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Information Flow and Cooperative Control of Vehicle Formations 김김김 CDSL 2008-1-9 1

Information Flow and Cooperative Control of Vehicle Formations

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Information Flow and Cooperative Control of Vehicle Formations. 김상훈 CDSL 2008-1-9. Previous Seminar Relative Position Control in Vehicle Formations. Goal Cooperative Formation Control / Decentralized Control Relative Formation / Offset ( Inter-vehicle spacing) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Information Flow and Cooperative Control of Vehicle Formations

김상훈CDSL

2008-1-9

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Previous SeminarRelative Position Control in Vehicle Formations

Goal Cooperative Formation Control / Decentralized Control Relative Formation / Offset (Inter-vehicle spacing)

Graph Theory / Laplacian Matrix / Perron-Frobenius Theorem λ(L) properties

Theorem 3 Individual (3)∼(7) system identical N systems (8) dynamics Stabilizing (8) (BIG) ⇔ Stabilizing (11) (SMALL)

Check a single vehicle (with the same dynamics, only modified by a scalar λi) Easy, Local Controller

사실 Laplacian L뿐만 아니라 일반적인 Matrix의 λ에도 동일하게 사용가능

Theorem 4 가정

Output y(Absolute Formation) 는 관심 없다 Pc1을 0로 Relative Formation dynamics

SISO for individual vehicle Nyquist Criterion 을 변형 (-1 -λ-1) 하여 Robust한 Controller Design

Evaluating Formations Via λ(L) L의 Topology에 따른 -λ-1 Table 1 Stability를 짐작할 수 있다 . (Stability Margin)

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Previous SeminarFormation Stability

1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

i

i i

P s K s P s K sP s K s P s K s

1i# of encirclements of -1

2

i A i B i

i i C i

x P x P uz P x

( )iP s ( )K sK

When SISO

Theorem 4Theorem 3

1

2

( ) ( )( )( )

N A N B

N C

N C

x I P x I P uy I P xz I P Lx

when PC1=0; relative formations

2

( ) ( )( )N A N B

N C

x I P x I P uz I P Lx

N vehicles together

N individual vehicles

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Information flow in Vehicle FormationA. Properties of the information flow loop

주제 A Problem

Graph의 Characteristic에 Stability가 큰 영향… Controller로 들어가는 정보를 처리하고 싶은데…

What to do Robustness to uncertainty in the Graph To achieve desired response

How to Block diagram에서 L(Graph)만 떼어서 생각 L을 stabilizing 하는 R과 그것을 connection 방법을 제안

Information Flow Law Stability Analysis by Theorem 4 Theorem 9 Convergent Value 는 ? 그것의 의미 ? Consensus 란? Theorem 10

Result Theorem9 이것에 맞추어 R을 잘 결정 (또는 F결정 ) by Nyquist-like method

To achieve Robustness to L and Desired response Theorem10 Consensus가 이루어지기 위한 필요조건

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Information flow in Vehicle FormationB. Information Flow in the Loop주제 B

Problem Information Flow 를 K, P 와 함께 연결하면 기대한대로 작동 ?

Information Flow 를 design 할 때 생각했던 stability margin 은 L 에 관한 것이다 . 여전히 P 의 uncertainty 에 취약하다 .

What to do P 의 uncertainty 대항력을 키우자 . 독립적으로 design K to stabilize P 과 design F to stabilize L 을 하고 싶다 .

How to do Vehicle 의 motion 정보가 Information Flow Loop 에 필요

Predictor 도입 (H) (Feedforward Information Compensator) H 를 잘 설정하면 K 와 F 를 독립적으로 설계해도 좋아

Theorem 11

Result Theorem 11 Separation Principle To design K, F by H

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Information flow in Vehicle FormationAssumption & PreliminaryAssumption

Discrete-time Dynamical System

SISO for individual vehicle Relative Sensing / Relative Formation Dynamics

Preliminary Decentralized Control

Information What to Receive from others, Compute and Transmit to others Information flow law Information 흐름에 관한 scheme

각 Vehicle 가 가진 Information은 Decentralized Control의 기초 여러 Vehicle의 Information은 공통 부분이 생기지 않을까?

Steady state조사 Consensus 확인

예 ) 다음 번 inform 는 자신의 과거 inform, 이웃의 현재 in-form, 추가되는 정보 (ex. sensing relative positions) 에 의해 결정

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Information flow in Vehicle FormationOverall Block Diagram

(Averaging information)

(Ass. Strictly Proper)∵ for sensing & transmission delay

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Properties of the information flow loopSimple Case : R(z) = (1/z)

1. Stability of Information flow loop?2. Steady State Value of Informa-tion?

p y Information flow loop

LetOne step de-lay What Consensus is?∵ delay

1. Stability of Information flow loop neutrally sta-ble ∵ Perron root(spectral radius) of G <=1

2. Steady State Value of Information Theorem 6

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Theorem 6

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Properties of the information flow loopConsensus as the formation Center

무엇일까 ?Graph 에 의해 weighting 된 Formation Center

모든 Vehicle 의 inform. 에서 공통으로 수렴 되는 값“Formation reach consensus as its Center “라고 한다 .

본 paper 에서 even 하게 부여하였지만 uneven 하게도 가능 . 하지만 그경우 global knowledge 가 필요할 수 있음 주의

( 다른 논문에서 그림 가져 왔음 )

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Properties of the information flow loopGeneral Case : R(z) is general strictly properStability (Theorem 9)Steady State Value (Theorem 10)

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Theorem 9

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Theorem 10

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Theorem 10 : About consensus

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Properties of the information flow loopExample of F : stability and response

F 가 Information 을Stabilization 시킨다

F 로 원하는 Response 를 설계할 수 있다 (Shaping)

1 of Li모든 가 -0.5 좌측

또는 그 위에 위치 (Fig.3) 하므로 F2 는 항상 Graph 를 Stabilization 한다

1 of LiAperiodic graph 의 경우 모든 가 -0.5 좌측에 위치 (Fig.3) 하므로

F1 는 Aperiodic Graph 를 Stabilization 한다 Theorem 6 확인

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Information Flow in the loopStabilities in L and P

isolating L

K 와 P 에 Information Flow Loop 를 함께 연결하여 L 의 양단에서 Nyquist Criterion 적용(L 에 대항하는 Robustness) 여전히 P 의 uncertainty 에 취약하다 .

P 의 uncertainty 대항력을 키우자 .독립적으로 design K to stabilize P 과 design F to stabilize L 을 하고 싶다 .

Vehicle 의 motion 정보가 Information Flow Loop 에 필요 Predictor 도입 (H) (Feedforward Information Compensator)H 를 잘 설정하면 K 와 F 를 독립적으로 설계해도 좋아 Theorem 11

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Information Flow in the loopSeparation Principle

Theorem 11

Block1 – by assumption, neutrally stableBlock2 – equivalent to information flow law stabilizationBlock3 – by stabilization p through kBlock4 – by assumption of theorem 9

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Examples

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Discussion Results

Design of Dynamical System Vehicles to achieve consensus on the forma-tion center

Feedforward Compensation to render sensed and transmitted information timely

Limitation Need for an exact model P No sensitivity analysis in modeling errors Sensitivity to mismatches in initial conditions of vehicles

Predictor 보다 Observer는 어때? Linear System with fixed time delays

Nonlinear vehicle 또는 system with variable time delays 으로 확장해보는 것은 어때? Nonlinear System의 Center Manifold on which, information flow is restricted

Can extend information flow principle to such nonlinear systems?? Feedforward term stability separation Can be extended to systems with variable

time delays??

Constraint c=1 in information flow Information flow law : Neutral stable Never decays out Sensitive to initial conditions 주기적으로 information 을 reset하는 상위 레벨의 protocol을 생각해볼 수 있다 .

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Relative sensingIdentical multi-agentDecentralized control

Formation Control 을 했어간단한 scheme 에서 Stability 를 보였어 Scheme 을 조금 복잡하게하여 Stability 도 생각해봤어Consensus 의 조건도 간략하게 보였고

어떤 응용을 해볼까 ???무엇에 쓸까… ..…. >_<

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AppendixNyquist Criterion for Discrete System

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