Upload
vannhan
View
251
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Microbial Metabolism
Metabolism of
ExtremophilesChing-Tsan Huang (黃慶璨)
Office: Agronomy Building, Room 111
Tel: (02) 33664454
E-mail: [email protected]
2
Definition
Inhabit some of earth's most
hostile environments of
• temperature (-2ºC to
15ºC and 60ºC to 120ºC)
• salinity (3-5 M NaCl)
• pH (<4 and >9)
• pressure (>400
atmospheres).
Extremophiles
3
Extreme Acidophiles
Halophiles Thermophiles
4
Diverse Environments
5
Extreme Temperatures
ClassificationPsychrophile 0 ~ 20 oC
Mesophile 20 ~ 40 oC
Thermophile 40 ~ 80 oC
Hyperthermophile > 80 oC
Microbial growth at high temperature
Increase proportion of saturated lipids in membranes
Increase enzyme stability under high temperatures
Effect of temperature on microbial activities
Too high disintegrate the cell membranes
Too low freeze or gel the cell membranes
In general, the Q10 for enzyme is near 2.
Temperature
Enzym
e a
ctivity
Q10
10 oC
6
Extreme PressureAtmospheric pressureChange in atmosphere pressure Microbial activity
Extremely low AP Water evaporation
Oxygen limitation
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure increases 1 atm for every 10 m of depth.
1 ~ 400 atm has no or little effect on microbial activity.
Barotolerant and Barophilic
Osmotic pressure
Hypertonic habitats
water move into microbial cells expand and rupture cells
Hypotonic habitats
water move out microbial cells dehydrate and shrivel cells
Osmotolerant and Osmophilic
7
Extreme SalineSalinity
Affect osmotic pressure
Denature proteins by disrupt the tertiary structure
Dehydrate cells
Halotolerant and halophilic
Achieve osmotic pressure balance with high intracellular
concentration of glycerol or potassium chloride.
Water activity
The amount of water actually available for microbial use
Depends on the number of moles of water and solute, as
well as the activity coefficients for water the particular solute.
Water Holding Capacity (WHC)
Aerobic soil microorganisms: 50 ~ 70% WHC c.a. 0.98 ~
0.99 aw
8
Radiation
Ionizing radiation
rays and x-rayslow levels of irradiation mutation
high dose destroy nucleic acids and enzymes cell
death
Ultraviolet radiation
260 nm: the most germicidal wavelength
the adsorption maximum of DNA
UV-induce dimerization
Visible light radiation
g raysx-rays
UV lightvisible light
infraredmicrowavesradio waves
Wavelength
increase
Energy
increase
9
Characteristics of Archaea
Cell walls: lack peptidoglycan (like eukaryotes).
Fatty acids: the archaea have ether bonds connecting
fatty acids to molecules of glycerol.
Complexity of RNA polymerase: both archaea and
eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases that contain
multiple polypeptides.
Protein synthesis: various features of protein
synthesis in the archaea are similar to those of
eukaryotes but not of bacteria.
Metabolism: various types of metabolism exist in both
archaea and bacteria that do not exist in eukaryotes
Methanogenesis occurs only in the domain Archaea.
10
Archaeal Cell Wallscan stain gram positive or gram negative
Stains positive – often thick
homogeneous layer
Stains negative – often surface
layer of protein or glycoprotein
lack muramic acid
lack D-amino acids
resistant to lysozyme and b-lactam antibiotics
some contain pseudomurein
peptidoglycan-like polymer
others contain other polysaccharides, proteins or
glycoproteins
11
Archaeal Lipids and Membranes
Bacteria/Eucaryotes
• fatty acids attached to
glycerol by ester
linkages
Archaea
• branched chain
hydrocarbons attached
to glycerol by ether
linkages
• some have diglycerol
tetraethers
12
Genetics and Molecular BiologyChromosomes
one chromosome per cell
closed circular double-stranded DNA
generally smaller than bacterial chromosomes
Have few plasmids
mRNAs
may be polygenic, no evidence of splicing
tRNAs
contain modified bases not found in bacterial or
eukaryotic tRNAs
Ribosomes
70S, shapes differ from bacteria and eukaryotes
13
Extreme Halophiles Thermophiles Methanogens
use modified Entner-Doudoroff for
glucose catabolism
do not catabolize
glucose significantly
pyruvateacetyl CoA catalyzed by pyruvate oxidoreductase
functional TCA cycle no TCA cycle
have respiratory chains no respiratory chains
use reverse Embden-
Meyerhoff for
gluconeogenesis
use reverse Embden-
Meyerhoff for
gluconeogenesis
biosynthetic pathways similar to those of other organisms
some fix nitrogen
some use glycogen as
major reserve material
some use glycogen as
major reserve material
Metabolism
14
ED: Entner-Doudoroff EM: Embden-Meyerhof
Glucose degradation via the EMP pathway known for most Bacteria and Eukarya (classical) and
the modified EMP versions reported for Archaea.
Bräsen C et al. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2014;78:89-175
16
Taxonomy
17
Crenarchaeota
Most are extremely thermophilic
Many are acidophiles
Many are sulfur-dependent
for some, used as electron acceptor in anaerobic
respiration
for some, used as electron source
(chemolithotrophs)
Almost all are strict anaerobes
Grow in geothermally heated water or soils that
contain elemental sulfur
Include organotrophs and lithotrophs (sulfur-oxidizing
and hydrogen-oxidizing)
18
EuryarchaeotaMethanogens
anaerobic environments rich in organic mater
e.g. animal rumens, anaerobic sludge digesters
Halobacteriaaerobic, respiratory, chemoheterotrophs with complex
nutritional requirements
ThermoplasmsThermoacidophiles, lack cell walls
Extremely thermophilic So-metabolizersoptimum growth temperatures 88 – 100°C
strictly anaerobic; reduce sulfur to sulfide; motile by flagella
Sulfate-reducersextremely thermophilic, irregular coccoid cells
use sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfite as electron acceptor
19
Methanogenesis
From CO2 From methyl compound From acetate
CH4CH4
CH4
20
Sulfate reduction
+6
+4
-2