12
Instructions for use Title Granulation of Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer in a Spouted Bed Author(s) Uemaki, Osamu; Mathur, K.B.; Kugo, Masao Citation 北海道大學工學部研究報告, 75, 71-81 Issue Date 1975-07-26 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/41284 Type bulletin (article) File Information 75_71-82.pdf Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

Instructions for use - HUSCAP€¦ · The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a “spray zone (the ... Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt

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Page 1: Instructions for use - HUSCAP€¦ · The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a “spray zone (the ... Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt

Instructions for use

Title Granulation of Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer in a Spouted Bed

Author(s) Uemaki, Osamu; Mathur, K.B.; Kugo, Masao

Citation 北海道大學工學部研究報告, 75, 71-81

Issue Date 1975-07-26

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/41284

Type bulletin (article)

File Information 75_71-82.pdf

Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

Page 2: Instructions for use - HUSCAP€¦ · The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a “spray zone (the ... Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt

Granulation of Ammonium                in a Spollted

Sulphate Fertilizer

Bed

Osamu UEMAKI, K. B. Mathur’;’“ and Masao KuGo

             (Received September 26, IL974)

                                 Absもract

   Ammonium sulphate was successfully granulated in ac ’spouted bed by atomizing a

solutioR of the salt into a bed of seed particles spou.ted with hot air. The granules thus

produced had a uniform layered structure. The particle growth rate was correlated with

the solution feed rate, and an estimate was made of the rate of size reduction due to

attrition which occurred concurreRtly.

    lt was found that under a given set of operating conditions, the net growth rate

increased in approximate proportion to solution feed rate raised to the power of O.8,

but remained independent of the seed particle dlameter.

    Considerable amot}nt of fine dust was produced. lt was caused by lncoinplete depo-

sition of sprayed solution and the attrition of the particles in the spOut. The rate of

attrition under granulatlon conditions was independent of the particle diameter, and was

strongly affected by the moisture content of the bed solids.

                             1. IRtroduetion

   Granulation is a process of size enlargement, and .is commonly employed in

the fertilizer industry to produce particies of 1-4 mm. size range. The process

is often carried out in a rotary drum, and a slurry or so,lutioR of the material to

be granulated is sprayed onto the rolling bed of particles-in the drum.

   Growth can occur by two mechanisms. The first mechanism is agglomerationi),

or sticking together of smaller particles with the liquid providing the binding

force. The second mechanism is growth by layering process which comes aboutby deposition of solids after the evaporation of water2’3’‘). Successive layers a,re

thereby formed on the particles.

   The similar process can be carried out more effectiveiy in a spouted bed than

in a rotary drum, since the spouted bed not only provides very systematic agitat.ion

of the bed solids but also allows iRtimate gas-solids contact which facilitates

evaporation of waterO’). Granulation can also be carried out in a fluidized bed,

but the use of a spouted bed enables granules of a much larger size to be

produced. Apart from this, the existence of a high voidage zone at the bottom

of the spout provides an ideal location for injecting the liquid spray. Rapid

evaporation of water in this region causes the temperature of the hot gas to fall

sharply before it comes in contact with the bulk of the bed solids. Higher inlet

gas temperatures can therefore be used without causing thermal damage to the bed

  Department of Applied Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

’N’ Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of British Celurnbia, Vancouver, Canacla.

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72 Osamu UEMAKエ, K, B. Mathur and Masao KuGo 2

particles than would be permissible in a fiuidized, with consequent 1.mprovement

 ln evaporatlon rates.

    The most important advantage, however, arises from the systematic cyclic

movement of particles in a spouted bed, as against the more random motion in a

fiuidized bed, since with the former, agglomeration is avoided so that the granules

produced are uniform in size, and possess a homogeneous layered structure. The

 grafiules produced are of i.mproved appearance, have better storage properties and

require shorter drying times6).

    The variables that are likely to affect the growth rate of the particles in a

spouted bed are as follows:

    (1) Solution spray rate.

    (2) Seed particle diameter.

    (3) Attrition: the surface abrasion of particles to create fine dust.

    Therefore, the effect on the net growth rate of the operating variables (seed

sizes, feed rate of soiution, temperature variations across the bed and attrition fate)

wete investigated.

    The object of this research was to correlate the above mentioned var.iab}es

with the net growth rate, thereby to acquire a better understanding of the nature

 of the granulation process.

2. Apparatus and Experimental Procedures

    2.1 Apparatus

   The equiprnent used in this investigation is schematically showh in Figure 1,

The main granulation column consisted of a 6” dia. ×1000 mm. high stainless

steel colurnn with a 600 conical base. The approach pipe for the spouting air

consisted of a 2” 1. D. stainless steei pipe, which was constricted by a 3,/4” dia.

orifice at the point of entry into the bed. The atomizer is also shown in Figure 1.

It was installed in the centre of the orifice and the strong shearing action at the

3mm. nozz正e broke up the solution into a伽e spray.

   A series of iron-constantin thermocouples were used to measure the temperature

of inlet and evxit air streams and at various levels along the height of the bed.

   The am皿onium sulphate solution was stored in a 6”dia.×1000 mm. high Pyrex

1

9

8

i

〃ヒー#.

r’o Exhaust

一王㊤{旧

一”’Ii’2

Atomizer

f’ P:’“’

3rc,m,ip

  P.ir

t Liquiai

1 3.....油  

11

▽2 ▽ 2 ワ2

ニペ

12

t…〒..一」.__

 x@ E、.、.一..L4一  Air

1予

門..一.一.一.....一..…内....

一一m:._.

 Spouted Bed Coluran.

 Rotameter, 「工}ransport Pipe.

 Cyclone Separator.

 Electric 11eaters.

 Gear PurnP.

 Feeci Tank

 Solution Storage Tantr. .

9, Chromo)ox lmraersien Heaセer.

工Or 工1, 上2.

 Sampling Points,

:lir Supply

Fig. 1 A Schematic Diagram of the Spoutecl Bed Granulator

Page 4: Instructions for use - HUSCAP€¦ · The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a “spray zone (the ... Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt

・3 Granulation of AmMoni.um Sulphate Fertilizer’ in a Spoutecl Bed 73

glass column, which was grad.uated to enable measurement of solution feed rate.

A Chromolox nickel-prated immersion heater was placed at the bottom of the

column, aBd the temperature of the solution was regulated by means of a thermo-

stat. The solution was pumped to an atomizer which sprayed it as a fine mist

into the base of the spouted bed.

    2.2 Experimental Procedures

   a. Growth runs A solution about 40% by weight of ammonium sulphate

was made, and was stored in the solution reservoir. The solution was heated to

700C by means of the immersion heater.

   A bed of seed particles of ammonium sulphate of knowh weight (6.2-7.1 kg)

and of a particular size range (L17-3.36 mm) was put into the spouting column.

The part.icies were used as nucle.i. upon which the atomized ammonium sulphate

solution was sprayed during the experiment.

   The particles were spouted with hot ai.r at approximately 2000C. The supply

of solution to the atomi.zer was started after aliowing ten to fifteen minutes for

preheating of the bed to its expected temperature of about 700C during the

experlment.   Soiids were withdrawn periodically from the bed through the outiet in the

cone, so that the average bed height was maintained constant throughout a run.

   The experiments were carri.ed out for five to ten hours. The withdrawn

particles were screened to determine the s.ize distribution.

   b. Attrit.ion runs Attrition runs were carried out with the objective of

determining the extent of attrition occurring in a spouted bed. The particles

were spouted w.ith aii” at 2000C, but without injection of ammonium sulphate. ln

some runs water was iRjected into the bed as feed to simulate the conditions

during growth runs, wh.ile the other runs were carried out with no water injection

at all.

   The entire bed was removed periodically for screen analysi,s and then returned

to the column to the continue the run.

   c. 6ranule structure Some large granulated particles from the product of

the granu正ation experiment were selected. The parti.cles were set in a mould of

organic po’lymeric material, and the surface of the hardened mould was sandpapered

until the cross-section of the particle close to its equator could be seen clearly.

The sectl.oned particles were observed under a microscope, and were a正so ph.oto-

graphed.

3. Tlieory

   The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a

“spray zone (the spout)” in which the particles grow by the spray droplets, and

the other is a “drying zone (the annuius)” in which the moisture is removed

from wet particies. The particles grow gradually by repeating this cycle.

   Since it was confirmed by observing the granulated particles that aggiomer-

ation did not occur in the spouted bed granulator, the mass rate of growth of a

particle, on passiRg througk a spray zone, is assumed to be proportional to i.ts

surface area7’S), then

                                窯=んβ・           (1)

   Th.e surface area and mass of a particie in equation (1) are expressed in terms

Page 5: Instructions for use - HUSCAP€¦ · The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a “spray zone (the ... Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt

74 Osamu UEMAKI, K. B. Mathur and Masao KUGO 4

of its. d.iameter as follows,

                                ・・一間      (・)

                              伽一坐讃40・           (3)

   Substituting equations (2) and (3) into equation (1) then gives;

                                盤』箸            (4)

   ・However, the time, a particle spends in the spray zone (ts), is not an easily

measurable quantity. Therefore, assuming that the time, a particle spends in the

spray zone, is directly proportionai to the residence time of a particle in the

granulator (t), we may write

                                 留一・,        (・)

where fe, is designated as the residence time coeMcient and depends on fiow

characteristi.cs of the spouted beds.

   Combining equations (4) and (5), we get

                               馨一物タ           (6)

   The rate of size reduction of a particle due to attrition and fragmentation in

the spouted bed would also be expected to be proportional to the particle surface

area as described in section 4. 3.

   Hence

                               -dd一?=一fe,Sp (7a)

and

                              鮎十R     (7b)

   Combining equations (6) and (7), one obtains the net growth rate equation

                             努一急(k,k2-k3)    (・>

   Upon integration of equation (8) under the initial condition D,=Dp, at t=O,

the following equation is obtained :

                       Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt (9)

where K [2(le,k,一k,)/p.] is the net growth rate.

   The validity of equation (9) will be tested against experimental data, and an

attempt will be made to relate the net growth rate (K) with those operating

varibles which are expected to have an effect on particle growth rate.

                       4. Experimental Results

   The operating conditions and the experimental results are summarized inTable 1.

   The first step in data analysis was to find a suitable mean diameter of the

particles to characterize the size distribution as determined hy screen analysis.

Several types of mean diameters (length mean, surface mean, weight mean, sauter

mean or reciprocal mean) were calculated from the screen analysis data. The

most consistent trends of mean diameter versus time plot were obtained with

reciprocal mean diameter. The reciprocal rnean diameter were therefore selected

Page 6: Instructions for use - HUSCAP€¦ · The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a “spray zone (the ... Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt

5 Granulation of Ammonium Sulphac te Fertilizer in a Spoutecl Bed 75

t Sable 1 . The Operating Variables and the Experimental

      Results of the Growth ancl Attrition Runs

       Seed sizeRun No.

(mm.)

Begl height Air velocity(NH,),SO,

feed rateec“

’Net growth

   rate.

(.1.!}..m..:ZLi.r一)..

% of feed

lost as

丘ne(1ust砦曇砦

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

!3

14

15

16

17

!.17-1.68

1.!7-1.68

1.17-1.68

1.17-1.68

1.68一.P..OO

2.00-2.38

2.38-2,83

2.83-3.36

0.99-3.36

0.70-3.36

2.38-4.70

2.38-4.70

2.38-2.83

2.38-2.83

2.38-2.83

!.68-2.00

2.Oe-2.38

  46,e

  46.0

  46.0

  46.0

  46.0

  46.0

  46.0

  46.0

  46.0

  46.0

26.0-36.5

30.5-36.5

200一[.?6.0

19.0-26.e

18.0-26.0

18.0-20.0

!8,0-20.0

60.6-70.7

57.6-77.8

58.6-80.8

55.6-80.8

72.7-85,9

8e.8-121.

101-143

1el-143

63.6-85.9

62.6-96,0

60,6-126

98.5-126

56.6-66.7

56.6-66.7

52.5-68.7

48.5-52.5

52.5-64.6

13.0

16.2

!7.5

20.3

20.0

19.3

35.2

38.4

22.6

!7.7

40.ONN

o

o

l!.0轍

20.5N-M

o

o

 O.0863

 0.1083

 0.1111

 0.!024

 0.1048

 0.1!23

 0.2044

 0.1493

 0.0957

 0.07!3

-O.!600

-O.0400

-O,e264

-e.0953

-O.1320

-O.0323

-o.e130

17.0

11.5

18.9.

30.4

22.2

11.9.

30.2

45.0

25.9

9.6

 幹

菅薫

曇畳曇

Expressed as 100% (NI!{4)2SO4・

Water wac s used insteacl of ammonium sulphate solution.

Estimatecl from materiai balance.

as a basis for further analysis of the data.

physical grounds for it giyes an indicationvolume9).

    4.1 Temperature Profiles in Beds

   A typical temperature profile in

temperature in both the spout and

the annulus dropped sharply from200SC to 750C in the bottom 10 cm.

of the bed and remained constantabove the 1/Z=O.S level. Therefore,

it was concluded that all of the heat

transfer from the air to the particles

took place in this region by means

of the high transfer rate in the

spouted bed.

   The air temperature differences

between the bottom and the top of

the bed steadily increased with the

increase of solution feed rate as

would be expected from heat balance

considerations.

    4.2 Net Growth Rate (K)

   Typical data for a growth run

  This choice is also justified on

of surface area available per unit

the bed is shown in Figure 2.

20e

The bed

t

150

100

50

e

O spout

e Annulus

Solution feed rate

     73,7 grn.Imin.

Air rate     922 1/rnin.

Seed particle

    2.605 mm.

Bed height

    46.0 cm.

㌔艶馳、能.∫』9..i.Q.。e,

o

Fig. 2

         O.5 1.O i.2     BED LEVEL  l / Z「 ( 一 }

A Typical Temperature Profile in Becl

Page 7: Instructions for use - HUSCAP€¦ · The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a “spray zone (the ... Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt

76 Osamu UEMAKI, K. B, Mathur ancl Masao KuGO 6

are presented graphically in Figure 3, which shows the size distribution of the

growing bed particles at different time iRtervals.

   When the reciprocal mean diameters of the granulated particies were plotted

against times, straight lines were obtained. Two such plots are shown in Figure 4

and Figure 5 which represent the minimum and the maximum scatter of datarespectively. The slope of the line gives the net growth rate of the granules for

the particu1ar run in accordaRce with equation (9). The net growth rate for the

various runs are shown in Table 1. ln all cases, the slopes refnained positive,

indicating that normal growth due to solid deposl.tion predominated over size

reduction due to attrition.

三〇〇

Do

塞・。

糞、。

い華

ゼロ曇

10

1跳

黙.

    ど・

R:= [2)’

t’

e/ iiii

 x,,

〇二.Oh。ur

O 2.e ho=一r

o  壱.O bour

e s.o heu:

e 6.a heur

 o ,TT,

Fig. 3

 1 ,5          2 ,0         2 ,~           1.Q          1,5

   にぶにワ ドじじ  ロ へき にアヒロ   こ アハコ  き

Particle Size Distribution

During Granulation Ex-

perlment.

p ,.,

,.,,r・

P’

,鋤 、

.鮪 .

.101’

X,ok

1.So

1,40

o

,/

./o

’f

.o

/,,o

o

Fig. 4

3,2

].s

 

髪3.。壁

8畿

5臣

2,5

Run (S)

        ノ

    ○/60

。/

ノ/

o

ooo

    /

/oo/o

1      2      3 4, S

     T工ME (hours)

The Net Growth Rate of

(NH4)2SO4 Particles (2).

6

8臣

].e

2.8

2,6

?,4

2.2

2.e

i,B

o

Fig. 5

1.6

.1:5

1     2     ヨ     4     5     F

    二噛1卜!:  【 hour5  )

The net Growth Rateof (NH4)2SO4 Particles(1).

/oo

   ヅ   /o

/o

   o/

//oo

   /

碑/

       .o/

Run@t1 W//o/O

o/

O 2. 4 6’ S 10Fig. 6

    丁工卜慮   〔 hQurs )

The Net Growth Rate of

(NH4)2SO, Particles (3).

上2

Page 8: Instructions for use - HUSCAP€¦ · The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a “spray zone (the ... Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt

7 Granulation of Ammonium Sulphate FertMzer in a Spouted Be(1 77

   M[ost experiments were carried out over five to six hour periods except for two

runs which were extended to 9.0 and 9.5 hours respectively. The results for

these longer runs, shown in Figure 6. indicated that the mean size of the particles

was still increasing.

   The net growth rate would be expected to vary linearly with the feed rate

of ammonium sulphate solution7> since with the bed weight hold constant, the

amount of solution available for coating per unit weight of the bed particles

increased. When the net growth rate values were plotted against the corresponding

solution feed rates on a log-leg scale, a straight line was obtained as shown

in Figure 7. The slope of the line was O.8. This indicated the dependence

of the net growth rate (K) on solution feed rate was weaker than expected. lt

could be related to the significant amount of dust being produced during theexperiment, as any fine particles elutriated were equivalent to the loss of material

that could have contributed to

the growth of the particles in

the bed.

   The effect of the seed size

on the net growth rate is shown

in Figure 8. lt was found that

the net growth rate was inde-

pendent of the seed size under

these operating conditions.

    4.3 AttritioR Rate (R)

   Typical data for the attrition

runs are presented graphically

in Figure 9 and Figure 10.

Figure 9 shows the size dis-

tribution of the ground particles

at different time i.ntervals and

Figure 10 shows the size re-

duction rate of the particles.

   Particle breakdown in a

spouted bed wou正d be expected

to occur by two mechanisms assuggested in a jet-suction pulver-

izer’O>. The first mechanism is

surface grinding, which comes

about by the surface abrasionof particles. The second mecha-

nism is bulk crushing, which

occurs by breakage of particles

into smaller fragments. lf bulk

crushing is predominant in the

spouted bed, particles are in-

itially crushed into the inter-

mediate size particles and the

fines appear thereafter, On the

other hand, when surface grind-

ing is predominant, the fine

2

、長

ぽ畠

。.so

O.40

O.30

O.25

O.20

O.15

O.10

e.e8

O.06

O.05

O rune :ttn

O =un

O rune runO runO run@ run

e runO =un

o

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

IO

eoOa/f

     le 15 2e 25 30 40 Se 60 80 100

          FEED RATE OF ( NHa)2 Sd4 SP,LU’1’ION (grn./min . )

Fig. 7 The Variation of Net Growth Rate with SQIution

     Feed Rate

O.12

O.11

O.10

O.09

Solution Feed Rate

  19.3 一一 22.6 ( gm./min. )

一e

e

O.08   LO

e

e

Fig. 8

      X.5 2.0 2.5      PART:CLE DIAMETER ( mm. }

Relation of Particie Diaxneter and Net

GrQwth Rate

Page 9: Instructions for use - HUSCAP€¦ · The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a “spray zone (the ... Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt

78 Osamu UEMAKI, K. B. Mathur and Masao KuGO 8

particles are produced at the beg-

inning of grinding and the fraction

of them increases gradually during

the run. Therefore, the slzereduction rate would be expected

to be proportional to the particle

surface area when surface grinding

predominates over bu!k crushiRg.

   It was found that the

reduction of particles in

spouted bed occurred bysurface abrasion as shownFigure 9.

arity of the graph in Figure

proved that it was a

assumption in equation (7a)

the size reduction rate was

portional to the particle

slze.

毛he

the

 iR

          Furthermore, the line-

                            10

                     reasonable

                          that

                          P「o齪

                        surface

 area, and the validity of equation

(7a) was confirmed.

    The attrition rate for the vari-

ous runs are shown in Table 1,

 and it is found that the attrition

 rate is independent of the seed

 particle size under these operating

conditions. The effect of water feed rate on the attrition rate is

shown in Figure 11, and it indi-

cates the attrition rate is dependent

 on moisture content in the part-

icles. When water was sprayedinto the bed, the particles would

 have a higher moisture contentthan without injection. The moist

particles were more friable and

hence were abraded faster.

    The data in Figure l l are

 insuMcient for giving any quanti一

l

vR

8臣

1.0

O.8

O.6

O.4

O.2

o

o

G

o

e

o

e

O hour

O,5 hour

工.O hour

2.e hour

3.0 hour

S一.O hour

1・さ\\

LS一一一1)’〉,xx.

Run. (13)

    グ

  一eン●

a品

o

0。08.0曾1 O.2 0.4   0.6   ユ..0

PART工CLE DIAMETER(㎜.)

2.0

Fig. 9 A Typical Size Distribution 1’attern of

     Grinding in a Spoutecl Bed

4.0

3.2

  3.0舞

圏 2・8圏

a箆 2・6錫

ij 2.4臣

2.2

2.0

exx

?xxx・!x

       ex

.ox

oX  o

o一一一一..t一

OXe

oxxbL-Qe

O Run (12)

●   Run  (工1)

R91q)o-ox

     ox

    O 1 . 2 3    4                丁工ME 〔 hours )

Fig. le The Attrition Rate of (NH4)2SO4

5

Particles

6

tative correlation between the attrition rate and the particle moisture content, but

the fact that the attrition rate increase with moisture content is qualitatively

established. ’

   The results aiso indicated the size reduction rate during a grapglatiori run

were not negligible relative to the net growth rate.

    4.4 Residence Time CoeMcient and Norinal Grow£h Rate

   Deposition of soiids would be expected to occur mostly in the spout region

of the bed, since the feed solution was injected into the centre of the bed at the

conical base of the granulator. This indicates the seed particles grow only whiie

passing through the spout. Hence, the time a particle growing with the spray

droplets can be estimated from the residence time of a particle in the spout which

Page 10: Instructions for use - HUSCAP€¦ · The spouted bed in the granulator can be divided into two zones;one is a “spray zone (the ... Dp=Dpo+#.(leil{2-ka)t=Dpo+Kt

9 Granulation of Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer in a Spouted Bed 79

U

×

II

NM

A8ミ舞

E自

O.10

0.08

O.20

O.16

O.12

O.08

O.04

o

o

F量9。11

 IO 20 30 40 50  WATER FEED RATE ( gm./min. }

Relation of Water Feed Rate and

Attrition Rate

O.06

O.04

O.02

O.Ol

O.008

0.006

oooe

Wheat

Rice

Bean

M±llet

           e/

        eS一’ e

  e/e/

/       ・

       o-o/        oo     ダ

1o 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 IOOO

                      ( Re一 )                            ms                         p

Fig. 12 Relation of (Rep) ms and Residence Time Coethcient

is giveR by the hydrodynamic features of the spouted bed.

   An attempt to relate the residence time of particles in the spout with the

variables of the syste皿has been made by.Yokogawai’)。 He soived numerically

the equation of motion and obtained some diagrams which provided the relat;onship

of the mean particle residence time in the spout and Z/D, as well as U/U.,. on

the basis of his experimental data

   The proport.ion of time spent by the particles passing through the spout to

the mean one-cycle time of the particles in the spouted bed (T,/T.), calculated

by the authors from his data, is shown in Figure12, and these data conld be

correlated by the following equation;

                          le2-1一一一”,一〇.OOi7i/QRi b”,’)”1];,’ (io)

where

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80 Osamu UEMAKI, K. B. Mathur and Masao KuGo 10

                                    DpUmsPf                             (Rep)nts=                                                                   (11a)

                                      μノ

                       Ums一㈱(旦Dc)ツ2-Ptz(e, P・)   (…)

   In the above equation the effects of solids properties, bed height and orifice

diameter were all reflected in (Rep).,. Figure 12 shows that k, increases with

increasing particle diameter and bed height.

   The residence time coefficients estimated from equation (10) were O.015-O.02

for the present experimental date. Thus, the normal growth rate (2ki/p,) in

equation (9) could be deduced from the net growth rate (K), the attrition rate

(R) and the above mentioned residence time coefficient (k,). The values of the

normal growth rate calculated by equation (9) were 11.2-21.4 mm./hr.

    4.5 Granule Structure

   The sectioned particle is shown

in Figure 13. The picture shows

distinctly the boundary separatingthe nuclei and the surrounding shell

deposited during the granulationexperiment. The interface appeared

to be the weakest region of theparticle.

   The sectioned particles were

observed under a high powermicroscope (100X). lt showed that

the particle growth was due solely

to the layering process, since the

structure of the deposited

曝 .

籔籔隷

                    Fig. 13 Granule Structure

material was unifotpa, and without any agglomerates.

5. Conclusions

   A spouted bed technique was applied to the granulation of fertilizer and the

effects on the growth rate of operating variables were investigated.

   (1) The growth mechanism in a spouted bed granulator was solely by layering

process, and the net growth rate, the attrition rate and the residence time coefficient,

given by equation (9), were determined by the experimental data.

   (2) The bed temperature both jn the spout and the annulus fell sharply in

the bottom of the bed and remained constant above the half-level.

   (3) The net growth rate of the ammonium sulphate particles in the spouted

bed granulator was independent of the seed particle diameter. With increasing

solution feed rate, the net growth rate increased in approximate proportion to

feed rate raised to the power of O.8.

   (4) Size reduction rate of ammonium sulphate particles in the spouted bed

due to attrition of surface grinding was dependent on moisture content in theparticles.

   (5) Considerable amount of fine dust as shown in Table 1 was produced and

was elutriated out of the bed during granulation. lt was caused by incomplete

deposition of sprayed solution and the attrition of the particles in the spout.

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11 Granulation of Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer in a Spoutecl Bec1 81

Nomenclature

D.=column diameter, cmDi.=diameter of gas inlet orifice, cm

Dp =particle diameter, cm

K==net growth yate, cm/sec or mm/hr

k,= constant defined

k2=constant defined

k3 =constaRt defined

l =height above gas

in equatioR (1), grn/sec.cm2

in equation (5), dimensionless

iR equatioR (7a), gm/cm2.sec

in}et, cm

m=mass of parti.cle, gm

R= size reduction rate, cm/sec or mm/hr

Sp=:surface area of particle, cmL’

t==residence time of particle in bed, sec or hr

T.= particle cycle time in bed, sec or hr

t,=:residence time of particle in the spout, sec or hr

U=superficial gas ve}ocity, cm/sec

U,.,=minimum superfic.ial gas velocity for spouting, cm/sec

(Rep).,.==Reynolds number at minimum spouting, dimensionless

ptf== fiuid viscosity, gm/cm.sec

pf=fiuid density, gm/cm”

ip,==sphericity of part.icle, dimensionless

References

1)

2)

3)

4)

s)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

Butensky, M. and H’ 凾高≠氏C ID.: fna. Eng. Chem Fund., IO, (1971) p. 2i2.

Capes, C. E.: fnd. Eng. Chem, 1 und., 6, (1967) p. 390.

Farnand, 」. R., Smith, H. M. and Puddington, 1. E.: Can. f. Chem. Eng., 39, (1961) p. 94.

E[an, C. D. and Wilenitz, 1’.:fnd. Eng. Chem 1’und., 9, (197e) p. 401.

Imperial Chemi¢al lndustries Limited, British Patent : (1966) No. 1039177.

Sherri薮gton, P.」,:Can.ノl Chem. Eng.,47,(1969)p.308.

Lee, B. S. and Chu, C. J.: A. L Ch. E. Jottrnal, 8, (1962) p. 53.

Kiyama, K., Sekiguch.i,1. and Tohata, H.:Kagaku Kogaleu(Chem. Eng.,ノ砂απ)38,(1974)

   p. 163.

Foust, A. S. et al. Principles of Un,it Operations p. 525, New York, John Wiley &

   Sons, lnc., (1960).

Mori Y. and Jinbo, G.:Kagaleu Kogaleu(Chem. Eng.,ノ砂αη)22,(1958)p.363.

Yokogawa, A. : Ph. D. Thesis, (Japan), (1971).