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5'1 -flda,anDDla -¡ leurka m%;sixialrK 5'1 -flda,anDDla -¡ leurka m%;sixialrK 1833
1815 j¾Ifha § bx.%SiSka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSu;a iu. iuia;
Èjhsk u ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a úh' t;eka isg ì%;dkHhka furg md,k
lghq;= f.k hdfï § Wvrg yd my; rg m%foaY fjka fjkaj md,kh lsÍu;a"
ì%;dkHfhka meñKs ks,Odßkaf.a jegqma yd myiqlï fjkqfjka úYd, jeh nrla
±Íug isÿ ùu;a" wdÈh ksid 1828 j¾Ih muK jk úg rcfha wdodhug jvd jeh mlaIh
YS>%fhka by< .sfha h' fï ksid furg wdKavqfõ úhoï mshjd .ekSug ì%;dkH uõ
wdKavqfõ uqo,a fhoúh hq;= ;;ajhla Woa.;j ;snqKs' tfy;a hg;a úð;j, lghq;=
fjkqfjka uõ wdKavqfõ uqo,a jeh lsÍu fï jk úg ì%;dkH m%;sm;a;sh fkdù h'
tneúka ,xldjg meñK furg wdodhï yd úhoï ;;ajh fidhd n,d md,k l%ufha
ÿ¾j,;d wOHhkh fldg wjYH m%;sixialrK ks¾foaY lsÍu i`oyd hg;a úð; Ndr
f,alïjrhd úiska úfYaI fldñIka iNdjla m;a lrk ,È' ví' tï' Ô' flda,anDDla
uy;df.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;=j m;a flreKq tu fldñiu flda,anDDla fldñiu
f,i ye`Èkafõ' flda,anDDla uy;dg wd¾Ól yd md,k lghq;= fidhd ne,Sfï j.lSu
mejreKs' furg wêlrK lghq;= mÍlaId fldg wjYH ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu i`oyd
pd,aia fya leurka keue;a;d miqj m;a flßK'
flda,anDDla fldñifuys úu¾Ykhg ,la jQ lafIa;%
rcfha wdodhï ud¾. yd úhoï lghq;="- ví' tï' Ô' flda,anDDla
wêlrK lafIa;%h - pd,aia fya leurka wêlrK lafIa;%h - pd,aia fya leurk wêlrK lafIa;%h - pd,aia fya leurk
flda,anDDla yd leurka hk fofokd furgg meñK ,xldfõ md,k l%uh
yd wêlrK lafIa;%h .ek lreKq msßlaid we;eï ,dxlslhkaf.a o woyia úuid n,d
;u ks¾foaY we;=<;a fhdackdj,shla bÈßm;a l<y' 1833 j¾Ifhaa isg l%shd;aul jQ
th flda,anDDla leurka m%;sixialrKh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj, lemS fmfkk ,laIK
jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùu'
Wvrg yd my;rg m%foaY taldnoaO jQ md,k l%uhla y`ÿkajd §u'
mßmd,k lghq;= i`oyd uq`M rg m<d;a mylg fn§u'
wksjd¾h rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu'
bx.%Sis wOHdmkh mq`M,a lsÍu'
ó<`.g wms by; i`oyka ,laIK tlska tl f.k ixlaIsma;j lreKq úuid
n,uq'
98fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùu
flda,anDDla fldñiu furgg meñfKk úg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd
fj; jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl yd wêlrK n,;, talrdYS ù ;snqKs' fuu ;;ajh
flda,anDDlaf.a úu;shg fya;= jQ w;r wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,;, wvq lsÍfï wruqK
we;sj fyf;u jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùug fhdackd lf<a h'
jHjia:dodhl iNdj
flda,anDDla fhdackd wkqj kS;s iïmdokh i`oyd msysgqjk ,o jHjia:dodhl
iNdj idudðlhka 15lska hqla; úh' Tjqka ks, ,;a yd ks, fkd,;a jYfhka
fldgia follg fnod ;snqKs' ta wkqj ks, ,;a idudðlhka ixLHdj kjhla jQ
w;r Tjqyq ks, n,fhka f;aÍ m;a jQ rcfha Wiia ks,OdÍka jQy' ks, fkd,;a
idudðlhka yhla isá w;r Tjqka ck jd¾.sl moku hgf;a wdKavqldrjrhd úiska
kdulrKfhka m;a lrk ,È' ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda hqfrdamSh ksfhdað;hka
;sfofkl=f.ka o isxy," øúO" n¾.¾ hk tla tla ck fldgia fjkqfjka f;dard.;a
ksfhdað;hka ;sfofkl=f.ka o iukaú; jQy' jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ uq,iqk
wdKavqldrjrhdg ysñ úh' flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska tla tla ck j¾. mokï
lrf.k jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ksfhdað;hka f;dard .ekSug y`ÿkajd ÿka jd¾.sl
ksfhdack l%uh miq ld,fha § furg ck j¾. w;r fNao we;s ùug fya;= jQfha hehs
ms<s.efka'
ks, ,;a
09
15
jHjia:dodhl iNdj -1833
n¾.¾
01
hqfrdamShhqfrdamSh
03isxy,
01øúv
01
ks,
fkd,;a
06
99fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
1833 j¾Ifha msysgq jQ jHjia:dodhl iNdj jßka jr m%;sixialrKhg
,la fjñka ,dxlslhka w;g ,enqK n,;, m%udKh jeä ù ta ;=<ska wkd.;fha
md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhla lrd hdug moku jegqKs' fï ksid flda,anDDla
wdKavql%uh hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNdj y`ÿkajd§u furg foaYmd,k l%ufhys
jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla f,i ie,lsh yels h'
úOdhl iNdj
flda,anDDla fhdackdj,g wkqj msysgqjk ,o úOdhl iNdj wdKavqldrjrhd yd
rcfha ñkqïm;s jeks rcfha by< ks,Odßka msßilf.ka iukaú; úh' wdKavqldrjrhd
fuys uQ,dikh ±Í h' rfÜ ish¨ mßmd,k yd uQ,H lreKq iïnkaOfhka
wdKavqldrjrhd fuu iNdfõ woyia úuiSu wjYH úh'
Wvrg yd my;rg m%foaY taldnoaO jQ md,k l%uhla y`ÿkajd §u
1815 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHhka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSfuka miq Wvrg
yd my;rg m%foaY fjka fjkaj md,kh lsÍfï l%uhla wkq.ukh lf<a h' fuu
l%uh rcfha úhoï by< hdug fya;= ù we;s nj fmkajd foñka tu m%foaY taldnoaO
fldg talSh md,k l%uhla we;s lsÍug flda,anDDla fhdackd lf<a h'
mßmd,k lghq;= i`oyd uq`M rg u m<d;a mylg fn§u
1833 j¾Ih f;la mßmd,k lghq;= i`oyd ,xldj m<d;a /ilg fnod
;snqKs' fufia m<d;a ixLHdj jeä ùu ksid ks,OdÍka yd Tjqkaf.a myiqlï wdÈhg
úYd, uqo,la ±Íug isÿ ùfuka rcfha úhoï by< hk nj fmkajd ÿka flda,anDDla
úhoï wvq lsÍu msKsi mßmd,k m%foaY mylg fnod ta ta m<d;a i`oyd md,k
uOHia:dk myla msysgqùug fhdackd lf<a h' tu m<d;a Ndrj lghq;= lsÍug rcfha
tacka;jrfhl= ne.ska m;a lsÍug o ;SrKh flßK'
flda,anDDla fhdackd l< m<d;a yd tajdfha md,k uOHia:dk
mßmd,k uOHia:dkm<d;
hdmkh
.d,a,
;%sl=Kdu,h
fld<U
uykqjr
W;=re m<d;
ol=Kq m<d;
kef.kysr m<d;
niakdysr m<d;
uOHu m<d;
100100fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu
rfÜ isá jeäysá msßñ ish¨ fokd u wjqreoaog kshñ; Èk .Kkla rchg
fkdñf,a fiajd iemhSu wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldÍ l%uh f,i ye`Èkafõ' w;S;fha §
rdcHfha fmdÿ lghq;= i`oyd rgjeishkaf.a Y%uh ,nd .ekSug fuu rdcldÍ l%uh
fhdod .;ay' Tjqka Ôj;a jQ .ïudkj, jeõ wuqKq" we<fõ,s" mdrj,a m%;sixialrKh
lsÍu jeks fmdÿ ld¾hka fï hgf;a isÿ flßK' uqo,a f.ùulska f;drj ,nd .;a
fuu fiajdj ñksiqkaf.a ksoyig fuka u ÈhqKqjg ndOdjla nj fmkajQ flda,anDDla
tu l%uh wj,x.= lsÍug ks¾foaY lf<a h'
bx.%Sis wOHdmkh jHdma; lsÍu
flda,anDDla meñKs wjêh jk úg wdKavqfõ úhoï by< hdug ;=vq ÿka
m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha furg mßmd,k lghq;=j,g wjYH ks,OdÍka hqfrdamfhka
f.kaùuhs' Tjqkaf.a jegqma" kjd;eka myiqlï yd fjk;a fiajd ,nd §ug rchg
úYd, uqo,la jeh úh' fï ksid rcfha úhoï wvq lsÍug kï úfoaY ks,OdÍka
fjkqjg foaYSh ks,OdÍka fhdod .; hq;= hehs flda,anDDla fhdackd lf<a h' ta i`oyd
bx.%Sis wOHdmkh mq`M,a lsÍfï wjYH;djla u;=j ;snqKs' iajfoaYSlhka w;r isá uqo,a
f.jd wOHdmkh ,nd .; yels msßig bx.%Sis udOHfhka fyd`o wOHdmkhla ,nd
§fuka wdKavqfõ lghq;=j,g wjYH ks,OdÍka imhd .; yels fj;ehs flda,anDDla
n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh'
5'2 Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a Woaf>daIK 5'2 Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a Woaf>daIK 5'2 Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a Woaf>daIK 5'2 Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a Woaf>daIK
1833 j¾Ifha flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul ùfuka miqj tu wdKavq
l%ufha hï hï fjkialï we;s lr .ekSu i`oyd Woaf>daIKhla uq,ajrg wdrïN
lrk ,oafoa furg isá hqfrdamShka úisks' fulS hqfrdamShka j;= j.d lghq;=
i`oyd ,xldjg meñK Wvrg m%foaYj, jeú,s lghq;=j, ksr; jQ Okj;a;= fj;s'
Tjqkaf.a j;= msysá m%foaYj,g ud¾. myiqlï ÈhqKq lr .ekSu" ;eme,a yd mKsúv
yqjudre myiqlï we;s lr .ekSu yd j;=lrhg wjYH fjk;a myiqlï ÈhqKq lsÍu
fjkqfjka jHjia:dodhlh u.ska uqo,a fjka lr .ekSfï wjYH;djla fï jk úg
u;=j ;snqKs' fuu hqfrdamSh m%cdj ksfhdackh lsÍug jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ks,
fkd,;a ksfhdað;hka ;sfofkl= m;a lr isá nj óg fmr i`oyka flßK' tfy;a
jHjia:dodhlfha ks, fkd,;a msßig jvd ks, ,;a ks,OdÍka nyq;rhla ùu;a
tu iNdjg ,eî ;snQ n,;, m%udKj;a fkdùu;a ksid Tjqyq Woaf>daIK wdrïN
l<y' fuu Woaf>daIK f.k hdug 1865 j¾Ifha § Tjqka úiska ,xld ix.uh kï
ixúOdkhla msysgqjk ,È' ú,shï ä.aì" fcda¾Ê fjda,a jeks wh tu Woaf>daIKj,
lemS fmfkk kdhlfhda jQy'
101fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj,ska miq furg j;= j.dj ÈhqKq ùu;a" wdkhk
wmkhk wd¾Ólhla ìys ùu;a ksid ,dxlslhkag o hï hï jHdmdr lghq;=j,
ksr; ùfuka uqo,a Wmhd .ekSug wjia:dj ,enqKs' ì%;dkH md,k iufha § jeú,s
lghq;=" f;d. yd is,a,r fjf<`odu" ñksrka l¾udka;h wd§ jHdmdr lghq;=j,
fh§fuka uqo,a Wmhd .;a ,dxlsl msßila ìys jQy' tfia ìys jQ ,dxlsl Okj;=ka ;u
¥ orejkag furg § fuka u úfoaY rgj,g heùfuka o Wiia wOHdmkhla ,nd §u
ksid bx.%Sis W.;a uOHu mdka;sl msßila ìys jQy' 20 jk ishji wdrïNfha § tu
msßi wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK b,a,d Woaf>daIK lsÍug fm<ôK' th ,dxlslhkaf.a
foaYmd,k Woaf>daIKj, wdrïNh f,i ie,fla'
W.;a ,dxlsl uOHu mka;sh w;ßka uq,a ld,fha § foaYmd,k Woaf>daIKj,g
kdhl;ajh ÿka msßi w;r fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka" fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï"
i¾ fÊïia mSßia" tÉ' Ô' iS' fmfrhsrd jeks wh úfYaIfhka lemS fmfka' fufia
W.;a ,dxlslhkaf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka Woaf>daIK fufyhùug uq,a ld,fha msysgq jQ
ixúOdk w;r my;rg ksIamdok ix.uh" y,dj; ix.uh" hdmk ix.uh lemS
fmfkk ixúOdk lsysmhls'
W.;a ,dxlslhka w;ßka wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhl wjYH;dj ms<sn`oj
§¾>j lreKq meyeÈ,s lrñka 1908 j¾Ifha § uq,ajrg úêu;a ikafoaYhla hg;a
úð; Ndr f,alïjrhd fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa i¾ fÊïia mSßia uy;d úisks'
bka wk;=rej úúO ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hka úiska o ;j;a tn`ÿ fm;aiï /ila o
bÈßm;a lrk ,È' tu fm;aiï u.ska ,dxlslhka bÈßm;a l< m%;sixialrK fhdackd
lsysmhla fufia h'
jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks, fkd,;a idudðlhka msßi jeä lsÍu
jHjia:dodhl iNdjg Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka f;aÍu
jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais lsÍu
5'3 lDDõ - uel,ï wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh 1910
1910 j¾Ih jk úg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrOqrh ±rE fykaß uel,ï
wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ks¾foaY mokï fldgf.k hg;a úð; Ndr f,alï lDDõ idñjrhd
úiska 1910 j¾Ifha fkdjeïn¾ udifha § kj wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla furgg
,nd fok ,È' th lDDõ-uel,ï wdKavql%uh jYfhka ye`Èkafõ' fuu wdKavql%uh
hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ idudðl ixLHdj 21 olajd jeä lr ;snqKs' ks, ,;a
msßi 11 fofkl= jQ w;r 10 fofkla ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda jQy' tlS ks,
fkd,;a idudðlhka 10 fokd jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%ufhka yh fofkl= o iSñ;
Pkao n,fhka y;r fofkl= o ^hqfrdamSh fofofkla o n¾.¾ tla wfhl= yd W.;a
,dxlslhka tla wfhl=& jYfhka m;a flßK'
102102fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
lDDõ - uel,ï wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh 1910
ks, ,;a
11
ks, fkd,;a
10
W.;a ,dxlsl
01
n¾.¾
01
hqfrdamShka
02
Pkao n,fhka
04
kdulrKfhka
^jd¾.sl& 06
by; igyk foi n,k úg
jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ksfhdað;hka f;dard
.ekSfï § Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka
f;dard .ekSug bv ,eîu;a W.;a ,dxlslhka
fjkqfjka tla ksfhdað;fhla f;dard .ekSug
wjia:dj i,id § ;sîu;a fuu m%;sixialrKfha
lemS fmfkk ,laIK fõ'
W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka
ksfhdað;fhl= f;dard m;a lr .ekSu ksid
furg uOHu mka;shg jHjia:dodhl iNdj
ksfhdackh lsÍug bv ,enqKs' fuu Oqrh
i`oyd uq,ajrg m;a jQfha fmdkakïn,ï
rdukdoka uy;d h'
5'4 ,xld cd;sl ix.uh
lDDõ - uel,ï wdKavql%u
m%;sixialrKhg fmr b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lsÍfï
§ úúO ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hka hg;a úð;
Ndr f,alïjrhdg fjka fjkaj fm;aiï
hejQ wdldrh by; i`oyka flßK' l=vd l=vd
5'1 rEmh ¡ fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï
uy;d103
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
ixúOdk jYfhka fm;aiï heùfuka hg;a úð; md,lhkag n,mEï l< fkdyels
nj;a ,dxlslhka tl;= ù Yla;su;a y`vla ke.Sug kï ish¨ fokdf.aa iyfhda.h
,efnk fmdÿ ixúOdkhla msysgqúh hq;= nj;a uOHu mdka;slfhda f;areï .;ay'
bkaÈhdkqjka bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uh msysgqjd tlai;aj lghq;= l< wdldrh fuys
§ ,dxlsl W.;=kag o wdo¾Yhla úh' 1919 j¾Ifha § ,xld cd;sl ix.uh msysgqjQfha
tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' tjlg wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK Woaf>daIK jHdmdrfha lemS
fmfkk kdhlfhl= jQ fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï uy;d ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha
m%:u iNdm;s ;k;=rg m;a úh'
,xld cd;sl ix.uhg tla jQ l=vd ixúOdk lsysmhla by; ±lafõ'
isxy," fou<" uqia,sï jeks furg jd¾.sl ck fldgia ksfhdackh l<
ixúOdk /ila ,xld cd;sl ix.uh jYfhka fmdÿ wruqKla fjkqfjka tlg
tl;= ùu furg foaYmd,k b;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:djla f,i fmkakqï l<
yels h'
,dxlslhka w;g foaYmd,k n,;, ,nd .ekSu i`oyd Yla;su;a Woaf>daIK
jHdmdrhla Èh;a lsÍu ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha m%Odk wruqK úh' fï wkqj bÈß
m%;sixialrKj, § jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ,dxlsl idudðlhka ixLHdj jeä lr
.ekSu" tys n,;, jeä lr .ekSu" Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka nyq;rhla f;dard
.ekSug wjia:dj ,nd .ekSu" foaYSh kdhlhkag md,k lghq;=j,g jeä jeäfhka
iïnkaO ùug wjia:dj ,nd .ekSu jeks wruqKq ta w;r lemS fmkqKs'
104104fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
by; wruqKq Èkd .ekSu i`oyd ,xld cd;sl ix.uh wkq.ukh l< l%shd
ud¾. igkaldó fkdjQ w;r b;du;a iduldó iajrEmhla fmkakqï lf<a h' ta
wkqj ì%;dkH rchg fm;aiï heùu" hg;a úð; f,alïjrhdg fm;aiï heùu"
/iaùï mj;ajd ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍu" jHjia:dodhlh ;=< ;¾l bÈßm;a lsÍu"
wdKavqldrjrhdf.a m%idoh Èkd .ekSug m%h;ak ±Íu" mqj;am;aj,g ,sms ,shñka
m%;sixialrKj, wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lr§u jeks l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lf<a h'
5'5 ueksx wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh -1920192019201920
1910 ¡ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka iEySulg m;a fkdjQ ,dxlslhka È.ska
È.g u Woaf>daIKh lsÍfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1920 j¾Ifha § ;j;a wdKavql%u
m%;sixialrKhla furgg ,enqKs' tjlg ,xld wdKavqldrjrhd jQ ú,shï ueksxf.a
ks¾foaYh u; ilia flreK fuu wdKavql%uh ueksx wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh
f,i ye`Èkafõ'
jHjia:dodhl iNdj
fuu m%;sixialrKh u.ska jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ idudðl ixLHdj 37la
olajd jeä flßK' Tjqkaf.ka 14 fofkl= ks, ,;a idudðlhka jQ w;r 23 fofkla
ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda jQy' ks, fkd,;a idudðlhka 23 fokdf.ka y;la
wdKavqldrjrhd úiska kdulrKfhka" ^kï lsÍfuka& m;a lrk ,È' b;sß 16 fokd
Pkao n,fhka m;a lsÍu fuu wdKavql%ufha lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' 1920 j¾Ifha
jHjia:dodhl iNdj m;a jQ wdldrh my; igykska fmkakqï flf¾'
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh - - 1920
ks, fkd,;a
23ks, ,;a
14
kdulrKfhka 07
Pkao n,fhka 16
jHjia:dodhl iNdj -jHjia:dodhl iNdj -
37
105fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
fuu wdKavql%uh wkqj jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks, ,;a msßig jvd ks,
fkd,;a msßi jeä jQ nj neÆ ne,aug fmfkk kuq;a ;SrKd;aul Pkao úuiSul §
ks, ,;a ody;r fokdg kdulrKfhka m;a jQ y;a fokd o tla jk neúka" Pkaofhka
m;a jQ oyih fokdg jvd jeä Pkaohla wdKavqldrjrhdg ysñj ;sìK'
5'6 1924 ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh
1920 ¡ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka ,dxlslhkaf.a wfmalaId bgq fkdjqKs'
fï ksid ,xld cd;sl ix.uh fuu m%;sixialrKhg úreoaO úh' fuu ix.uh 1920¡m%;sixialrKh hgf;a meje;afjk ue;sjrKh j¾ckh lsÍug;a ieriqKs' fï jk úg
bkaÈhdfõ bx.%Sis md,khg tfrysj m%n, Woaf>daIKhla isÿ fjñka mej;=Ks' ,xldfõ
o tn`ÿ ;;ajhla we;s fj;ehs bx.%SiSyq ìh jQy' tneúka 1920 ¡ m%;sixialrKh ms<sf.k
lghq;= lrkafka kï b;d flál,lska kej; m%;sixialrKhla ,nd fok njg ueksx
wdKavqldrjrhd ,xld cd;sl ix.uhg fmdfrdkaÿ úh' 1924 ¡ j¾Ifha § kej; jrla
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla ,nd §u isÿ jQfha tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' ú,shï ueksx
wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ks¾foaYh u; hg;a úð; Ndr f,alï fvfjdkaIh¾ úiska ilia
lrk ,o fuu m%;sixialrKh ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ m%;sixialrKh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
ueksx ¡ fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNd-
fõ idudðl ixLHdj 49 olajd jeä flßK' 12 fofkl= ks, ,;a idudðlhka jQ w;r
37la ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda jQy' ks, fkd,;a idudðlhkaf.ka 29 fofkl= Pkao
n,fhka m;a flreK w;r wg fofkl= wdKavqldrjrhd kdulrKfhka m;a lf<a h'
Pkao n,fhka m;a flreK 29 fokdf.ka 23 fofkl= m<d;ano Pkao fldÜGdi l%uh
hgf;a o yh fofkl= jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a o m;a flßK'
ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh - -1924
ks, ,;a
12
ks, fkd,;a
37
kï lsÍfuka
08
m<d;ano Pkaofhka
23
Pkaofhka
29
ck jd¾.sl mokfuka
06
jHjia:dodhl iNdj
4949
106106fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
fuu m%;sixialrKh hgf;a ks, ,;a idudðlhka 12 fokd yd kdulrKfhka
m;a l< 8 fokd tl;= jqj;a" Pkaofhka m;a jQ 29 fokdg jvd th iq`M;rhla úh'
tneúka jHjia:dodhl iNdj ;=< wdKavqldrjrhdg mlaImd; nyq;r Pkaohla fkdù
h' fï ksid wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul ùfï § wdKavqldrjrhd wiSre ;;ajhlg m;a úh'
1920 ¡ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka fuka u 1924 ¡ m%;sixialrKh hgf;a
o jHjia:dodhlhg ksfhdað;hka f;aÍfï § Pkao odhlfhl= ùug wjYH iqÿiqlï
.ek ,dxlslhka ;=< wm%idohla mej;=Ks' Pkao odhlfhl= ùug lsishï NdIdjla
,sùug fyda lshùug yels ùu;a foam< fyda wdodhï ysñldß;ajhla ;sîu;a wjYH
úh' tneúka furg isá Pkao odhlhka ixLHdj iSud ù ;snqKs'
5'7 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh - 1931
ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ nyq;r wdik
ixLHdjlaaa ,dxlslhkag ,eîu ksid wdKavqldrjrhdg WmdhYS,Sj lghq;= lsÍug
isÿ úh' fuu ;;ajh furg wdKavqldrjreka úiska hg;a úð; Ndr f,alïjrhdg
±kqï §u ksid ,xldjg meñK ;;ajh fidhd n,d wjYH ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍug
1927 j¾Ifha § fvdkfuda¾ fldñiï iNdj m;a flßK' fvdkfuda¾ idñjrhdf.a
iNdm;s;ajfhka m;a jQ fuu fldñiu ,xldjg meñK ,dxlslhkaf.a idlaIh ,nd
f.k mq`M,a úu¾Ykhla isÿ fldg ;u ks¾foaYh bÈßm;a lr we;' tu ks¾foaYh
mokï lr .;a m%;sixialrK 1931 isg l%shd;aul flreK w;r th fvdkfuda¾
wdKavql%uh jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'
ó<`.g wms fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK fhdackd lsysmhla fjka fjkaj f.k
i,ld n,uq'
rdcH uka;%K iNdjla msysgqùu
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ jHjia:dodhl iNdj rdcH
uka;%K iNdj kñka ye`Èkaù h' tys idudðlhka ixLHdj 61ls' 50 fofkl= Pkao
fldÜGdi wkqj uyck Pkaofhka f;dard .;a w;r ksfhdackhla fkd,enQ iq`M
cd;Ska fjkqfjka wdKavqldrjrhdf.a kdulrKfhka wg fofkl= m;a flßKs'
rdcH ks,OdÍka f,i ye`ÈkajQ b;sß ;sfokd rdcH f,alï" uqo,a f,alï" kS;s f,alï
jYfhka lghq;= l< wh fõ'
107107fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
61
fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK hgf;a rdcH uka;%K iNdj
rdcH ks,Odßka
03 wdKavqldrjrhd kï l<
08
m<d;ano Pkao
fldÜGdij,ska
50
rdcH f,alï
uqo,a f,alï
kS;s f,alï
rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uq,iqk ysñ jQfha tys idudðlhkaf.a Pkaofhka f;dard
.;a l:dkdhljrhdg h' ta wkqj fuys m%:u l:dkdhl Oqrhg ta' t*a' fud,uqf¾
uy;d m;a úh' rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ ks, ld,h wjqreÿ myls'
i¾jck Pkao n,h m%odkh lsÍu
1910 lDDõ - uel,ï m%;sixialrKfha isg jHjia:dodhl iNdjg uka;%Ska
f;aÍfï § Pkao n,h l%shd;aul jqj;a" th ysñ jQfha ck.ykfhka iSñ;
msßilg h' Pkao odhlfhl= f,i iqÿiqlï ,eîug lsishï m%udKhl wOHdmk
iqÿiqlula yd Okhla wjYH úh' fï ksid idudkH ck;djg Pkao n,h ysñ fkdjQ
w;r Pkao odhl msßi ck.ykfhka 4%la ;rï iq`M msßilg iSud úh' idudkH
ck;dj fï wdldrfhka foaYmd,k N+ñfhka wE;a lr ;eîu foaYmd,lhkaf.a
wjOdkh Tjqka flf¾ fhduq fkdùug fya;= ù we;ehs fvdkfuda¾ flduidßiajre
fmkajd ÿkay' tu ksid idudkH ck;dj foaYmd,k jYfhka iún, .kajd Tjqkaf.a
Y=NidOkh i`oyd foaYmd,k{hkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrùug kï i¾jck Pkao
n,h ,nd Èh hq;= hhs fldñiu ks¾foaY lf<a h' fï wkqj jhi wjqreÿ 21g jeä ia;%S
mqreI fomlaIhg u Pkao n,h ysñ úh' fuh fmdÿ ck;dj ,o úYd, ch.%yKhla
f,i ie,lsh yels h' fï wdldrhg lsis ÿ fNaohlska f;drj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;
w;ßka Pkao n,h ysñ lr .;a m%:u wdishd;sl rg njg Y%S ,xldj m;a úh'
108108fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
úOdhl ldrl iNd msysgqùu
rdcH uka;%K iNdj jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl lghq;= lrk uKav,hla
f,i l%shd;aul úh' thg mjrd ÿka jHjia:dodhl lghq;= tu uKav,h iuia;hla
f,i /iaj l%shdjg kexù h' úOdhl lghq;= i`oyd rdcH uka;%K iNdj ldrl iNd
y;lg fnod ;snqKs' fï wkqj uy ue;sjrKhlska miqj rdcH uka;%K iNdjg f;aÍ
m;a jk uka;%Ska 61 fokdf.ka l:dkdhljrhd iy rdcH ks,Odßka ;sfokd yer
b;sß 57 fokd ldrl iNd y;lg fnÈKs' tu ldrl iNd y; my; i`oyka fõ'
iajfoaY lghq;= ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj
lDIsl¾u yd bvï ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj
m<d;a md,kh ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj
fi!LH ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj
wOHdmkh ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj
lïlre l¾udka;h yd fjf<`odu ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj
.ukd.ukh yd fmdÿ jev lghq;= ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj
iEu ldrl iNdjla u fjka fjkaj /ia ù ta ta ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;sjrhd
m;a lr .; hq;= úh' iNdm;sjre ta ta úIh lafIa;%h Ndr wud;Hjreka f,i m;a jQy'
fuu iNdm;sjreka y;a fokd fuka u rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokd o weu;sjreka
f,i ie,lsK'
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ úOdhl ldrl iNd ksid
,dxlsl foaYmd,k{hkag md,kh ms<sn`o mqyqKqjla ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj ysñ jQ
w;r md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhla lrd hk .ufka § th jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla úh'
wdKavqldrjrhd yd rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokd
fuf;la l%shd;aul jQ wdKavql%uhkag idfmalaIj fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh
hgf;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,h fndfyda ÿrg wvq lr ;snqKs' wdKavqfõ ish¨
j.lSï ;jÿrg;a wdKavqldrjrhdg mejÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ fvdkfuda¾
flduidßiajre bka fldgila ,dxlslhka fj; mejÍug wfmalaId l<y' ta wkqj
rdcH ukaa;%K iNdj iïu; lrk mk;aj,g wjidk wkque;sh §u" rdcH fiajfha
ks,Odßka m;a lsÍu" ì%;dkH wêrdcHh iïnkaOfhka n,mdk l%shd ms<sn`o ;SrK
.ekSu wdÈ n,;, wdKavqldrjrhdg mejreKs'
109109fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a wdrlaIdj" uqo,a lghq;= kS;s jeks jeo.;a wxY
ms<sfj<ska rdcH f,alï" uqo,a f,alï" kS;s f,alï hk rdcH ks,Odßka ;sfokd
hgf;a mej;sK'
jd¾.sl ksfhdackh wfydais lsÍu
jHjia:dodhlhg ksfhdað;hka f;dard .ekSfï § 1833 j¾Ifha isg ì%;dkHhka
úiska jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh ls%hd;aul lrk ,È' fuh ,xldfõ úúO ckj¾. w;r
fNao we;s ùug ;=vq ÿka ksfhdack l%uhls' fï ksid jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais
l< hq;= hehs 1931 j¾Ih olajd u ,dxlslfhda y`v ke.+y' fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u
m%;sixialrKfhka jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais fldg m%dfoaYSh ksfhdackh
Yla;su;a lsÍu w.h l< hq;= lreKls'
5'8 fida,anß wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh - 1947
fida,anß fldñiu m;a lsÍu
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a msysgqjQ wud;HdxY
oyfhka y;l n,;, ,dxlslhkag ,enqKq kuq;a rdcH
ks,OdÍka ;sfokdg jeo.;a wud;HdxY ;=kla mjrd
§ ;sîu;a" wdKavqldrjrhdg mjrd ;snQ n,;, wdÈh;a
.ek furg foaYmd,k{fhda i;=gq fkdjQy' fï ksid
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul l< ld,fha u tu
wdKavql%uh ixfYdaOkh fldg kj wdKavql%uhla ,nd
.ekSfï Woaf>daIKhla werôK' tu Woaf>daIKj, uQ,sl
wruqKq lsysmhla fufia h'
rdcH ks,OdÍkag mjrd ;snQ wud;HdxY ,dxlslhkag
,nd .ekSu
,dxlsl wud;Hjrekag mjrd ;snQ n,;, mq`M,a lr
.ekSu
úOdhl ldrl iNd l%uh fjkqjg leìkÜ l%uhla
,nd .ekSu
fuu Woaf>daIKj, § weu;s uKav,h;a" rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uyck
ksfhdað;jre;a m%uqL;ajh f.k lghq;= l<y' ,xld cd;sl ix.uh jeks ixúOdk
weu;s uKav,hg iydh ,nd ÿKs'
5'2 rEmh ¡ fida,anß idñ
110fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
1939 j¾Ifha § fojk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN ùu ksid f,dal hqoaOfha §
ì%;dkHhkag ,dxlslhkaf.a iyfhda.h wjYH úh' f,dal ix.%dufha § c¾ukshg
tfrysj igka jeÿKq rgj,a w;r ì%;dkHh lemS fmkk fiajhla bgq lf<a h' fuu
ÿIalr wjia:dfõ § weu;s uKav,h furg iyh ì%;dkHhkag ,nd§ug bÈßm;a
jQ w;r hqoaOh ksu ùfuka miqj ,dxlslhkag jeä n,;, ,efnk wdKavql%u
m%;sixialrKhla ,nd .ekSu Tjqkaf.a wruqK úh' hqoaO iufha § furg weu;sjrekag
o wdKavqldrjrhd we;=`M ì%;dkHh ks,OdÍka iu. iómj" iyfhda.fhka lghq;=
lsÍug wjia:dj ,enqKs' fï ksid ,dxlslhkaf.a foaYmd,k b,a,Sï ms<sn`oj ì%;dkH
ks,OdÍka ;=< o kuHYS,S wdl,amhla we;s jQ nj fmfka'
Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK ms<sn`o ì%;dkH wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;sh
meyeÈ,s flfrk m%ldYhla 1943 j¾Ifha uehs udifha § furg wdKavqldrjrhd
úiska ksl=;a lrk ,È' ta wkqj rfÜ wNHhka;r lghq;= ms<sn`o j.lSu ,dxlslhkag
mejfrk m%;sixialrKhla ,nd§ug ì%;dkH lghq;= lrk nj m%ldY úh' tu m%ldYhg
wkqj iqÿiq jHjia:d flgqïm;la ms<sfh, lsÍfï n,h weu;s uKav,hg mejßK'
jHjia:d flgqïm; ms<sfh, lsÍfï § wdKavql%u jHjia:d ms<sn`o úfYaI{fhl= jQ
Y%Su;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;df.a iydh ,nd .ekSug weu;sjre lghq;= l<y'
weu;s uKav,fha flgqïm; 1944 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß udifha § ilia fldg
wjika úh' weu;s uKav,fha jHjia:d flgqïm; mÍlaId fldg furg iq`M cd;Ska
we;=̀M úúO lKavdhï iu`. idlÉPd fldg ì%;dkH wdKavqjg jd¾;djla bÈßm;a
lsÍu i`oyd 1944 j¾Ifha cQ,s ui ì%;dkH wdKavqj úiska úfYaI fldñika iNdjla
m;a lrk ,È' fida,anß idñjrhdf.a m%Odk;ajfhka hq;= tu fldñiu fida,anß
fldñiu f,i ye`Èkafõ'
1944 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha § fida,anß fldñiu furgg meñK
lreKq fidhd n,d 1945 § fldñifï jd¾;dj ksl=;a lf<a h' tu jd¾;dj mokï
lrf.k ieliqKq wdKavql%uh 1947 j¾Ifha isg furg l%shd;aul úh' th fida,anß
wdKavql%uh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
fida,anß wdKavql%ufha m%Odk ,laIK
wdKavqldr Oqrh wfydais fldg wd.%dKavqldr Oqrhla ia:dms; lsÍu'
oaùuKav, md¾,sfïka;=jla msysgqùu'
^uyck uka;%S uKav,h yd fifkÜ iNdj&
w.ue;s m%Odk leìkÜ uKav,hla we;s lsÍu
rdcH fiajd fldñiu yd wêlrK fiajd fldñiu msysgqùu
111fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
w.%dKavqldrjrhd
fida,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a fuf;la
mej;s wdKavqldrOqrh wfydais flßK' fuu
wdKavql%uh hgf;a o ì%;dkH /ðk ,xldfõ
kdhsldj f,i ms<s.;a ksid weh ksfhdackh
lsÍug w.%dKavqldr ;k;=rla y`ÿkajd ÿkafka h'
ì%;dkH /ðk úiska w.%dKavqldrjrhd m;a lrk
,È' Tyqg jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl" wêlrK wxY-
hkays n,;, /ila ysñ jqj;a w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia
u; w.%dKavqldrjrhd lghq;= l< hq;= jQ fyhska
;k;=r kduud;% úOdhl ;k;=rla njg m;a úh'
tjlg wdKavqldr ;k;=r ±rE i¾ fykaß ukala
fïika uqj¾ furg m%:u w.%dKavqldrjrhd
jYfhka o lghq;= lf<a h'
md¾,sfïka;=j
fida,anß wdKavql%uhg wkqj jHjia:dodhlh fyj;a kS;s iïmdokh l<
wdh;kh md¾,sfïka;=j kñka y`ÿkajkq ,eî h' md¾,sfïka;=j uyck uka;%S
uKav,h yd fifkÜ uka;%S uKav,h hk uKav, follska iukaú; jQ neúka th
oaùudKav,sl md¾,sfïka;=jla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
5'4 rEmh ¡ merKs md¾,sfïka;=j
5'3 rEmh ¡ fykaß ukala fïika uqj¾
112fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
uyck uka;%S uKav,h md¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uqjk uKav,h jQ w;r thg
uka;%Sjreka 101 fofkla wh;a jQy' thska 95la Pkao fldÜGdi moku hgf;a
uyck Pkaofhka f;dard .kakd ,È' b;sß yh fokd ksfhdackhla fkd,enQ iq`M
cd;Ska fjkqfjka w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska m;a lrk ,È'
md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld,h jir myls'
md¾,sfïka;=fõ fojk uKav,h fifkÜ uka;%S uKav,h fyj;a W;a;r
uka;%S uKav,h f,i ye`ÈkaúK' fuu uKav,h idudðlhka 30lska hqla; úh'
15la w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska m;a lrk ,È' b;sß 15 fokd
m;a lr .kakd ,oafoa uyck uka;%S uKav,fha Pkaofhks' fifkÜ iNdfõ ks,
ld,h jir yhls'
w.ue;s m%uqL leìkÜ
uKav,h
fida,anß
wdKavql%uh hgf;a úOdhl
n,h fyj;a kS;s l%shd;aul
lsÍfï n,h w.ue;s m%uqL
leìkÜ uKav,hg ysñ
úh' leìkÜ uKav,fha
kdhl;ajh w.ue;sjrhdg
,enqKs' w.%dKavqldrjrhd
úiska uyck uka;%S
uKav,fha nyq;r
úYajdih Èkd .;a mqoa.,hd w.ue;s ;k;=rg
m;a lrkq ,eî h' w.ue;sjrhdf.a ks¾foaYh msg
w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska leìkÜ uKav,h m;a
lrk ,È' uyck uka;%S uKav,fha" wdKavq mlaIfha
uka;%Sjreka yd fifkÜ uKav,fha uka;%Sjreka
w;=ßka leìkÜ uKav,h f;dard .ekqKss' fifkÜ
uka;%S uKav,fhka fofofkl= leìkÜ uKav,hg
m;a l< hq;= nj yd bka tla wfhl= wêlrK
weu;sjrhd úh hq;= nj fida,anß jHjia:dfõ
i`oyka úh' wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId
lsÍu bka wfmalaId lf<a h' wdKavqj .kq ,nk
;SrK iïnkaOfhka md¾,sfïka;=jg iduqyslj u
j.lSu" leìkÜ uKav,fha m%Odk ,laIKhla úh'5'6 rEmh ¡ ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d
5'5 rEmh ¡ m%:u leìkÜ uKav,h
113fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
rdcH fiajd fldñiu
fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a kS;sm;s" ú.Kldêm;s" iaÒr f,alï jeks rcfha
by< ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska isÿ lrk
,È' Bg wu;rj my< rdcH fiajlhka m;a lsÍu" bj;a lsÍu" úkhdkql+, md,kh
wdÈh i`oyd rdcH fiajd fldñiï iNdjla m;a flßK' rdcH fiajd fldñiu
idudðlhka ;sfofkl=f.ka iukaú; úh'
wêlrK fiajd fldñiu
fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a w.%úksYaphldrjrhd yd by< wêlrKh
jQ fY%aIaGdêlrKfha úksYaphldrjreka m;a lsÍu w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg
w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska isÿ lrk ,È' wfkla my< wêlrKj, úksYaphldrjreka
m;a lsÍu" bj;a lsÍu" úkhdkql+, md,kh i`oyd wêlrK fiajd fldñiï iNdj m;a
lr ;snqKs' fuh w.%úksYaphldrjrhd yd ;j;a úksYaphldrjreka fofofkl=f.ka
hqla; úh'
114fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'