Introducción Al Arte Operacional Vego

8/17/2019 Introducción Al Arte Operacional Vego

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INTRODUCTION TOOPERATIONAL ART

By

DR. M. VEGOJMO DEPARTMENT,

U.S. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE, NEWPORT, RI.


2/83

“WAR IS NOT AN AFFAIR OFCHANCE. A GREAT DEAL OF

KNOWLEDGE, STUDY ANDMEDITATION IS NECESSARY TO

CONDUCT IT WELL.”

FREDERICK THE GREAT, 1747


3/83

TERMS USED

• GRAND TACTICS

• OPERATIONS (OPERATIONS )

• OPERATIONAL ART (OPERATIONSKUNST )

• OPERATIONAL ART (OPERATIVNOYEISKUSSTVO )

• OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP

(OPERATIONSFUEHRUNG

;OPERATIVE

FUEHRUNG )

• OPERATIONAL WARFARE

• OPERATIONAL WARFIGHTING


4/83

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF COMPONENTS OF MILITARY ART

PPT-98-VEG0-38A (PFR)

TACTICS

OPERATIONS(Operational Art)

STRATEGY


5/83

ON OPERATIONAL ART• AN INTERMEDIATE FIELD OF STUDY AND PRACTICE

BETWEEN STRATEGY AND TACTICS

• IT IS APPLIED ACROSS THE ENTIRE “OPERATIONAL

CONTINUUM”

• IT DEALS WITH THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PLANNING,

PREPARING, CONDUCTING, AND SUSTAINING MAJOR

OPERATIONS AND CAMPAIGNS AIMED ATACCOMPLISHING OPERATIONAL OR STRATEGIC

OBJECTIVES IN A THEATER.


6/83

“THE NATION THAT WILL INSIST ONDRAWING A BROAD LINE BETWEEN THE

FIGHTING MAN AND THE THINKING MAN IS

LIABLE TO FIND ITS FIGHTING DONE BYFOOLS AND ITS THINKING DONE BY

COWARDS.”

SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS BUTLER


7/83

MILITARY SCIENCE AND MILITARY ART

STRATEGY TACTICS

OPERATIONS(OPERATIONAL ART)

MILITARY

ART

MILITARY

SCIENCE

PPT-98-VEG0-10A PFR


8/83

IMPORTANCE

• TACTICS ALONE CANNOT ACCOMPLISH

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES IN A THEATER OR WINTHE WAR; RESULTS OF TACTICAL ACTIONSARE USEFUL ONLY WHEN LINKED TOGETHER

AS A PART OF SOME LARGER DESIGN FRAMEDBY STRATEGY AND ORCEHSTRATED BYOPERATIONAL ART

• THE GAP BETWEEN STRATEGY AND TACTICS IS

TOO LARGE TO BE BRIDGED WITHOUT ANINTERMEDIATE FIELD OF STUDY ANDPRACTICE -- OPERATIONAL ART


9/83

• OPERATIONAL ART SEQUENCES AND

SYNCHRONIZES SERIES OF TACTICAL ACTIONSTO ACCOMPLISH OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVESTHROUGH THE CONDUCT OF MAJOR

OPERATIONS; STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES IN ATHEATER ARE NORMALLY ACCOMPLISHEDTHROUGH SERIES OF MAJOR OPERATIONS

• OPERATIONAL ART ALLOWS A SMALLER, BUT

BETTER TRAINED AND SKILLFULLY LEDFORCE GUIDED BY SOUND STRATEGY TODEFEAT QUICKLY AND DECISIVELY A MUCH

STRONGER FORCE.


10/83

• OPERATIONAL ART HELPS TO AVOID MORE

COSTLY AND TIME-CONSUMING ATTRITIONAL

WARFARE AT THE OPERATIONAL AND

STRATEGIC LEVELS

• IT PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK AND KEY INPUTS

FOR WRITING SERVICE AND JOINT/COMBINED

DOCTRINE

• IT REINFORCES THE NEED FOR THE CLOSESTCOOPERATION AMONG THE SERVICES --

JOINTNESS.


11/83

CHARACTERISTICS

• MOVEMENTS OF LARGE MULTI-SERVICE OR

MULTI-NATIONAL FORCES OVER LARGE PART

OF THE THEATER

• THE DEPLOYMENT FORMS THE VERY BASIS OF

A PLAN FOR CAMPAIGN OR MAJOR OPERATION

• SEQUENCED AND SYNCHRONIZED

EMPLOYMENT OF MILITARY AND NON-MILITARY

SOURCES OF POWER


12/83

PREREQUISITES

• A SUFFICIENT PHYSICAL SPACE FORMOVEMENTS OF LARGE FORMATIONS

• FULL MASTERY OF TACTICS

• THE COMMANDERS MUST HAVE THATRARE ABILITY TO THINK BEYOND THEREALM OF PHYSICAL COMBAT

• THE EXISTENCE OF THE THEATER-WIDESTRUCTURE (C2; C2W; INTELLIGENCE;FIRES; LOGISTICS; AND PROTECTION).


13/83

COMPONENTS


14/83

COMPONENT

PPT-99-VEGO-40 (PFR)

STRATEGY

TACTICS

LEVEL OF WAR

STRATEGIC

• NATIONAL-

STRATEGIC

• THEATER-

STRATEGIC

OPERATIONAL

TACTICAL

OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGYOR ALLIANCE/COALITION STRATEGY)

DETERMINATIONOF PRIMARY

AND SECONDARYTHEATERS

NATIONAL MILITARY STRATEGY

CONFLICT/WAR TERMINATION

ALLOCATION OF MILITARY RESOURCESAMONG THEATERS

O P E R A T

I O NA L

FA C T O R

S

OPERATIONAL ART(OPERATIONS) O P E R A T I

O NA L

L EA D E R S H I P

METHODS OF COMBATFORCE EMPLOYMENT

O P E R AT I O N AL F U N T I O N S O P E

R AT I O N AL P L AN N I N G

P R I N C I P L E S O F

O P E R AT I O N AL W AR F AR E

E L E M E N

T S O F

O P E R A T

I O NA L

WA R FA R

E

TA C T I C S

O F

B R A N C H

E S

TACTICS TA C

T I CA L

P LA N N I N

G

TYPES OFSHIPS / AIRCRAFT

C O M B AT AR M S T AC T I C S T AC T I C S O F

W E AP O N S P L AT F O R M S

TA C T I C

S O F

C O M B I N E D

A R M S

OPERATIONALART

(OPERATIONS)

THEORY AND PRACTICE

ISSUING STRATEGIC GUIDANCE

BUILDING ALLIANCE/COALITION

ENHANCING COUNTRY’S GEOSTRATEGIC POSITION

THEORY AND PRACTICE

INPUT TO CONFLICT/WAR TERMINATION

OPERATIONALTRAINING

OPERATIONAL-STRATEGIC

METHODS OF TACTICALEMPLOYMENT

THEORY AND PRACTICE

TACTICALFUNCTIONS

T AC T I C S O F

T Y P E O F S H I P S /

AI R C R AF T


15/83

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPONENTS OF MILITARY ART AND THE LEVELS OF WAR

NATIONAL-STRATEGIC LEVEL

LEVEL OF WAR

THEATER-STRATEGIC LEVEL

OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL LEVEL

TACTICAL LEVEL

NATIONAL-STRATEGIC

COMMAND ECHELON

THEATER-STRATEGIC

OPERATIONAL


TACTICAL

GLOBAL

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

THEATER OF WAR

THEATER OF OPERATIONS

AREA OF OPERATIONS

COMBAT ZONE (SECTOR)

(LAND, MARITIME)

(LAND, MARITIME, AIR)

(LAND, MARITIME, AIR)

COMPONENTS OF

MILITARY ART

S T R A T E G Y

O P E R A

T I O N A L A R T

T A C T I C S

OPERATIONAL

PPT-97VEG024A PFR


16/83

OPERATIONAL FACTORS

OPERATIONAL FACTORS


17/83

OPERATIONAL FACTORS

PPT-96VEG040B

OPERATIONAL

FACTORS

TIMESPACE FORCE

S PAC E- FORCE

TIME-SPACE TIME-FORCE

S P AC E -

TIME - F O R C E

INFORMATION

OBJECTIVE

B AL AN C I N G

THE FACTOR OF SPACE


18/83

THE FACTOR OF SPACE

MILITARY

ORGANIZATIONOF SPACE

DYNAMICSOF SPACE

GEOSTRATEGICPOSITIONS

SHAPE

PHYSICALCHARACTERISTICS

SIZE

DISTANCES

FACTOR

SPACE

ELEMENTS OF

THE THEATER

PPT-97VEG022 6/14/2004

THE FACTOR OF TIME


19/83

THE FACTOR OF TIME

FOR WAR

OPENING

HOSTILITIES

COLLECTING,

PROCESSING

AND EVALUATING

INFORMATION MANEUVER/COUNTER-MANEUVER

DURATION

OF WARDECISION

CYCLE

PLANNING

TIME BETWEEN

CONSECUTIVE

MAJOR OPERATIONS/

CAMPAIGNS

TIMING

ACCOMPLISHMENT OF

THE MISSION

REGENERATION OF

COMBAT POWER

BRINGING UP

REINFORCEMENTS

FORCE

RECONSTITUTION

ETC.

MASTERING NEW

WEAPONS/

EQUIPMENT

FOR A MAJOROPERATION/CAMPAIGN

PREPARATION

DEPLOYMENT

MOBILIZATION

REACTION

WARNING

REDEPLOYMENT

CONCENTRATION/COUNTER-CONCENTRATION

COMMITMENT OF

RESERVES

TRANSITTIME FOR:

PPT-96VEG032A (PFR)

COMBAT POTENTIAL vs. COMBAT POWER


20/83

ACTIVATION

OF COMBATPOWER


COMBAT

POTENTIAL

DESIGNED

PEACETIME

NON-COMBAT

HOSTILITIES

COMBAT

AVAILABLE

COMBAT

EFFECTIVENESS

RELATIVE

COMBAT

POWER

COMBAT

POWER

ENEMY

COMBAT

POWER

COMBAT POWER


21/83


AVAILABLE COMBAT

POTENTIAL

FORCE

SPACE

TIME

SURPRISE

DECEPTION

FATIGUE

CHANCE / LUCK

FOG OF WAR

FRICTION

FREEDOM OF ACTION / INITIATIVE

LOGISTICAL SUSTAINMENT

DOCTRINE

DECISIONS MADE

ETC.

INTELLIGENCE

INFLUENCES

OF:

P LU S COMBAT

POWER

NON-COMBAT COMBAT

PEACETIME HOSTILITIES


22/83

THE THEATER

THEATER STRUCTURE AND LEVELS OF WAR


23/83

THEATER STRUCTURE AND LEVELS OF WAR

PPT-97VEG035

LEVELS OF WAR

THEATER-STRATEGIC


TACTICAL

OPERATIONAL

THEATER (OF WAR)

THEATER OF

OPERATIONS

THEATER OF

OPERATIONS

THEATER OF

OPERATIONS

AREAS OF

OPERATIONS

AIR

(SPACE)MARITIME LAND JOINT

COMBAT

ZONES/SECTORS

AIR

(SPACE)MARITIME LAND

ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE

NATIONAL ORALLIANCE/COALITION

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE

THEATER-STRATEGIC

(OR MILITARY

STRATEGIC)OBJECTIVE

OPERATIONAL

OBJECTIVEOR

MAJOR TACTICAL

TACTICAL

OBJECTIVE

THEATER GEOEMETRY


24/83

PPT-96VEG08

LINE OF

COMMUNICATIONS(LOC)

DECISIVE

POINTS

THEATER

GEOMETRY

INTERIOR

EXTERIOR

PARALLEL

CONVERGINGDIVERGING

LINE OF

OPERATIONS

(LOO)

SINGLE

DOUBLEMULTIPLE

SHORT

LONG

CENTRAL

(INTERIOR)

EXTERIORAIR

(ALOC)

SEA

(SLOC)

LAND(LLOC)

OCEANIC

COASTAL

FORCE-ORIENTED

GEOGRAPHIC-ORIENTED STRATEGIC

TACTICAL

OPERATIONALMAJORMINOR

PHYSICAL

OBJECTIVES

STRATEGIC

OPERATIONAL

TACTICAL

POSITIONS

LONGSHORT

BASE OF

OPERATIONS

CENTRAL(INTERIOR)

EXTERIOR

CYBER-ORIENTED

MAININTERMEDIATE

THEATER GEOMETRY


25/83

L O O

L O O

LO O

LOO

S L O C

LLOC

A L O C

ENEMY

CENTER OF

GRAVITY

PRINCIPAL

OBJECTIVE

B A S

E O F

O P E R

A T I O N S

DECISIVE POINTS

GEOGRAPHIC-ORIENTED

FORCE=ORIENTED

I N T E R M E D I A

T E

B A

S E

O P E R A T I O N

S

N E W L O O S

N E W L O O

S

97-VEG032.PPT


26/83

OPERATIONALFUNCTIONS

OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS


27/83

(IN GENERIC TERMS)

PPT-96VEG07

OPERATIONAL

FIRES

OPERATIONAL

PROTECTION

COMMAND, CONTROL,

COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS

(C3)

OPERATIONAL

INTELLIGENCE

OPERATIONAL

LOGISTICS

COMMANDAND CONTROL

(C2)

OPERATIONALFUNCTIONS

COMMAND & CONTROL

WARFARE (C2W)

I N T E L L I G E N

C E

S U

P P O R T

F U N C T I O NC 2

SCALE OF INTELLIGENCE EFFORT


28/83

LEVEL OF WAR

STRATEGIC

OPERATIONAL

TACTICAL

TACTICAL

INTELLIGENCE

STRATEGIC

INTELLIGENCE

OPERATIONAL

INTELLIGENCE

LEVELS OF COMMAND IN SUPPORT OF

NATIONAL-STRATEGICLEADERSHIP

NATIONAL ALLIANCEAND/OR COALITION POLICY

& STRATEGY

THEATER-STRATEGIC

COMMANDER

THEATER CAMPAIGNS &

LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT

THEATER OF OPERATIONSCOMMANDER

A SINGLE CAMPAIGN

OPERATIONAL – TACTICALCOMMANDER

A SINGLE MAJOROPERATION

TACTICAL COMMANDER TACTICAL ACTIONS(BATTLES, ENGAGEMENTS,STRIKES, ATTACKS, ETC.)

PPT-96VEG03A (PFR)

C2W COMPONENTS


29/83

C2W

PPT-96VEG02

INFORMATION

WARFARE (IW)

ELECTRONIC

WARFARE

(EW)

OPERATIONSSECURITY

(OPSEC)

PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS

(PSYOPS)

MILITARYDECEPTION

(MILDEC)

PHYSICAL

DESTRUCTION

EW SUPPORTELECTRONIC ATTACK

(EA)

ELECTRONIC PROTECTION

(EP)

INTELLIGENCE

SUPPORT

TYPE OF OPERATIONAL FIRES


30/83

OPERATIONALFIRES

LETHAL

CONVENTIONAL

WEAPONS

WEAPONS OF

MASS DESTRUCTION

(WMD)

NUCLEAR

CHEMICAL

BIOLOGICAL

SPECIALFORCESGROUND-

BASED

SEA-

BASED

AIR-

BASED

NON-LETHAL

ELECTRONICWARFARE (EW)

ELECTRONICATTACK (EA)

PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS

(PSYOP)

PPT-96VEG011

SCALE OF LOGISTICAL SUPPORT


31/83

SCALE OF LOGISTICAL SUPPORT

THE COMMUNICATIONS ZONE

COMBAT ZONE (SECTOR)

HOME

BASE

THEATER

SUSTAINMENT

BASE

THEATER OF OPERATIONS

OPERATIONAL LOGISTICS

TACTICAL LOGISTICS

THEATER OF WAR THEATER OF WAR

INTER-THEATER LOCsINTRA-THEATER LOCs

STRATEGIC LOGISTICS

PPT-97VEG020 (PFR)

OPERATIONAL PROTECTION(IN GENERIC TERMS)


32/83

(IN GENERIC TERMS)

AIR DEFENSE

AND AIRSPACECONTROL

FORCEPROTECTION

REAR AREADEFENSE

DEFENSE AGAINSTWEAPONS OF MASS

DESTRUCTION(WMD)

PROTECTION

OF LOGISTICSINFRASTRUCTURE

MARITIMESECURITY

OF PORTS /HARBORS

AIR BASEGROUNDDEFENSE(ABGD)

PROTECTION OFINFORMATION

COMPONENTS

COLLECTION OFINTELLIGENCE FORINDICATORS &WARNING (I&W)

PPT-99-VEG0-61 PFR


33/83

STAGES OF COMBAT

FORCE EMPLOYMENT

STAGES AND ELEMENTS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT

MILITARY DECISION-MAKING AND PLANNING


34/83

DEPLOYMENT

PPT-98-VEGO-8 (PFR)

PEACETIME MOBILIZATION PRE-DEPLOYMENT

ACTIVITIESSTRATEGIC

OPERATIONAL /

TACTICAL

COMBATEMPLOYMENT

&SUSTAINMENT

CONFLICT/WAR

TERMINATION

POST-HOSTILITIES

ACTIONSREDEPLOYMENT DEMOBILIZATION

RECON-STITUTION

PEACETIME

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR

OFFENSE OR DEFENSE

CONCENTRATION/

COUNTER CONCENTRATION

CRITICAL FACTORS

MANEUVER / COUNTER MANEUVER

CULMINATINGPOINT

COMBAT

SUCCESS

CONSOLIDATION

OF COMBAT

SUCCESS

REGENERATIONOF COMBAT

POWER

MILITARY DECISION MAKING AND PLANNING

PURSUIT/

COUNTER-PURSUIT

MAJOR STAGES

CENTERS OF

GRAVITY

ELEMENTS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT


35/83

ELEMENTS OFOPERATIONAL WARFARE

CONCEPT OF CRITICAL FACTORS


36/83

“CONCRETE”

(TANGIBLE)

“ABSTRACT”

(INTANGIBLE)

97-VEG033.PPT

CRITICAL

FACTORS

CRITICALSTRENGTHS

CENTER OF

GRAVITY

(COG)

CRITICAL

VULNERABILITIES(CVs)

CRITICAL

WEAKNESSES

I F O P E N T O AT T AC K

OBJECTIVE(S)

CRITICAL FACTORS


37/83

97-VEG030.PPT

“PHYSICAL”

(TANGIBLE)“ABSTRACT”

(INTANGIBLE)GEOGRAPHIC

GEOSTRATEGIC POSITIONGEOPOLITICAL POSITIONPOSITIONSBASE OF OPERATIONSLINES OF OPERATIONSLINES OF COMMUNICATIONSETC.

MILITARYARMED FORCESINDIVIDUAL SERVICES (ARMY, NAVY, AIR

FORCE)THEATER ARMY, FLEET, AIR FORCENUMBERED ARMY, FLEET, AIR FORCEMAJOR FORCE ELEMENTS (AIR CORPS, NAVAL

TASK FORCES, AIR TASK FORCES)TACTICAL UNITS (DIVISIONS, BRIGADES,REGIMENTS, NAVAL SQUADRONS / GROUPS,AIR DIVISIONS / REGIMENTS / SQUADRONS)

INTELLIGENCEC3I NODESLOGISTICAL SUPPORT AND SUSTAINMENTBATTLEFIELD SURVEILLANCEINTELLIGENCE AND WARNING (I&W)ETC.

POLITICAL

DIPLOMATIC

PSYCHOLOGICAL

WILL TO FIGHT

LEADERSHIP

ALLIANCE/COALITION

COHESION

ALLIANCE / COALITION’S

COMMUNITY OF INTERESTS

PUBLIC SUPPORT

UNITY OF COMMAND

SERVICE / JOINT DOCTRINE

MORALEDISCIPLINE

COMBAT TRAINING

COMBAT READINESS

ETC.

NON-MILITARY

STATE ORGANIZATION

ECONOMY

MINERAL RESOURCES

AGRICULTURE

FINANCES

BANKING

ENERGY RESOURCES

ETC.

CRITICALFACTORS


38/83

CENTER OF GRAVITY(IN GENERIC TERMS)

“IS A SOURCE OF ‘MASSED STRENGTH’ --

PHYSICAL OR MORAL OR A SOURCE OF

LEVERAGE WHOSE SERIOUS

DEGRADATION, DISLOCATION,NEUTRALIZATION, OR DESTRUCTION

WILL HAVE THE MOST DECISIVE IMPACT

ON THE ENEMY’S OR ONE’S OWNABILITY TO ACCOMPLISH A GIVEN

MILITARY OBJECTIVE.”

CENTER OF GRAVITY’S COMPOSITION


39/83

FIREPOWER

LEADERSHIP

MANEUVER

T A N G I B

L E I N T AN G I B L E

INNER CORE

SUPPORT

PROTECTION

I N T E G R

A T I O N

E L E M E N

T S

OUTER CORE

INFORMATIONINFORMATION

PPT-98-VEG0-4 PFR


40/83

OPERATIONAL

MANEUVER

MANEUVER


41/83

PPT-96VEG042

FORM

PENETRATIONCOMBINED WITH THE

ECCENTRIC (OR CONCENTRIC)

MOVEMENT

ONE-SIDED

SCALE

TACTICAL

OPERATIONAL

STRATEGIC

PENETRATION LANDSEA

AIR/SPACE

MEDIUM

ENVELOPMENT

TWO-SIDED (DOUBLE)

WIDE ENVELOPMENT(TURNING MOVEMENT)

PENETRATIONCOMBINED WITH THEONE-SIDED

ENVELOPMENT

SINGLEDOUBLE

ENCIRCLEMENT

NAVALAIR/

SPACE

GROUND

FORCES

MANEUVER

COMBINED

PENETRATION MANEUVER

OPERATIONAL MANEUVER, PART 1

ONE-SIDED ENVELOPMENT MANEUVER


42/83

S U P P O R T I N G AT T AC K

S U P P O R T I N G

A T TA C K

RE SERVE

PENETRATION MANEUVER

CD-98 -V EGO-6 (JR N)

M AI N AT T AC K

SHOULDER

S H O U L D E R

ONE SIDED ENVELOPMENT MANEUVER

ENE MY’S

COG

E NEM Y FORCE

FIXING FORCE

MOBI LEF ORCE

TWO-SIDED (DOUBLE) ENVELOPMENT

MAIN

ENEMY FORCE

MOBILE FORCE MOBILE FORCE

FIXING FORCE

TURNING M ANEUVER (WIDE MOVEMENT)

OPERATIONAL MANEUVER, PART 2

ENCIRCLEMENT


43/83

CD-9 8-VEGO-7 (JRN)

ENEMY’SO PE RATIONAL

COG

ENEMYSUPPLY

LINES

SUPPORTING ATTACKOR

F IXING FO RCE

E N E M Y ’ S

O P E R A T I O N A L

D E P T H

MOBILE FORCE

ESCAPEROUTEENCIRCLED

FOR CE

O U T E R

F R O N

T

I N N E

R F R

O N T

DOUBLE ENCIRCLEMENT

O U T E

R F R O

N T

O

U T E

R F R

O N T

I N N E

R F RONT

I N NER

F R O N T

THEORY OF CULMINATING POINT


44/83

FACTOR OF SPACE

PPT-00-VEG0-22 (PFR)

ATTACKER’S

OBJECTIVE

AREA OF

UNCERTAINTY

CULMINATING

POINTEQUILIBRIUM

OF RELATIVE

COMBAT POWER

F A C T O R O

F F O R C E

F A C T O R O

F F O R C E

AT T AC K E R C O M BAT P O W

E R

C O M BA T P O W E R

D E F E N D E R

RE L AT I V E C OMBAT P OWE R

DEFENDER’S

OBJECTIVE

FACTOR OF TIME

ATTACKER’S CULMINATION


45/83


SPACE GAINED

CANNOT BE HELD

FACTOR OF TIME

F A C T O R O

F F O R C E

D I M I N I S H I N G

R

E L A T I V E C O M

B A T P O W E R

ATTACKER’SOBJECTIVE

S T R E N G T H O F T H E A T T A C K E R

CULMINATING POINT

OF OFFENSIVE (ATTACK)

I NC R EA S I NG

S T R E N G T H O F

T H E D E

F E N D

E R

START OF

OFFENSIVE

START OF

ATTACK

LINES OF SUPPLIES

FACTOR OF SPACEOFFENSIVE

STALLED

ATTACK

STALLED

S U C C E S S F O R E C L O

S E D

STALEMATE

DEFENDER’S CULMINATION


46/83


SPACE LOST TO

THE ATTACKER

WINDOW OF

OPPORTUNITY

OF SHIFTING TO

FACTOR OF TIME

F A C T O R O

F F O R C E

D I M I N I S H I N G

R

E L A T I V E C O M

B A T P O W E R

DEFENDER’S

OBJECTIVE

S T R E N G T H O F T H E A T T A C K E R

I NC R EA S I NG

S T R E N G T H O F

T H E D E

F E N D

E R

START OF DEFENSIVE

START OF

DEFENSE

TACTICAL

OFFENSIVE

COUNTER-ATTACKS

COUNTER-ATTACK

COUNTER-OFFENSIVE

CULMINATING POINT OF

COUNTER-ATTACK

COUNTER-OFFENSIVE

FACTOR OF SPACE

CULMINATING POINT AND THE LEVELS OF WAR

LEVEL OF WAR FACTOR OF SPACE OCCURRENCE


47/83


WAR AS A WHOLE

FACTOR OF TIME

IT OCCURS ONLY

ONCE IN A WAR

CULMINATING POINT

OF VICTORY(OR DEFEAT)

CULMINATING POINT

OF OFFENSIVE

(OR DEFENSIVE)

CULMINATING POINT

OF ATTACK

(OR DEFENSE)

IT COULD OCCURSEVERAL TIMESDURING ACAMPAIGN ANDONLY ONCE IN A

MAJOR OPERATION

IT OCCURS ONLY

ONCE IN A

MAJOR BATTLE

OR ANENGAGEMENT

A MAJOR OPERATION

THEATER-STRATEGIC

NATIONAL-STRATEGIC

OPERATIONAL

A MAJOR BATTLE OR AN ENGAGEMENT

CAMPAIGNS AND MAJOR OPERATIONS

IT COULD OCCUR

ONLY ONCE

OPERATIONAL-

TACTICAL

TACTICAL

REGENERATION OF COMBAT POWER


48/83


TASK-

ORIENTED

TRAINING

REESTABLISHMENT

OF COMMAND

AND CONTROL

REPAIR &

REPLACEMENT

OF WEAPONS& EQUIPMENT

REST &

RECREATION

OF PERSONNEL

REPLENISHMENT

OF SUPPLIES

LARGE-SCALE

REPLACEMENT

OF PERSONNEL

ELEMENTS


49/83

PRINCIPLES OFOPERATIONAL WARFARE


50/83

“THERE HAVE EXISTED IN ALL TIMES

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES ON WHICHDEPEND GOOD RESULTS IN

WARFARE…. THE PRINCIPLES ARE

UNCHANGING, INDEPENDENT OF THE

KIND OF WEAPONS, OF HISTORICAL

TIME AND OF PLACE.”BARON ANTOINE HENRI DE JOMINI

PRINCIPLES OF WAR(GENERIC)


51/83

PRINCIPLESOF WAR

PPT-96VEG041

SURPRISE

SECURITY

SIMPLICITY

OBJECTIVE

MASS

OFFENSIVE

ECONOMY OFFORCE

UNITY OFCOMMAND

COOPERATION

PURPOSE

TACTICAL

OPERATIONAL

STRATEGIC

MANEUVER

UNITY OFEFFORT


52/83

METHODS OF COMBATFORCE EMPLOYMENT

LEVELS OF WAR AND COMBAT FORCES’ EMPLOYMENT


53/83

C AM P AI G N S M AJ O R O P E R AT I O N S

“ M I LI T AR Y O P E R AT I O N S

O T H E R T H AN W AR ” ( M O O T W )

PPT-98VEG049 (PFR)

A C A

M P A I G

N

M A J O

R O P E R

A T I O N

S

THEATERSTRATEGIC

LEVEL

OPERATIONAL

LEVEL

TACTICAL

LEVEL

BATTLE

ENGAGEMENT

STRIKE

ATTACK

ENCOUNTER

DUEL

SKIRMISH

AMBUSH

RAID

HARASSMENT

INFILTRATION

PATROL

SEARCH

SURVEILLANCE

OBSERVATION

SCOUTING

RECONNAISSANCE

ETC.

TACTICAL ACTIONS

LEVELS OF COMMAND AND AND METHODS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT

LEVEL OF MILITARY


54/83

• A SINGLE CAMPAIGN

PPT-96VEG09A

NATIONALSTRATEGIC

THEATER-STRATEGIC

OPERATIONAL-STRATEGIC

TACTICAL

OPERATIONAL


LEVEL OF COMMAND

TO CDR**

COMJTF***

• A MAJOR JOINT OPERATION• TACTICAL ACTIONS• NEO OPERATIONS

• MAJOR OPERATIONS

S T R A T E G

Y

O P E

R A T I O N A L A R T

T A C T I C S

* NATIONAL COMMANDAUTHORITY

** THEATER OF OPERATIONSCINC

*** COMMANDER JOINT TASK FORCE

LEVEL OFWAR

MILITARYART

• CAMPAIGNS• MAJOR OPERATIONS THEATER

CDR

• MAJOR TACTICAL ACTIONS(BATTLES, ENGAGEMENTS,STRIKES)

• MINOR TACTICAL ACTIONSTACTICAL

COMMANDER

METHOD OBJECTIVES

A SINGLE OR SEVERAL

NATIONAL-STRATEGICNATIONAL*

(OR ALLIANCE/COALITION) LEVEL

NATIONAL-STRATEGIC

A SINGLE OR SEVERAL

THEATER-STRATEGIC

A SINGLE THEATER-

STRATEGIC

OPERATIONAL

MAJOR-TACTICAL

MINOR TACTICAL


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MAJOR OPERATIONS


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MAJOR OPERATION

IN GENERIC TERMS)

A MAJOR OPERATION CONSISTS OF

A SERIES OF BATTLES,

ENGAGEMENTS, STRIKES, AND

OTHER TACTICAL ACTIONS

SEQUENCED AND SYNCHRONIZED

IN TERMS OF SPACE AND TIME TO

ACCOMPLISH AN OPERATIONAL

AND SOMETIMES STRATEGIC)

OBJECTIVE IN A GIVEN PART OF

THE THEATER.

SCHEME OF A MAJOR OPERATION

BASE OFOPERATIONAL

DEPLOYMENT &CONSOLIDATIONOF OPERATIONAL

MAJOR STAGES


57/83


BASE OFOPERATIONS

DEPLOYMENT &CONCENTRATION COMBAT EMPLOYMENT AND SUSTAINMENT

OF OPERATIONALSUCCESS

REDEPLOYMENT

XXFORCE ALFA

OPERATIONRESERVE

FORCE BRAVO

FORCE CHARLIE

OPERATIONAL MANEUVER

ENGAGEMENT

E N G A

G E M E N T

ENGAGEMEN T

ENGAGEMENT

X

XX XX

FORCE DELTA

BATTLEB A T T L E

BATTLE

ENGAGEMENT B A

T T L E

F O R C

E A

FORCE B

F O R C E C

F O R C E D

1ST PHASE 2ND PHASE…ETC

OPERATIONAL PAUSE

REGENERATION OFCOMBAT POWER

LEGEND

DECISIVE POINT

MINOR TACTICAL OBJECTIVE

MAJOR TACTICAL OBJECTIVE

OPERATIONAL OF STRATEGIC OBJECTIVEX

MAJOR OPERATIONS


58/83

PRELIMINARY

INITIAL

CONSECUTIVE(SUCCESSIVE)

SEQUENCE

MAJOR

OPERATIONS

OFFENSIVE

DEFENSIVE

PRINCIPAL (MAIN)

SUPPORTING(ANCILLARY)

PURPOSE

LAND(GROUND)

NAVAL(MARITIME)

AIR (SPACE)

MEDIUM/

SERVICE

JOINT (MULTI-SERVICE)

COMBINED (MULTI-NATIONAL)

DEGREE OF

SERVICEPARTICIPATION

INDEPENDENT

PPT-97VEG027


59/83

CAMPAIGNS


60/83

CAMPAIGN

IN GENERIC TERMS)

A CAMPAIGN CONSISTS OF A

SERIES OF MAJOR

OPERATIONS SEQUENCED AND

SYNCHRONIZED IN TERMS OF

SPACE AND TIME AND AIMED

TO ACCOMPLISH A STRATEGIC

OBJECTIVE IN A GIVEN

THEATER OF OPERATIONS.

SCHEME OF A CAMPAIGN

CONSOLIDATIONREDEPLOYMENT

FOR A NEW

MAJOR STAGES


61/83


MOBILIZATIONDEPLOYMENT

STRATEGIC INTRA-THEATER COMBAT EMPLOYMENT AND SUSTAINMENTOF STRATEGIC

SUCCESSCAMPAIGN OR

DEMOBILIZATION

BASE OFOPERATIONS

X

LEGEND

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE

OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVEX

X X X X X X

MAJOR NAVALOPERATION

THEATERSTRATEGICRESERVE

JOINT /COMBINED

MAJOR LAND(GROUND)

OPERATION

“INDEPENDENT”

DESIREDEND

STATE

MAJOR AIR(SPACE)

OPERATION

STRATEGICCONCENTRATION

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III…...ETC.

POST-HOSTILITIESACTIVITIES

RECONSTITUTION

OPERATIONALPAUSES

X

X

X

XX

X X

XX

XX

WAR/CONFLICTTERMINATION OR A

DISTINCT PHASE OF WAR

CAMPAIGNS

TIMINGPURPOSECAMPAIGNS


62/83

PPT-97VEG028

PLANNED

UNPLANNED

SEQUENTIAL(CONSECUTIVE)

SIMULTANEOUS(CONCURRENT)

GLOBAL

(GENERAL)

REGIONAL

(LOCAL)

OFFENSIVEDEFENSIVE

NATIONAL OR

ALLIANCE/COALITIONMILITARY STRATEGIC

THEATERSTRATEGIC

COMBINED(MULTI-NATIONAL)

JOINT(MULTISERVICE)

LANDMARITIME

PLANNING

LOW INTENSITY

CONFLICT**

PURPOSE

OBJECTIVE

SERVICE

PARTICIPATION

PHYSICALENVIRONMENT(MEDIUM)

* Denotes predominant features of the medium in which acampaign in conducted

** MOOTW in U.S. terms

CAMPAIGNS

OPERATIONALCONTINUUM

WAR


63/83

OPERATIONAL PLANNING

DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGY (IN GENERIC TERMS)

NATIONAL POLICY

NATIONAL OBJECTIVETRADITIONAL

NATIONAL SOURCES OF POWERNATIONALGOALS/AIMS

MEANS

ENDS

•POLITICAL


64/83

THEATER STRATEGY

AND

THEATER-STRATEGIC

OBJECTIVE

STRATEGIC ESTIMATE

COURSES OF ACTION (COAs)

STRATEGIC CONCEPTS

DECISIONS

NATIONAL (GRAND) STRATEGY

POLITICAL OBJECTIVE

MILITARY STRATEGY

MILITARY STRATEGIC

OBJECTIVE

NATIONAL INTERESTS

OFFENSIVE

OR

DEFENSIVE

STRATEGIC

SITUATION

**STRATEGICGUIDANCE

EROSION

(ATTRITION)

ANNIHILATION

UNLIMITED

LIMITED

VITAL

INTERESTS *

* NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGYIN U.S. TERMS

WHEN MULTIPLE THEATERS EXISTREVISED/UPDATED MILITARY

OR THEATER STRATEGY

SYMMETRICOR ASYMMETRIC

S U

P P ORT I N G

S T

RAT E GI E S

**

NATIONAL

ALLIANCE OR

COALITION

POLITICALLEADERSHIP

EMPLOYMENT OF MILITARY ANDNON-MILITARY SOURCES OF POWER

•DIPLOMATIC

•ECONOMIC•MILITARY

•INFORMATIONAL

•SCIENTIFIC

•TECHNOLOGICAL

•OTHER

•PHYSICAL SECURITY AND

SURVIVAL

•POLITICAL AND

TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY

•ECONOMIC STABILITY

AND WELL BEING

•DOMESTIC PEACE ANDSTABILITY

TYPE OF PLANNING



65/83

PPT-97VEG047 (PFR)


(MAJOR OPERATIONS OR CAMPAIGNS)

INTERMEDIATE MILITARY OBJECTIVES

ULTIMATE

OBJECTIVE

HERE

ANDNOW

PROGRESSIVE PLANNING

INVERSE (REGRESSIVE) PLANNING

FUTURE

TASK

NEAR

TASK

(BATTLES / ENGAGEMENTS, ETC.)TACTICAL PLANNING

CAMPAIGN PLAN DEVELOPMENT

STRATEGIC

COMMAND ECHELON

• MILITARY-STRATEGIC


66/83

LOW INTENSITY

CONFLICT (LIC)

STRATEGIC

VISION

STRATEGIC ESTIMATE

WAR

GUIDANCE

•STAFF

ESTIMATES

CONCEPTS•OPERATIONAL

• ORGANIZATIONAL

• DEPLOYMENT

• LOGISTICS

•OTHER

COMMANDER’S

ESTIMATE OF THESTRATEGIC SITUATION

CAMPAIGN PLANS

THE DECISION• THE DECISION STATEMENT

• OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)

• COMMANDER’S INTENT

PLANNING

CONSIDERATIONS

• THEATER-STRATEGIC

COMMANDER (CINC)

• THEATER OF OPERATIONS

COMMANDER (CINC)


MAJOR OPERATION PLAN DEVELOPMENT

DOCUMENTS

COMMAND ECHELON

•SERVICE COMPONENT

HIGHER COMMAND

AUTHORITY


67/83

COMMANDER’S

ESTIMATE OF THE

OPERATIONAL SITUATION

COMMANDER

OPERATIONAL

VISION

THE DECISION•THE DECISION STATEMENT

•OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)

•COMMANDER’S INTENT

OPERATIONAL

GUIDANCE

•CAMPAIGN PLAN

•OPORD

PLAN FOR A MAJOR

OPERATION (LAND,

NAVAL, AIR/SPACE)

PPT-97VEGO15 (PFR)

STAFF

ESTIMATES

•JOINT/COMBINED TASK

FORCE•ARMY GROUP

•ARMY

•ARMY CORPS

•NUMBERED AIR FORCE

•NUMBERED FLEET


68/83

OPERATIONAL DESIGN

GUIDANCE

• STRATEGIC


69/83

98-PPT-VEGO-03( es)

OPERATIONALOPERATIONAL

DESIGNDESIGN

OBJECTIVE

DESIREDEND STATE

IDENTIFICATION OF

THE ENEMY’S

CRITICAL FACTORS

DIRECTION/AXIS

OPERATIONAL

IDEA

(SCHEME)

• STRATEGIC

• OPERATIONAL


70/83

OPERATIONAL IDEA

SCHEME)

OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)


71/83

OPERATIONAL

IDEATACTICAL

CONCEPTS

OPERATIONALIDEA (SCHEME)

MAJOROPERATIONCAMPAIGN

AIR (SPACE)

ELEMENTS

MARITIME

ELEMENTS

GROUND

ELEMENTS

SPECIALFORCES

ELEMENTS

MAJOR LAND

OPERATION

MAJOR AIR

(SPACE)

OPERATION

MAJOR NAVAL

OPERATION

PPT-96VEG017 (PFR)

OPERATIONAL IDEA FEATURES


72/83

SPEED INEXECUTION

FULL USEOF AMBIGUITY

CREATIVEAND NOVEL

FULL USEOF DECEPTION

OPERATIONAL

IDEA

MULTIPLEOPTIONS

NODISCERNIBLE

PATTERNS

PPT-96VEG021

OPERATIONAL DESIGN FOR A CAMPAIGN(IN GENERIC TERMS)

DESIRED END STATE * INTERIOR VS. EXTERIOR

GEOSTRATEGIC POSITION

REQUIRED STRATEGIC OR OPERATIONAL

OPERATIONAL

DESIGN


73/83

REQUIRED

FORCESAND ASSETS

OPERATIONAL

FACTORS

•ULTIMATE (STRATEGIC) OBJECTIVE

•INTERMEDIATE (OPERATIONAL)

OBJECTIVES

IDENTIFICATION OF THE

ENEMY’S CRITICAL

FACTORS AND STRATEGIC

CENTER OF GRAVITY

BRANCHES AND SEQUELS

OPERATIONAL PHASING

OPERATIONAL PAUSE

ANTICIPATING ONE’S OWN

STRATEGIC CULMINATION

POINT

OPERATIONAL TEMPO

OPERATIONAL MOMENTUM

STRATEGIC AND

OPERATIONAL RESERVES

STRATEGIC AND

OPERATIONAL SUSTAINMENT

SELECTED

PRINCIPLES OF WAR

SECTOR OF MAIN

EFFORT (THRUST)

POINT OF MAIN ATTACK

(DEFENSE)

APPLICATION OFMILITARY AND NON-MILITARYSOURCES OF POWER

METHODS FOR

DEFEATING THE ENEMY

STRATEGIC OR OPERATIONAL

DIRECTION / AXIS

PROTECTION OF ONE’S

OWN STRATEGIC COG

CONCENTRATION IN THE

SECTOR OF MAIN EFFORT

(THRUST)

OPERATIONAL

MANEUVER **

STRATEGIC AND

OPERATIONAL

DECEPTION

COORDINATION

RECONSTITUTION

OPERATIONAL IDEA(SCHEME)

* FOR A CAMPAIGN THAT ENDS HOSTILITIES

** FOR EACH MAJOR OPERATION IN A CAMPAIGN

OPERATIONAL DESIGN FOR A MAJOR OPERATION

DESIRED END STATE *INTERIOR VS.EXTERIOR

LINES

REQUIREDOPERATIONAL OR TACTICAL

DIRECTION / AXIS

OPERATIONAL

DESIGN


74/83

REQUIRED

FORCESAND ASSETS

OPERATIONAL

FACTORS

•ULTIMATE (OPERATIONAL)

OBJECTIVE

•INTERMEDIATE (MAJOR

TACTICAL) OBJECTIVES

IDENTIFICATION OF THE

ENEMY’S CRITICAL

FACTORS AND OPERATIONAL

CENTER OFGRAVITY

BRANCHES AND SEQUELS

OPERATIONAL PHASING

OPERATIONAL PAUSE

ANTICIPATING ONE’S OWN

CULMINATION POINT

OPERATIONAL TEMPO

OPERATIONAL MOMENTUM

OPERATIONAL RESERVE

OPERATIONAL SUSTAINMENT

SELECTED

PRINCIPLES OF WAR

SECTOR OF MAIN

EFFORT (THRUST)

POINT OF MAIN ATTACK

(DEFENSE)

APPLICATION OFAVAILABLE COMBAT

POTENTIAL

METHODS OF

DEFEATING THE ENEMY’S

OPERATIONAL COG

DIRECTION / AXIS

PROTECTION OF ONE’S

OWN OPERATIONAL COG

CONCENTRATION AT SECTOROF MAIN EFFORT (THRUST)

OPERATIONAL

MANEUVER

OPERATIONAL

DECEPTION

DESIGN

* FOR A MAJOR OPERATION PLANNED TO ACCOMPLISH A STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE.

COORDINATION *

REGENERATION OF

COMBAT POTENTIAL

OPERATIONAL IDEA(SCHEME)


75/83

OPERATIONAL

LEADERSHIP

OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIPARMY CORPS

COMMANDERS??


76/83

THEATER/

NUMBERED

ARMYCOMMANDERS

PPT-97VEGO53

SERVICECOMPONNENT

COMMANDERS

MILITARY/NAVAL

DISTRICT

COMMANDERS

THEATER/

NUMBERED

FLEETCOMMANDERS

THEATER-STRATEGIC

COMMANDERS

THEATER OF

OPERATIONS

COMMANDERS

JOINT TASK

FORCECOMMANDERS

THEATER/

NUMBERED

AIR FORCE

COMMANDERS

OPERATIONALLEADERSHIP

OPERATIONAL COMMANDER’S REQUIREMENTS

PROFESSIONAL

KNOWLEDGE


77/83

PPT-97VEGO54B

OPERATIONALTHINKING

STEADFASTNESS

OF PURPOSE

LEADING BY

PERSONAL

EXAMPLE

CREATIVENESS

PERSISTENCE

MENTAL

AGILITY

INITIATIVEDECISIVENESS

MORAL

COURAGE

SOUND

JUDGMENT

TOUGHNESS

BOLDNESS

ABILITY TO PROVIDE

MOTIVATION ANDINSTILL PURPOSE

HIGH INTELLECT

REQUIREMENTS

FOR SUCCESS

HONESTY

TENETS OF OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP

INDIRECT

APPROACHABSOLUTE PRIMACY OF


78/83

APPROACH

POLICY & STRATEGY

APPLICATION OF

OVERWHELMING

FORCE

SELECTION OF

THE PROPER

“WEIGHT OF EFFORT”

CONCENTRATION

AT THE “WEIGHT OF

EFFORT”

PPT-97VEGO41 (PFR)

ACTING IN AN

UNPREDICTABLE

MANNER

WILLINGNESS TO

TAKE HIGH RISKS

JOINTNESS

OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING

FREEDOM OF ACTION

BALANCING THE ENDS,

MEANS, AND WAYS

UNWAVERING FOCUS ON THE

OBJECTIVE

TENETS(CARDINAL

RULES)

INITIATIVE

EMPLOYMENT OF ALLAVAILABLE MILITARY

AND NON-MILITARY

SOURCES OF POWER

LE GA L

F R A M E W

O R K F O R E X

E R CISI NG FR EED O M O F AC T I O N C O N

S T R A I N TS + R ESTR AIN TS = LI M I T AT I O N S

G IV

OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING FREEDOM OF ACTION


79/83

P O L I

T I C A L - D

I P L O M A

T I C

-

E C O N O

M I C

E N V I R O

N M E N

T A L - L E

GI V E N S P A C

E - T I M

E - F O

R C E S

-

PPT-97VEGO42 (PR)

FACTORS AFFECTINGFACTORS AFFECTING

FREEDOM OF ACTIONFREEDOM OF ACTION

OPERATIONALOPERATIONAL

COMMANDERCOMMANDER INITIATIVEINITIATIVE

• TASK-ORIENTED ORDERS

• MENTAL AGILITY

• FORCES’ MOBILITY

• SURPRISE

• OFFENSIVE

• ANTICIPATION• ABILITY TO DEPLOY

• OPERATIONAL RESERVES

• ETC.• DECISION CYCLE• INTELLIGENCE• GIVEN SPACE• TIME AVAILABLE• FORCES AVAILABLE• FORCES BECOMING AVAILABLE• TECHNOLOGY• OPERATIONAL LOGISTICS AND

SUSTAINMENT• OPERATIONAL PROTECTION• OPERATIONAL RESERVE

• ASSIGNEDOBJECTIVES/TASKS

• COMBAT POWER OF ONE’SOWN / FRIENDLY FORCES

• ENEMY’S COMBAT POWER• ENEMY’S DECISIONS AND

ACTIONS• COMMAND & CONTROL

STRUCTURE• COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS

TYPE OF DECISIONS


80/83

ORGANIZATIONAL

OPERATIONAL

OPERATIONALCOMMANDER

INFORMATIONAL

PPT-97VEGO52


81/83

THE FUTURE


82/83

• WARS WILL BE WON OR LOST AT THE

OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC LEVEL; HENCE,THE CRITICAL IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONALART WILL NOT BE REDUCED

• INFORMATION WILL INCREASINGLY AFFECT

THE FACTORS OF SPACE, TIME AND FORCE• NEW TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES WILL

COMPRESS SPACE AND TIME SEPARATING

LEVELS OF WAR• HOWEVER, THE NEED FOR THE OPERATIONAL

LEVELS OF COMMAND WILL REMAIN.


83/83

• NEW METHODS OF COMBAT FORCE

EMPLOYMENT WILL EMERGE• STRIKES WILL REPLACE BATTLES ANDENGAGEMENTS, WHILE MAJOR OPERATIONSWILL BECOME THE MAIN METHOD OF COMBAT

EMPLOYMENT TO ACCOMPLISH NOT ONLYOPERATIONAL BUT ALSO STRATEGICOBJECTIVES IN A GIVEN PART OF THE

THEATER.

Documents

Introducción Al Arte Operacional Vego