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Integration of body fuel metabolism Atif Hassan Khirelsied, Ph.D Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine International University of Africa

Integration of Body Fuel Metabolism 2013

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Page 1: Integration of Body Fuel Metabolism 2013

Integration of body fuel metabolism

Atif Hassan Khirelsied, Ph.D,

Department of BiochemistryFaculty of Medicine

International University of Africa

Page 2: Integration of Body Fuel Metabolism 2013

Integration of Metabolism

1. Interconnection of pathways

2. Metabolic profile of organs

3 Food intake starvation and obesity3. Food intake, starvation and obesity

4. Fuel choice during exercise

5. Hormonal regulation of metabolism

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Connection of Pathways 

1 ATP is generated by oxidation of1. ATP is generated by oxidation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids ; common intermediate ‐> acetyl CoA ; electron carrier ‐> NADH and FADH2

2. Synthesis and degradation pathways almost always separated  ‐> Compartmentation !!!

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Biosynthetic functions of glycolysis. Compounds formed from intermediates of glycolysis are shown in blue.

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In the liver, TCA cycle intermediates are used for fatty acids synthesis, amino y y yacids synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and heme synthesis.

In the brain α ketoglutarate is converted to neurotransmitter glutamate and In the brain, α-ketoglutarate is converted to neurotransmitter, glutamate and GABA.

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The amphibolic role of the TCA cycle. 

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Key Junctions between Pathways

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Key Junctions between Pathways

• G‐6‐P is a central in carbohydrate metabolism

• It links PPP, glycogenesis, l l i t l l iglycogenolysis to glycolysis. 

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Key Junctions between Pathways

• Pyruvate is another important intermediate of carbohydrates and amino acids metabolism

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• It links gluconeogenesis and amino acids metaabolism to glycolysis. 

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Acetyl‐CoA is derived from the oxidation of various fuels

Acetyl CoA 

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The central role of acetyl‐CoA in fuel metabolism

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Metabolic Profile of Body Organs

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Metabolic Profile of Organs

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1. Metabolic Profile of Brain 

• Glucose is fuel for human brain >• Glucose is fuel for human brain  ‐> consumes 100‐120g/day ‐> 60‐70 % of utilization of glucose.of utilization of glucose.

• In starvation ‐> ketone bodies can 

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replace glucose.

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1. Metabolic Profile of Muscles

• Major fuels are glucose fatty acids and ketone bodies• Major fuels are glucose, fatty acids, and ketone bodies

• Has a large storage of glycogen ‐> about ¾ of allHas a large storage of glycogen  > about ¾ of all glycogen stored in muscles

• Glucose is preferred fuel for burst of activity ‐> production of lactate (anaerobe)p oduc o o ac a e (a ae obe)

• Fatty acid major fuel in resting muscles and in heart y j gmuscle (aerobe)

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2. Metabolic Profile of Muscles 

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3. Metabolic Profile of Adiposite tissue

• Triacylglycerols are stored in tissue ‐> enormous reservoir of metabolic fuel.

• Needs glucose to synthesis TAGTAG.

• Glucose level determines if fatty acids are released into blood.

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4 M b li P fil f Kid4. Metabolic Profile of Kidney

• Production of urine ‐> secretion of waste products.

• Blood plasma is filtered (60 X per day) ‐> water and glucose reabsorbed.

• During starvation ‐> important site of gluconeogenesis, produces ½ of blood glucose.

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5. Metabolic Profile of the Liver (Glucose)the Liver (Glucose)

• Essential for providing fuel to brain, muscle, other organs

• Most compounds absorpt by diet passabsorpt by diet pass through liver.

• It regulates the levels of metabolites in blood.e abo es b ood

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Metabolic Activities of the Liver (Amino (Acids)

α‐Ketoacids (derived from amino acid d d ti )degradation) ‐> liver’s own fuel

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Metabolic Activities of the Liver (Fatty ( yAcids)

• Cannot use acetoacetate as fuel.

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Fuel Metabolism During Fed andFuel Metabolism During Fed and Fast State Conditions

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Food Intake, Starvation, and Obesity

Normal Starved‐Fed Cycle:

1. Postabsorptive state ‐> after a meal

2 Early fasting state > during the night2. Early fasting state ‐> during the night

3. Refed state ‐> after breakfast

4. Prolonged fasting ‐> 12 hrs.

5. Starvation ‐> days 

‐> Major goal is to maintain blood‐glucose level!

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1.Postabsorptive state

• Glucose + Amino acids ‐> transport from intestine to bl dblood

• Dietary lipids transported ‐> lymphatic system ‐> bl dblood. 

• Glucose stimulates ‐> secretion of insulin. 

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l

1.Postabsorptive state

Insulin:

‐> signals fed stateg

‐> stimulates storage of fuels and synthesis of proteins 

‐> high level ‐> glucose enters muscle + adipose tissue (synthesis of TAG)

‐> stimulates glycogen synthesis in muscle + liver

‐> suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver> suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver

‐> accelerates glycolysis in liver ‐> increases synthesis of fatty acids

‐> accelerates uptake of blood glucose into liver ‐> glucose 6‐phosphate more rapidly formed than level of blood glucose rises ‐

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> built up of glycogen stores

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Insulin Secretion –Stimulated by Glucose Uptake

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Insulin Secretion –Stimulated by Glucose Stimulated by Glucose Uptake

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PostabsorptiveState -> after a MealMeal

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2 E l F i S2. Early Fasting State

Bl d l l l d ft l h ft• Blood‐glucose level drops after several hours after the meal ‐> decrease in insulin secretion ‐> rise in l tiglucagon secretion

• Low blood‐glucose level ‐> stimulates glucagon secretion of α‐cells of the pancreasp

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2. Early Fasting StateGlucagon:Glucagon:

‐> signals starved state

‐> mobilizes glycogen stores (break down)

> inhibits glycogen synthesis‐> inhibits glycogen synthesis

‐> main target organ is liver

‐> inhibits fatty acid synthesis

> stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver‐> stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver

‐> large amount of glucose in liver released to blood stream ‐> maintain blood‐glucose level

Muscle + Liver use fatty acids as fuel when blood‐glucose level 

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y gdrops

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Early Fasting State ‐> During the Night

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3. Refed State

•Fat is processed in same way as normal fed state

•First > Liver does not absorb glucose from blood (diet)•First ‐> Liver does not absorb glucose from blood (diet)

•Liver still synthesizes glucose to refill liver’s glycogen y g g y gstores

•When liver has refilled glycogen stores + blood‐glucose level still rises ‐> liver synthesizes fatty acids from excess glucose

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Prolonged  fasting, Starvation

Well‐fed 70 kg human ‐> fuel reserves about 161,000 kcal 

‐> energy needed for a 24 h period ‐> 1600 kcal ‐ 6000 kcal 

ffi i t f t ti t 1 3 th‐> sufficient reserves for starvation up to 1 – 3 months

‐> however glucose reserves are exhausted in 1 day

Even under starvation ‐> blood‐glucose level must be above 40 mg/100 ml

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Prolonged  fasting, Starvation

First priority ‐> provide sufficient glucose to brain and p y p gother tissues that are dependent on it.

Second priority ‐> preserve protein ‐> shift from p y p putilization of glucose to utilization of fatty acids + ketone bodies.

‐> mobilization of TAG in adipose tissues + gluconeogenesis by liver ‐> muscle shift from glucose to 

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g g y gfatty acids as fuel.

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Prolonged  fasting, Starvation

• After 3 days of starvation ‐> liver forms large amounts of ketone bodies (shortage of oxaloacetate) ‐> released into blood ‐> brain and heart start to use ketone bodies as fuel

• After several weeks of starvation ‐> ketone bodies major fuel of brain.

• After depletion of TAG stores ‐> proteins degradation accelerates ‐> death due to loss of heart, liver, and 

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kidney function 

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Prolonged  fasting, Starvation

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