1

Introduction of Clean Fuel to Vehicle Emission Reductions

Integrated Vehicle Emission Reduction Strategy Workshop

Jakarta, 16-18 October 2001

Kiyoyuki Minato

Japan Automobile Research Institute

2

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Global WarmingCO２

Energy

Air pollutionCO, HC, NOx

2025Year

Current of Environmental ・

Energy problem

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

BBBBBBBBBB

JJJJJJJJJJJJ

JJJJJJJ

JJJJJJ

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

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GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

GGGGGG

àààààààààààà

ààààààààà

àààààà

ZZZZZZZ

ZZZZZZZZZZZ

ZZZZZZZZZ

10

100

1000

10000

100000

10 100 1000 10000GDP(billion 90 US$ PPPs)

B Japan

J China

H India

F Indonesia

G Philippines

à Thailand

Z Malaysia

Japan

China

India

Malaysia

Thailand

Indonesia

Philippines

3Source: WHO

Air Pollution in Big CitiesTSP SO2 CO NO2 O3 Pb

J apan(Tokyo) B A A B B A

China(Beijing) E D D D C B

Korea(Seoul) B B A C B A

Taiwan ( Taipei ) D B B B B B

Thailand(Bangkok) E B B B B C

Malaysia KL（ ） B B C C C C

Indonesia(J akarta) D C C B C C

The Philippines(Manila) D B D D D C

An atmospheric inside density of each material : compared with the WHO standard. A : Very low pollution, WHO guidelines exceeded by less than a factor of half.

D : Moderate to heavy pollution, WHO guidelines exceed by up to a factor of three.E : Serious problem, WHO guidelines exceeded by more than a factor of three.

B : Low pollution, WHO guideline are normally met.C : Moderate to heavy pollution, WHO guidelines exceed by up to a factor of two.

4

Comparison of

Passenger car Emissions Standards

J J J J J

J J J J J J

B B B B B

B B B B B B

H

H H H

H H H H H H H

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

J Japan B EU H US

J J

J J J

J J J J J J

B B B B B

B B B B B B

H

H H H

H H H H H H H0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

NO

x g/

km

NO

x g/

km

Year Year

Gasoline Diesel fuel

Euro 3

Euro 4New- short

New-long

Tier 1

NLEV

Tier 2

Tier 1Euro 3

Euro 4

New-long

New- short

Tier 2

NLEV

Useful Life (km)

Tier 2 : 193,080km Euro4 : 100,000km New-Long : 80,000km

( Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) limits )

5

Comparison of

Heavy-Duty Diesel NOx & PM Standards

g/k

w-h

r

Year Year

( NOx, PM limits g/k-Wh)

J J J

J J

J J J J J J

B B B B B

B B B

B B B

H H H

H H H H

H H H H0

2

4

6

J Japan B EU H US

J J J

J J J J

J J J JB B B B B

B B B B B B

H H H H H H H

H H H H

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

g/k

w-h

rNew-Long

New-Long

Euro 3

Euro 3Euro 4

Euro 4

New-Short New-Short

NOx PM

6

Year

Mar

ket

Sh

are

(%)

in C

a lif

orn

iaImplementation Rates for Conventional Vehicles

In California

The percentage requirements for ZEVs are mandatory starting in 2003

199319941995199619971998199920002001200220030

20

40

60

80

100C-V

TLEV

LEV

ULEV

ZEV

HC CO NOx

TLEV 50% = =

LEV 70% = 50%

ULEV 85% 50% 50%

ZEV 100% 100% 100%

Emission reduction from thebasic California standards

7

Goal is “Zero” EmissionsGoal is “Zero” EmissionsUS CaliforniaUS California

00.050.1

0.150.2

0.250.3

0.350.4

1994 2004 2010

HC

NOx

(g/mile)

LEV I LEV IICB

G

Ph

ase

3

8

J J J

J J J J J J J

B

B

B B B B B B

H

H H H H H0

100

200

300

400

500

J Japan

B EU

H USA

Max

imum

sul

phur

con

tent

lim

its (

ppm

)

Year

Final target : sulphur free

Sulphur Free Fuels for Diesel Fuel

9

World-Wide Fuels Harmonisation

Category 1 Markets with no or minimal requirements for emission

control; based primarily on fundamental vehicle/engine performance concerns.

Category 2 Markets with stringent requirements for emission control or

other market demands.

For example, markets US Tier 0 or Tier 1, EURO 1 and 2 or equivalent emission standards.

Regions of Asia, Europe and North America are now planning and implementing requirements for more stringent vehicle emissions control and reduced fuel consumption

10

World-Wide Fuels Harmonisation

Category 3 Markets with advanced requirements for emission control or othe

r market demands. For example, markets requiring US California LEV,ULEV and EU

RO 3 and 4, or equivalent emission standards.

Category 4 Markets with further advanced requirements for emission control, to

enable sophisticated NOx and PM after-treatment technologies. For example, markets requiring US California LEV-II, US Tier

2, EURO 4 in conjunction with increased fuel efficiency constraints or equivalent emission standards.

11

Emission Standards in Asia 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Thailand EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 introduction(plan)STEP 2 STEP 3(plan) STEP 4

Malaysia EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 introduction (plan)STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 introduction (plan)introduction of catalytic converter system

India EURO 1

Indonesia EURO1 introduction plan（ ）STEP 1 STEP 2

Korea US '94

Singapore EURO 1,STEP 1 EURO 2, STEP 2

Taiwan US '94

Philippines ECE standard

VietnamChina EURO 2Emission Standards in EuropeCarLDV HDV

Emission Standards in Asia

EURO 1 introduction 1992 STEP 1 introduction 1992

STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4

tentative level

STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

EURO 1

12

Number of Vehicles and Environment Policy in Japan

Nu

mb e

r o f

Ve h

i cle

s (u

nit:

mi l

lion

)

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Year

Passenger cars

Truck/Bus

1951 Motor Vehicle I&M

1966 CO Control

1973 Emission Standards start

1980 Phased out Lead Gasoline

1970 HC Control

1978 Emissions Standards (the most rigorous in the world)

1978Introduction 3-way Catalytic for passenger cars

Sulpfur contents

1976 0.5%

1992 0.2%

1997 0.05%

2005 0.005%

13

Trends in SO2 CO NMHC Concentration in Japan

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

CO

SO2

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

NMHC *10 Sulfur in Diesel Fuel0.2% --> 0.05%

Sulfur in Diesel Fuel0.5% --> 0.2%

Ann

ual A

vera

ge S

O2

Con

c.

ppm

Ann

ual A

vera

ge C

O, N

MH

C C

onc

.

ppm

, ppm

C

F.Y.Average at Roadside Air Pollution Monitoring Stations

Government data

14

1. Improved Vehicle Inspection

2. Improved Cleaner Fuels

phase out leaded gasoline

reduction of sulfur contents

3. Improved Vehicle Emissions

Standards

4. Promotion for Clean Fuel

Vehicles

CNG,EV, etc

Proposition in Asia Countries