;laIt udvariasan, elzkenyen

purposely ;p=:p@sli szndkosan, kszakarva

undermine \8nd@;maIn alaknz

folded arms keresztbe tett kz

jet leg hossz replt s ideltolds okozta

fradtsgdeliberately dI;lIb@r@tli] tudatosan

pretend prI;tend sznlel, tettet

support s@;pO:t tmogat

attentively @;tentIvli figyelmesen, figyelemmel, gondosangyelve

sulk s8lk duzzog

offended @;fendId srtdtt, (meg)srtett

dare de@ mer

skill skIl jrtassg, hozzrts, szakrtelem

Protests in Sri Lanka

announce @;naUns kijelent, kzl, tudtra ad;

patience ;peISns trelem, bketrs

exhausted Ig;zO:stId kimerltoverwhelmingly \oUv@;welmIX tlnyoman

degradation \degr@;deISn megalzs

offence @;fens srts, bnts

struggling ;str8glIX kszkd, nehezen megl

faith feIT bizalom, hit

anger ;Xg@ (meg)haragt, (fel)dh(s)t, (fel)ingerel,

(fel)bosszant,

monk m8Xk szerzetes

plead pli:d szt emel

response rI;spns felelet,vlasz

venture ;ventS@ vllalkozsrepercussion \ri:p@;k8Sn uthats, (ki)hats, kvetkezmny

breadth bredT szlessg

negotiation nI\goUSi;eISn trgyals

accompany @;k8mp@ni] ksr, egytt jr

implication \ImplI;keISn belevons

manifest ;mnIfest megnyilvnul, kifejezdik

segregate ;segrIg@t klnvlaszt

principle ;prInsIpl alapelv

target ;tArg@t clba vesz

audience;O:dI@ns

nzkznsgcomprise k@m;praIz magba foglal

quarters ;kwO:t@ szls, lakhely

consequence ;knsIkw@ns kvetkezmny

failure ;feIlj@ buks

arranging eaREkNDf elrendezs

obviously agBVkeSLk nyilvnvalan

appreciation ebPRIdtkaEktN megbecsls, elismers. mltnyls

imply kMaPLAk utal, magban foglal, utal

tinted glass aTkNTkDGLhdS fstszn/sznezett veg

judge DfsDf brlvalue aViLJUd rtk

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Tibetan monks use a prayer wheel

Religions of the world2

Buddhism at a glance

Buddhism is a spiritual tradition that focuses on personal spiritual development and theattainment of a deep insight into the true nature of life. Buddhism teaches that all life is

interconnected, so compassion is natural and important.

Buddhism is 2,500 years old

There are currently 376 million followers worldwide

There is no belief in a personal God. It is not centred on the relationship betweenhumanity and God

Buddhists believe that nothing is fixed or permanent - change is always possible

Buddhism is a very colourful faith with many festivalsthroughout the year

Buddhists can worshipboth at home or at a temple. Typical Buddhist building is the Stupa, which is a stonestructure built over what are thought to be relics of the Buddha, or over copies of the Buddha's teachings. Buddhist

temples are designed to symbolise the five elements: Fire; Air; Earth, symbolised by the square base, Water; Wisdom,symbolised by the pinnacle at the top. All Buddhist temples contain an image or a statue of Buddha.

Buddhist teachings

KarmaActions have consequences; so our lives are conditioned by our past actions.

RebirthConsciousness continues after death, and finds expression in a future life.

Liberation from karmaBy following the Buddha's path one escapes the cycle of craving and suffering.

The Four Noble Truths(these are the essentials of Buddhism)

EnlightenmentThe highest goal of life is to reach Enlightenment; a state of being that goes beyond suffering.

Dharma

The teachings and hence the way to nirvana.

The core of Buddhist teaching

At the heart of the Buddha's teaching lie The Four Noble Truths and The Eightfold Path which lead the Buddhisttowards the path of Enlightenment.

Facing the truth

The Buddha taught that the human tendency is to avoid the difficult truths of life and this in turn leads to

suffering. By enabling the mind to be at peace through meditation a human being can confront reality andovercome hatred and craving.

Venerating the Buddha

Buddhist tradition has developed many different customs and practices in different parts of the world.This may take the form of meditating on the qualities of Buddha, and honouring the Buddha or Buddha-figure.A person could honour the Buddha by making offerings to relics or images of the Buddha.

Pilgrimage

The purpose of pilgrimage is to foster a spiritual discipline, to fulfil a vow or simply to travel. It is an important

2Source: www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions

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Buddhist temple, Khatmandu,Nepal

The Dalai Lama

After the death of a Dalai Lama it has traditionally been the responsibility of the High Lamas of the Gelugpa

Tradition and the Tibetan government to find his reincarnation.The High Lamas search for a boy who was born around the same time as the death of the Dalai Lama. Thereare several ways in which the High Lamas might find out the location of where the next reincarnation will be found.

The Dalai Lama is the head monk of Tibetan Buddhism and traditionally has been responsible for thegoverning of Tibet, until the Chinese government took control in 1959. Before 1959, his official residence was PotalaPalace in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.

The institution of the Dalai Lama is a relatively recent one. There have been only 14 Dalai Lamas in thehistory of Buddhism, and the first and second Dalai Lamas were given the title posthumously.

According to Buddhist belief, the current Dalai Lama is a reincarnation of a past lama who decided to bereborn again to continue his important work, instead of moving on from the wheel of life. The current Dalai Lama isTenzin Gyatso.

Buddhist practice.

Pilgrimage also helps to express feelings of devotion and creates a relationship with the historical figures associatedwith the pilgrimage site.

Buddhist worship

Worshippers may sit on the floor barefoot facing an image of Buddha andchanting. They will listen to monks chanting from religious texts, perhaps

accompanied by instruments, and take part in prayers.

Exercises

1) The paragraphs of the following passage are mixed. Put in right

order the following paragraphs.

2) Find synonyms from the next word in the text.

Singing:________________________________Essential:_______________________________

Mankind:_______________________________

To win:_________________________________

Aim:___________________________________

Hinduism at a glance

Hinduism is one of the world's oldest religions, and has over 900 million adherents worldwide. Hinduism is not a singledoctrine, and there is no single founder or teacher.It is important to remember that Hinduism is not only a religion butalso a cultural way of life.

Hinduism originated around the Indus Valley near the River Indus in modern day Pakistan.

About 80% of the Indian population regard themselves as Hindu.

Hindus believe in a universal eternal soul called Brahman, who created and is present in everything.

Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, governed by Karma.

Hindus believe that the soul passes through a cycle of successive lives and its next incarnation is alwaysdependent on how the previous life was lived.

The Vedas are the most ancient religious Hindu text and define the truth.

Hindus believe that the texts were received by scholars directly from God and passed onto generations by

word of mouth.

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The city of Benares at Ganges

God or gods?

Contrary to popular understanding, Hindus recognise one God, Brahman, the eternal origin who is the cause and

foundation of all existence. The gods of the Hindu faith represent different expressions of Brahman. Different Hinducommunities may have their own divinities whom they worship, but these are simply different ways of approaching the

Ultimate.Hindus recognise three principal gods:

Brahma, who creates the universe

Vishnu, who preserves the universe

Shiva, who destroys the universe.

The cycle of life

Hindus believe that the soul passes through a cycle of successive lives and its next incarnation is always dependent onhow the previous life was lived (karma).In a lifetime people build up karma, both good and bad, based on their actions within that lifetime. This karma affectstheir future lives and existences. People must take responsibility for their actions either within this life time or the next.

Death is a key part of this cycle and is treated with specific importance. Death is the last cycle of life referred to as the'last sacrifice'.Moksha is the end of the death and rebirth cycle. It is achieved by overcoming ignorance and desires. It is a paradox in

the sense that overcoming desires also includes overcoming the desire for moksha itself. It can be achieved both in thislife and after death.

What happens after death

It is preferable for a Hindu to die at home.

Traditionally a candle is lit by the head of thedeceased. The body is then placed in theentranceway of the house with the head facingsouth. The body is then carried to the funeral pyreby the male relatives.

After cremation the ashes are collected andusually scattered in water. The River Ganges isconsidered the most sacred place to scatter ashes.

Similarly, Benares (the home of Siva, Lord ofdestruction) is a preferred place of death because it

takes the pollution out of death and makes it apositive event. Anyone who dies here breaks the cycle of life and achieves moksha.

Caste system

One feature of Indian society, despite attempts by some Hindu reformers to outlaw it, is the caste system which ranks

society according to occupation. Caste comes from a Portuguese word, and it is often applied inaccurately to differentsystems of separating layers of society. Varnas are the historical division of society into 4 broad classes.

Traditionally, there were four main varnas, plus one group of outsiders:

The Brahmins, or priests: the highest varna, believed to have emerged from Brahma's mouth.

The Kshatriyas: the warrior or ruling class who were made from Brahma's arms.

The Vaishyas: merchants or artisans who came from Brahma's thighs.

The Shudras: the unskilled labourers and servants who emerged from Brahma's feet. These were the

lowest class, or varna.

The Untouchables: those too lowly to be within the varna system.

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Worship

Hindu worship is primarily an individual act rather than a communal one, as it involves making personal offerings to the

deity. Worshippers repeat the names of their favourite gods and goddesses, and repeat mantras. Water, fruit, flowers andincense are offered to god. The majority of Hindu homes have a shrine where offerings are made and prayers are said.

Family members often worship together. Rituals should strictly speaking be performed three times a day.At a Hindu temple, different parts of the building have a different spiritual or symbolic meaning.The central shrine is the heart of the worshipperThe tower represents the flight of the spirit to heaven.

A priest may read, or more usually recite, the Vedas to the assembled worshippers, but any "twice-born" Hindu canperform the reading of prayers and mantras.

Animal Ethics

Most Hindus are vegetarian, no Hindu will eat beef. Butchery and related jobs are restricted to people of low caste. MostHindus believe that non-human animals are inferior to human beings. Cows are sacred to Hindus. Some Hindu templeskeep sacred animals. Some Hindu gods have animal characteristics

Islam at a glance

The word Islam means 'submission to the will of God'. Islam is the second largest religion in the world with over 1

billion followers. Islam was revealed over 1400 years ago in Mecca, Arabia.

Followers of Islam are called Muslims.

Muslims believe that there is only One God.

The Arabic word for God is Allah.

According to Muslims, God sent a number of prophets to mankind to teach them how to live according to His law.

Jesus, Moses and Abraham are respected as prophets of God.

They believe that the final Prophet was Muhammad. Muslims believe that Islam has always existed, but for practical purposes, date their religion from the time of the

migration of Muhammad.

Muslims base their laws on their holy book the Qur'an.

The Five Pillars of Islam

The Five Pillars of Islam are the five obligations that every Muslim must satisfy in order to live a good and responsiblelife according to Islam.

The Five Pillars consist of:

sincerely reciting the Muslim profession of faith

performing ritual prayers in the proper way five times each day paying an alms (or charity) tax to benefit the poor and the needy

fasting during the month of Ramadan

pilgrimage to Mecca

Cheating on the Five Pillars is impossible

The Five Pillars are a matter between the individual Muslim and Allah: the community may well insist on certainpractices, but at the heart lies the relationship between a Muslim and Allah.So there is no point at all in carrying them out insincerely, or, for example, trying to cheat on the fasting in Ramadan.

For God cannot be fooled and the only person who suffers is the individual concerned.

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. A girl studying the Qur'an

Basic articles of faith

Muslims have six main beliefs:

Belief in Allah as the one and only God

Belief in angels

Belief in the holy books

Belief in the Prophets...e.g. Adam, Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses), Dawud (David), Isa (Jesus).Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the final prophet.

Belief in the Day of Judgement...The day when the life of every human being will be assessed to decidewhether they go to heaven or hell.

Belief in Predestination...

That Allah has already decided what will happen.

Muslims believe that this doesn't stop human beings making free choices.

Exercises

1) a) Define the following terms connecting to world religions.

Brahman:______________________________________________________________________________

Dharma:_______________________________________________________________________________

Islam:_________________________________________________________________________________

Karma:________________________________________________________________________________

Lama:_________________________________________________________________________________

Moksha:_______________________________________________________________________________

Muslims:_______________________________________________________________________________

Predestination:__________________________________________________________________________

Ramadan:______________________________________________________________________________

Stupa:_________________________________________________________________________________

Varnas:________________________________________________________________________________

b) Write the religious words into proper places of the table.

Buddhism Hinduism Islam

2) Match the words from the text and their meanings from the text. There is a word, which does NOT have a meaning.

1) obligation a) Earnest wish, request

2) consciousness b) Deep, strong love

3) discipline c) Being awake, aware, knowing things because one is uses the bodily senses andmental powers.

4) desire d) Promise, duty or condition that indicates what action ought to be taken

5) compassion e) Pity, feeling for the sufferings of others

6) devotion

1___ 2___ 3___ 4___ 5____ 6____

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3) Fill in the table with the proper content.

Islam Buddhism Hinduism

God(s)

__________________

Holy books

_________________

Number of followers

Vocabulary

compassion k@m;pSn sznalom, sznakozs, rszvt

condition k@n;dISn felttelhez kt

consciousness ;knS@sn@s tudat(os)

hatred ;heItrId gyllet

crave kreIv kvnsg

overcome \oUv@;k8m legyz, fellkerekedik

venerate ;ven@reIt tisztel

relic ;relic ereklye

pilgrimage ;pIlgrImIdZ zarndoklat

discipline ;dIs@plIn fegyelem

fulfil fUl;fIl teljest, vgrehajt

vow vaU fogadalom, esk

devotion dI;voUSn htat, vallsos gyakorlat

chant tSA:nt nekel, dalol

monk m8Xk szerzetes

Hinduism at a glanceadherent @d;hI@r@nt kvet, tmogat

doctrine ;dktrIn tanttel, tantseternal I;t=:nl rks

successive s@k;sesIv egymst kvet

scholar ;skl@ tuds

ignorance ;Ign@r@ns tudatlansg

desire dI;zaI@ vgy

pyre paI@ halottget mglya

cremation kr@;meISn hamvaszts

ash S hamu

warrior ;wrI@ harcos

thigh TaI comb

shrine SraIn oltr, szent hely

Islam at a glancereveal rI;vi:l kinyilatkoztat

obligation gBLkaGEkteN ktelessg

satisfy aSiTkSFAk kielgt, eleget tesz

responsible RkaSPgNSkBeL felels

sincerely SkNaSkeRLk szintn

recite RkaSAkT elmond, ismtel

alms hdMZ alamizsna

fast FhdST bjtl

predestination PRIdbDESTkaNEktN eleve elrendelsBuddhism at a glanceattainment @;teInm@nt megvalsts, elrs, elnyers

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insight ;InsaIt bepillants,

Migration

Sometimes the annual growth rate of a country's population does not match up with the statistics forthe birth and death rates. For example Jamaica has a birth rate of 27 per 1000 and a death rate of 6 per 1000.The natural increase is therefore 21 per 1000 but the annual growth rate is only 12 per 1000. This difference

is explained by migration(the movement of people).

More people have emigrated(moved away) from Jamaica to other countries than have moved intoJamaica. The difference between the numbers of immigrants and emigrants gives the migration balance.Jamaica has a net migration loss because it has lost more people through emigration than it gained throughimmigration. Hong Kong has a birth rate of 18 per 1000 and a death rate of 5 per 1000. The natural increase

is 13 per 1000 but the annual growth rate is 33 per 1000, reflecting a net migration gain. Hong Kong hasmany more immigrants than emigrants.

Types of migration

There are many different types ofmigration (Figure 1).

Compulsory or forced migration occurswhen people have no choice about moving.Forced migrants who move to another country arecalled refugees. The reasons why they move

include:

Physical reasons such as earthquakes or

floods. In 1997 victims of the volcanic

eruptions in Montserrat, a Caribbeanisland, fled the island - some came to theUK.

Human reasons such as war or persecution. Forced migration occurred on a huge scale in the past,with the slave trade, and the Jewish persecution in World War II. In the 1970s Idi Amin in Uganda

forced the Ugandan Asians out of the country. In Africa there are many millions of refugees (Figure2) as a result of famine and civil war.

Voluntary migration is when the migrant makes thedecision to move. Today most migration is voluntary. The

decision is usually the result of balancing the advantages

and disadvantages of the movement (Activity 1). Therewill be both push and pull factors involved. Push factorsare the things people dislike or the disadvantages ofwhere they live. There may be no work, few services anda low standard of living. Pull factors are the attractionsor advantages of the place they are moving to. The

location may be nearer to relatives, offer a bettereducation or have a warmer climate.

Figure 2 African refugees in Congo

Figure 1 Types of migration.

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Activity 1

The pull factors in the countryside, the push factors in the city and the obstacles of migration are mixed.Write the factors and the obstacles into the table to the proper places.

Pressure on the land; Fear of the unknown; International boundaries; Better paid jobs in industry; Lack ofservices; Improved housing; Poverty; Few jobs - little money; Poor and expensive transport; Better schools

and hospitals; Remoteness; Shops and entertainment; Leaving family behind; Drought and famine; Watersupply, electricity; Reliable food supplies

Push factors Obstacles Pull factors

International migration

In the 20th century international migrations those that cross country borders have decreased inimportance. In the 19th century, large numbers of people moved voluntarily to different countries in the hope

of colonizing new areas. Examples include the Pilgrim Fathers who sailed to New England on the east coastof America, and the white Europeans moving to South Africa to set up and manage gold mines and sugar

plantations.Some of the migrations were forced, such as the slave trade, and the movement from Ireland during

the potato famine, Figure 3 shows examples of international migrations. In recent decades, the major

international migrations have been of three types.From poor to rich countries:

these include the hugemovements from Mexico into

the southern parts of the USA.The migrants who move insearch of work and a higherstandard of living are oftencalled economic refugees.

From drought-hit countries in

the Sahel region in Africa toneighbouring African

countries,Movements of political

refugees such as Jewsreturning to Israel and theemigration of Palestinians to live in huge refugee camps in neighbouring Jordan and the Lebanon.

Activity 2

a) Circle the arrows of the migrations mentioned above.

b) Give reasons for the migrations signed with numbers. What might be the push factors and the pull factors?1_________________________________________________________________________________

2_________________________________________________________________________________

3_________________________________________________________________________________

4_________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 3 Some important international migrations in the 20thcentury

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Such international migrations have both advantages and disadvantages for the countries and people

involved. These are shown, in Figure 3 (Activity 2).

Activity 3

The table below shows the advantages and the disadvantages of the migration. Fill in the gaps with the givenwords.

reduce, separation, extract, males, exchange, racial, standard, strain, broaden

Figure 4 Advantages and disadvantages of international migration

Activity 4

Across

3. lasting or intended to last or be usedonly for a short time4. a lack of food during a long period oftime in a region

6. a long period of time when there islittle or no rain

7. a person who is legally owned byanother person and is forced to work forthem8. a person who has come to livepermanently in a country that is not their

own Down1. the movement of highly skilled and

qualified people to a country where theycan work in better conditions and earnmore money (two words)2. a person who travels into a city to

work each day, usually from quite far

away5. to try to make sth do more than it is able to do

Advantages Disadvantages

For the host

country

Economic

An extra source of labour. May bring skillsand money to the country. e. g. brain drainof doctors from UK to USA, voluntaryworkers to LEDCs. Help to develop areasand ________________resources.

A ________________ on the country's resources,especially in the LEDCs. Increased unemployment.Need to provide housing, food, medical care,education.

Social Cultural exchange brings new skills andideas.

May increase ________________ tension, violenceand discrimination.

For the losing

countryEconomic

May reduce burden on the country, with

fewer mouths to feed and provide for.Money sent back by migrants is important

foreign ________________. Familiesimprove local economy by spending inlocal shops and on services.

A loss of labour often the young

________________who have the entrepreneurialskills move.

For the

migrant and

family

Economic

May earn more money and have a higher________________ of living stableemployment with a salary/wage.

Higher living ________________ in the hostcountry for housing, food, clothing,

Social Meet new people and ________________cultural understanding,

May result in family ________________ if onlythe main worker - migrates, e.g. Turkish males

going to Germany to work.

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The refugee crisis

Refugees are people who have been forced to move out of their country. Most refugees are made toflee their homes by humanorpoliticalrather than naturalcauses.

Political: religious, political or racial persecution, civil warNatural: environmental disasters such as floods, drought, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Palestinian refugees Case study

For hundreds of years the great majority of people living in Palestine were Arabs. But in the first halfof the 20th century many Jews were concerned about anti-semitism and the persecution of the Jews inHitler's Germany. By the end of World War II many Jews were desperate for the creation of a Jewish state.The Jews claimed Palestine was their homeland because of references in the Bible to it being the birthplaceof the Jewish religion and the 'land flowing with milk and honey'.

In 1948, the Jews declared the creation of the state of Israel which replaced the country of Palestine.War broke out between Israel and her Arab neighbours and many Palestinians fled Israel. Figure Li shows the

destinations of the Palestinian refugees. Most of the refugees settled in neighbouring Arab countries such asthe Lebanon, Syria and Jordan.

Impact on the Lebanon

There are seventeen overcrowded refugee camps.

The Lebanon, already struggling to cater for the needs of its own population, cannot supply therefugees with shelter, clothing, food and medical supplies.

There has been civil war between the Christians

and the Muslims in the Lebanon.

Several wars have been fought between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in theLebanon.

Impact on Israel

Wars with the Lebanon have been costly in lives andmoney.

There is hostility and lack of trust between Israel and

her Arab neighbours.

Frequent bombings and attacks occur in border

regions.

Fewer Palestinian Arabs mean there is more land forthe Jews to settle.

Jobs have become available for the Jews in Israel.

Greater social cohesion is possible in an almost totallyJewish state.

It is easy to establish schools and synagogues with

only a single religion.

Impact on the refugees in the Lebanon

They are free from the hostility they experienced in

Israel.

They have lost their homeland.

They suffer appalling living conditions in makeshift

shelters with little food, clothing, money or otherservices.

Unhygienic living conditions cause disease.

Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/

maps/middle_east_and_asia/p_refugee_camps.jpg

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They have lost their rights and have no say in their own destiny.Source: Understanding GCSE Geography, Ann Bowen, John Pallister Heinemann 2001

Activity 5

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVeeanP5Jto&feature=related

Noam Chomskys view about the Israel-Palestine conflict

Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist. He is anInstitute Professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, one of the fathers of modern

linguistics. Since the 1960s, he has become known more widely as a political dissident (non-conformist) andan anarchist.

Thats one of the most serious crises in the world. The United States and Israel are in grave 1.________ ofinternational humanitarian law. Its not my opinion, its the opinion of the worlds highest judicial 2.

________the International Court of Justice, which declared that the provisions of the Geneva Conventions

applied to the occupied territories, which means that all movement of population into those areas, all thesettlements, are 3. ________. The court determined authoritatively that the wall that Israel is building, which

is clearly, by now, an annexation wall, is in ipso facto of violation of international humanitarian law, in so faris its there to protect settlers, which is may be 80% to 85% of it.The [George W.] Bush administration is the first one to have officially 4. ________ support for Israelspolicies, of take over, of whats valuable to it in the 5. ________territories, which makes the two countries

in severe; and of course the U.S. funds it and provides the diplomatic and military support 6. ________for it.U.S. power centers appear to be pretty happy with this. The U.S. corporations, for example, dont seem to 7.

________to having a highly militarized ally with high technology, very loyal, because it has no choice, onceit decided to move towards preferring expansion to security, as it did years ago. Technically they are 8.

________of pursuing the policies that they are following.ThE 9. ________Arab states may not like it, but theyre not going to try to do anything about it. The rest of

Europe 10. ________to take more than a passive role.The Palestinians, the nation is being destroyed. Thats a 11. ________ event in history, for a nation to face

destruction; but its happening. The United States and Israel at the moment, and in effect for many years,have been internationally 12. ________n their refusal to accept diplomatic settlement in accord with whathas been an 13. ________ international consensus; some kind of two-state settlement on the international

border with some modification of borders, and they still are 14. ________it, alone.The Arab states have 15. ________ come out 16. ________ it. Iran has a stated its agreement with the

position of the Arab states. Hamas has called for it. Europe, of course, and non-aligned countries of course,but the U.S. has overwhelming power in that region. And if it stands in the way of the 17. ________it wonttake place. Now, with all the conflicts this can lead to, and for the local populations very serious, but evenwith ramifications elsewhere.

Vocabulary

annual aiNJmeL ves, vi

birth rate Brdp REkT szletsi arnyszm

death rate DEp REkT hallozsi arnyszm

refugee REFJUdaDfId meneklt

permanent aPrdMeNeNT lland

temporary aTEMPReRk ideiglenes

brain drain BREkN DREkN agyelszvs

commute KeaMJUdT ingzik

counterurbanisation ellenvrosods

victim aVkKTkM ldozateruption kaRsPteN vulknkitrs

flee, fled, fled FLId elmenekl

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persecution bPrdSkaKJUdtN ldzs

voluntary aVgLeNTeRk nkntes

obstacle agBSTeKeL akadly

drought DRAmT aszly

separation bSEPeaREktN elklnls

extract EKaSTRiKT kitermel

strain STREkN ignybevtel, megterhels

burden aBrdRDeN teher

broaden aBRjdDN bvt, tgt

desperate aDESPeReT elsznt

reference aREFeReNS utals, hivatkozs

struggle aSTRsGeL erejt megfeszti, kzd

shelter atELTe hajlk, menedk

hostility HgaSTkLeTk gyllkds, ellensgeskeds

cohesion KemaHIdfN sszefogs, sszetarts

makeshift aMEkKtkFT sszetkolt, rgtnztt

provision PReaVkfN intzkeds, rendelkezsipso facto A tnybl kifolylag, a tnybl

kvetkezen.non-aligned eaLAkN el nem ktelezett

overwhelming embVe HWELaMIn nyomaszt

ramifications bRiMkFkaKEktN legazs, hats

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Recommended readings

Castles, S. and Miller, M. (2009) The Age of Migration: International population movements in the

modern world, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 4thEdition.

Geddes, A. (2009)Migration as Foreign Policy? The External Dimension of EU Action on

Migration and Asylum Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies, Stockholm Issue 2

Indra, D. (1999)Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and practice, New York: Berghahn Books.

Loescher, G. (2001) The UNHCR and World Politics: A perilous path, New York: Oxford University

Press.

Richmond, A. (1994) Global Apartheid, Toronto: Oxford University Press.

UNHCR (2006) The State of the World's Refugees: Humanitarian displacement in the new

millennium, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Zolberg, A., Suhrke, A. and Aguayo, S. (1989)Escape from Violence: Conflict and the refugee crisis

in the developing world, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rogers, E. M. and D. Lawrence Kincaid. (1969). Modernization Among Peasants. New York: Holt,

Rinehart and Winston .

Harris, Philip, R., Moran, Robert T., Moran, Sarah Virginia : Managing Cultural Differences: Global

Leadership Strategies for the 21stCentury. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004

(http://books.google.hu/books?id=wiQPYGoiJYYC&dq=Managing+Cultural+Differences&pg=PP1&ots=W1LYDLCFyn&sig=8uZMbU0Nq2T6udf8IQYBv9O22D0&hl=hu&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPP19,M1)

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Oral exam questions

1) What are the origins and the interdisciplinary orientations of cross cultural communication?

2) Explain the cross cultural impacts of 'Hollywood Buddha'film.

3) Explain the cross cultural impacts of the Arab Big Brotherseries.

4)

What are the main definitions of globalization?

5) What are the advantages of globalization? Give examples of them from our everyday life.

6) What are the disadvantages of globalization? Give examples of them from our everyday life.

7) Show the basic beliefs of Buddhism.

8) Show the basic beliefs of Hinduism.

9)

Show the basic beliefs of Islam.

10)Types of migration; International migration

11)Types of migration; Refugee crisis