11-1480523-000503-01

EU (IPPC) BAT

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the

Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics

EU (IPPC) BAT

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the

Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics

IPPC

Reference Document on Best Available

Techniques for the Surface Treatment of Metals

and Plastics (2006. 8, European Commission)"

.

.

LCP

REF

I&S

FMP

NFM

SF

STM

CL

GLS

CER

LVOC

OFC

POL

- CAK

, LVIC-AAF

LVIC-S

SIC

CWW

WT

WI

MTWR

PP

TXT

TAN

SA

, FDM

ILF

STS

CV

ESB

MON

ECM

ENE

- i -

(STM) BAT() (BREF) 96/61/EC(IPPC ) 16(2) . , BAT , . ,

. BAT .

IPPC 96/61/EC I 2.6 ' 30m3 ' . 30m3 IPPC . I ' .' . , . ( ) .

. , .

l (hardening)( (de-embrittlement) ) l

l (hot-dip galvanising): BAT(BREF) .

l BREF ( )

l (): STS BREF .

(STM)

, , . . (PCB) .

STM

. PCB , , (: ,

), .

- ii -

22%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 7%, ( ) 7%, 5%, 5%, 30% . , , , 32, 2 , . , . ( ), ( ) () . PCB . , PBC

.

, 2000 1,050 640,000 . 4,000 2 .

30% , 18,000 (IPPC IPPC) EU 15 . 55% ( ) , ( ). 10 80 , . , .

(STM) . (: , , ). , , , , .

. . , .

. .

. (: NPE PFOS) . AOX . ( EDTA ) . , , , .

- iii -

STM , NOX, HCl, HF , 6 6 PCB (etching) . . .

(: , ) (: ) . . . PCB 60 . , PCB .

(m2) . / . , ( ) . , , , . ( . 4% ). , .

300,000 ( 16) . .

BAT

IPPC ( , ), , , , .

. 200 18 .

1. : STM . , , ( ) .

2. , : , .

- iv -

3. : . , .

4. : . .

5. 6. : : . , .

7. : ( ) . .

8. : , , .

9. : IPPC . .

10. : . .

11. : .

12. : -(de-embrittlement) .

13. - : . .

14. : PCB , PCB .

15. : . .

16. : . , , , .

17. : . , . 3 ( ).

- v -

18. : .

BAT

BAT(5) 4 IV 2(11) BAT . BAT , BAT .

BAT . , BAT BAT . BAT .

BAT

BAT . ( ) , . BAT , , BAT. BAT

.

BAT . BAT .

BAT.

, . . m2 3~20 . .

. , 6 BAT. 'zero discharge' . BAT .

BAT

.

- vi -

BAT , ( ) . , , . , BAT.

BAT STM . BAT 3 4 .

BAT* , ,

: mg/L

(PS)

(SW)

(SW)

Sn ECCS Zn Zn-Ni

Ag 0.1~0.5Al 1~10Cd 0.10~0.2

CN 0.01~0.2Cr(VI) 0.1~0.2 0.001~0.2 Cr 0.1~2.0 0.03~1.0

Cu 0.2~2.0F 10~20Fe 0.1~5 2~10Ni 0.2~2.0

(P) 0.5~10Pb 0.05~0.5Sn 0.2~2.0 0.03~1.0Zn 0.2~2.0 0.02~0.2 0.2~2.2

COD 100~500 120~200 1~5

VOX 0.1~0.5

5~30 4~40()* , , .

BAT. .

, BAT.

- vii -

BAT

BAT. EDTA BAT. EDTA , EDTA BAT. PFOS PFOS BAT. . 6 .

BAT . BAT , .

6 . BAT 3 - , 6 . 6 , 6 , BAT. BAT , - 6 6 BAT.

, BAT. BAT( ). , BAT.

4 BAT.

, BAT. .

BAT . BAT. BAT .

, BAT BAT.

l

l

l

l

l

l - l

l (edge) l

- viii -

PCB , BAT BAT.

l

l

l :

l (etching) :

, . 5 6 . 3 . 3 3 . , . (passivation) 6 2 . . PCB ,

.

160 ( ) . . . BAT , .

.

. .

l 6 PFOS

l , , , , /

l 6 l

- ix -

BREF .

l

l

l l ( ) 3

l

l

R&D .

l . .

l , . .

l . .

l

EC RTD , , . BREF . EIPPCB ( ).

- xi -

1.

, 96/61/EC . , .

(BAT), EU . 16(2) EU , IV .

2. IPPC BAT

, IPPC . , . , .

I . . EC .

, .

. 3

.

2(11)

. 2(11) .

, , , .

, .

.

- xii -

IV

. 16(2) .

3 . , . 9(4) , ,

, . , (transboundary) , .

11 .

3.

16(2) , .

25 ,

, , .

( ) 16(2) (Information Exchange Forum, IEF) , IEF (TWG) . IEF 16(2) .

16(2) , . , .

4.

. .

5.

BAT . BAT BAT .

- xiii -

.

1 2 . 3

.

4 BAT BAT . , , , IPPC . .

5 BAT . BAT 9(8)

. . , , . .

, .

, . 5 . ,

. .

, . (IPTS) IPPC .

Edificio Expo, c/Inca Garcilaso, s/n, E-41092 Seville, Spain : +34 95 4488 284: +34 95 4488 426e-mail: jrc-ipts-eippcb@ec.europa.eu: http://eippcb.jrc.es

- xv -

Best Available Techniques Reference Document on the SurfaceTreatment of Metals and Plastics

i xi xxxiii1 1

1.1 21.2 4

1.2.1 41.2.2 51.2.3 51.2.4 5

1.2.4.1 51.2.4.2 61.2.4.3 6

1.2.5 71.3 7

1.3.1 71.3.2 91.3.3 () 121.3.4 121.3.5 12

1.4 141.4.1 141.4.2 141.4.3 151.4.4 16

1.4.4.1 181.4.4.2 191.4.4.3 , AOX 191.4.4.4 191.4.4.5 191.4.4.6 191.4.4.7 201.4.4.8 201.4.4.9 201.4.4.10 20

1.4.5 201.4.5.1 201.4.5.2 21

2 232.1 /- 27

2.1.1 272.1.2 28

2.2 292.3 31

2.3.1 312.3.1.1 312.3.1.2 322.3.1.3 (deburring) (tumbling) 32

2.3.2 322.3.2.1 332.3.2.2 ( ) 332.3.2.3 34

2.3.3 34

- xvi -

2.3.4 352.3.5 36

2.3.5.1 (air knife) 362.3.5.2 362.3.5.3 362.3.5.4 (hand wiping) 36

2.3.6 , 372.3.7 382.3.8 , 382.3.9 (stripping) 392.3.10 () 39

2.3.10.1 392.3.10.2 40

2.4 402.5 41

2.5.1 412.5.1.1 422.5.1.2 422.5.1.3 432.5.1.4 (brass) 432.5.1.5 (bronze) 43

2.5.2 442.5.2.1 452.5.2.2 462.5.2.3 472.5.2.4 472.5.2.5 472.5.2.6 47

2.5.3 482.5.3.1 (6 ) 492.5.3.2 (3 ) 492.5.3.3 492.5.3.4 50

2.5.4 502.5.4.1 512.5.4.2 512.5.4.3 522.5.4.4 52

2.5.5 532.5.6 542.5.7 54

2.5.7.1 552.5.7.2 552.5.7.3 562.5.7.4 562.5.7.5 57

2.5.8 ( ) 572.5.8.1 582.5.8.2 592.5.8.3 59

2.5.9 - 602.5.10 612.5.11 (lacquering) 622.5.12 622.5.13 62

2.5.13.1 642.5.13.2 652.5.13.3 , , 662.5.13.4 66

2.5.14 662.5.14.1 672.5.14.2 67

- xvii -

2.5.14.3 672.5.14.4 67

2.5.15 672.5.15.1 682.5.15.2 68

2.5.16 682.5.16.1 692.5.16.2 702.5.16.3 71

2.5.17 (conversion coating) 712.5.17.1 (VI) 722.5.17.2 (VI) 722.5.17.3 , (VI) 722.5.17.4 (VI) 722.5.17.5 (VI) 732.5.17.6 3 (Cr(III)) 732.5.17.7 (topcoating) 74

2.5.18 742.5.19 752.5.20 752.5.21 762.5.22 - 762.5.23 77

2.6 782.6.1 782.6.2 782.6.3 (air knife) 782.6.4 79

2.7 , 792.7.1 792.7.2 792.7.3 802.7.4 802.7.5 802.7.6 - 802.7.7 - 812.7.8 - 812.7.9 812.7.10 () 812.7.11 - / 812.7.12 812.7.13 822.7.14 822.7.15 822.7.16 82

2.8 822.8.1 822.8.2 822.8.3 83

2.9 - 832.9.1 842.9.2 842.9.3 84

2.9.3.1 842.9.3.2 (pickling) 85

2.9.4 - 852.9.5 - 892.9.6 892.9.7 89

2.9.7.1 892.9.7.2 89

2.9.8 90

- xviii -

2.9.8.1 902.9.8.2 902.9.8.3 922.9.8.4 922.9.8.5 932.9.8.6 942.9.8.7 952.9.8.8 962.9.8.9 972.9.8.10 972.9.8.11 982.9.8.12 98

2.9.9 982.9.9.1 992.9.9.2 1002.9.9.3 1012.9.9.4 1022.9.9.5 1022.9.9.6 - 1022.9.9.7 1032.9.9.8 104

2.9.10 ( - ECCS) 1052.9.10.1 1052.9.10.2 1072.9.10.3 1072.9.10.4 1082.9.10.5 108

2.9.11 1082.10 108

2.10.1 (graining) 1092.10.2 1092.10.3 1092.10.4 109

2.11 1102.11.1 114

2.11.1.1 1142.11.1.2 ( ) 1142.11.1.3 114

2.11.2 1152.11.2.1 1152.11.2.2 (drilling) 1162.11.2.3 1162.11.2.4 (pth, through hole plating) 1202.11.2.5 1222.11.2.6 1242.11.2.7 1242.11.2.8 1252.11.2.9 1272.11.2.10 1282.11.2.11 129

2.11.3 1312.11.3.1 1312.11.3.2 1322.11.3.3 1322.11.3.4 - ( ) 132

2.12 1322.12.1 132

2.12.1.1 1332.12.1.2 1332.12.1.3 1342.12.1.4 134

2.12.2 134

- xix -

2.13 1352.13.1 135

2.13.1.1 1372.13.1.2 1372.13.1.3 1382.13.1.4 1392.13.1.5 - 1392.13.1.6 1392.13.1.7 1392.13.1.8 (, ) 1412.13.1.9 1412.13.1.10 1422.13.1.11 1422.13.1.12 1422.13.1.13 1422.13.1.14 1422.13.1.15 () 143

2.13.2 1432.13.2.1 1432.13.2.2 1432.13.2.3 1432.13.2.4 1432.13.2.5 1442.13.2.6 144

2.13.3 1442.13.3.1 1442.13.3.2 1452.13.3.3 1452.13.3.4 145

2.13.4 1463 147

3.1 - 1473.2 - 148

3.2.1 1483.2.2 1483.2.3 - 149

3.2.3.1 - 1493.2.3.2 1503.2.3.3 1513.2.3.4 151

3.3 1543.3.1 154

3.3.1.1 1613.3.2 1643.3.3 165

3.3.3.1 1743.3.4 178

3.4 1793.4.1 (ECCS) 1793.4.2 - 1813.4.3 182

3.4.3.1 PCB 1823.4.3.2 1823.4.3.3 PCB 1863.4.3.4 PCB 1863.4.3.5 PCB 187

4 BAT 1894.1 190

4.1.1 1904.1.1.1 EMS 198

- xx -

4.1.2 1994.1.3 201

4.1.3.1 2034.1.4 2054.1.5 206

4.2 , 2074.2.1 - , , 207

4.2.1.1 2094.2.2 2104.2.3 211

4.3 2124.3.1 212

4.3.1.1 2124.3.1.2 2134.3.1.3 2134.3.1.4 214

4.3.2 2154.3.3 (jigging) 2164.3.4 2164.3.5 - 217

4.4 2174.4.1 218

4.4.1.1 2184.4.1.2 DC 2194.4.1.3 2204.4.1.4 220

4.4.2 2214.4.3 2214.4.4 223

4.4.4.1 2234.4.4.2 224

4.4.5 2254.4.5.1 , / 2254.4.5.2 2264.4.5.3 228

4.5 2294.6 229

4.6.1 2294.6.2 2304.6.3 - () 2304.6.4 2324.6.5 2354.6.6 236

4.7 2364.7.1 2364.7.2 2384.7.3 2394.7.4 2394.7.5 2404.7.6 2414.7.7 2424.7.8 / 243

4.7.8.1 2434.7.8.2 244

4.7.9 2444.7.10 245

4.7.10.1 2484.7.10.2 2494.7.10.3 2 2514.7.10.4 252

4.7.11 253

- xxi -

4.7.11.1 2564.7.11.2 2564.7.11.3 2584.7.11.4 2604.7.11.5 - 2614.7.11.6 264

4.7.12 2654.7.13 267

4.8 2674.8.1 2674.8.2 2694.8.3 270

4.9 - 2714.9.1 EDTA () 2724.9.2 (NPE PFOS) 2734.9.3 - 2744.9.4 275

4.9.4.1 2754.9.4.2 2754.9.4.3 2764.9.4.4 277

4.9.5 2784.9.6 6 2784.9.7 6 2794.9.8 280

4.9.8.1 6 2804.9.8.2 - 6 2814.9.8.3 3 2824.9.8.4 3 284

4.9.9 - 2854.9.10 2874.9.10.1 6 2884.9.10.2 3 2884.9.10.3 2894.9.11 2904.9.12 ( ) 2904.9.13 2904.9.14 291

4.9.14.1 2914.9.14.2 2914.9.14.3 () 2924.9.14.4 2934.9.14.5 2954.9.14.6 2954.9.14.7 2954.9.14.8 pH 2974.9.14.9 297

4.9.15 2984.9.16 298

4.10 : , , , 300

4.11 3054.11.1 3084.11.2 3094.11.3 ( ) 309

4.11.3.1 3104.11.4 3114.11.5 3134.11.6 3144.11.7 3144.11.8 - 3164.11.9 - 3164.11.10 - 317

- xxii -

4.11.11 3174.11.12 3194.11.13 320

4.11.13.1 () 3204.11.13.2 3214.11.13.3 3214.11.13.4 3224.11.13.5 3254.11.13.6 ( ) 3264.11.13.7 3284.11.13.8 328

4.11.14 3284.11.14.1 3294.11.14.2 3304.11.14.3 333

4.12 3334.12.1 3334.12.2 - 3364.12.3 3374.12.4 337

4.13 - BAT 3374.13.1 3374.13.2 338

4.14 - 3384.14.1 3384.14.2 3394.14.3 339

4.14.3.1 3394.14.3.2 340

4.14.4 3404.14.4.1 3404.14.4.2 340

4.14.5 (squeeze roll) 3414.14.6 3414.14.7 3414.14.8 () 3414.14.9 3414.14.10 3424.14.11 3424.14.12 - 3434.14.13 (conductor roll) 3434.14.14 (edge polisher) 3444.14.15 (edge mask) 3444.14.16 3454.14.17 345

4.14.17.1 3454.14.17.2 3464.14.17.3 3464.14.17.4 3474.14.17.5 347

4.14.18 3484.14.18.1 3484.14.18.2 348

4.14.19 3494.14.20 349

4.15 3494.15.1 3504.15.2 3504.15.3 ( ) 3504.15.4 PCB 3514.15.5 3514.15.6 352

- xxiii -

4.15.7 (- ) 3534.15.8 3554.15.9 () 3554.15.10 3564.15.11 357

4.16 3574.16.1 3584.16.2 3584.16.3 () 3604.16.4 3604.16.5 3614.16.6 3624.16.7 363

4.16.7.1 3634.16.7.2 3644.16.7.3 365

4.16.8 3654.16.9 366

4.16.9.1 3664.16.9.2 3674.16.9.3 367

4.16.10 3684.16.10.1 3694.16.10.2 3704.16.10.3 371

4.16.11 3714.16.12 371

4.16.12.1 3724.16.12.1.1 3724.16.12.1.2 373

4.16.12.2 3744.16.12.2.1 3744.16.12.2.2 375

4.16.13 , 3774.17 378

4.17.1 3784.17.2 3794.17.3 3794.17.4 381

4.18 3814.18.1 3814.18.2 , 3824.18.3 3844.18.4 3874.18.5 3874.18.6 387

4.19 3885 (BAT) 389

5.1 BAT 3915.1.1 391

5.1.1.1 3915.1.1.2 3925.1.1.3 3925.1.1.4 3935.1.1.5 393

5.1.2 , 3935.1.2.1 / 394

5.1.3 3955.1.4 - 395

5.1.4.1 - 3955.1.4.2 396

- xxiv -

5.1.4.3 3965.1.4.4 396

5.1.5 3975.1.5.1 3975.1.5.2 3975.1.5.3 397

5.1.5.3.1 3985.1.5.4 398

5.1.6 3995.1.6.1 4005.1.6.2 4005.1.6.3 4005.1.6.4 4025.1.6.5 402

5.1.7 4025.1.8 403

5.1.8.1 4035.1.8.2 , 4035.1.8.3 4035.1.8.4 405

5.1.9 4055.1.10 4055.1.11 4085.1.12 408

5.2 BAT 4085.2.1 (jigging) 4085.2.2 - 4095.2.3 - 4095.2.4 4105.2.5 410

5.2.5.1 EDTA 4105.2.5.2 PFOS ( ) 4115.2.5.3 4115.2.5.4 4115.2.5.5 4115.2.5.6 4125.2.5.7 6 412

5.2.5.7.1 4125.2.5.7.2 6 4135.2.5.7.3 () 4135.2.5.7.4 - 413

5.2.6 (polishing) (buffing) 4135.2.7 413

5.2.7.1 4145.2.7.2 4145.2.7.3 4145.2.7.4 414

5.2.8 4145.2.9 - 4145.2.10 6 4155.2.11 4155.2.12 - 4155.2.13 (PCB) 416

6 4176.1 4176.2 6 3 4186.3 (VI) (III) 4206.4 4216.5 422

- xxv -

6.5.1 LDI(Laser Direct Imaging) 4226.5.2 HDI(High Density Interconnect) 4226.5.3 (Embedded Passive) 423

7 4257.1 4257.2 4257.3 4267.4 4267.5 R&D 429

431 4398 453

8.1 4538.2 PFOS( ) 4558.3 456

8.3.1 4588.4 461

8.4.1 4618.4.1.1 4618.4.1.2 461

8.4.2 4618.5 466

8.5.1 A 4668.5.2 C 4748.5.3 D 4788.5.4 E 4828.5.5 F 4888.5.6 G 4948.5.7 H 5008.5.8 K 5068.5.9 L 512

8.6 5198.7 - 5208.8 - 5248.9 5258.10 6 3 5278.11 5318.12 NOX 5418.13 543

- xxvi -

1.1: 7 1.2: 8 1.3: 8 1.4: EU 15 ( ECCS) (kt) 9 1.5: ECCS 10 1.6: EU 15 /- (kt) 11 1.7: EU 15 - (kt) 11 1.8: 1999~2002 PCB , (USD) 12 1.9: PCB 13 1.10: 2002 PCB 13 2.1: 23 2.2: 24 2.3: 2 25 2.4: 28 2.5: : 30 2.6: 31 2.7: PCB 41 2.8: 61 2.9: 63 2.10: 65 2.11: 84 2.12: 87 2.13: 87 2.14: 88 2.15: 90 2.16: 91 2.17: 92 2.18: 93 2.19: 95 2.20: 99 2.21: 100 2.22: 100 2.23: - 101 2.24: - 103 2.25: 104 2.26: 105 2.27: ECCS 106 2.28: 111 2.29: 113 2.30: 118 2.31: 118 2.32: 119 2.33: 122 2.34: 123 2.35: 125 2.36: 126 2.37: 127 2.38: 129 2.39: 130 2.40: 130 2.41 HAL(hot air levelling) 131 2.42: 137 2.43: 139 2.44: pH 140 3.1: ECCS 179 3.2: - 181 4.1: 204 4.2: 211 4.3: 227

- xxvii -

4.4: 237

4.5: 239 4.6 240 4.7: ( ) 246 4.8: 3 248 4.9: 3 4 1 "w" 249 4.10: 3 250 4.11: 1 () 250 4.12: 2 (IEX)

251 4.13: C1 C2 252 4.14: : 253 4.15: 254 4.16: 257 4.17: 259 4.18: 260 4.19: 261 4.20: 266 4.21: 294 4.22: 308 4.23: 309 4.24: 312 4.25: 315 4.26: 316 4.27: 323 4.28: 326 4.29: 331 4.30: 334 4.31: 354 4.32: 376 4.33: 382 4.34: 384 4.35: (W0.5m) 385 4.37: ( ) 385 4.38: ( ) 386 8.1: A 467 8.2: A 473 8.3: A 473 8.4: C 475 8.5: C 477 8.6: D 480 8.7: D 481 8.8: E 483 8.9: E 485 8.10: E 487 8.11: F 489 8.12: F 492 8.13: G 495 8.14: G 498 8.15: H 501 8.16: H 504 8.17: K 508 8.18: K 6 510 8.19: K 511 8.20: L 513 8.21: L 517 8.22: UK 531

- xxviii -

8.23: , SE2000 531 8.24: () 532 8.25: 533 8.26: 533 8.27: 534 8.28: 535 8.29: - 536 8.30: 537 8.31: 538 8.32: 539 8.33: 540

- xxix -

1.1: 3 1.2: EU 15 ECCS 2000 () 9 1.3: EU 15 ECCS 10 1.4: 17 2.1: 88 2.2: 89 2.3: 117 2.4: 121 3.1: (watts/m2) 148 3.2: 150 3.3: 150 3.4: 150 3.5: 151 3.6: 151 3.7: 152 3.8 152 3.9: 153 3.10: 154 3.11: ACEA 155 3.12: CETS Netherlands(VOM) 156 3.13: 156 3.14: 157 3.15: 8.5 ( ) 157 3.16: 158 3.17: 159 3.18: 9 160 3.19: 30 IPPC 161 3.20: ( BAT ) 163 3.21: 166 3.22: 167 3.23: - 167 3.24: CETS Netherlands 168 3.25: 3 169 3.26: 172 3.27: 173 3.28: 177 3.29: ECCS 180 3.30: ECCS 180 3.31: 182 3.32: : 185 3.33: PCB 186 3.34: PCB 187 4.1: 189 4.2: 231 4.3: 234 4.4: , 380mm(8mm ) 234 4.5: , 380mm(2mm ) 234 4.6: 237 4.7: 246 4.8: 247 4.9: 278 4.10: (VI) 279 4.11: 286 4.12: 300

- xxx -

4.13: 304 4.14: 307 4.15: 320 4.16: 331 4.17: 335 4.18: 364 4.19: 379 5.1: 400 5.2: BAT 404 5.3: 406 5.4: 407 6.1: Cr(VI) Cr(III) 418 8.1: 454 8.2: (mg/L) (CETS) 456 8.3: Helsinki Water Co. Helcom 457 8.4: 457 8.5: PCB 458 8.6: PCB 458 8.7: A 468 8.8: A , 469 8.9: A 469 8.10: A 471 8.11: A 471 8.12: A 472 8.13: D 482 8.14: E 484 8.15: E , 484 8.16: E 486 8.17: E 486 8.18: E 1m2 487 8.19: F 488 8.20: F 490 8.21: F 490 8.22: F 491 8.23: F 492 8.24: F 493 8.25: G 496 8.26: G 497 8.27: G 497 8.28: G 498 8.29: G 499 8.30: G 1m2 500 8.31: H 502 8.32: H 503 8.33: H 504 8.34: H 505 8.35: H (/m2) 506 8.36: K 507 8.37: K 509 8.38: K 509 8.39: K 511 8.40: L 514 8.41: L , 515 8.42: L 516 8.43: L 517 8.44: L ( ) 518 8.45: L (/m2()) 518 8.46: ( , meq/l) 522 8.47: NOX (SCR): (2001) 542

- xxxi -

IPPC 96/61/EC 1 2.6 ' 30m3 ' .

30m3 IPPC . . 30m3 . , .

, . 1 2: . ( ) .

. . .

l ( (de-embrittlement) , )l

l .

l BREF ( )

l (electropainting) STS BREF .

1

1

1

BC 4000 . ( ) 13 , 1200 . 19 (electrodeposition) , [4, Cramb, , 5, Hook and Heimlich, 2003, 41, 2003].

.

l

l ( )l

, , ( 1.1 ) [118, ESTAL, 2003]. 2 1960 .

l . . .

l . () .

. , . .

l , l

l ( )l

.

(PCB) , ( ) . .

.

1

2

1.1

.

. , . .

l l

l l

l l

l l , l l

l () l l l

l l

22%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 7%, 7%, 5%, 5%, 30% [121, France, 2003]. 1.1 .

1

3

, , (: , , , , ) , (TV, Hi-fis, , , )

l l

(: ), ( ), ( ), , , [157, ACEA, 2004]

l l l

, () l l

, ( )

, ,

, , , [124, Germany, 2003] l l

( EU )(: ), [157, ACEA, 2004]

l l

()

( EU )

l

l l

,

IS l l

(, , , )

, , , , (),

l l

[111, ACEA, 2003], , , , ,

l l ( )

l ,

, [118, ESTAL, 2003]

,

, , , , , , , , , [111, ACEA, 2003]

l l (

)l l

( , )

, ( , ), IS

l

1.1:

1

4

1.2

1.2.1

18,300 (IPPC IPPC) , . (SMEs, [61, EC, 2002]). 10~80, 440,000. . 10,000(55%) ( ). 8,300(45%) , . ( 1.1 ). . 2 [3, CETS, 2002, 104, UBA, 2003]. , , , (SIC) 3471 . () . , ( , NOSE-P 105.01 [2, EC, 2000]). .

, . ( ) , . , .

1 , , . , . . . 2,008mm . (reel-to-reel) , . ( ) .

.

.

, . (, , 2 ) . IPPC 1 2 " " [1, EC, 1996].

1

5

, (21%) (24%) . 1.5m3 2,250( ), 10m3 1,260[121, France, 2003].

1.2.2

. ( ) . , 20~40 ( 5 ). 20 [111, ACEA, 2003].

1.2.3

. , . . . , , . . , , . , 6~20 [157, ACEA, 2004].

. .

1.2.4

1.2.4.1

.

.

, (: ) .

. . , . . (: ) .

1

6

1.2.4.2

. (: ) , . (: ) .

.

. 2001 2002 30% . ( , TWG).

(PCB) 2005 6 PCB 2000 . , PCB . [122, UBA, 2003].

HDI( ) (MLB) PCB . PCB , , , (1.3.5 ).

1.2.4.3

[88, EIPPCB, ] 4.9 . . . 3 .

l . . ,

.l .

.

.l . //

.

1.1 1.2 , .

1

7

1.2.5

.

l

l

l ( )

1.3

1.3.1

EU 15 EU 15 6 460 . [9, ESTAL, 2002]. 1 1m2[118, ESTAL, 2003].

1.1 .

1.1: [9, ESTAL, 2002]

1

8

(1,000)

1.2: [9, ESTAL, 2002]

1.2 1996~2000 ( , 2 ) .

1.3 1996~2000 4 .

1.3: [9, ESTAL, 2002]

1

9

1.3.2

EU 15 4 , (ECCS: ), - [19, Eurofer, 2003]. , , 145~265mm [116, Czech-Republic, 2003]. .

(ECCS, Electrolytic tin plate and electrolytic chromium coated steel)

. EU 15 (ECCS) 2000 4,800kt. ECCS 1.2 1.4 .

(1,000)

1.4: EU 15 ( ECCS) (kt) APEAL [19, Eurofer, 2003]1

2000 (kt)

nd = 2000 ECCS (kt)

nd = nd nd 281 12 nd nd nd nd 886 207 802 147 69 nd nd nd 283 67 nd nd 612 51 76 nd 494 61 nd nd 588 147 4,091 692

1.2: EU 15 ECCS 2000 ()

1 APEAL: - Association of European Producers of Steel for Packaging - 7 4 . , ECCS 90% .

1

10

EUROFER [19, Eurofer, 2003] ECCS 30 15,000 .

9 . EU 1.3 .

nd = ECCS

nd = nd nd 1 1* nd nd nd nd- 5 5* 3 1 1 nd nd nd nd nd nd 4 2* 1 0 4 1* nd nd 2 1* ECCS [119, Eurofer, 2003]

1.3: EU 15 ECCS [19, Eurofer, 2003]

1.5 5 EU 15 ECCS . 48% (: , ).

1.5: ECCS APEAL [19, Eurofer, 2003]

( -)

1970 , . .

1

11

1.6: EU 15 /- (kt) [19, Eurofer, 2003]

- 2001 5.37Mt. EU 15 1.7 .

1.7: EU 15 - (kt) [19, Eurofer, 2003]

() . 2005 6 . [99, EC, 2000].

, 8,000t /yr ( 145~265 mm) (, , , ) [116, Czech-Republic, 2003].

1

12

1.3.3 ()

. . . [38, Ullmann, 2002/3].

l (PS) ( ). 180106m2

.l .

30106m2.

1.3.4

kt . , , , , , , (tunnel etching) [118, ESTAL, 2003].

1.3.5

2002 PCB 316 4 (USD), 2000 418 2,400 (USD) 24.3% ( 1.8 )[122, UBA, 2003].

2002 18.0%. 1.3%, 26.4%, 25.1% 29.2%.

/

/

1.8: 1999~2002 PCB , (USD)[122, UBA, 2003]

1

13

PCB 2002 PCB 34 2,200 434 29,000 .

. 1999 612, 2002 434 . 80% 750 , ( 1.9 ).

150

150~750

750~2,500

2,500

1.9: PCB [122, UBA, 2003]

1.10 2002 .

14.2%

11.5 %

18.6 %

10.7 %

24.3%

20.7 %

1.10: 2002 PCB [122, UBA, 2003]

1

14

(high-tech) PCB PCB . (1.2.4.2 ).

1.4

1.4.1

STM . (: , , ). , , , , .

, . , . , . . , () . .

l , l

l

l

, , ( ) . .

. . , , , , .

1.4.2

, (, ) . ( ) .

1

15

. () . . .

, [44, France, 2003]. 1992 2002 1.2% , 5% [21, France, 2003]. Thames Water plc [Tempany, 2002 #18]. , .

. [113, Austria, 2003] . , , [158, Portugal, 2004].

. . . , , . . .

1.4.3

( ). , , . ( ) .

[111, ACEA, 2003]. DC() ( ) . . .

. . [158, Portugal, 2004].

.

1

16

1.4.4

. ( ) [111, ACEA, 2003]. 1.4 .

. .

1

17

: .

; 8.1

Cr(VI)

Pb Cd EU .

;

AOX

AOX( )

: ;, , , ( (NP/NPE) ) (), PFOS

NPE , PFOS , 8.2

;EDTA , EDDS, NTA, , Quadrole

;, , , , ,

, NOx

,

;(TRI)

.

(PER)

(CFC-113)

Methylene chloride ;

1.4:

, , , , ,

. (end-of-pipe) .

1

18

1.4.4.1

. . .

. , . . , .

( ) , 6 (, , , , ) [114, Belgium, 2003]. IPPC [2, EC, 2000] , 6 EU , PARCOM( OPSAR)[12, PARCOM, 1992] 4 ( 8.1 ).

(Water Framework Directive)[93, EC, 2000] . , , (fail-safe) (2.5.5 ) . (Marketing and Use Directive) [144, EC, 1976]. .

6 . (2.5.3 ). (MAC) . 6 pH . 6 3 . [99, EC, 2000, EC, 2003 #98] 6 ( ) .

3 2 [105, EC, 1967] . ( ) . (MAC) .

[144, EC, 1976, CETS, 2003 #115].

. [99, EC, 2000, EC, 2003 #98] .

2 R40: , R42/43: .

1

19

1.4.4.2

. . , (1.4.4.5 ). PARCOM [12, PARCOM, 1992].

1.4.4.3 , AOX

. AOX( ) [104, UBA, 2003]. OSPAR [131, OSPAR, 2002 ongoing]. . pH .

1.4.4.4

, (: ) . . (NPE) [38, Ullmann, 2002/3]. , 2005 1 17 [115, CETS, 2003] NPE OSPAR [30, EC, 2003]. PFOS( ) 6 / . ( 8.2 , [109, DEFRA, 2004]) OECD .

1.4.4.5

EDTA [73, BSTSA, ] . . EDTA . EDTA [22, Fraunhofer, 2002].

1.4.4.6

. . . . NOx . NOx . , . .

1

20

1.4.4.7

, , . [121, France, 2003] .

1.4.4.8

. 1,1,1- , .

[70, Ellis, 2001]. . . [97, EC, 1999] VOC , BAT(STS BREF) BAT [90, EIPPCB, ]. [113, Austria, 2003].

1.4.4.9

. . . .

1.4.4.10

[92, EC, 1991, 100, EC, 2000]. 1 300,000 3( 1 16). . . , ( ) (2.13.2 ).

1.4.5

1.4.5.1

. .

.

3 EU 15 Eurostat 1% .

1

21

1.4.5.2

. , . , (: ), .

2

23

2

. 2.1 . ( , 2.5.16 ) . (drilling) . ( ) 500m3 ( ) . . [124, Germany, 2003] [111, ACEA, 2003].

1

2

2.1:

( 2.27 ) ( 2.2 ) . 2.7 ( ) 4.33 2 .

, .

l

l

l () , l

.

, (: , , , , , , ) . .

2

24

40 .

(16m3)

() (26m3)

(12m3)-

(5m3)

, ,

,

(0.5m3)

2.2:

2.3 . , (2.1). (2.2 ) . (2.3 ) . . (2.4 ) ( ) . (2.6 ) (2.1 ).

. . . 2.8 , 2.9 , 2.10 , 2.11 .

, (2.13 ) (3.2 ) ( ) .

2

25

2.1 ,

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8 :

2.9

2.10

2.11

- ( )

2.3~2.10 ( )

2.12

2.3: 2

.

l (, )l 2 () l (DC), AC DC

. (cathode) (+ve) (anode) . () () . . ( ) . [11, Tempany, 2002, 34, Brett, 2002, 35, Columbia, 2002, 36, IUPAC, 1997].

(, ) .

l

l

l (: ) (2.5.13 ).

l . .

2

26

( M+ H+) (-ve) . 2 . (: Cl-) (+ve) [118, ESTAL, 2003, Ireland, 2003 #125].

M X .

DC

l

2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e-

M+ + e- M

l

4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e-

M+ + e- M

, . .

l

l ( )l () l : , ,

2

27

4 .

l

l

l ( ) l

2 .

l 2 (anode): ( ) . . .

l (anode): () . . . (: ) .

2.1 /-

2.1.1

, , ( ) .

. ( )

. ( ) ( 2.4 )[111, ACEA, 2003]. . , . . . ( (reel-to-reel) ) ( ) .

2

28

2.4: [ACEA]

2.1.2

, , , . , IPPC IBC(intermediate bulk container) 2.5~210 . IBC , .

(bag) . 25Kg , , , . (silo) . [111, ACEA, 2003].

( ) ( ) .

.

.

BAT [23, EIPPCB, 2002].

,

2

29

2.2

3 [104, UBA, 2003].

l - l - l -

( ).

( ) . ( 2.4 ). . . ( ) [128, Portugal, 2003]. . U V . , .

2.5 . 2 .

2 .

l : . , .

l : . . .

.

.

2

30

2.5: : Graingorge S.A., France and Agence de l'eau Seine-Normandie

, . 6 8 . ( ) . . , . . . . . .

2,080mm 32 [119, Eurofer, 2003]. (2.9 ).

25, 2,200mm 3mm [118, ESTAL, 2003].

.

. (: , , , , )[38, Ullmann, 2002/3].

2

31

2.3

, . . ( ) . [6, IHOBE, 1997].

BREF [86, EIPPCB, ].

, , [104, UBA, 2003].

[73, BSTSA, ].

[73, BSTSA, ].

2.3.1

2.3.1.1

[121, France, 2003, Finland, 2003 #120]. . . .

2.6: Producmetal S.A., France and Agence de leau Seine-Normandie

.

.

2

32

2.3.1.2

(grit) . .

.

. ( ) [113, Austria, 2003].

2.3.1.3 (deburring) (tumbling)

. [73, BSTSA, ]. , .

.

, , [73, BSTSA, ]. COD . , . . [121, France, 2003].

2.3.2

, . . , . [118, ESTAL, 2003, Finland, 2003 #120, P G Sheasby, 2002 #132]:

l ,

.l

.l .l .

. 1.4.4.1 2.5.3 .

2

33

pH (4.16.2 ). . [73, BSTSA, ].

.

, 6 . (NOx) .

.

2.3.2.1

, , , , , , . , , , . . , () ( DC) . . .

. (, , ) ( diethylene glycol monobutyl ether) . [133, Hensel, 2002, 134, CEN/BSI, 1997, 135, Swain, 1996, 136, Webber and Nathan, 2000], [137, ISO/BSI, 2000]

, . . . . ( ).

2.3.2.2 ( )

. . , . (40~95C) 200~400V DC .

.

2

34

2.3.2.3

2.

l . ( 2.5~5.0m). .

l . . . 2 .

, , . 80C .

2.3.3

(CHC), , , , [90, EIPPCB, 104, UBA, 2003], [73, BSTSA]. CHC . ( )[73, BSTSA, , 90, EIPPCB].

.

l : . . .

l : . , . CHC. . .

, , , . , , , . Dichloroethylenes acetylides .

[73, BSTSA, ]. . .

CHC [93, EC, 2000, 97, EC, 1999]. [73, BSTSA, ].

2

35

2.3.4

.

(40~90C) . , , , . ( ) [3, CETS, 2002, 104, UBA, 2003].

. . . , , . , .

. .

. (tensides) . (: - ). 40 [160, ESTAL, 2004].

: 50~90C .

( ) pH .

( ) . pH .

[161, Assogalvanica, 2004].

pH .

, [73, BSTSA, ].

. [73, BSTSA, ]. (4.16.2 )

2

36

2.3.5

2.3.5.1 (air knife)

[73, BSTSA, ]. , . . . .

2.3.5.2

.

2.3.5.3

Cryoclean , . , [115, CETS, 2003, 116, Czech-Republic, 2003].

-78C 8mm 3mm CO2 . 100~300m/s . . . .

. . ( ) .

. (, , ) . . .

2.3.5.4 (hand wiping)

. . [73, BSTSA, ].

2

37

2.3.6 ,

[73, BSTSA, ]. BREF [86, EIPPCB, ]. , , . , . . , , . . .

l + +

. .

l + +

. ( ) ( ) . . [73, BSTSA, ].

.

[73, BSTSA, ]. . 8% 12%, 2.5%. [104, UBA, 2003].

. . . . , .

. 25% . . 60C.

[159, TWG, 2004].

. 18~22% . 30~35C . .

. 20~25% (HF) 35~40C .

2

38

150g/L .

.

. , [158, Portugal, 2004].

.

. [124, Germany, 2003].

2.3.7

. [ 118, ESTAL, 2003].

, . . 20g/L .

2.3.8 ,

. , . O2 H2 [73, BSTSA, ]. 2 .

. . [3, CETS, 2002]. [159, TWG, 2004].

.

, .

. , [20, VITO, 1998].

2

39

2.3.9 (stripping)

[73, BSTSA, ]. [73, BSTSA, ]. ( ) .

. .

. [73, BSTSA, ], . . . . .

. . . , .

. .

, ( ) .

2.3.10 ()

(2.11 ) (2.5.8 ) .

2.3.10.1

[3, CETS, 2002, 77, BSTSA, ].

(20% ) (10% ), (, ) .

PCB (pumice) [125, Ireland, 2003].

pH .

2

40

2.3.10.2

. ( 380g/L) [73, BSTSA, ], (380g/L) . ABS [3, CETS, 2002].

.

Cr(III) Cr(VI) .

6 .

2.4

. .

l

l

, , . [159, TWG, 2004].

[3, CETS, 2002]. 2.7 6 [65, Atotech, 2001].

(2.12.2 ). 4.6 4.7 . , , .

2

41

-

3

3

3

/

2.7: PCB (Atotech Deutschland GmbH)

. ( 4.16 ). .

l

l : , .

l : .l : ( )

.l ,

.l .

2 ( ).

2.5

2.5.1

[3, CETS, 2002] , . . (2.11 ).

2

42

2.5.1.1

. 15~20g/L . 2~3m .

(6~8m) 25~50g/L .

, . 40~60g/L.

. 90g/L .

.

.

90g/L .

.

2.5.1.2

[124, Germany, 2003]. , , . 50~60g/L 60~90g/L.

, . - (micro-throwing power) . 180~200g/L 20g/L.

.

.

pH .

2

43

2.5.1.3

. (110g/L) (400g/L) . (10g/L) (3g/L)[124, Germany, 2003].

, .

, .

pH . . 10 [129, Spain, 2003].

.

.

.

2.5.1.4 (brass)

, . . 8~15g/L 5~30g/L . 70~90g/L pH 10 . 65~80% .

.

2.5.1.5 (bronze)

. . . [124, Germany, 2003].

4~10g/L , 4~20g/L 1~4g/L 6~10g/L . 2 .

. [98, EC, 2003, 99, EC, 2000].

. 40g/L .

2

44

.

pH, .

2.5.2

[73, BSTSA, ] . , , .

( ) 7 .

/ / , . (99%) (1%) . .

, .

. .

, , PTFE .

-, - - .

. , DVD, .

. . 2.5.8 .

1.4.4.1 .

(4.3 ). .

2

45

( ).

.

. .

[92, EC, 1991, 100, EC, 2000].

, , , , .

(2.3 ) (, ) .

(2.5.1 ) .

( ) . .

2.5.2.1 (watts-type nickel solution)

, - . (240~375g/L) (35~60g/L) (30~45g/L) . 25~70C 50~60C . pH 3.5~4.5. .

, (pitting) . . (satin) . , . . (1ml/L ) (1ml/L ) 10ml/L 10~20ml/L .

. .

2

46

, . . 100% 96~98% .

() . .

.

(: ) , . (Fe) pH (Cu Zn) (4.11.9 ).

.

.

.

.

, .

2.5.2.2

. . ( ) . (2,000m ) .

.

4 350~600g/L ( ) . (35~45g/L) (1~15g/L) .

pH . 35A/dm2 70C .

2

47

(pitting) . .

. . pH . .

.

.

.

2.5.2.3

. 125ml/L 240g/L (6) 20~30C Wood . .

, .

2.5.2.4

. ( ) .

(100g/L 70g/L ) Woods ( ) .

2.5.2.5

.

2.5.2.6

- - .

.

2

48

- 2 3 .

10~14% - 10 (2.5.4 ).

2.5.3

[3, CETS, 2002] ( ) ( ) . (1.3.2 ).

, , . 0.1~0.4m[73, BSTSA, , 124, Germany, 2003] 2~13 [73, BSTSA]. .

6 3 [122, UBA, 2003].

( ) ( , , [73, BSTSA, ] , ) . 6 .

6 . 6 1.4.4.1 . 3 (AOX) . .

Cr(III) Cr(VI) 4.9.6 . 8.10 .

6

6 .

[73, BSTSA, ]. PFOS , [73, BSTSA, ].

.

, Cr(VI) Cr(III) .

Cr(III) .

2

49

2.5.3.1 (6 )

6 ( 2% ) (0.8~5.0g/L) (80~400g/L) .

. 0.7~0.8m 7~8 [113, Austria, 2003].

, CrO3/ (20~45C) [73, BSTSA, ]; [124, Germany, 2003].

6 .

2.5.3.2 (3 )

3 III . 6 200g/L 20g/L 3 .

3 6 (4.9.8.3 ) [124, Germany, 2003]

3 6 . 6 . AOX .

6 .

.

6 [115, CETS, 2003, 124, Germany, 2003].

[124, Germany, 2003] . .

. 90% .

3 pH .

2.5.3.3 [113, Austria, 2003]

. . (2.5.11 ). 6 (350~520g/L) (, ) . 1m .

2

50

6 .

.

2.5.3.4

[3, CETS, 2002, 74, BSTSA, ] (180~350g/L) .

l (1.8~6.0g/L)l ( 2% )l ( 2% )

( 25~33%[73, BSTSA, ] 25~27%). (, ) ( , ) .

6 .

(50~60C) . . [73, BSTSA].

2.5.4

[3, CETS, 2002, 78, BSTSA, ] , , (: ) , , , , , , , () (1.1 ).

(2.5.17 ). 2.5~18m [159, TWG, 2004].

. .

. 0.0001% 1g . EN 1179: 99.995% . 0.003% 3g 0.0003%[124, Germany, 2003]. . . . . (4.16.10 [124, Germany, 2003]).

2

51

2.5.4.1

() . (10~30g zinc/L), (80~120g/L) (5~100g/L) . 14 pH (anode) .

- .

[73, BSTSA, ].

.

( 6~8V, 10~15V) [73, BSTSA, ]. (4.11.4 ), .

2A/m2 50~75%[73, BSTSA, ] .

.

.

.

.

2.5.4.2

() . (5~15g zinc/L) (100~150g/L) . (pre)- [73, BSTSA, ]. .

( 6~8V, 10~15V) .

65~70%, . 2A/m2

70~85% [129, Spain, 2003, CETS, 2003 #115].

.

. PFOS [73, BSTSA].

(2.13.3 [113, Austria, 2003].

2

52

(, ) . [113, Austria, 2003].

2.5.4.3

, . . .

(30~55g zinc/L), [124, Germany, 2003] (130~180g/L) [116, Czech-Republic, 2003], (10~40g/L) . (anode) . 93~96% . [73, BSTSA, ].

.

.

pH .

.

4 . , (Personal communication, D. Hemsley).

2.5.4.4

(1.1 2.9 ).

.

l -(1% Fe)l -(3% Co)l ( ) -(15%

Ni). 10~14% 10 . , (1~2g/L) .

[115, CETS, 2003].

2

53

.

. .

. 100% ( ) .

- , . [73, BSTSA, ].

2.5.5

[114, Belgium, 2003, 115, CETS, 2003, 121, France, 2003] , . . , . , , (1.4.4.1 8.1 , [105, EC, 1967]).

. . . . .

, , .

l :NaOH: 20g/L; NaCN: 120g/L; : 20~30g/L; : 20~35C

l : : 250g/L; : 60g/L : 25g/Ll; : 20~35C

l :: 52~85g/L; : 50~120g; : 18~30C

l :: 114g/L; : 112g/L; (EDTA, NTA): 180g/L

. [114, Belgium, 2003], 8.1 .

(: , 8.3 ). . Fe2+ , . . . : , , [114, Belgium, 2003, 121, France, 2003].

2

54

2.5.6

. . . [73, BSTSA, ].

, (1.3.2 2.9.9 ). (2.11 ), [73, BSTSA, ], .

1, , (: (MSA) ) 13% [73, BSTSA, ]. 1, ( 1 ) [73, BSTSA, ].

. (60/40, 90/10, 95/5) [73, BSTSA, ].

- . , [73, BSTSA, ] . .

- .

.

.

MSA , COD ( )[73, BSTSA, ].

.

MSA [73, BSTSA, ].

2.5.7

[3, CETS, 2002, 75, BSTSA, ] 19 . (, , ) . 1m . . , .

2

55

2.5.7.1

[73, BSTSA, ] (1 ). , , . . - .

--(, K[Ag(CN)2]) . (15~20g/L) 100~160g/L 30~65g/L . 200g/L .

.

. . .

.

.

2.5.7.2

[73, BSTSA, ] , . , , , , , , , , , , .

, KAu(CN)2 . pH 2~6g/L . , , . . .

. 1~2g/L pH 1 (III)(KAu(CN)4) . .

.

, . 8~15g/L .

2

56

.

.

.

. TA Luft ( II)[125, Ireland, 2003].

2.5.7.3

- (75~80% Pd/25~20% Ni) [73 BSTSA, ] . .

, . , / .

(II) 2(4~20g Pd/L), [73, BSTSA, ] . , .

.

.

.

2.5.7.4

.

. .

( 0.5~>8m) ( 0.05~0.5m) 2.5~20g/L (III) (III) . .

.

2

57

.

.

2.5.7.5

, . (anode) (anode basket) .

6~40g/L , , , , .

.

.

2.5.8 ( )

BS EN ISO 4527:2003, [73, BSTSA, ] . [101, CEN, 2000] . . . .

l .

l .l .l (: ) .l

. [73, BSTSA, ], .

[69, NCDPPEA, 2003].

[73, BSTSA, ].

2

58

2.5.8.1

( 2~10g/L) . (10~50g/L) [73, BSTSA, ]. ( 10~50g/L) . 0.03% 1~5mg/L, [73, BSTSA, ]. 3mg/L . [99, EC, 2000].

- 2~15% . .

l ( )

l .l 350~750 Knoop( ) l

l

l

l ,

.

l

l , , l , l

2.5.8 .

.

(6~8 MTOs, ). . .

. . . . , .

.

. [124, Germany, 2003].

2

59

2.5.8.2

, (, ) [73, BSTSA, ].

(2.3.10.2 ) . ( 2~5g/L) , , (dimethylaminoborane)(10g/L ) . (pH 3~6 ) (pH 8~10 ) .

(PCB) [73, BSTSA, ] 2.7 .

.

.

2.5.8.3

(2.11 ) [73, BSTSA, ]. . , .

(, 2.3 ). . 5~8m/h. (15~20g/L), EDTA (10~15g/L) (5~10g/L) (: (3~5g/L)) 2~5g/L .

.

( ).

EDTA EDTA . EDTA EDTA [22, Fraunhofer, 2002]. [73, BSTSA, ].

2

60

2.5.9 -

[38, Ullmann, 2002/3]. . (i) (ii) , . .

Cu2+ + Fe0 Cu0 + Fe2+

, . .

, , . 0.1~0.2m [121, France, 2003] (2.11.3.2 ).

(mirror)

( ). 2 . , [38, Ullmann, 2002/3] [116, Czech Republic, 2003]. (SnCl2) . (AgNO3) ( ) . ( 12~17m ) . (Ag) m . . 1835 . (Sn) Ag . . (mercaptosilane) .

50~70m (lacquer) . .

2.8 .

2

61

()

2.8: (SVUOM, Czech Republic)

: , [116, Czech-Republic, 2003].

, [73, BSTSA, ] (2.5.6 2.5.7 ). .

2.5.10

: , E-coat, Elpo, .

[90, EIPPCB, ] .

. (: ) , 2.5.17 4.9.10.2 3 6 . , [124, Germany, 2003].

.

l (2.4, 4.6 4.7)l (4.11)l (2.12.2 4.4.5)l (2.12.1.1 4.2.3) l (2.13.1 4.16)

2

62

2.5.11 (lacquering)

(: ) (2.5.17 ). , [124, Germany, 2003]. (2.5.10 ) [76, BSTSA, ].

3 () (2.5.10 ).

. BOD TOC .

2.5.12

(2.9.5) (electrostatic) .

2.5.13

. 1,000 . , (Al2O3) . , , (tantalum) (niobium) [3, CETS, 2002, 45, France, 2003] [118, ESTAL, 2003].

( 90%) . , : , /, / [73, BSTSA, ].

. (DC), (AC), AC DC .

. 1 . .

2.9 , 2.10 .

2

63

50C 5~10

2g/m2

50C20~25

60~70g/m2 Al

HNO3100~150g/L 3~5

Rd: 1000

20C

10~50H2SO4:180~200g/L

0.5g/m2 Al

25C

3~15 1g/m2

50C3~5

1g/m2

20C

10~50H2SO4 150g/L

30g/L

Rd: 5000~10000

10015~50

Rd: 5000

2.9: [45, France, 2003] : Rd

(2.5.14 ). 2.5.15 .

( ) . ,

.

3.3.1 .

Rd: 5000~10000

2

64

2.5.13.1

, , , [118, ESTAL, 2003] . 17~22V 205C, 19040g/L H2SO4. 5~30m . , . ( 2.10 ). (2.5.15 ).

25~250m . 5C [73, BSTSA, ]. . . .

. , [118, ESTAL, 2003]. , PFOS [159, TWG, 2004], PFOS ( 8.2) [109, DEFRA, 2004].

.

2

65

1 2 1

1 2

3 4

/ ( ) 1 2

2.10:

2.5.13.2

. . . [73, BSTSA, ].

30~100g/L . 38~42C . , . 2~5m . .

.

.

2

66

. 1.4.4.1 , 2.5.3 6 [118, ESTAL, 2003][116, Czech-Republic, 2003].

2.5.13.3 , ,

[73, BSTSA, ] . Mg(OH)2 MgO . 25m .

DOW-17 . . . . , . , 93~100C 50g/L Na2Si4O9 15 .

HAE . . . 20~30C Na2Cr2O7/NH4HF2 40~60 .

(DOW-17 ) .

2.5.13.4

. , , [132, Sheasby and Pinner, 2002].

, .

, (fracture toughness) . .

2.5.14 [118, ESTAL, 2003]

, . , 2 , [118, ESTAL, 2003]. 4 [3 CETS, 2002, 45, France, 2003].

2

67

2.5.14.1

, (light resistance) . . . . (weather resistance) 15m [118, ESTAL, 2003, Sheasby, 2002 #132].

.

2.5.14.2

(AC) . 1~5m , . . . , . 0.5~15 . . [73, BSTSA, ] [118, ESTAL, 2003].

.

2.5.14.3

. 2 ( / ) .

2.5.14.4

. Al-Si Al-Fe-M

. , . [73, BSTSA, ]

2.5.15

. . . ( [138, QUALANOD, 1999, ESTAL, 2003 #118] ).

2

68

2.5.15.1

, (boehmite) . . ( 95~96C) 1m 3 . [118, ESTAL, 2003, CETS, 2003 #115].

2.5.15.2

. 60C . . . (Qualanod [138, QUALANOD, 1999, ESTAL, 2003 #118]).

25~35C . [73, BSTSA, ].

. [159, TWG, 2004]. [73, BSTSA, ].

2.5.16

[38, Ullmann, 2002/3, 71, BSTSA, ] (conversion coating), . , .

l : , (, , ; ; , , ) . [86, EIPPCB, ] .

l : (: ) , (2.9.6 2.9.8.9 ). [86, EIPPCB, ] .

l : , , .

l : . , , , .

l : [90, EIPPCB, ].l : ,

. 1~6m .

() . 0.05~5g/m2.

2

69

, . . , (2.9.6 ).

(2.3 )[116, Czech-Republic, 2003]. . Cr(VI) Cr(III) . 2.4 .

pH , , ( ) [124, Germany, 2003] . .

.

.

l , (free)

l

l , l ,

2.5.16.1

. , (pH 4~6) , , (: , , ), (: ) (: ) . () Fe2+ . . . . . ( 'cleaner-coater').

. . , . 2~15g/L . , (flooding) . 40~70C 25~35C . 5~10( ) 1~3( ). (thin) (0.2~0.4g/m2) (thick) (0.6~1.0g/m2) . . .

2

70

2.5.16.2

( ), . . , ( ). pH 2~3.5 . . , , , .

.

Zn2+ 1.2g/L, Ni2+ 1.0g/L, H3PO4 + H2PO4- 15g/L NO2- 0.1g/L

pH 3.2 . 95C . 10 .

5 .

(pickling reaction) .

Fe + 2H+ Fe2+ + H2 for Fe Zn + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2 for Zn

.

AlOOH + 3HF Al3++ 3F- + 2H2O; Al + 3H+ Al3++ 3/2H2

(acceleration) . [159, TWG, 2004].

H2 + 2Ox 2HOx; Fe2+ + H+ + Ox Fe3+ + HOx for Fe

(complexation) , Al3+ . 3mg/L . , .

Al3++ 6F- AlF63- for Al

pH . , , . .

3Zn2++ 2H2PO4- + 4H2O Zn3(PO4)24H2O + 4H+

2

71

2Zn2+ + Fe2++ 2H2PO4- + 4H2O Zn2Fe(PO4)24H2O + 4H+

AlF63- (III) 63 . 3 . . (II) .

Fe3+ + H2PO4- FePO4 + 2H+ for Fe, AlF63- + 3Na+ Na3AlF6 for Al

.

. 3~4g/L Zn2+ , 0.7~1.5g/L Zn2+( ) . , . , ( ) . , 3 (trication) . [38, Ullmann, 2002/3].

, [90, EIPPCB, ].

(III) 5~8g/L ( ). 50~60C 30C , .

2.5.16.3

, (II) .

2.5.17 (conversion coating)

[3, CETS, 2002, 104, UBA, 2003] , , , , , , , , . () . (Cr2O42-) 6 , .

.

- 6 (Cr(VI)) 3 (Cr(III)) , [118, ESTAL, 2003].

2

72

0.1~2m . . .

(topcoating)(2.5.17.7) .

, , , , , , , .

Cr(VI) 1.4.4.1 .

Cr(VI) 2.5.3 .

2.5.17.1 (VI)

6 (Cr(VI)) . Cr(VI) . .

2.5.17.2 (VI)

. , , , , . , .

2.5.17.3 , (VI)

. . , , . .

.

.

2.5.17.4 (VI)

- . - [118, ESTAL, 2003]. , pH, . , [118, ESTAL, 2003, CETS, 2003 #115].

2

73

.

Cr(VI) (Personal communication, ESTAL).

Cr(VI) .

2.5.17.5 (VI)

. . , .

2 .

l .l .

2.5.17.6 3 (Cr(III))

3 (Cr(III)) 6 (Cr(VI)) 20 . 6 , 6 [118, ESTAL, 2003].

3 , 6 .

3 . 6 3 .

Cr(VI) . , 120, 240 . , (sealer) . (, ) (-, - -) . 200C 4 90% .

Cr(VI) [124, Germany, 2003].

, () 6 .

2

74

6 3 ,

l [124, Germany, 2003].l .l .l 6 ,

.l 6 .l .l Cr(VI)

.

Cr(III) .

Cr(VI) Cr(III) .

Cr(III) Cr(VI) 10. Cr(VI) 2. Cr(III) [113, Austria, 2003].

Cr(VI) Cr(III) Cr(VI) [73, BSTSA, ].

2.5.17.7 (topcoating)

6 3 . (: , (2.5.10) (2.5.11)) (: ) . . , Cr(III) [124, Germany, 2003]. .

2.5.18

[3, CETS, 2002] , . , . . . , . (, , ) .

, (tumbling) (2.3 ). .

2

75

.

2.5.19

"" " " (2.5.21 )[18, ESTAL, 2003, 159, TWG, 2004].

2.5.20

, [38, Ullmann, 2002/3].

. .

pH . , .

(75wt-%) (25wt-%) 480~840g/L . 121~149C . 25wt-% , 12wt-% 13wt-% .

.

. .

, .

370C / . , .

60~90C Inox , - 125~130C NaOH/NaNO2 [113, Austria, 2003].

(75wt-%) (25wt-%) 120g/L 93~100C . (II) . , . ( ) (2.3 ).

2

76

, . (85wt-%) (15wt-%) 120g/L 93~100C 5~10 . .

Alzac Juratka . () .

2.5.21

. [104, UBA, 2003].

.

[118, ESTAL, 2003, 132, Sheasby and Pinner, 2002].

. 40~50C( 80C) 10~15% .

. .

pH . , .

, NOx .

2.5.22 -

( ). , . , . .

4~10% 40~90C , .

never-dump " " . . . . , , .

(jigging) .

[118, ESTAL, 2003, 132, Sheasby and Pinner, 2002, 138, QUALANOD, 1999]

2

77

[159, TWG, 2004].

2.5.23

[47, France, 2003] ( ) . , . . 0.5~3mm/h . , .

. . , , , .

.

l : (, ) l : (20~50g/L) (50~70g/L)l :

.

l : 100~150g/L NaOHl : 80C, 110C l : 70~90g/L All

, .

, . . . .

.

l

l

l

l (: )l

l

l

l

l

l

l : (: )l

l

l

2

78

. 70g/L . , NaAlO2.

2.6

2.6.1

[3, CETS, 2002] . .

. ( ).

. 60C . 60C . 90C .

. , . .

.

2.6.2

. . . 60~80C . .

, 80C . 100C . , . . 100% [124, Germany, 2003].

.

2.6.3 (air knife)

' ' . . 2.3 .

2

79

2.6.4

100% ( ) , . [159, TWG, 2004].

[124, Germany, 2003]

2.7 ,

, .

l

l

l

l . .

(: ). 4 . . (4.7 ) [162, USEPA, 2000].

2.7.1

. , ( ) () . (raw water) , ( ).

(: ) ( ).

.

2.7.2

. , .

.

.

2

80

.

.

2.7.3

.

2.7.4

. , . . . .

. .

2.7.5

(: ). (: ) . .

.

2.7.6 -

. (2.7.8 ).

10mg/L , 10~100.

2

81

2.7.7 -

(: Cr(III) Cr(VI)) . .

2.7.8 -

- . , (2.7.6 ) [3, CETS, 2002], [159, TWG, 2004].

, . 3~4.

2.7.9

. .

2.7.10 ()

() . ( ) . ( ) .

2.7.11 / 1 . 2 1 .

.

2.7.12

. .

l (MF) 0.02~10m ( >100,000) .

l (UF) (0.005~0.1m) .

l (NF) (0.001~0.008m ) .

.

2

82

2.7.13

. , [3, CETS, 2002].

.

2.7.14

( ) .

2.7.15

1 . . (: Cu Al) . (: ) .

.

2.7.16

.

2.8

2.2 .

2.4~2.6 . .

2.8.1

, 2.3 .

2.8.2

. . (marking), (burning) [121, France, 2003].

2

83

2.8.3

. .

2.9 [73, BSTSA, , 86, EIPPCB, ]. . 32 2,080mm[119, Eurofer, 2003].

(, , ) . . .

. [90, EIPPCB, ] .

, . , . .

.

l . .o o (/ )o (

(anode) )o (edge trimming)

l ( ). ( ) .o (wringer roll) (drag-over)

o

.

2.11 . .

2

84

(: ,

, )

(: , )

(: , , / , )

(:

)

(: (

, ), , )

2.11:

2.9.1

. .

l ,

l (, )l

. . .

l

l (seam welding)l

l : (anode) . .

.

2.9.2

2.4 . .

2.9.3

2.9.3.1

( ) ( ) . .

, .

2

85

(2.3 ). , .

, , . , .

.

l 2 . .

l 2 . .

H2 , O2 . .

2.3.4 .

, .

2.9.3.2 (pickling)

. (plating section) . , , . 2.3 [86, EIPPCB, ] .

50g/L() .

(Na2SO4) ( ) [113, Austria, 2003].

2.3.6 .

2.9.4 -

. , , , , . 2 .

2

86

. . , .

.

l : . . .

l : . l : () . .l : 180 .l : () .l : ( )

.l :

.

, . 4 .

l

l

l

l

3 .

. , . , .

2 . Gravitel , . , .

2

87

2.12:

. , . , . .

(carousel) , .

2.13:

. . . , . 2 . .

2

88

2.14:

. , . 2.1 .

.

(A/dm2)

(tm)

(mm)

(m/sec)

60~120 5~12 0.5 1.0~4.0

30~90 2.5~3.5 0.3

2

89

(mm) 16~26 Gravitel 7~14.5 7~15 10~20

2.2:

2.9.5 , . ( ) . .

2.9.6

( ) , (2.5.16 ), (2.5.17 ) (2.9.5 ) . .

2.9.7

2.9.7.1

. . . (section) (2.6.2 ).

.

2.9.7.2 -

. . .

.

2

90

2.9.8

.

, . , ( ) .

. 2.15 .

,

2.15:

2.9.8.1

2.9.1 .

2.9.8.2

() ( ) .

.

l . .l

l

.

2

91

3 .

l 1: l 2: l 3:

. . , 3 . 2 , 1 . .

2.9.3.1 . , ( , ) ( ), 5~40g/L 60~85C pH 13.

.

. . . , . . .

2.16:

2

92

2.4 . 3 . . . , 3 . 2, 1 . . .

l 1: l 2: l 3:

1 70~85C .

. , .

. . .

2.17:

2.9.8.3

. 100~120C.

2.9.8.4

2.9.1 .

2

93

2.9.8.5

() ( H2 O2 ) (2.3.8 ).

.

l

l

.

( H2, O2 ) . . .

. ( ). 60~85C.

.

, .

2.18:

2

94

. . . , . , . . .

l 1: l 2:

1 70~85C .

.

.

.

2.9.8.6

. [86, EIPPCB, ] .

, . .

l 1: l 2:

2 .

l 10~60g/L 25~60C l 100~150g/L 20~40C

( ) .

. ,

.

.

(2.9.8.5 ).

2

95

2.19:

2.9.8.7

. .

l 1: l 2:

2.9.4 . 2.1 .

. . . . . . , (: , , ). pH (: CH3COONa).

.

l 70~120g/Ll H2SO4 3~25g/Ll Na2SO4 0~100g/Ll pH 1.0~3.0 pH

(anode) 2 . .

l : , .

l : 2 . (Sn Ag In )

2

96

. , . , . (2.9.3.1 ).

, ( ) 20~50C pH 0.3~3.

() . . , .

. .

2.9.8.8

/ . .

.

l 1: l 2: l 3:

. .

.

. , . . 2.9.8.2 .

.

. 100~120C. . . 2.6 .

2

97

2.9.8.9

(hopeite) . , . 2.5.16 .

2 .

l 1: l 2:

1 . 2 . . pH 8~10 40C . ( ) .

2.5.16 . 1~1.8g/m2 . 1 3 . Zn3(PO4)24H2O 1% Ni 5% Mn . . .

. . .

40C .

2.5.16 . . .

2.9.8.10

2.5.17 . .

l 1: l 2: l 3:

. . 10~35mg/m2 . Cr(VI) Cr(III) . 40C 0.5~2% . .

1.4.4.1 2.5.17 .

2

98

( ) .

. . 2.9.8.2 .

.

. Cr(VI) Cr(III) 100~120C.

.

. .

.

l 1: . .

l 2: . .

.

.

2.9.8.11

(2.9.5 ). 0.25~3g/m2 , .

2.9.8.12

2.9.7.2 .

2.9.9

, .

, . . .

2

99

. . 2.20 .

-

2.20:

2.9.9.1

, (dewetting) . 2.3 2.9.3.1 . , . . 7~50g/L. 90C . . 2.21 .

.

l . .

l 2

.

. 150~400L/min .

. .

2

100

2.21:

2.9.9.2

2.9.3.2 . 50g/L() . , 25~40C .

2.22:

.

.

2

101

2.9.9.3

2 .

l "Du Pont" : 20% . . , .

l "Ferrostan" : 75~80% . .

, [113, Austria, 2003].

. , 2 . . . 99.85% .

2.23:

, PSA() . . PSA ENSA(ethoxylated alpha naphthol sulphonic acid) . - .

2

102

.

l 2 25~45g/Ll PSA 20~27g/Ll ENSA 1.5~6.0g/Ll 30~55C

, .

2.9.9.4

, .

PSA . , .

. - , .

, 2 . 90% .

.

, .

2.9.9.5

. , . , .

2.9.8.10 .

2.9.9.6 -

. - . 232C( ) . ( ) ( 20% ) .

2

103

2

1

2.24: -

.

.

2.9.9.7

(2.5.17 ) . .

.

2

104

-

2.25:

1.4.4.1 2.5.17 .

( ) .

2.9.9.8

. .

DOS(dioxyl sebacate) ATBC(acetyltributyl citrate) . 2 .

l

l .

6.0~12.0mg/m2 .

2

105

2.9.10 ( - ECCS)

- . , . 2.5.3 . 2.26 , 2.27 . . . . , , , .

2.26:

2.9.10.1

(2.3.8 ) 50~90g/L . .

l 60~65%l 30~35%l 0~2%l 2~5%

2

106

. , . .

l .

l 2

.

2.18( ) .

.

. 150~400L/min .

.

.

2.27: ECCS

2

107

2.9.10.2

60~115g/L . 2.3 2.9.3.2 .

. .

2.9.10.3

2.5.3 .

(pre-dip) . , . 0.3~0.5g/L .

Cr(VI) . , , , .

- . .

.

l 110~130g/Ll (HBF4) 0.30~0.44g/Ll (H2SO4) 0.60~0.80g/L

. . , Cr/ [73, BSTSA, ]. . . , . 58+/-2C.

2.5.3 . . .

2

108

2.9.10.4

. , . .

, . . 50~60C 5,000~10,000L/h .

2.5.3 . . , .

2.9.10.5

. . DOS(dioxyl sebacate) ATBC(acetyltributyl citrate) . . 2.9.9.8 . 3.0~7.0mg/m2.

2.9.11

2005 2006 . . .

2.10

[118, ESTAL, 2003], [38, Ullmann, 2002/3] (1.3.3 ) , .

. 2.10.1, 2.10.2, 2.10.3 2.10.4 .

2

109

2.10.1 (graining)

, . (2.3 ) , AC . . (2.5~9m) . , , . . .

, . ( ) . . . .

2.10.2

(2.5.13 ) . 2 . . .

1m2 5g . 1m . X- . , , , , . .

2.10.3

PS(pre-sensitised) . . , . . , , 4 (, , ) 6, , 5 .

.

2.10.4

. . (fishtail die), . 0.3~5mm.

2

110

1m/s . . , . . . PS 3m2(1,5002,000mm) .

( ) .

PS . , .

2.11

[73, BSTSA, ] . . , , , ( ). () (MLB) . HDI(high density interconnect) .

. 40 . .

, . , , - . 5~105m . . PCB 2.27 .

. , .

2

111

PCB

.

pth

pth PCB

.

pth PCB(: pth = through-hole plated)

. .

(MLB)

(1 4 ) , . . , .

1

2

3

4

2.28:

2

112

90% . .

2.28 ( 2.35) .

.

PCB (: ).

, .

( ) .

l : l : l

( (: pth) ). 2.28 . non-pth .

2

113

,

(2.11.1.1)

(2.11.1.2)

(2.11.2.9)

(2.11.2.8)

/ (2.11.2.5)

(2.11.2.5)

, (2.11.2.3)

Pth: (2.11.2.4 )

( )(2.11.2.4 )

(2.11.2.1 )

: , ,

(2.11.2.7)

(2.11.3.5)

(2.11.3.1)

PCB

:

(2.11.2.1)

, , , (2.11.2.3)

(2.11.2.9)

(2.11.2.8)

(2.11.2.6)

(2.11.3.3)

(2.11.3.4 )

,

/ (2.11.2.10)

2.29:

2

114

2.11.1

2.11.1.1

CAD ( ). .

. , PCB .

[139, Wikipedia, 2004].

2.11.1.2 ( )

PCB 2. . . . ( ) ( ). 2 . .

. 15m. .

. .

: . . .

, , , , .

2.11.1.3

[90, EIPPCB, ]. , . / . . . , , . , .

.

2

115

. . .

2.11.2

2.11.2.1

(2.11.2.3 ) , (2.11.1.1 ).

. (2.3.4 ), PCB . .

NaOH (H3PO4) . 3 [159, TWG, 2004]:

l . . , . . 1.5~2.5m . .

(4.7 ) ( ).

l (SiO2 72.0%, Al2O3 13.0%, K2O 4.2%, Na2O 3.5% ( 7.3%)) Rz = 1.6~1.9m . (10bar) .

l (Chemical roughening or microetching) (etching), . 100ml/L 70~120g/L . . 30g/L . .

.

.

2

116

.

, .

. . , , (2.13.1.1 ).

PCB .

2.11.2.2 (drilling)

, 0.5mm . NC (single spindle) CNC/DNC , HDI X- .

CNC , . Z- 100,000 rpm .

. .

.

(routing) .

( ) 100% . - . 10~25% .

2.11.2.3

( ) 2( 2.27 ).

l

l

MLB ( ) . . . 3 ( ), . .

2

117

1 () . 2 . . 2.3 .

( )

( 2~12m)

VOC 50%

(under-etching)

( )

37.5m,

VOC

2.3: [122, UBA, 2003]

l ( ). , , . , 2~12m . . . . 2~4m/min . .

l ( ) ( 2.30). . 25m . , . , . . , , , , .

2

118

2.30:

. 2.30, (2.11.2.3 ) . .

,

.

. .

.

,

2.31:

2

119

() . (, , SMD( ) ) ( 2.32).

( )

. .

, PCB .

+ = ( ) ( ) ( )

2.32:

. , . 60% . . 30~40 . .

pth PCB . (2.11.1.3 ). . , (2.11.2.11 ). .

2.3 .

VOC 50% . VOC [97, EC, 1999, TWG, 2004 #159] .

. .

(4.7 ).

.

() .

2

120

.

.

. . . . .

2.11.2.4 (pth, through hole plating)

MLB . , ( ) 3 . , ( ).

: PCB . . .

. . . () .

.

l

l

l , l

l

(96%) (etch-back) .

.

2

121

( ) ( ) ( )

,

(96%) O2/F2/HF/

-,

()

3~4 2 2~3

/

, ,

2.4: [122, UBA, 2003]

2.4 .

( ) 2.5.8 .

. .

(DMSE, ).

l DMSE 60C, 3~5ml/Ll

l (KMnO4, NaOH) 90C 50g/Ll ( DMSE) 20C 65%l (H2SO4) 20C 100g/Ll

( ) . ( ) . . .

2

122

(2.5.8 ). , EDTA ( ). EDTA HDI EDTA . , 60% [122, UBA, 2003].

. ( ).

. . (4.7 ). . (4.17 ).

2.11.2.5

.

l ( ) ( ) l ( ) l

20m .

.

" " .

2.33:

, , (2.3 ). , . ( ) / . 0.5~1m . .

2

123

, 20m ( )( 2.33 ). 2.5.1 .

-

( 2.34). 2.5.6 .

( ) .

2.34:

. , . 2.5.7 .

/ . , 2006 7 1 PCB 100% . .

l (ELV) [99, EC, 2000]l /(WEEE) [96, EC, 2003]l / (ROHS ) [98, EC, 2003]

/ 10m ((reflow) ) /(60/40%) .

PCB (lead-free) .

' ' , .

, .

. , .

2

124

2.11.2.6

, . ( ). . [159, TWG, 2004].

Cu(I) ( ) . 0.5~5m .

l , () (mg ) 30C .

l (Na3PO4), (NaOH) (NaClO2) (NaOCl) 80C .

.

(2.4 )

.

.

( ) .

24 .

.

2.11.2.7

() , (2.11.2.6 ) . () () ( 2.35 ).

. .

2

125

2.35:

.

l () l

l

l MLB

.

2.11.2.8

( 2.36).

2

126

NaOH . .

.

2.36:

. /- . .

l 30C[159, TWG, 2004]l () 60~120l

(NaOH KOH 10~20g/L). , [159, TWG, 2004]

COD.

, . , (COD) .

, .

. , .

2

127

2.11.2.9

/-( ) ( 2.37 ). , 50C 5~50 .

, . . .

( )

.

.

2.37:

.

l : (, , ): , ( ) PCB , . .

l : ( 30g/L Cu) (II) HCl (I)(CuCl) . (200~240mg/L) (I) (II) . , pth

l / , .l , 2(FeCl3) .

. , ( ) PCB . , . . [159, TWG, 2004].

l pH: 8.0~9.5l : 20~45Cl : 145~170g/Ll : 235~265g/L, 4~4.5mol/Ll : 600mV

2

128

. . pH pH . .

.

. , .

.

. , . .

: (, ) . . . .

: (4.15.7 ).

2.11.2.10

. 1 2 . 4, .

l 1: 25~35C, 20~60

l 2: 25~35C, 10~30

2

129

.

, pth( ) .

pth

pth

2.38:

, .

. , . .

2.11.2.11

PCB , . ( 2.39 2.40 ). , .

2.11.1.3 . . .

2

130

.

" " ,

. pth

pth

2.39:

. ( 20m/min ) . ( (2.11.2.5 )) . , . . , ( 2.39 ).

PCB

PCB

1.

2. 3.

2.40:

2

131

. . .

2.11.3

. HASL(Hot Air Solder Level), (OSP), (ENIG), (ImmAg), (ImmSn), /, . 2.5.7 2.5.9 . . [159, TWG, 2004].

( ) . Ni/Au .

HAL(hot air levelling)

SMT (/) 187C .

HAL .

Ni/Au, Sn, Ag .

2.41 HAL(hot air levelling)

2.11.3.1

HAL(Hot Air Leveling) HASL