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iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti
r u s u d a n g a x a r i a
grigol robaqiZe da qarTuli presa
(1907_1921 ww)
JurnalistikaSi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris
akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
naSromi Sesrulebulia iv.javaxiSvilis sax.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
samecniero xelmZRvaneli filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati
asocirebuli profesori: dali CikvilaZe
Tbilisi 2009
2
sarCevi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
I Tavi _ leqciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
II Tavi _ Tematuri ciklebi da portretebi . . . 58
III Tavi _ publicistika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
IV Tavi _ ena, literatura, Teatri . . . . . . . . . 99
daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
bibliografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3
Sesavali
grigol robaqiZe me-20 saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso
da mistikuri pirovnebaa.
movida da aaforiaqa miZinebuli xalxi, sazogadoebrivi azri.
movida da axali ideebi moitana.
sazogado moRvawe, literatori, filosofosi, poeti,
prozaikosi da publicisti. iwvoda qarTuli mziT. uyvarda nicSe da
yvelaferi dionisuri. misi uaRresad saintereso publicistika
jerac ar aris saTanadod Seswavlili, es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis
emigraciamdel periodze. arada, qarTuli kulturis msaxurs
wuTiTac ar Seuwyvetia wera. presaSi mudmivad qveyndeboda grigol
robaqiZis werilebi literaturuli Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
saWirboroto sakiTxebze. mTeli es masala Seuswavlelia gasagebi
mizezis gamo – sabWoTa periodSi robaqiZes tabu edo. xalxis mtrad
Seracxuli mwerlis litaraturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlas vin
gabedavda, `gvelis perangis~ Cumad, `iatakqveSeTSi~ gadafurcvlac
ki sarisko iyo. krebulSi `TeTr siamayes aqandakeb Seni didebiT~
revaz TvaraZe igonebs, rogori TrTolviT ecnoboda misi Taoba
akrZalul literaturas – grigol robaqiZis, tician tabiZis, mixeil
javaxiSvilis Semoqmedebas. `am process orgvari xibli axlda, –
wers r. TvaraZe, – erTi rom, didad saxifaTo iyo am wignTa xelSi
aReba (garkveul viTarebaSi aTwliani gacimbirebac ar
gamoiricxeboda) da swored amitom sakuTari gulmagrobac gvaxvevda
Tavbrus. Semdgom amisa, Cvens winaSe gadaixsneboda sul sxva
horizontebi, idumali da gamoucnobi samyaro, aTkecad mimzidveli
am Tavisi SeucnoblobiT. gamorCeulad grigol robaqiZis gamo
iTqmis es~ (TeTr... 2003 : 12).
4
Tu akrZaluli wignis xelSi aRebas SeiZleba, aTwliani
gacimbireba mohyoloda, akrZalul avtorTa Semoqmedebis Seswavlas
vin daganebebda... gr. robaqiZis literaturul-publicisturi
memkvidreobis kvlevaze aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mxolod ocneba
Tu SeiZleboda. qveynis moRalated iwodeboda pirovneba, romelsac
saqarTveloze fiqris gareSe ar ucxovria, striqoni ar dauweria.
samSoblos miseul gamorCeul siyvaruls aRniSnavs yvela, visac
Tvali gaudevnebia grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedebisa Tu
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisTvis. guram benaSvilma robaqiZes
`erovnuli fesvebis maZiebeli fausti~ (benaSvili 2005:22) uwoda.
Teimuraz maRlaferiZem aRniSna, rom `qarTul mwerlobaSi cota
moiZebneba robaqiZeze metad patriotizmiT aRbeWdili mwerali. misi
proza, poezia, dramaturgia Tu eseistika, marTlac rom, sunTqavs da
sazrdoobs saqarTveloTi, aq yvelaferi qarTuli mziT, miTosiTa da
istoriiT aris gasxivosnebuli~ (maRlaferiZe 2005:309).
komunistebis diqtaturis dasasruls grigol robaqiZes xalxis
mtris `wodeba~ `CamoerTva~, ris Semdegac SesaZlebeli gaxda fiqri
da analizi im danatovarisa, rac qarTuli azrovnebis axal
fundaments qmnida XX saukunis dasawyisSi. magram mkvlevarebi,
ZiriTadad, misi poeziiTa Tu proziT interesdebodnen. TiTqmis
Seuswavlelia gr. robaqiZis publicisturi saqmianoba. SeiZleba es
imiTac aixsnas, rom cota dro gavida, rac mis Semoqmedebas
dadebuli tabu `moexsna”. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom grigol
robaqiZis publicisturi nawerebi da saleqcio moRvaweobis
amsaxveli publikaciebi mraval Jurnal-gazeTSia gamoqveynebuli.
bibliografiis ararsebobis pirobebSi am masalebis srulad Sekreba
did dros moiTxovs. am damabrkolebel faqtorebs xazs usvamen sxva
mkvlevarebic. a. nikoleiSvilis sityviT, mxolod robaqiZis sruli
memkvidreobisa da misadmi miZRvnili masalebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg
`miecema mkvlevarsac da nebismier dainteresebul pirsac imis
5
SesaZlebloba, rom srulyofilad da obieqturad Seafasos is
mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani damsaxureba, romelic gr. robaqiZes
miuZRvis meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi~
(nikoleiSvili 2000:177).
zemoTqmuli imas ar gulisxmobs, TiTqos gr. robaqiZis
sagazeTo moRvaweobiT arcerTi mkvlevari ar dainteresebula.
literatorebma misi publikaciebis nawili moiZies da Seiswavles. i.
evgeniZem grigol robaqiZis TvaliT danaxuli vaJa-fSavela
gaanaliza da xazi gausva, rom fSaveli geniosi saTanadod swored
robaqiZem gaacno rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve ruseTs
(narkvevebi... 2000 : 33-68). b. arvelaZem gamoikvlia ioseb
griSaSvilisa da grigol robaqiZis polemikasTan dakavSirebuli
masalebi (arvelaZe 1990:303-314). sonetisa da riTmis Sesaxeb gr.
robaqiZis mosazrebebi gaanalizebulia T. barbaqaZis naSromSi
`qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi periodul presaSi~ (barbaqaZe
1988). 1917-1918 wlebis presaSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
sakiTxebis Seswavlisas r. vaSakiZe sxva avtorebis publikaciebTan
erTad daeyrdno grigol robaqiZis ramdenime publicistur werils
(vaSakiZe 2006:27-39). l. avalianma Seiswavla robaqiZis kidev erTi
polemika, romelic nikoloz baraTaSvilis sulier dramas
exeboda. l. avalianis marTebuli daskvniT, grigol robaqiZis, arCil
jorjaZisa da dimitri uznaZis es polemika mniSvnelovani iyo:
`sanimuSo da samagaliToa mopaeqreTa eTika – piruTvnelobasa da
obieqturobasTan Sezavebuli, zrdili, TavSekavebuli toni;
pativiscemisa da madlierebis gamJRavneba erTurTis mimarT~ (TeTr...
2003:27). e. cxadaZem Seiswavla „londaSi” gamJRavnebuli kolxuri
misteria (ciskari 1998), „engadis” miTosurebi Zirebi ki l.
jinjixaZis kvlevis sagani gaxda (jinjixaZe 2004). robaqiZis
ramdenime mxatvrul portrets dauTmo yuradReba o. WurRuliam
(saqarTvelos... 1997), saxelganTqmuli mwerlis eseistikiT ki T.
6
mefariSvili dainteresda (mefariSvili 2005). Tumca, aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom naSromSi eseebi literaturul WrilSia ganxiluli
da ara publicisturSi.
grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedebis garkveuli mxareebi mokled
mimoixiles s. siguam (sigua 2002), m. jaliaSvilma (jaliaSvili 1994),
a. gomarTelma (gomarTeli 1997), a. nikoleiSvilma (nikoleiSvili
2000)...
grigol robaqiZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis SeswavlaSi
gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis akaki baqraZes. sxva
literatorebisgan gansxvavebiT, man gr. robaqiZis literaturul-
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis ara calkeuli sferoebi, aramed
mTlianad misi cxovreba da saqmianoba warmoaCina. ase Seiqmna
grigol robaqiZis Zalian saintereso portreti – `kardu anu
grigol robaqiZis cxovreba da Rvawli~ (Tb., 1999).
Ggr. robaqiZis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas mieZRvna agreTve
SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis institutis
mier gamocemuli krebuli `TeTr siamayes aqandakeb Seni didebiT~
(Tb., 2003).
qarTulma sazogadoebam grigol robaqiZe gaicno rogorc
niWieri leqtori da oratori. ase daiwyo gr. robaqiZis
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. samecniero literaturaSi miRebulia,
rom igi 1908 wlidan kiTxulobda sajaro leqciebs. mxatvari da
sazogado moRvawe lado jafariZe igonebs: `gansakuTrebiT didi
saxeli grigols 1908-1930-ma wlebma moutana, rodesac mwerali
germaniidan dabrunda da quTaissa da TbilisSi qarTuli mwerlobis
sakiTxebis garSemo sajaro leqciebis qarTul enaze kiTxva daiwyo~
(jafariZe 2004:234).
sazRvargareTidan misi dabrunebis TariRad 1908 welia
miTiTebuli eleqtronul enciklopediaSic vikipedia. amasTanave,
dabadebis welic arasworad aris aRniSnuli _ 1980-is nacvlad 1982.
7
grigol robaqiZis `pirveli da Zalze efeqturi gamoCenis~, anu
pirveli leqciis wakiTxvis TariRad 1908 wels asaxelebs l.
avalianic (TeTr... 2003:15). amasve imeorebs igi mogvianebiT gamocemul
wignSi `giJi drois~ qarTuli mwerloba~: `grigol robaqiZe 1908
wels ucxoeTidan droebiT Camosvlis mizezad ilias mkvlelobas
asaxelebs, publicistur werilebs aqveynebs da, rac mTavaria, _
saleqcio moRvaweobas iwyebs~ (avaliani 2005 : 27).
amave azrs iziarebs a. nikoleiSvili: `1908 wels mwerali
samSobloSi brundeba da aqtiurad ebmeba SemoqmedebiT da
sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi~ (nikoleiSvili 2000:177).
s. siguas mtkicebiT, robaqiZe `1909 wels droebiT dabrunda
saqarTveloSi da daiwyo evropuli kulturis propaganda~ (sigua
2002:56). zogierTi mkvlevari ki grigol robaqiZis saleqcio
moRvaweobis dasawyisad 10-ian wlebs asaxelebs. r. dauSvilis azriT,
axalgazrda leqtori publikas pirvelad 1914 wels warudga
(dauSvili 2005:66).
Cven mier mopovebuli masalebiT irkveva, rom sinamdvileSi
grigol robaqiZem pirveli leqcia 1907 wlis 21 noembers waikiTxa.
gazeTma `isarma~ mkiTxvels anonsiT amcno, sad, rodis da raze
isaubrebda farTo sazogadoebisTvis ucnobi leqtori, amasTan,
leqciis Tezisebic gamoaqveyna. irkveva, rom gr. robaqiZes pirveli
leqcia ara ilia WavWavaZis (rogorc l. avaliani aRniSnavda), aramed
`erovnebis ideis~ Sesaxeb waukiTxavs. ufro zustad, leqciis
saxelwodeba iyo `erovnebis idea filosofiur idealizmis
SexedulebiT~ (isari 1907a : 3-4).
grigol robaqiZes es leqcia pirvelad rusulad, xolo Semdeg
sazogadoebis TxovniT qarTulad waukiTxavs (isari 1907b : 3).
amdenad, gazeT “isarSi” dabeWdili informaciiT mtkicdeba, rom
robaqiZis pirveli qarTuli leqcia 1907 wlis 21 noembers Sedga.
Cven mier moZiebuli masalebi naTelyofs, rom gr. robaqiZes pirveli
8
qarTuli leqcia ar waukiTxavs 1909 wels, rogorc amas igonebs
daviT kldiaSvili Tavis mogonebebSi. igi memuarebSi wers, rom
quTaisSi qarTul enaze pirveli leqcia nikoloz baraTaSvilis
Sesaxeb waikiTxa robaqiZem (kldiaSvili 1932a:321-323). es iyo 1909
wlis noemberi. l. avalianic iziarebs im azrs, rom swored es iyo
pirvelad qarTulad wakiTxuli leqcia, oRond – TbilisSi 1909
wlis 24 oqtombers (TeTr... 2003:15).
Cveni naSromi aris mokrZalebuli cda misi im nawerebis Sekreba-
gaanalizebisa, romlebic 1907-1921 wlebSi gamoqveynda. amasTan,
mimovixileT ara mxolod sakuTriv robaqiZis nawerebi, aramed is
werilebic, romlebic masTan aris dakavSirebuli. Sesavali da
daskvniTi nawilebis garda, naSromi Seicavs oTx Tavs: I _ leqciebi,
II _ Tematuri ciklebi da portretebi, III – publicistika, IV _ ena,
literatura, Teatri.
`publicistikaSi~ mimovixileT is werilebi, romlebic
aqtualur sazogadoebriv-politikur sakiTxebs exeboda. Cveni azriT,
es aris gr. robaqiZis sagazeTo moRvaweobis yvelaze saintereso
monakveTi. 1917 wlis dasasruli da 1918 wlis dasawyisi metad
sayuradRebo droa. ruseTSi bolSevizmi imarjvebs, saqarTvelosac
emuqreba am stiqiaSi CaTreva. grigol robaqiZisTvis ki erTaderTi
`partia~ – sakuTari qveyana arsebobs. `avadi~ (avadmyofi) eri –
axali cxovrebis damkvidrebas, robaqiZe ki mis gadarCenas cdilobs.
am periodSi igi suliT xorcamde publicistia, romelsac mwvave
politikurma sakiTxebma TiTqmis miaviwya poeziac da prozac.
grigol robaqiZe gamorCeuli publicisti iyo ara mxolod
publikaciebis mixedviT, aramed – sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSic,
leqciebis kiTxviT rom daiwyo.
rogorc amboben, pirveli publicistebi mociqulebi iyvnen. gr.
robaqiZe axali dasavluri ideebis mqadagebeli, dasavluri
kulturis mociquli gaxldaT, amdenad, publicistic. misi leqciebi
9
gansakuTrebul movlenad iqca imdroindeli sazogadoebis
cxovrebaSi. es iyo axali sityva.
Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am siaxlis gamo moeqca ara mxolod
gr. robaqiZis leqciebi, aramed misi sazogadoebrivi da
publicisturi saqmianoba. robaqiZe xalxisTvis kargad nacnob,
gaTavisebul Temebsac, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, akakis Semoqmedeba,
axali kuTxiT warmoaCenda. Cveni naSromis yoveli Tavis boloSi
xazgasmiT gamovyofT, Tu ra Tqva publicistma axali, saWiro da
saintereso, rac mniSvnelovania Jurnalistikis istoriisTvis. aqve
gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom gverdi avuareT mis leqsebs, romlebic
xSirad qveyndeboda presaSi. Cveni kvlevis sagani iyo grigol
robaqiZe, ara rogorc mxatvruli sityvis ostati, aramed rogorc
drois bebiaqali.
radgan misi sagazeTo moRvaweobis zogadi suraTis Cveneba
gvsurda, naSromSi mimovixileT werilebi, romlebic gamoqveynda
Svid Jurnal-gazeTSi. CamovTvliT am periodikas:
social-federalistebis gazeTi `isari~ 1907 wlis ianvarSi
gamovida iv. mWedliSvilis redaqtorobiT, romelic jer v. guniam
Secvala, Semdeg ki _ e. avaliSvilma.
yoveldRiuri `sapolitiko da saliteraturo~@gazeTi `droeba~
1908 wlis 18 noembers gamovida. pirvel nomers xels aweren
redaqtori mariam i. demuriasi da gamomcemeli Tavadi TumaniSvili.
meore nomerSi redaqtor-gamomcemlad ivane soziaSvilia
miTiTebuli. wlis bolomde xan soziaSvilia redaqtori, xan –
aglaZe, 1909 wlidan ki – mxolod aglaZe.
saprogramo werilSi xazgasmulia qarTuli gazeTis gamocemis
sirTule, simZime. mxneobis, mamuliSvilobis idealad maT me-19
saukunis `droebis~@ publicistebi hyavT. `rogorc @ar SeuSindnen
gazeTis gamocemis mZime tvirTs qarTuli presis pionerebi, ise
exlaa saWiro gamagreba da simxneve. Cvens pirobebSi gazeTi erT-erTi
10
Zvirfasi iaraRia qarTvel xalxSi saRis Segnebis Sesatanad da
mimdinare sakiTxebis rTuli xasiaTis gansamartavad~ (droeba 1908a:1).
axali `droebac~ tvirTis erTgulad zidvas apirebs da qarTuli
kulturis winsvla, xalxis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba eimedeba.
1910 wels gazeTis gamocema Sewyda.
`faskunji~ (1908-1910 w.w.) – `saliteraturo da samxatvro
Jurnali~, gamodis grigol tatiSvilis redaqtorobiT.
sityvakazmuli mwerloba, mxatvroba, musika, Teatri _ aseTi gaxlavT
Jurnalis interesTa sfero. `faskunjSi~ robaqiZis mxolod ori
patara etiudi (nawyvetebi leqciebidan) daibeWda. 1909 wels `droeba~
werda: `Jurnali (`faskunji~ _ r.g.) upartioa. xelovneba yvelasaTvis
erTnairad Zvirfasia da yvela xels unda uwyobdes mis
ganviTarebas~ (droeba 1909a:1). mowodebam, rogorc Cans, uSedegod
Caiara: 1910 wels yovelkvireuli `faskunji~ TveSi erTxel
gamomaval Jurnalad iqca, Semdeg ki arsebobac Sewyvita.
yoveldRiuri `saxalxo gazeTi~ 1909-1914 wlebSi gamodioda.
redaqtor-gamomcemeli, Tavdapirvelad, gaxldaT daria
xramelaSvili, Semdeg _ ir. sonRulaSvili (1910 wlis 27 ivlisidan),
n. kurdRelaSvili (1911 wlis 18 martidan) da a. WumbaZe (1913 wlis 3
ianvridan). `saxalxo gazeTis~ ukanaskneli nomeri 1914 wlis 31 maiss
gamovida.
1911 wlis 25 martidan quTaisSi gamosvlas iwyebs yoveldRiuri
gazeTi `kolxida~ (redaqtor-gamomcemeli _ a. WumbaZe). im dros
dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTul enaze perioduli gamocema ar
ibeWdeboda. `kolxida~, ZiriTadad, adgilobrivi interesebis “amwon-
damwonad~ Seiqmna, magram es interesebi unda gaTvaliswinebuliyo
saerTo-saqveyno sargeblobis Sesabamisad. gazeTi brZolas ucxadebs
sazogadoebaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmul pirad interesebs, Tavis
programad kulturaze zrunvas acxadebs, swams, rom es erTaderTi
saSualebaa erovnulobis gasaZliereblad. gazeTi acxadebs, rom misi
11
yuradReba mimarTuli iqneba masebisaken, radgan `Tu kultura eris
masas ara swvda, qveyana mudam CamorCenili iqneba~ (kolxida 1911a : 1).
`kolxidis~ bolo nomeri 1913 wlis 1 maiss gamovida.
`Temi~ orSabaTobiT gamomavali erTaderTi gazeTi iyo ara
mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTlianad amierkavkasiaSi. amdenad,
mas unda Seevso is danaklisi, rasac kviris dasawyisSi, orSabaTs
gamoucemeli presa qmnida.
pirveli nomeri 1911 wlis 10 ianvars gamovida. redaqtor-
gamomcemeli gaxldaT nafici veqili grigol diasamiZe.
upartio gazeTis mizani qarTveli xalxis `kulturuli
ganaxleba~, eris keTildReoba, erTa Soris gulwrfeli kulturuli
kavSiris Camoyalibeba da ganmtkiceba iyo. surda piradi interesebi
gamoericxa da mkiTxvelTan uSualo, sisxlxorceuli urTierToba
daemyarebina (Temi 1911a: 1).
`Tems~ hyavda meore redaqtori _ sofrom mgalobliSvili,
romelic g. diasamiZis aryofnisas xelmZRvanelobda gazeTs.
1915 wlis 18 maiss `qaRaldis SimSilis~ (qaRaldis naklebobis)
gamo oTxgverdianma `Temma~ arseboba Sewyvita.
1915-1921 wlebSi gamodioda yoveldRiuri gazeTi, saqarTvelos
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis mTavari komitetis organo _
`saqarTvelo~. ori wlis ganmavlobaSi redaqtori iyo s.
SanSiaSvili, 1917 wlidan ki _ grigol veSapeli. Semdeg, roca
veSapeli gamoeTxoveba redaqtorobas, feletonSi `sizmrebis axsna~
ase daweren: `grigol veSapeli naxo, _ wumpeSi moiTxvaro anda
usaTuod geCxubos vinme~ (saqarTvelo 1920a : 4).
manamde ki, 1918 wlis 26 maiss, grigol veSapelma mefisnacvlis
sasaxleSi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos sxdomaze waikiTxa
`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis~ rusuli Targmani. am aqtiT,
12
romlis dedanic noe Jordaniam waikiTxa, saqarTvelo suverenul-
demokratiul respublikad gamocxadda.
am dromde jer kidev aTi weli unda moikecos.
grigol robaqiZe sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas iwyebs.
13
I Tavi
leqciebi
1902 wels sazRvargareT wasuli grigol robaqiZe TiTqmis eqvsi wlis Semdeg,
1907 wlis miwuruls brundeba saqarTveloSi da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas
leqciebis kiTxviT iwyebs. sajaro leqciebis tradicia saqarTveloSi salonuri
saRamoebidan iRebs saTaves da TandaTan ufro farTo auditoriebSi inacvlebs.
leqciebs kiTxulobdnen akaki, e. TayaiSvili, i. nakaSiZe, a. xaxanaSvili, i.
gomarTeli da sxvebi, magram tradiciis miuxedavad grigol robaqiZis leqciebi
savsebiT axali sityva iyo. qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebaSi man metad
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana farTo sazogadoebisTvis axali filosofiur-
literaturuli Sexedulebebis gacnobiT. amasTan, robaqiZe Rirseul adgils
akuTvnebda im qarTvel mwerlebs, romelTa Rvawli saTanadod ar iyo
dafasebuli.
pirvelad qarTul sazogadoebas gazeTma `isarma~ warudgina grigol
robaqiZe rogorc leqtori (misi rogorc publicistis naTloba ki 1902 wels
Sedga gazeT kvalSi weriliT „ra aris moda?“). am dReebSi sazRvargareTidan
dabrunda gr. robaqiZe, romelic TbilisSi ramdenime leqciis wakiTxvas apirebso,
– amcno mkiTxvels 1907 wlis 9 noembers rubrikiT `axali ambavi~ (isari 1907g:2).
amasTan, gazeTi im droisTvis ucnobi leqtoris biografiidan ramdenime
informaciasac awvdis sazogadoebas: `gr. robaqiZe sul 26-27 wlis axalgazrdaa,
leipcigis universitetSi man specialurad Seiswavla filosofia. Semdeg
germanul enaze germaniis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi waikiTxa ramdenime leqcia. SarSan
Semodgomaze igi leqtorad miiwvies parizSi rusul umaRles saswavlebelSi,
sadac kiTxulobda leqciebs Semdeg Temebze: 1. kritika istoriul materializmisa
da 2. socialuri sistema lavrovisa da mixailovskisa~ (isari 1907d:2). gazeTi
`isari~ aRniSnavs imasac, rom saqarTvelosken momavalma gr. robaqiZem odesaSic
waikiTxa leqcia, leqtors ganzraxuli hqonda Tbilisis Semdeg moskovsa da
petergurgsac wveoda Tavisi leqciebiT, Semdeg ki kvlav evropaSi dabrunebuliyo.
imdroindeli presis Seswavla cxadyofs, rom grigol robaqiZe ganzraxulze
bevrad didxans darCa saqarTveloSi da Zalze nayofieri saleqcio moRvaweoba
daiwyo. rac Seexeba sazRvargareT leqciebis wakiTxvas, Cvens mier Seswavlil
Jurnal-gazeTebSi amaze araferia naTqvami (gr. robaqiZe saqarTveloSi iseTi
intensivobiT kiTxulobda leqciebs, sxva qveynebSi mogzaurobis dro arc
darCeboda), Tu ar CavTvliT `saxalxo gazeTis~ erT cnobas: 23 marts baqoSi,
qarTuli skolis darbazSi grigol robaqiZe waikiTxavs leqcias Temaze `ilia
WavWavaZe da misi Semoqmedeba~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1913a:2). es iyo 1913 wels, xolo 1907
14
wlis 18 noembers daniSnuli pirveli leqciis Temad, gazeT `isris~ cnobiT,
leqtors aurCevia `erovnuli idea filosofiuri idealizmis SexedulebiT~ (isari
1907e:2). CvenTvis ucnob mizezTa gamo leqcia ramdenime dRiT, 21 noembramde
gadaido (isari 1907v:3). gazeTma `isarma~ mkiTxvels leqciis programa gaacno.
punqtebad CamoTvlili TezisebiT irkveva, rom leqtori erTmaneTs upirispirebda
universalizmisa da individualizmis Teoriebs (iqve ganmartebulia, rom
universalizmi erovnebis nacvlad kacobriobas ayenebs win, individualizmi ki –
adamians). misi azriT, aucilebeli iyo orive Teoriis sinTezi platonis `ideaTa
TeoriaSi~. grigol robaqiZe auditorias umtkicebda, rom erovnebis uaryofa ar
SeiZleba da rom igi `universalur organizmis – kacobriobis idealuri
elementia~ (isari 1907z:3-4).
pirveli leqcia gr. robaqiZem rusulad waikiTxa, 9 dekembers ki igive leqcia
qarTul enaze moasmenina auditorias (isari 1907T:3). sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom
leqciis ganmeorebiT wakiTxva leqtorisTvis sauniversiteto sazogadoebas
uTxovia. rogorc Cans, man pirvelive leqciiT miipyro yuradReba.
grigol robaqiZem 1907 wlis dekemberSi meore leqciac waikiTxa. Tbilisis
sakrebulos darbazSi gamarTuli sajaro leqciis organizatori yofila
axladdaarsebuli literaturuli wre `ikarosi~, romlis wevradac iTvleboda gr.
robaqiZe, gazeT `isris~ cnobiT (isari 1907i:3). leqciis wina dRes kidev erTxel
daibeWda anonsi, xolo 7 dekembers gamoqveynda gamoxmaureba leqciaze
`platonidan soloviovamde~.
ucnobi avtoris sityviT, evropaSi modad iyo qceuli laparaki mecnierebis
krizisze, rasac filosofiisadmi interesis gacxoveleba, mistikasa da saberZneTis
miTologiaSi CaRrmaveba mohyva. misi azriT, misticizmi, romelsac igi `evropis
filosofiuri TviTSegnebis saxiCar formas~ uwodebs, gonebrivad CamorCenil
sazogadoebaSi ikidebs fexs myarad. magaliTad mohyavs ruseTi, sadac mistikos
soloviovs mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. grigol robaqiZe rom `platonisa da
soloviovis mistikur moZRvrebaTa mosarCleT gamovida~, avtori SeSfoTda –
rogorc Cans, saqarTveloSic mkvidrdeba misticizmio. misTvis bundovani aRmoCnda
leqcia. gr. robaqiZis mosasmenad Sekrebilma mravalricxovanma auditoriamac
veraferi gaugo `rTul da nislian~ moZRvrebas, magram mainc kmayofili darCa,
raki `mistikuri samefo~ ixilao, – ironia moiSvelia avtorma da skeptikuri
werili saxarebidan moxmobili sityvebiT daasrula: `netar arian morwmuneni...”
(isari 1907k: 3).
v. soloviovi (1856-1900) – rusi filosofosi, poeti da literaturis kritikosi, romlis gavlenac bevrma simbolistma ganicada.
15
mimoxilva xelmouwerlad daibeWda. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom masSi
redaqciis Tvalsazrisia gadmocemuli. CvenTvis es publikacia sayuradReboa
imdenad, ramdenadac grigol robaqiZis leqciisadmi pirveli uaryofiTi
gamoxmaurebaa.
1908 wlis noemberSi gazeTi `droeba~ rubrikiT `akakis iubilei~ aqveynebda
poetis Semoqmedebis ormocdaaTi wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebul masalebs.
GgazeTis meSvide nomerSi swored am rubrikaSi Cndeba robaqiZis saxeli: `tf.
administraciam neba darTo qarTul sityva-kazmul mwerlobis sazogadoebis
gamgeobas gamarTos qarTul enaze leqcia tf. saartisto sazogadoebis sadgomSi.
leqtorad miwveulia g. robaqiZe, romelic waikiTxavs leqcias mgosnis akakis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb qarTvelTa kulturul cxovrebaSi~ (droeba 1908b:2).
Lleqciis zust TariRs gazeTi `droeba~ 2 dekembers atyobinebs mkiTxvels:
`qarTul sityva-kazmul mwerlobis sazogadoebis gamgeobis iniciativiT, leqtori
gr. robaqiZe xuTSabaTs, 4 dekemers, tf. saartisto sazogadoebis sakoncerto
darbazSi waikiTxavs leqcias akaki wereTlis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb~ (droeba
1908g:1).
4 dekembers daibeWda patara publikacia `dRevandel leqciis Sesaxeb~.
`axalgazrda leqtori~, _ ase ixsenebs avtori grigol robaqiZes. sul cota xanSi
sityva `leqtors~ siamis tyupiviT moucileblad daerTvis `cnobili~.
TavisTavad cxadia, rom leqcia akakize mis saiubileo dReebSi
gansakuTrebulad sayuradRebo da damainteresebeli iqneboda. farTo sazogadoeba
leqtorTan erTad kidev erTxel gadaavlebda Tvals poetis Semoqmedebas, axali
kuTxiT dainaxavda mas. gr. robaqiZis leqcia originaluri iqneba, Taviseburi da
sagulisxmoo, _ amobobs b., zemoT naxsenebi werilis avtori da leqciis
programaze dayrdnobiT ganagrZobs: `b-n robaqiZis azriT, akaki qarTvelobis
geniis gamomxatvelia, magram ara Segnebuli, aramed stiqiuri... akakis poeziaSi
Tavmoyrilia yovelive is, rac Tanamedrove qarTvelobis sulier mdgomareobas
Seadgens. magram es mdgomareoba gonebis mier sastikis sisworiT daxazul yalibSi
ki ar Camoisxmis, aramed bunebrivad da stiqiurad gadmosCqefs akakis poeziaSi~
(droeba 1908d:3).
didi mwerlis Semoqmedebis gasagebad filosofiuri safuZvelia saWiro. erTi
poetis nawarmoebebi sxvadasxva kritikosma SeiZleba sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT
gaiTvaliwinos, sxvadasxva azri gamoTqvan, magram `TiToeuli kritikosi axal-
axal mSvenierebas aRmoaCens mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tavis msjelobas igi
cxovrebis siRrmeSi Rrmad Camxedav msoflio Tvalsazriss daabjens. uimisod
kritikosi mkiTxvelis STabeWdilebaTa ubralo ReWvas ver gascdeba~ (droeba
1908e:3-4), _ wers ucnobi avtori.
16
grigol robaqiZe, cxadia, `STabeWdilebaTa ubralo EReWvas~ ar daiwyebda,
sakuTari msoflmxedvelobidan gaanalizebda akakis Semoqmedebas, magram
sakiTxavia, sazogadoebisTvis ramdenad misaRebi SeiZleboda yofiliyo mistikosis
naazrevi. `b-n robaqiZis mistikuri msoflmxedveloba SeiZleba simarTled ar
migaCndeT, magram advilad SesaZlebelia, es msoflmxedveloba ise farTod da ise
kargad hxsnides akakis poeziis mSvenierebaTa kars, rogorc es jer verc erTs
kritikoss ver mouxerxebia~ (droeba 1908v:4).
avtoris azriT, Zalze saintereso unda yofiliyo robaqiZis mier akakisa da
ilias, akakisa da rusTavels, akakisa da puSkins Soris gavlebuli paralelebi.
sazogadoebas kidev ufro daainteresebda leqciis bolo nawili, romelic
qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi akakis mniSvnelobas gamokveTda.
cota qvemoT Cven SevexebiT akakisa da ilias, akakisa da puSkins Soris
gavlebul paralelebs, romlebic mogvianebiT daibeWda.
leqcia akakis Sesaxeb gr. robaqiZes rusuladac waukiTxavs Zmebi
zubalaSvilebis saxalxo saxlSi 6 dekembers (droeba 1908z: 2). ver getyviT,
rusulenovani auditoria ramdenad iyo dainteresebuli meti Seetyo cnobil
poetze, is ki SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTulad wakiTxul leqcias xalxi mravlad
daswrebia. `leqcia mSvenieri iyo, unaklulo oratoruli qmnileba; SinaarsiTac
saintereso da mdidari~ (droeba 1908T:2). rogorc vxedavT, leqciam xazi gausva
robaqiZis oratorul niWsa da mis rudunebas formisa da Sinaarsis
srulqmnisaTvis. `droeba~ sasurvelad miiCnevda leqciis dabeWdvas, raTa akakis
Sesaxeb arsebuli Raribi literatura gamdidrebuliyo. dRes bevrgan SexvdebiT
gr. robaqiZis broSuras `akakis qnari~.
`droebaSive~ rubrikiT `akakis iubilei~ daibeWda mimoxilva _ `presa akakis
iubileize~. Uucnobi avtori saubrobs `alze~, `savaWro gzaze~, `faskunjze~. didi
adgili eTmoba grigol robaqiZis sayuradRebo werils `akakis buneba~, romelic
mTlianad aris gadmobeWdili almanaxidan `akakis dRe saqarTveloSi~.
`metad rTulia akakis buneba: masSi idumal arian xlarTulni misi pirovneba
da misi Semoqmedeba...
akakis buneba qarTvelebis bedis natexia. yoveli eri warmoadgens sulier
realobas. idea platonisa, monada laibnicisa, igi xorcieldeba, ese igi,
viTardeba, sruldeba, istorias ganicdis. am procesSi igi Tvals ixsnis, cnobas
aRwevs, enas idgams, metyvelebas iRebs. es aris eris pirveli dabadeba~ (droeba
1908i: 4), _ wers grigol robaqiZe.
magram SeiZleba ers isev mieZinos _ Tvali daebindos, cnoba daekargos, ena
dauClungdes. Zili SeiZleba, xangrZlivi aRmoCndes, magram eri isev iRviZebs,
17
Tvals xelaxla axels, cnobiereba da metyveleba ubrundeba. es eris meored
dabadebaa.
grigol robaqiZes es yvelaferi akakis bunebis asaxsnelad sWirdeba.
sagulisxmo paraleli: akaki da puSkini (aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev 1896 wels
niko nikolaZem akakisa da puSkinis poeziis erTgvarovanebaze pirvelad isaubra
gazeT `novoe obozrenieSi~).
puSkini misTvis rusobis “pirveli dabadebis” Svilia, akaki ki _ qarTvelobis
meored dabadebis.
puSkini _ dilis, akaki ki saRamos bindisas gamoCnda.
puSkinamde, gr. robaqiZis azriT, rusTa suli mzes grZnobda mxolod,
unaxavad grZnobda da puSkinic mis brwyinvale amosvlas eloda. akakimde
qarTvelobis suls mze nanaxi hyavda da akakic mis meore amosvlas sevdianad
moeloda.
avtoris mtkicebiT, puSkinamde rusTa Zala barbarosobaSi iyo mxolod
nacadi, puSkinis Semdeg miiqcia Tavi kulturisaken; saqarTveloSi ki akakimdec
iyo kultura Zlier ganviTarebuli, mas mxolod unda ganegrZo es tradicia.
puSkini _ axaldabadebuli xalxis pirveli sityva.
akaki _ gaRviZebuli xalxis meore sityva.
puSkini laRi Semoqmedia, akaki ki _ mwuxare. Tu puSkinis Cangi mReroda,
radgan mis muzas bevri ram axarebda, akakis stviri mosTqvamda da tiroda,
radgan misi muza naRvliani iyo, erTi ram awuxebda gamudmebiT, erTi motivi
gasdevda.
es `erTi ram~ xsnis akakis bunebas. igi qarTvelebis tragizmis matarebelia.
avtoris azriT, akakis bunebaSi qarTvelobis mebrZoli suli gansaxierda.
`amisaTvis misi pirovneba qarTvelTa saxis msxverplad iqca. aq aris Camarxuli
saidumloeba akakis pirovnebisa da mis Semoqmedebisa: akaki namdvili pirovnebaa
mxolod maSin, roca hqmnis~ (droeba 1908k:4). am saidumlos axsnas avtori momavals
andobs. akakis bunebaze saubrisas ikveTeba, rom grigol robaqiZisTvis akaki
mxolod poeti ki ara, `qarTvelobis idumali Tanmetyveli saxea~. qarTvlis bedi
am saxis gamocnobasac ukavSirdeba.
akakize leqciis wasakiTxavad robaqiZe quTaisSi miiwvies, 12 dekembers
`droeba~ mkiTxvelebs amcnobs TariRsa da adgils _ 13 dekemberi, quTaisis
Teatri. aqvea cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom gr. robaqiZe imxanad muSaobda vrcel
referatze SoTa rusTavelis Sesaxeb (droeba 1908l: 2).
am droisaTvis akakic quTaisSia, _ qalaqi mis iubiles zeimobs.
grigol robaqiZis leqcia quTaiselebsac Zalian moswonebiaT (droeba 1908m:2).
18
es informaciebi da werilebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, qveyndeboda rubrikiT
`akakis iubilei~. 1908 wlis `droebaSi~ gr. robaqiZe mxolod am iubilesTan
dakavSirebiT Cans. akakisTan erTad Semdgomac erTi-orjer gaielvebs robaqiZis
saxeli, amjerad _ gazeT `kolxidaSi~.
1912 wlis ivlisSi akaki raWa-leCxumSi samogzaurod emzadeba.
`kolxidasTvis~ ucnobebiaT, rom grigol robaqiZisaTvis SeuTavazebiaT, Tan
gahyoloda mxcovan mgosans da mis Sesaxeb leqciebi waekiTxa (kolxida 1912a:2).
oriod kviraSi ki gazeTi poetis Tanmxlebebs asaxelebs: `Temis~ redaqtori
grigol diasamiZe, mxatvari kote qavTaraZe, akakis Zmiswuli vasil wereTeli da
sxv. (kolxida 1912b:2). CvenTvis ucnobi mizezebis gamo grigol robaqiZe am siaSi ar
Cans.
akakis mipatiJeba gurulebsac gadauwyvetiaT, ocdaTxuTmeti kacisgan
Semdgari komisiac SeuqmniaT da akakize leqciis wasakiTxavad gr. robaqiZis
miwvevac ganuzraxavT (kolxida 1912g:2). Semdgom movlenebze `kolxida~ arafers
aRniSnavs.
samiode wlis Semdeg akaki `sulikos~ mosmeniT gardaicvleba.
misi bunebisa da Semoqmedebis Tayvanismcemeli gr. robaqiZe
gamosamSvidobebel sityvaSi, romelic gazeT `TemSi~ daibeWda, aRniSnavs: `raRac
qedmaRali da Tan ubraloa is, rom qarTveli eri micvalebuls mgosans mxolod
saxeliT mimarTavs: akaki. Soreul droTa gamoZaxili unda iyos es movlena, roca
yoveli Semoqmedi Svili iyo namdili xalxisa da xalxic Svils mxolod saxeliT
Tu uxmobda. aseTi Svilia akaki qarTveli erisa~ (Temi 1915a: 1).
aq ver naxavT mwuxarebis gamomxatvel sityvebs, verc paTetikur
damSvidobebas, da mainc, TviT saTqmelis kilo, mSvidi da ucremlo, tkivils
gagrZnobinebs, avtoris mier gancdils.
akaki xalxis mgosania, xalxuri momReralia. magram xalxuroba orgvaria.
`aris xalxuroba, roca xalxi Txzavs da Svili mReris: aseTi xalxuroba
primitiulia, sada, ubralo; akakis xalxuroba sxvanairia. igi hqmnis TviTon da
xalxi iTvisebs: aseTi xalxuroba stiqionuria, Rrma, rTuli... igi cnaurebaa
xalxis potenciisa (SesaZloebisa), misi Sina-mxarisa~ (Temi 1915b: 2).
grigol robaqiZesTan Sesisxlxorcebuli miTi kvlavac iCens Tavs. misTvis
poezia miTis mqnelobaa. akakis poetur qmnilebebs Tamari gasdevs miTad.
`namdvili mgosnobac swored es aris _ warmoSva `miTiuri~ (anu `musikaluri~
farTod) gancda~ (Temi 1915g: 2).
musikalobas Tu vaxsenebT, an ki vin Seedreba akakis. Ggrigol robaqiZe
sagulisxmo wamebs ixsenebs: erTxel sastumroSi, gverdiTi oTaxidan moesma Turme
akakis metyveleba, simReris msgavsi, romelSic sityvebs ver gaarCevdiT. Semdeg
19
gaugia, rom es `Cveuli wamia akakis STagonebisa: jer musikaluri gul-neba,
Semdgom _ poeturi idea. akaki savse iyo STagonebis al-nakaduliT, da, rogorc
gadmogvcemen, xSirad unda amdgariyo RamiT mTvareulsaviT da SemoqmedebaSi
`daecala~ igi nakaduli~ (Temi 1915d: 2).
akakis poeziis stiqiurobaze, bunebriobaze saubrobda grigol
robaqiZe yovelTvis, leqciasa Tu werilSi. roca paralels avlebda
akakisa da ilias Semoqmedebas Soris, aRniSnavda, rom pirvelis
poezia bunebrivad modis, meores ki `xelovnurad damuSaveba~
sWirdeba. akaki msubuqia, ilia _ mZime. Mmisi sityviT, akaki qmnis da
ar cdilobs, ilia cdilobs da qmnis.
akakis leqsis forma da Sinaarsi ganuyrelia. simbolo da azri imdenad
erTiania, rom mkiTxvels xSirad Sinaarsi ecotaveba, mxolod lamaz formas
xedavs.
ilias leqsSi ki forma da Sinaarsi cal-calke dgas, mkiTxvels ara formis
silamaze, aramed azris siRrme xiblavs.
`akakim azri formaSi gaadida da miT idea da saxe ganuyrel, magram
gansxvavebul hqmna, iliam azri formaSi ase Rrmad ver Camoasxa da miT idea da
saxe gansxvavebul hqmna, magram ganuyreli vera~ (Temi 1915e:2).
presa saSualebas iZleva Tvali gavadevnoT gr. robaqiZis, rogorc leqtoris,
moRvaweobas. mis leqciebs Tan sdevda aRtaceba, didi gamoxmaureba, polemika.
1909 wlis 9 oqtombers `droeba~ mkiTxvelebs acnobebs, rom 20 oqtombers
qarTul TeatrSi SesaZlebloba eqnebaT, moisminon leqcia _ `sulieri drama
nikoloz baraTaSvilisa~ (droeba 1909b:3).
magram leqcia ramdenime dRis dagvianebiT, 24 oqtombers moismines. `droeba~
programas aqveynebs. Sesavlis Semdeg leqtori mxatvris or tipze isaubrebs, _
acnobebs gazeTi mkiTxvels, _ mxatvris anu xelovanis erTi tipi sxvadasxva saxed
iqceva, raTa maTSi cxovelyos sakuTari saxe, meore ki sakuTari saxes xsnis, rom
sxvadasxva saxed aqcios. nikoloz baraTaSvili poetTa am meore tips ekuTvnis,
`misi poeturi Semoqmedeba misi sulieri dramaa~ (droeba 1909g:4).
paraleli gaivleba SeqspirTan da baironTan.
pirvelive nawilSi gamoikveTeba baraTaSvilis poeziis mTavari motivi, _wers
`droeba~. leqtori poetis Semoqmedebas Taris xmas adarebs, rogorc warsulis
amokvnesas... maradiulis SegrZneba da warmavalze fiqri...
leqciis meore nawili Seexeba poetis mcdelobas _ ipovos xsna siyvarulSi.
`siyvaruli misTvis uzenaesi msxverplia. sxeuleba da suliereba siyvarulSi.
20
baraTaSvili sqesuri siyvarulis sferaSi xedavs imav warmavlobas, imav amaoebas,
_ da sulieri drama misi Rrmavdeba~(droeba 1909d:4).
poeti marto rCeba (`suli oboli~). Svelas amjerad bunebisgan moelis.
megobrobs mtkvarTan da mTawmindasTan.
programis Tanaxmad, mesame nawilSi leqtori isaubrebda imaze, rom buneba
ver Svelis gandevnil suls. is kvlav marto rCeba. mxolod religias SeuZlia
misi xsna. leqciis Tanaxmad, es erTgvari bunebrivi cdilebaa... baraTaSvils
amaoeba gapirovnebuli saxiT evlineba (`sulo boroto~). amaoeba awvalebs poets
Semoqmedebis procesSic ki (`vpove taZari~).
sabolood, `baraTaSvilis suliskveTeba mis sasos warkveTad iqceva. igi
moswyda msoflios da ufskrulSi unda STainTqas. am Tavismkvlelobis win igi
uxmobs Tavis poetur fantazias, Tavis merans, rom qvesknelSi gadafrindes~
(droeba 1909e:4).
daskvnaSi _ baraTaSvili da qarTveloba.
programa monaxazebiT gvixatavs mTeli leqciis mimarTulebas da imdenad
zustad aris gadmocemuli, rom warmomdgenis vinaobaze gvafiqrebs. programas
xelmowera ar axlavs, magram cxadia, rom jer armosmenili leqciis mimdinareobas
ase dawvrilebiT sxva veravin gaacnobda mkiTxvels, Tu ara Tavad leqtori.
Jurnal `faskunjSi~ daibeWda mcire nawyveti robaqiZis leqciidan, sadac igi
baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebas adarebs Taris xmas, warsulidan amonakvness.
`mogismeniaT Tari? ho, mogismeniaT uTuod da kidec damwvarxarT! raRac
saidumlebaSia Svebuli misi matyvevebeli xma: axlo usmenT da SoriT ki mogesmiT~
(robaqiZe 1910a:76).
Taris xmas gahyvebiT Sors da hkargavT sivrces, hkargavT dros, hkargavT
xmebs.
mxolod dumili.
dumili irgvliv.
dumili TqvenSi.
xvdebiT, sxvagan xarT, sxva qveyanaSi.
`es sxva droa, saukune mobrunebuli, warsuli aRdgenili... guli sagules
xeTqavs. Tari ki ganagrZobs: mosTqvams da tiris...~ (robaqiZe 1910b: 76).
Tqven gesmiT sevda im qarTa, nangrevebs rom gadauqrola. Tqven grZnobT
saukuneTa kaeSans.
Ggr. robaqiZis sityviT, es TiTqos musika ki ara, dakarguli melodiaa,
sadRac tyveqmnili da axla gaTavisuflebuli.
dabolos, oblis sulis daleva...
21
`igi uxmobs mSobels musikas, daeZebs dedas, magram ver naxulobs da sulsa
levs oboli!..~ (robaqiZe 1910g:76).
Cven SegviZlia, warmovidginoT mTeli leqciis mxatvruli Rirseba am patara
nawyvetis mixedviT; zustad mignebuli da aferadebuli SedarebebiT vigrZnobT,
rom baraTaSvilis poezia Taris xmaa, is xma, romelic iqneb arc mogvismenia,
magram mainc Cagvesmis.
im dRes ki, roca leqcia iyo daniSnuli, `droeba~ Seaxsenebs mkiTxvels,
robaqiZe saintereso qarTul leqcias waikiTxavso. amasTan, xazs usvams, rom
leqtori axal sityvas ityoda jerac saTanadod daufasebeli didi poetis
Semoqmedebaze. gazeTi imazec miuTiTebs, rom ivane gomarTeli sazogadoebas
gaacnobs poetis biografias (droeba 1909v:3).
grigol robaqiZis leqcias arCil jorjaZe gamoexmaura. Mmisi vrceli
werili im axlo warsulis gaxsenebiT iwyeba, roca qarTveli sazogadoeba poezias
saTanadod ar afasebda da Seqspiris dramebs karg waRas arCevda. dro gavida da
sazogadoebam sityvis fasi igrZno, SeZlo ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi
yuradRebiT moesmina leqcia. Aauditoriis, ase vTqvaT, momzadebaSi erT-erTi
mTavari roli, udavod, grigol robaqiZem Seasrula. rac Seexeba leqcias
baraTaSvilis Sesaxeb, misiT rCeuli qarTuli sazogadoebis dainteresebas, arCil
jorjaZe ori mizeziT xsnis _ leqciis TemiTa da Tavad leqtoriT. Aavtoris
sityviT, grigol robaqiZe is niWieri adamiania, `romelic dRemde gamoucnobeli
rCeba qarTvel sazogadoebisaTvis, gamoucnobeli mistikur filosofiis wyalobiT,
romelsac aRiarebs igi~ (droeba 1909z:1).
grigol robaqiZis Tvalsazrisis mimoxilvamde arCil jorjaZe ivane
gomarTelis gamosvlas exeba. BbaraTaSvilis melanqoliis mizezad i. gomarTels
imdroindeli saqarTvelos unugeSo socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba
dausaxelebia: saqarTvelo politikurad, praqtikulad, aRar arsebobda, visi
imedic hqonda, gaucruvda... erovnuli cxovreba dakninda. idealebs moklebuli
sazogadoeba jer sasowarkveTilebas mieca, Semdeg ki udardel cxovrebas. ivane
gomarTelis azriT, swored am viTarebiT iyo gamowveuli nikoloz baraTaSvilis
pesimizmi. arCil jorjaZe fiqrobda, rom mistikosi robaqiZe gomarTelis
realizms SeewinaaRmdegeboda, magram misi molodini ar gamarTlda. Tumca, sanam
am sakiTxs mimovixilavT, saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom gamoxmaurebis avtori
leqciis pirveli nawiliT nasiamovnebi ver darCenila, raki leqtors aRelveba ver
dauokebia da paTetikurad usaubria.
Cven mier aqamde mimoxilul masalebSi es iyo robaqiZis, rogorc oratoris
mimarT gamoTqmuli pirveli ukmayofileba. magram igi sakuTar Tavs ar apatiebda,
Tuki mRelvarebas ver dasZlevda da Tavis oratorul niWs Crdils miayenebda.
22
leqciis meore da mesame nawilSi igi sazogadoebas wardgomia, rogorc `namdvili
artisti~ da Tavisi sityvis batoni, romlisTvisac Zalian ioli iyo,
gaeerTianebina auditoria, Seekra, erTi azriT gaemsWvala da miemxro.
rogorc aRvniSneT, arCil jorjaZe grigol robaqiZisgan gomarTelis
TvalsazrisTan dapirispirebas moeloda. igi gakvirvebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom
gr. robaqiZesac baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebisa da sulieri dramis mizezad
sazogadoebrivi garemo, warsuli didebis naSTTa xilva dausaxelebia da
magaliTad elada mouyvania: ras unda grZnobdes Tanamedrove saberZneTSi yovel
nabijze warsuli didebis nangrevebis mxilveli adamiani?! `warsuli aRviZebs
romantiul grZnobas maradisobisa, awmyo _ saSinels fiqrs cxovrebis amaoebisa~
(droeba 1909T:1).
grigol robaqiZis azriT, `grZnoba maradiulisa” da warmavalze fiqri aris
baraTaSvilis lirikis mTavari motivi, magram a. jorjaZisTvis miuRebelia
social-politikuri problemis maradisobisa da amaoebis fenomenTan dakavSireba.
Ggamodis, rom pesimizmi da maradiulis Zieba mxolod maSin iCens Tavs, roca
politikuri wyobileba sakmaris safuZvels iZleva. AaseT SemTxvevaSi, arCil
jorjaZis sityviT, gaugebari iqneboda Zlieri da amayi britaneTis Svilis, Selis
poezia, romelSic, baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis msgavsad, Rrma sevda da
`sazRvardadebul bunebis gadalaxvis~ survili Cans. `politikuri
damoukidebloba, gind socializmis damyareba ver daaSoSminebs adamianis guls,
individualobiT Seviwroebuls, sikvdilis winaSe mdgomares da am sikvdilis
daTrgunvis surviliT Sepyrobils~ (droeba 1909i:2), _ wers avtori.
AarCil jorjaZe xazs usvams sikvdilisadmi adamianebis sxvadasxvagvar
damokidebulebas. Cven, Cveulebriv mokvdavT, sikvdili ar gvaSinebs, erTi brZenis
naTqvamis ar iyos, adamianebi imiT vinugeSebT Tavs, rom sanam Cven varT, sikvdili
ar arsebobs da rodesac sikvdili modis, Cven aRara viqnebiT.Mmagram poetebs es
yovelive ar akmayofilebT. Aamdenad, avtoris sityviT, nikoloz baraTaSvilis wva,
maradisobis Zebna da cxovrebis amaoebis SecnobiT gamowveuli sasowarkveTa, ar
SeiZleba, mxolod social-politikur mdgomareobaze yofiliyo dafuZnebuli, es
poetis erTgvari filosofiuri midrekilebiT da misi `liris estetiuris
RrmaCaxedulebiT~ iyo gamowveuli. am sakiTxs, arCil jorjaZis azriT, leqtorma
sakmarisi naTeli ver mohfina da sazogadoebas Seuqmna STabeWdileba, TiTqos
baraTaSvilis liris motivebi mxolod politikuri damoukideblobis dakargviT
iyos nakarnaxevi.
a. jorjaZes sagulisxmod miaCnia ilia WavWavaZis mosazreba, romlis
mixedviTac, kacobriobis sevda isaa, rom eZebs da ver poulobs. Ziebaze gr.
robaqiZesac usaubria leqciis meore da mesame nawilebSi, romlebic, arCil
23
jorjaZis TqmiT, Seudarebeli analiziT yofila gamorCeuli. Lleqtoris azriT,
`meranSi~ ixateba sasowarkveTa poetisa, romelmac nugeSi versad hpova, _ verc
siyvarulSi, verc bunebaSi, verc religiaSi. Mmsofliosgan mowyvetili
baraTaSvili ufskrulSi CanTqmamde Tavis poetur fantazias, Tavis merans uxmobs.
ilia WavWavaZe ki `meranSi~ bedisadmi omis gamocxadebas, zekacobisadmi
miswrafebas xedavs. am mosazrebisken ixreba arCil jorjaZec, AamasTan, iSveliebs
geronti qiqoZis sityvebsac, romelTa Tanaxmadac, `merani~ sakuTar TavTan
brZolas, Caucxrobel tragikul konfliqts asaxavs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom im drois erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso moazrovne
zogierT sakiTxSi ar daeTanxma axalgazrda leqtors, mainc madlobas uxdis mas,
radgan, misi azriT, aseTi leqciebi Zalian mniSvnelovania qarTuli
literaturisTvis. `sasiamovnoa, rom gamoCnda kaci, romelic kargis, mkafio
gamosaxulis eniT esaubreba sazogadoebas poeziis da xelovnebis Sesaxeb.
sasiamovnoa, rom CvenSi gaCnda ukve imgvari kategoria, romlisTvisac sainteresoni
xdebian cxovrebisa da xelovnebis Rrma problemebi. am saqmeSi grigol robaqiZes
didi Rvawli miuZRvis da madlobis meti ara eTqmis ra~ (droeba 1909k:2).
Ggrigol robaqiZec madlierebiT gamoexmaura miukerZoebel kritikas,
romelSic saerTo STabeWdilebis gadmocemasTan erTad leqciis av-kargi iyo
mimoxiluli mozomili eniT... robaqiZem arCil jorjaZis es werili kritikuli
recenziis nimuSad miiCnia, radgan pirad simpaTia-antipaTias, pirad grZnobebs ki
ara, analizs eyrdnoboda: “naklis Cveneba sawyeni araa, radgan arc srulia
aravin. magram igi Cveneba unda iyos siyvaruliT gamowveuli da ara Suriani
mZulvarebiT~ (droeba 1909l:2)
imis Tqma, TiTqos mxolod politikuri damoukideblobis dakargvas SeeZlo,
warmoeSva baraTaSvilis lirikis motivebi, robaqiZes, rogorc Cans, arc ufiqria.
azris amgvar gagebas sakuTar danaSaulad miiCnevs imis gamo, rom mRelvareba ver
daioka. Semdgom ki, meore da mesame nawilSi dausrulebel azrs ver daubrunda,
radgan ar surda, leqciis mTlianoba darRveuliyo.
TqmiT ki amis Tqma surda: poeti da `erovnuli sxeuli” organulad arian
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. yoveli mgosani individia, ganumeorebeli,
gansakuTrebuli, gancalkevebuli; mas sakuTari buneba aqvs, romelic sxvisgan ar
gamomdinareobs da arc sxvamde daiyvaneba. amis miuxedavad, igi ara Tu
mowyvetilia, aramed Sesxeulebulia msoflios. Tavis bunebas msoflios
gansazRvrul farglebSi Slis. aqedan robaqiZes poetis Semoqmedebis
gansaxilvelad ori kriteriumi gamohyavs: absoluturi da istoriuli.
`absoluturi Tavlsazrisi faqtad aRniSnavs mgosnis bunebas, mis erTxel
movlenilsa da ganumeorebels individualobas; istoriuli Tvalsazrisi
24
mizezebriv xsnis, Tu romel gansazRvrul wreSi mxildeba (da ara iqmoda) misi
buneba~ (droeba 1909m:3).
aseve ganixilavs baraTaSvilsac, romelic, grigol robaqiZis azriT, Tavisi
genialuri bunebiT win uswrebda Tanadroul qarTvelobas, magram, imave dros,
mTeli Tavisi arsebiT qarTvelobis, rogorc sulieri erTeulis, sxeuls
ekuTvnoda. TiTqos Znelia, amaSi ar daeTanxmo avtors, magram ioli aRmoCnda
jorjaZisTvis, rogorc cota qvemoT vnaxavT.
grigol robaqiZe imeorebs, rom warsuli maradisobis romantikul grZnobas
aRviZebs, awmyo ki aRZravs sasowarmkveT fiqrs cxovrebis amaoebis Sesaxeb
(xazs usvams sityvas `aRviZebs~ da ara `qmnis~, rogorc jorjaZem CaTvala). amasTan,
leqtors saqarTvelos dacemaSi qarTvelTa SemoqmedebiTi Zalis dasusteba,
daRla, daqancva ugulisxmia da ara socialur-politikuri viTareba. am
SemTxvevaSi mTavari swored kulturuli daRmasvlaa da socialuri mdgomareoba,
Tumca es saerTo viTarebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia.
`mcire ganmartebis~ pasuxSi arCil jorjaZem mkiTxvels Seaxsena Tavisi
Sexedulebebi, ras ambobda leqtori da raSi ar eTanxmeboda mas jorjaZe. moitana
vrceli citata robaqiZis ganmartebidan: poetisa da erovnuli sxeulis organuli
kavSiri, Semoqmedebis individualuri buneba, aRmoceneba erovnul niadagze da
Sesxeuleba msofliosTan... jorjaZisTvis naTeli gaxda, Tu risi Tqma undoda
leqtors magram miuRebeli aRmoCnda robaqiZiseuli ori kriteriumi: absoluturi
da istoriuli. Ppirveli imis gamo ar gaiziara, rom poetis SemoqmedebiTi niWis
absolutizmis mixedviT Sefaseba ver dauSva, magram aRiara meore kriteriumi _
istoriuli. masSi, jorjaZis azriT, unda unda Sediodes `rogorc materialuri
garemo (politikuri forma mmarTvelobisa da sawarmoo ZalTa urTierToba), ise
yovelive is, rac am garemos gareSea aRmocenebuli, xolo rasac poetis sulier
viTarebaze aqvs gavlena _ kacobriobaSi damkvidrebuli filosofiuri,
religiozuri da estetikuri azrebi~ (droeba 1909n:2).
arCil jorjaZisTvis pirovneba ar aris erTxel movlenili, ganumeorebeli
individi, romelic ara istoriuli, aramed absoluturi sazomiT unda izomebodes.
es iqneboda empiriul movlenaTa sazRvrebis gadacileba. Aavtori grZnobs, rom
istoriuli, empiriuli faqtorebi srulad ver xsnis poeziis problemur
sakiTxebs. saidumloebebi saidumloebebad rCeba. Aamis miuxedavad, ar aRiarebs
kvlevis robaqiZiseul, araempiriul sazoms, raime movlenis metafizikuri axsna
misTvis miuRebelia. Tavadve aRniSnavs, rom empiriul mecnierebas win xvdeba
zRudeebi, romelTa gadalaxvac jer-jerobiT ar SeuZlia, kiTxvebi, romelTac ver
pasuxobs. Dda mainc, a. jorjaZis azriT, adamianma metafizikas ar unda mimarTos _
es `racionalizmis sulmokleoba~ iqneba. Segvindos pativcemuli moRvawis sulma,
25
Tuki mis principulobas am SemTxvevisTvis Seufereblad CavTvliT. uari Tqva
problemis axsnis gzaze mxolod imitom, rom ar ginda daeTanxmo (arada, grZnob,
rom sworia), win gadadgmul nabijad ver CaiTvleba verc racionalizmsa da verc
iracionalizmSi. dimitri uznaZe amis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs: `jorjaZis Sexeduleba
simxdales icavs azrovnebaSi~ (droeba 1909o:3). AarCil jorjaZe, iqneb Tavisda
uneburad, iseT azrs gamoTqvams, romelic robaqiZis wisqvilze asxams wyals:
lirika empiriulad romc ganmarto, `mainc darCeba gamourkveveli erTi ram _
rTuli fsixiuri Semoqmedeba poetisa, darCeba gamourkveveli Semoqmedebis
saidumloeba da miswrafeba `maradiulisadmi~ da usazRvroebisadmi, romelic
poetis Semoqmedebis safuZvels Seadgens~ (droeba 1909p:2).
amis miuxedavad, kvlav uaryofs `absolutur sazomebsa” da “ontologiur
argumentebs~. arCil jorjaZisTvis yovelive es saswaulis aRiarebiT Tavis xsna,
amouxsnel saidumloze fiqrisgan gaqcevaa. Tavad ki Tavisi empirizmiT vercerT
kiTxvas ver scems pasuxs. aseTi yofila adamianis bedi, Semoqmedebis saidumlo
amouxsneli rCebao, _ Civis. adamianma unda iRvawos am `tragikuli mdgomareobis~
dasaTrgunavad, magram aravin icis, es Rvawli gamarjvebamde miiyvans Tu ara.
grigol robaqiZem antimetafizikur Sexedulebas gverdi auara da masze
msjeloba `sxva droisTvis~ gadado, dimitri uznaZe ki jorjaZes SeewinaaRmdega
_ Tu misTvis metafizikuri azrovneba uZlurebis gamoaSkaravebaa, CvenTvis _
Zlierebis utyuari niSaniao. misi azriT, azrovnebidan metafizikis gaZeveba
adamianis filosofiuri sulis daqancvis niSania. amave dros, uznaZisTvis
miuRebelia robaqiZis Sexedulebac, radgan igi fsiqikis pasiurobis xarjze
garemos aniWebs prioritets da, amdenad, sakiTxsac ver wyvets. Lleqtoris mcdari
azrovnebis sawyisad dimitri uznaZe grigol robaqiZis mier aRiarebul `sulis
substancionalurad gagebas~ miiCnevs, romlis mixedviTac fsiqika substanciuria
da mxolod raimes zegavleniT xdeba aqtualuri. Aavtoris azriT ki, `fsixika
aqtualuria da ara substancionaluri, raic mxolod gareSe bunebaa, vinaidan es
ukanaskneli igiveobis, energiis igiveobis principzea damyarebuli. Ffsixika ki
Semoqmedebis principiT xasiaTdeba~ (droeba 1909J:4).
dimitri uznaze ar xsnis, raSi gamoixateba Semoqmedebis principi, amdenad,
debuleba, rom fsiqika aqtualuria da ara substanciuri, am SemTxvevaSi
daumtkicebeli rCeba.
avtori vrclad saubrobs sulis ormxrivobaze (igi erTdroulad aris
Semoqmedic da pasiuric). Ggaorebuli fsiqika or mowinaaRmdege mimdinareobas _
Semoqmed gonebasa da pasiur grZnobas moicavs. AadamianSi es ori mxare ibrZvis,
rac adamianis bunebis gardauvali dramaa. Dd. uznaZis azriT, genialur
26
adamianebis, Semoqmedebis arsebaSi aseTi dapirispireba Rrmavdeba, iseve rogorc
nikoloz baraTaSvilis SemTxvevaSi.
dimitri uznaZe darwmunebulia, rom baraTaSvilis poeziaze veranair
zegavlenas ver iqoniebda socialur-politikuri ukuRmarToba. mis sulier dramas
erTaderTi mizezi aqvs _ `igi iltvis, rom Tavisi Semoqmedi suli Tavisi goneba
qmnil absolutis magier Seqmnil absolutad aqcios, mas surs gonebiT saWvreti
gaxados ganusazRvreli~ (droeba 1909r:4) (xazi aqac da Semdgomac avtorebs
ekuTvniT _ r. g.). amave dros, nikoloz baraTaSvils Tavisi Zlieri, Seupovari
grZnobebi akavSirebs `droulTan, warmavalTan, ucabedTan, nacadTan~ da zRudavs
sulis absolutad qmnisken ltolvas. maTi brZola sulieri dramis mizezi xdeba.
`merani _ es misi Semoqmedi, absoluturi sulia. meranis rbena, _ am sulis
ltolvaa dasrulebul absolutad iqces. Savi yorani _ is grZnebania, romelnic
ganuyrelad SekavSirebian imis suls. romelnic warmoadgenen gare bunebriv da
amitom droulsa da warmavals elements~ (droeba 1909s:4). maT ebrZvis poetis
Semoqmedis suli. baraTaSvilic sulis mxares dgas, misi gamarjveba surs, igi
grZnobebis monad ar gaxdis absolutur suls. ase esmis uznaZes baraTaSvilis
sityvebi: `Tu aqamomde ar emona mas, arc aw emonos Seni mxedari~.
poeti mieltvis sulis srul Tavisuflebas. leqsSi `SemoRameba mTawmnidaze~
sulis gaTavisuflebis gzas esTetikur tkbobaSi xedavs. Svebasac hpovebs, Tumca
xanmokles, wuTiers. magram esec didad mniSvnelovania, radgan cxads xdis, rom
Tavisufleba SesaZlebeli yofila.
Tu dimitri uznaZis mosazrebas gaviziarebT, uCveulo movlenis winaSe
aRmovCndebiT _ baraTaSvilis pesimizmi Tvalsa da xels Sua gagviqreba. misi
sityviT, poeti `optimisturad~ grZnobs, `rom gaTendeba dila mziani da yovels
bindsa is gananaTlebs~.
daskvnis saxiT uznaZe wers, rom baraTaSvilis suli `esTetiur tkbobis~
grZnobaTa Relvisagan ganmartovdeba. Mmisi mtkicebiT, swored ase unda gvesmodes
ganmartoebis problema sazogadod da, kerZod, baraTaSvilis poeziaSi da ara ise,
rogorc es grigol robaqiZes daxata Tavis `warmtac leqciaSi~.
dimitri uznaZis TqmiT, gr. robaqiZe Semoqmedisa da garemos urTierTobaSi
upiratesobas meores aZlevs _ substanciuri fsiqika garemos zegavleniT xdeba
aqtualuri. namdvilad ase fiqrobda Tu ara robaqiZe, SegviZlia, gavarkvioT misi
weriliT `Semoqmedi da garemo~, riTac upasuxa orive oponents _ arCil
jorjaZesac da dimitri uznaZesac.
Tavdapirvelad, moitana vrceli amonaridi Tavisi `mcire ganmartebidan~,
sadac saubrobda mgosnisa da erovnuli sxeulis organul kavSirze, poetis
individualizmze, amasTanave, msofliosTan Sesisxlxorcebaze, Semoqmedebis
27
Sefasebis absolutur da istoriul kriteriumebze. Semdeg aRniSnavs, Tu raSi
daeTanxmnen da raSi SeewinaaRmdegnen jorjaZe da uznaZe. arCil jorjaZis svlas
metafizikis winaaRmdeg ar daupirispira Tavisi Tvalsazrisi, _ sxva dros
ganvixilavo (Tumca, dapireba ar Seusrulebia), xolo Tavisi naazrevis uznaZiseul
araswor gagebaze sagangebod SeaCera yuradReba. werilSi grigol robaqiZe
ganmartavs, rom, misi azriT, substancia `TvisgniTve~ xdeba aqtualuri da ara
raimes zegavleniT. aq imaleba Semoqmedebis saidumlo. robaqiZisTvis garemo
farTo cnebaa. masSi erTiandeba yoveli arsi, maT Soris, yoveli Semoqmedi. am
mxriv, `garemo TviTon msoflioa, romelic kerZo individualobis mimarT droisa
da sivrcis sazRvrebSi garemdgomi gamodis~ (droeba 1909t:2). magaliTisTvis iRebs
`adamianis Secnobas (сознание)~. erTi SexedviT, is pirovnulia, kerZo. magram Tu
davukvirdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom igi yovladia, universaluri. `adamianis Secnoba
msoflio funqciaa kacobrivis Secnobisa. azri da sityva sxeulebaa
universaluris Secnobisa; pirvelica da meorec gulisxmobs adamianTa fsixiur
erTobas. da es erToba is movlenaa, romelic transcendentalur Secnobad
isaxeba~ (droeba 1909u:2).
yoveli sulieri arseba `grZneulia~. igi sivrcis SegrZnebiT arCevs Tavis
`mes~ sxva sagnebisagan, drois SegrZnobiT ki sazRvravs Tavisi sulieri
mdgomareobis momentebs. TviTon `grZneuleba ki (Sinnlichkeit, чувственность)
universaluria, yovladi, kerZoobisa da pirovnulisagan gamouyvaneli. da am xriv,
sivrce da dro universaluri formebia kacobriulis grZneulebisa~ (droeba
1909f:2). asea kantis mixedviT _ sivrce da dro idealuria, `garna idealoba
sivrcisa da droisa srulebiT ar niSnavs maTs subieqtovobas, rogorc es
kants egona. piriqiT, Tu sivrce da dro universaluri formebia
grZneulebisa, maS, obieqturnic unda iyvnen isini~ (droeba 1909q:2). asea Tu
ise, adamianis Secnoba yovladis Secnobis msoflio funqciaao, _ imeorebs gr.
robaqiZe. `SecnobaSi~ igulisxmeba cnobiereba (сознание da ara сознавать) misi
meSveobiT, Cven SevicnobT garSemomyofT. sxva arsis realobis SecnobaSi
racionalizmi ver gviSvelis. `logiuris cnebisagan gamoiyvaneba mxolod
gonebrivi potencia da ara TviTon cxoveli da konkreti sinamdvile~(droeba
1909R:2). mxolod universalur Secnobas SeuZlia, dagvexmaros. msoflio SecnobiT
Cven iseve SevicnobT sxvaTa realobas, rogorc sakuTar sinamdviles.
sulieri arsi da garemo organulad erwymian erTmaneTs. isini erT ganuyrel
mTels warmoadgenen, amasTanve dapirispirebulT, radgan gansxvavebulni arian.
aseve iTqmis Semoqmedsa da garemoze. Semoqmedi uerTdeba msoflios da mis
garemoSi Slis Tavis individualobas. magaliTi _ sityva yovladi, universaluri.
28
Semoqmedi, rogorc `msoflio Secnobis~ nawili, Tavisuflad xmarobs mzad
daxvedril sityvas. ena garemos ekuTvnis, Semoqmedi am eniT gamoTqvams Tavis
`sulisTqmas~. es niSnavs, rom msoflios garemoSi Slis Tavis ganumeorebel
bunebas. Semoqmedi ise wvdeba da iTvisebs msoflios, rom mxatvrulad gaSlis mas,
rogorc sakuTars.
msoflio mxolod imiT ar ganisazRvreba, rac dRes aris, aramed imiTac, rac
unda iyos, rac iqneba momavalSi. am qmnis procesSi viTardeba, sruldeba,
ganviTarebis garkveuli safexurebi istoriul garemod iqceva. Semoqmedi mis
sazRvrebSia movlenili da `istoriul amxilebs”, amJravnebs sakuTar vinaobas .
asea yovel qmnilebaSi. erTi miTi, zRapari, legenda, SeiZleba, mZlavri Tema
gaxdes mravali SemoqmedisTvis. amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom erTmaneTisgan droiTa
da sivrciT daSorebuli xalxi xSirad erTsa da imave miTologias qmnis.
magram, SeiZleba, gaCndes kiTxva: sad aris Semoqmedi, geniosi, romelic
gadalaxavs sazRvrebs? Semoqmedi Tavissave qmnilebaSia gansaxierebuli. amdenad,
yoveli Semoqmedi individia da ara, ase vTqvaT, sxvisgan miRebuli. misi
individualuroba mxatvrul qmnilebad Camoisxmeba. xelovani ganumeorebelia. SoTa
rusTaveli rom ar dabadebuliyo, cxadia, ar gveqneboda `vefxistyaosani~.
grigol robaqiZe saintersod xsnis istoriul sazRvrebSi momwyvdeuli
Semoqmedis SerTvas usazRvroebasTan. msoflios ganviTarebis istoriuli
safexurebi warmavalia. amis miuxedavad, maT `simboluri sinamdvile aqvT.
yoveli warmavali movlena idumal uCvenebs da uTiTebs dasrulebul
mTelisaken, maradiulis mxrisaken... Semoqmedi iRebs warmavalsa da mis simbolos
gviCvenebs. simbolo ideas sxeulia... Semoqmedi warmavals iRebs, magram ara
rogorc SemTxveviTs, aramed rogorc simbolur sinamdviles da am sinamdvileSi
igi sxavs `idealurad-aucilebels~ (droeba 1909y:3).
Semoqmedebis mTeli filosofia ase mokled gadmosca gr. robaqiZem
xazgasmul sityvebSi, magram saubari amiT ar dausrulebia. warmavalis simbolur
sinamdviled gardaqmniT Semoqmedi drois sazRvrebs scildeba da msoflio
maradisobas uaxlovdeba. geniosi Tavisi pirovnuli sazRvrebidan gamodis da
msoflios mWvreteli cnobs mis mraval saidumlos. aseTi geniosia mindia.
realuri da idealuri samyaros arsebobas grigol robaqiZe tragizmis
mizezad miiCnevs. adamians ar akmayofilebs realuri, idealuri ki jer ar
ganxorcielebula. es winaaRmdegoba mas tanjavs, xolo mxatvrul saxeSi
Camosxmuli ideali, simboluri sinamdvile, uqarvebs tanjvas. avtoris azriT, aq
warmoiSoba tragedia, romelic xelovnebaSi asaxvis SemTxvevaSi TviT tanjvasac
ki siamovnebad agrZnobinebs adamians. es aris esTetikuri siamovneba. magram
29
rCeulni amiTac ar kmayofildebian. maT undaT ara ubralod Wvreta, aramed _
saqme, realobad qceuli simbolo. sxvaTa Soris, aq ibadeba religiuri ltolvac.
ase warmoudgenia grigol robaqiZes Semoqmedisa da garemos urTierToba.
eri sulieria. `bedi qarTlisas~ Semqmnels ar SeiZleboda, es ar egrZno. `mis
sulis siRrmes amoZravebda qarTvelobis, rogorc sulier sxeulis yofa-aryofa
(sazogadod da ara politikurad); es problema misive pirovnuli problema iyo...
jer kerZo pirovnebis sikvdili hgvris adamians msoflio fiqrebs, da ra
gasakviria, rom baraTaSvilis muzas mTeli eris yofa-aryofiT vnebuls, msoflio
fiqrebSi Seecura da miscuravs kidec~ (droeba 1909S:3), _ askvnis gr. robaqiZe.
nikoloz baraTaSvili saukuneebs gadalaxavs. warmavalobis Semcnobs
msoflio amaoebaze fiqri moicavs. aq imaleba misi Semoqmedebis saidumlo.
robaqiZis azriT, baraTaSvili sulier dramaSi darCa rogorc absoluti.
`ganmartoebuli, `oboli suli~ panTeisturad erTvis samyaros `meranis~ frenili
gadaWriT~ (droeba 1909C:3).
ver vityviT, sabolood daeTanxmnen robaqiZes arCil jorjaZe da dimitri
uznaZe Tu TavianTsave poziciaze darCnen. erTi kia, _ pasuxebi ar daubeWdavT.
savaraudoa, rom Semoqmedebisa da garemos urTierTkavSiris robaqiZiseuli
analizi, sakuTari naazrevis dawvrilebiTi gacnoba da ganmarteba maTTvis
misaRebi aRmoCnda, yovel kiTxvas gaeca pasuxi. Tumca, isic SesaZloa, jorjaZes
mainc ar eRalata racionalizmisTvis da samudamod eerTgula auxsneli
sakiTxebisaTvis.
polemika sasiamovnod, mokrZalebiT warimarTa. erTmaneTis Sexedulebebs ar
eTanxmebodnen, magram pativs scemdnen, eTikis normebs icavdnen. es iyo daxvewil
moazrovneTa paeqroba WeSmaritebis dasadgenad, romelic polemikis erT-erT
saukeTeso nimuSad rCeba.
grigol robaqiZisTvis `xelovnuri~ da `namdvili~ sinamdvilis Tema amiT ar
amowurula, amis Sesaxeb mas usaubria sxva leqciaSic 1910 wlis martSi.
`religia mSvenierebisa~, romlis programac `droebaSi~ gamoqveynda, oskar
uaildis Semoqmedebas mieZRvna.
leqtoris sityviT, uaildi `esTetiur sinamdvilis~ mociquli iyo da axali
moZRvrebis, `mSvenierebis religiis~, ase vTqvaT, manifesti Seqmna.
oskar uaildi iyo metad niWieri xelovani, romelsac gr. robaqiZis azriT,
badali ar hyavda arakis SeqmnaSi. sajaro leqciaSi robaqiZem `salome~ ganixila.
salome _ warmarTuli xana: sxeulis silamaze da vnebiT tkboba.
ioqanaani _ qristianuli xana: sulis mSveniereba da netareba.
maTi verSeerTeba da daRupva.
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`uaildi miT iyo mniSvnelovani, rom man aago mSvenierebis religiis taZari
da manve daangria igi. asec unda momxdariyo. SeuZlebelia sinamdvilis uaryofa:
vinc mas uaryofs, igi mas saSinelebiT moevlineba~, (droeba 1910a:4) rogorc
dorian greis, _ ganmartavda leqtori. _ uaildma Tavisi cxovrebiTac dagmo,
uaryo ganyenebuli esTetizmi da axali horizonti ixila.
am leqciamde xuTi dRiT adre daiwyo `droebam~ pirvel gverdze anonsis
beWdva, wina dRes ki aseTi Secdoma gaipara: `dRes leqtori n. i. abramoviCi
waikiTxavs mesame leqcias `adamiani momavalSi~ (fridrix nicSe). xval igive
leqtori waikiTxavs meoTxe leqcias `religia mSvenierebisa da tanjvisa~ (oskar
uaildi)~ (droeba 1910b:3). es grigol robaqiZis leqcia iyo, abramoviCma ki v. T.
komisarJevskaisa da Tanamedrove Teatrze isaubra. (droeba 1910g:1).
Ggr. robaqiZis leqcias Zalian dauinteresebia auditoria. `miuxedavad imisa,
rom Cveni sazogadoeba metad daSorebulia evropul literaturas, msmenelni
mainc gaitaca axalma da metad saintereso Temam, romelic grigol robaqiZem
gasagebad axsna~ (droeba 1910d:4), _ wers `droeba~.
rogorc yovelTvis, Rrma, mdidari Sinaarsi, mxatvrulad Camosxmuli forma,
oratoris artistizmi da mxurvale taSi...
leqciis SesavalSi robaqiZes aRuniSnavs, rom eris gaerTianebisa da
ZlierebisaTvis teritoriaze aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs sulier kulturas,
romlis ganviTarebisaTvis evropel mweralTa gacnobac aris saWiroo.
Ggrigol robaqiZes oponenti gamouCnda vladimer baqraZis saxiT, romelsac
leqtoris es gancxadeba, rogorc Cans, sasacilod ar eyo. `Cven Tumca gagvecina,
mara mainc mouTmenlaT velodiT, rogor daakavSirebda b. robaqiZe iseT, Tumca
antisazogadoebriv, mara saintereso movlenas, rogorc aris oskar uaildis
poezia, teritoriis sakiTxTan~ (droeba 1910e:2). saiteresoa, rogor moaxerxa
baqraZem leqtoris azris amgvarad gageba. gr. robaqiZes, rogorc `droebis~
cnobidan vigebT, uTqvams, teritoriulTan erTad kulturuli gaerTianebac aris
saWiro da amisTvis evropel mweralTa, maT Soris, uaildis gacnobac
aucilebeliao. leqciis Tema poeziisa da teritoriis kavSiri ar iyo, amdenad,
baqraZis Seusabamo cnobismoyvareoba ver dakmayofildeboda. raki azrs
damaxinjebulad igebda, sicilis garda ra darCenoda: `rodesac Semdeg b.
robaqiZem gvauwya, rom oskar uaildis poezias didi mniSneloba aqvs qarTvel
eris kulturul, sulier gaerTianebaSiao, Cven isev ver SevikaveT sicili~
(droeba 1910v:2). ar viciT, `Cven~-Si sakuTari Tavis garda vin unda egulisxma maSin,
roca, rogorc `droeba~ wers, mTeli auditoria yuradRebiT usmenda leqtors da
aRtacebas leqciis dasasruls mxurvale taSiT gamoxatavda.
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v. baqraZe iseT uZlurebas awers gr. robaqiZes, rom misgan mecnierebaze
msjelobis moTxovnas uSedego saqmed miiCnevs. `Tumca istoriuli faqtebi,
mecnieruli istoria Cven gvaswavlis, rom sulier gaerTianebas win uZRvis
nivTieri, rom kulturuli gaerTianeba SeuZlebelia manamdis, sanamdis eri ar
gaerTianebula nivTieraT, mara zedmeti iqneboda b-n robaqiZisagan mogveTxova
istoriuli faqtebis codna da mecnierebaze msjeloba _ es aRemateba mis Zal-
Rones“ (droeba 1910z:2).
gr. robaqiZe upasuxebs, rom ar arsebobs araviTari `mecnieruli istoria“,
romelic amtkicebs, nivTieri gaerTianeba suliers win uZRviso. marqsis amgvari
hipoTeza ki Tavad niWierma marqsistebmac uaryves. amasTan, misi leqciis Temas es
ar warmoadgenda. magram Tu am sakiTxze kamaTi surs baqraZes, jer Cems werilebs,
Cems Sexedulebebs gaecnos da mere vupasuxebo.
`mSvenierebis religia“ baqraZes `usaqmurobis sanqciad“ miaCnia, xolo
robaqiZe _ mis mociqulad. grigol robaqiZe araTu momxre iyo am Teoriis, aramed,
ramdenadac gamoqveynebuli informaciiT vxvdebiT, sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebda.
aCvenebda `namdvili sinamdvilisa“ da gamogonili, `xelovnuri sinamdvilis“ Sua
gawolil ufskruls. uaildis magaliTze surda, aexsna, eCvenebina ganyenebuli
esTetizmis, “usxeulo” simbolizmis, dekadenturi gancdis saSineleba da
macduroba. amdenma gaugebrobam robaqiZes gaocebiT akiTxvina, netav, saerTod
iyo Tu ara vl. baqraZe leqciaze da Tu iyo, saiT hqonda smena mipyrobilio.
leqcias gamoexmaura p. dadvaZec, romelmac Tavisi da robaqiZis
Sexedulebebi ise auria erTmaneTSi, rom garCeva Wirs. robaqiZem mainc `moaxerxa“
da gamokveTa saTqmeli, mivyveT mas.
rogorc programidan irkveva, grigol robaqiZe ambobda, rom adamiani
grZnobs Tavis `usrulobasa“ da sikvdilis saSinelebas, siyvarulSi ki ganicdis
ukvdavebas. magram naRvlobs, raki es grZnoba realobaSi ver isxams xorcs da
qmnis xelovnebas. igi iwyebs sicocxles xelovnebiT da ase ganicdis igi
siyvaruls, megobrobas...
dadvaZe ki wers, rom amayi suli, romelic zizRs ucxadebs sikvdils, Tavs
afarebs ocnebis mxares. es simboluri sinamdvile `aRZravs survils maradis
netarebisas, maradis megobrobisas, maradis siyvarulisas“ (droeba 1910T:2). es gr.
robaqiZis Sexedulebis arazusti gadmocemaa.
dadvaZe upirispirdeba leqtors, romelsac dekadansi garyvnad, gaxrwnad
miaCnia. Mes didi Secdomaa, radgan dekadansi aristokratuli sulis godebaao, _
fiqrobs avtori da Tavisi azris dasamtkiceblad mohyavs dionisosa da apolonis
brZola. amis dakavSireba dekadansTan ise bundovania, rom Cven ver gavigeT.
robaqiZemac gverdi auara, _ ganxilva SeuZlebeliao. dekadansi ki misTvis
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namdvilad `gaxrwnaa, daSlaa mTlianobisa, sulis daavadebaa. SeiZleba, amgvari
daSliT, rogorc marcvalis gaxrwniT, mTliani yvavili aRmocendes, magram TviTon
processi amgvari gardaqmnisa erTgvari avadmyofobaa“ (droeba 1910i:2).
dorianis daRupvis mizezad dadvaZe sazogadoebas, mis sulier avla-didebas
miiCnevs, ramac ver Seiwynara dorianis mSveniereba. robaqiZe ki dorianis
tragedias WeSmariti sinamdvilis uaryofasa da xelovnuri sinamdviliT
arsebobaSi xedavs. misi sxeuli lamazi rCeboda, magram suli maxinjdeboda.
xelovnurma sinamdvilem ver ixsna, uaryofilma realobam Suri iZia. dorianma Tavi
moikla.
p. dadvaZe Tavis naazrevad warmouCens mkiTxvels salomesa da ioqanaanis
maxasiaTebel Strixebs _ pirvelis xorcielebasa da meoris sulierebas. metic,
leqtors brals sdebs _ naTlad ver gvamcno, rom is, rac aqvs salomes, ara aqvs
ioqanaans da rac aqvs ioqanaans, ara aqvs salomeso. leqciis programidan Cans, rom
grigol robaqiZe xazs usvams salomes xorciel, xolo ioqanaanis sulier
mSvenierebas. salome sxeulis TvaliT iyureboda, ioqanaani _ sulisa. amis gamo
isini ver SeerTvnen erTmaneTs da daiRupnen.
dadvaZe ki am azrs Tavad miiwers. saerTodac, mis werilSi gr. robaqiZis
Tvalsazrisebi farTod aris gamoyenebuli sakuTari gonierebis sademonstraciod,
avtoris miuTiTeblad. amitom mkiTxvelisaTvis Znelia maTi Sexedulebebis
gancalkeveba. es ioldeba maSin, roca saubaria programaSive gamoTqmul azrze,
rogorc moxda salomesa da ioqanaanis daxasiaTebis SemTxvevaSi.
grigol robaqiZis leqciam arCil jorjaZes misca biZgi, daewera vrceli
statia navsayudelis Zebnaze. msjelobs sicocxlis azris mniSvnelobisa da
saidumloebis gagebaze, rasac saukuneebis manZilze cdilobs adamiani. ganixilavs
filosofiur da socialur pesimizms. uxsovari droidan veZebT navsayudels
atmansa da nirvanaSi, siCumesa da RmerTSi, absolutsa da msoflio sulSi...
uaildis moRvaweobac am Zebnis gagrZelebad miaCnia avtors. magram es yovelive
amaoa. `grigol robaqiZem naTlad dagvanaxa Tavis leqciaSi `religia
mSvenierebisa“ amaoeba am Zebnisa da xazgasmiT warmogviyena axali gamarjveba
`tragikulisa“ (droeba 1910k:2).
simbolur da realur sinamdvileze saubari leqciasa da mis
garSemo gamarTuli polemikis dros gr. robaqiZes amiT ar
Seuwyvetia, ganavrco kidec.
Uucnobi avtori “Un d’on” mimoixilavs literaturul saRamos, romelSic
monawileobdnen akaki, kita abaSiZe, axalgazrda mwerlebi. Mmisi sityviT, saRamos
centri grigol robaqiZis mWevrmetyveluri leqcia iyo (kolxida 1911b:3), romelic
33
calke weriliT gaacno mkiTxvels. leqciis saTauri avtors ar miuTiTebia,
magram Tema werilis pirvelive striqonidan Cans: `leqtori xelovnuri
Semoqmedebis bunebis naTelyofas scTilobda da kerZoT igi Cveni literaturis
Tanamedrove mdgomareobasac exeboda“ (kolxida 1911g:4). avtori kmayofilia
leqciis `warmtaci da naTlaT gamosaxuli“ formiT, magram ar eTanxmeba
gamoTqmul mosazrebebs.
leqciis Sinaarsi ki aseTi iyo: Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri sinamdvile
iCrdileba `xelovnuri sinamdvilis” moelvare sxivTa laplapSi. es simboluri
sinamdvile ufro namdvilia, vidre yoveldRiuri sinamdvile. leonardo da vinCis
jokonda maradiulia, ufro `namdvili sinamdvilea“, vidre empiriuli qali
jokonda. `xelovnuri sinamdvile“ empiriuls ar uerTdeba da ar iTqvifeba, radgan
masze maRla dgas.
xelovnuri sinamdvilis wvdomisa da qmnis, CvenTvis damkvidrebis unari
mxolod koleqtiur suls aqvs. werilis avtorisaTvis es gancxadeba moulodneli
aRmoCnda. xelovani mudam gansakuTrebuli individia, amdenad, individualuri
suli unda iyos Semoqmedebis subieqti. magram leqtorma `Semoqmedi pirovnebis
sulSi koleqtiuri sulis arseboba aRmoaCina da xelovani sworeT imdenaT
dasaxa xelovnuri Semoqmdebis subieqtaT, ramdenaTac igi koleqtiuri sulis
matarebeli aris. amgvarad, aRmoCnda, rom xelovnuri sinamdvilis Semoqmedebis
pirovnebis farglebSi koleqtiuri suli moqmedebs, magram moqmedebs ara
abstraktulaT, rogorc ganyenebuli kategoria, aramed konkretulaT rogorc
cocxali arsi“ (kolxida 1911d:4).
xelovans es koleqtiuri suli erovnuli sulis saxiT evlineba, mzad
xvdeba ena da eris istoria. am niadagze Slis igi Tavis Semoqmedebas, romelic
`metyvelebaa eris enisa da zogadi ganmeorebaa eris istoriisa“ (kolxida 1911e:4).
Tu erma sulieri erTianoba dakarga, Tuki igi iSleba da daRupvis gzaze
mieqaneba, Semoqmedeba yovel faseulobas moklebuli iqneba. aq koleqtiuri
erovnuli suli kvdeba. grigol robaqiZis azriT, qarTveli eri swored daSlis
procesSia, amitom literaturac umweo gaxda. werilis avtori moeloda, rom amis
Semdeg leqtori niko baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis
Semoqmedebis `uaRresobas“ uaryofda, magram is sxva gzas gahyva da Semoqmedebis
problemis gadaWraSi axali momenti _ tanjva Semoitana. igi imdenad Zlieria, rom
namdvili, maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmna SeuZlia maSinac ki, roca erovnuli
suli iSleba. leqtoris TqmiT, Cvenma mwerlebmac amiT miaRwies `xelovnur
sinamdviles“. magram es ar exeba Tanamedrove mwerlobas. literaturis saSineli
krizisi gagrZeldeba manam, sanam gamoCndeba xelovani Zlieri tanjviT.
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Semoqmedebis problemaSi tanjvis Semotana miuRebelia “Un d’on”-isTvis. ra
logikuri kavSiri arsebobs tanjvasa da eris suls Soris?
grigol robaqiZesac ar sjeroda, rom tanjva eris sulis magivrobas gaswevs.
amis SesaZleblobaze kiTxva SeiZleba maSin daibados, roca eris suli mkvdaria.
leqciaSi ki saubari iyo eris sulis avadmyofobaze. leqtoris ganmartebiT, roca
eris suli avadmyofia (rogorc, magaliTad, qarTveli eris suli), maSin mis niWier
Svilebs (rogorebic, magaliTad, arian niko baraTaSvili, akaki, ilia), am
avadmyofobis tkiviliT datanjulebs, `SeuZliaT mSobeli eris sulis SesaZlo
(potencialur) saxed gamowveva; da xelovnebac, sxvaTa Soris, swored amaSia“
(kolxida 1911v:3).
“Un d’on” gr. robaqiZis leqciis naklad Tvlis misTvis gaugebar debulebas _
Semoqmedebis subieqti koleqtiuri sulia da ara individualuri. leqcia ki
mTlianad amaze iyo agebuli. amdenad, Tu vinmes es debuleba ar akmayofilebs,
misTvis leqcia mniSvnelobas kargavs. avtori leqtorisagan am debulebis ufro
vrcel da naTel ganmartebas moiTxovda.
grigol robaqiZis azri aseTia: `koleqtiur sulSi xelovani (subieqti
Semoqmedebisa) Semoqmedebis wyaros naxulobs. koleqtivoba da individualoba me
organulad maqvs aRebuli da maTi meqaniuraT ganwevreba, Cemis azriT, yovlad
Seuwynarebelia“ (kolxida 1911z:3). amis Sesaxeb, rogorc aRvniSneT, vrclad
isaubra 1909 wels `droebaSi“ gamoqveynebul werilSi `Semoqmedi da garemo“.
ucnobi oponenti “Un d’on” robaqiZis leqciaze saubrisas cdilobda, mieRo
pasuxebi kiTxvebze, romlebic darbazSi yofnisas aReZra. `mcire ganmartebam“,
rogorc Cans, savsebiT daakmayofila misi cnobismoyvareoba, radgan Semdeg aRar
gamouTqvams gr. robaqiZis Sexedulebebis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi. mis werilSi
iyo fiqri, gansja da ara _ subieqturi midgoma, gancdebi Tu axireba.
misgan gansxvavebiT, grigol robaqiZis erT-erTi oponenti levan metreveli
leqciebidan darCenil STabeWdilebebs aRwers. Mmisi sityviT, leqtori
auditorias lamazi sityvebiT aTrobda, azrians ki arasdros arafers ambobda. `b-
ni robaqiZis leqciaze mxolod STabeWdilebiT SeiZleba laparaki“ (droeba
1909c:3).
Tu asea, ratom edaveboda leqtors arCil jorjaZe, raSi ar eTanxmeboda
dimitri uznaZe?! maTi polemika mxolod STabeWdilebebiT ar ifargleboda,
TvalsazrisTa Sejereba-gaziarebas efuZneboda. Tumca, STabeWdileba, TavisTavad,
subieqturi gancdaa da amis gamo metrevels veravin Seedaveba.
azris nakleboba ara, magram sityvebis aTamaSeba sxvebmac wamoaZaxes gr.
robaqiZes, _ forma imdenad feradi da daxvewilia, rom Sinaarsi iCrdilebao. mas
35
ki, ubralod, ar SeeZlo, sityva mouzomavad moesrola, saTqmeli ritmiT ar
gamoewkipa. robaqiZis naweri Tavad avtors hgavda, bolomde RilebSekruls da
nakvTebdaWimuls.
zemoT aRniSnulis garda l. metreveli kidev erT, SeiZleba iTqvas, mZime
braldebas uyenebs grigol robaqiZes. misi mtkicebiT, cnobil leqtors oto
veiningerisTvis mouparavs azrebi ibsenis, aseve, sqesisa da siyvarulis Sesaxeb,
plagiatze augia ori leqcia. es daujereblad gveCveneba, Tumca, sxva araferi
gveTqmis Cven, visac mxolod sxvaTa gadmocemiT gveqmneba STabeWdileba grigol
robaqiZis leqciebze. erTi kia, _ Zalian Znelia, plagiatorad warmoidgino kaci,
romelsac literaturis qurums uwodebdnen.
metrevelis braldeba Rirsebis SembRalavi iqneboda amayi robaqiZisTvis, amis
miuxedavad, sapasuxo werilis tonSi aRelvebas ver SeatyobT. mSvidad abejiTebs:
“Cems rusul leqciaSi (`sqesi da siyvaruli“) veiningeris winaaRmdeg gamovedi da
exlac winaaRmdegi var” (droeba 1909Z:3). Tu asea, saocaria, rogor daswames mas
plagiatoroba?! yvelaferi gairkveva, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom veiningeri
garkveulwilad icavda platonis tradiciebs, romelTac robaqiZe misdevda da
iTvaliwinebda.
rac Seexeba grigol robaqiZis mosazrebas, romelic veiningers
ewinaaRmdegeboda, metrevelma, rogorc Cans, pirvelwyaros araswor gadmocemad
CaTvala, wers kidec, Secdomebi iyoo. leqtors aRuniSnavs, rom adamiani
warmoadgens ara mTels, aramed _ naxevars an ufro mcire nawils. igi eZebs Tavis
`danakliss“, raTa iqces mTelad. am mTlianobas igi sapirispiro sqesSi poulobs.
metrevelis azriT, es aris damaxinjeba veiningeris Sexedulebisa, romlis
Tanaxmadac, yovel adamianSi aris mamakacic da dedakacic, magram igi saqveyno
asparezze calad aris darCenili. imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas `axali erTeuli”,
“umaRlesi simTavre“, igi unda dawyvildes. konteqstebidan Cans, rom l. metreveli
`simTavreSi“ gulisxmobs mTlianobas, sisrules, mTels. amdenad, dawyvilebis
Semdeg iqmneba mTlianoba _ mTeli mamakaci da mTeli dedakaci.
rogorc vxedavT, grigol robaqiZes araTu mcdarad gadmoucia veiningeris
azri, aramed sul sxva ram uTqvams. aq Cven plagiats ver vxedavT, piriqiT,
ewinaaRmdegeba veiningeris Tvalsazriss. ganmartebaSi gr. robaqiZe, sxvaTa Soris,
wers, rom dawyebuli aqvs kritikuli werili veiningeris naazrevis Sesaxeb,
romelSic naTlad gadmoicema misi Sexedulebebi.
leqtorTan SekamaTebiT, vfiqrobT, l. metreveli daupirispirda sakuTar
sityvebs: `Tavdeba leqcia. yvela scdilobs Tavis azrSi Seadginos mokle
konspeqti naTqvamis da gagonilisa, magram, vai, gaocebav... azrebi sadRac mihqrian,
ikargebian... goneba rCeba ese saxtad~ (droeba 1909w:3). Tu azri ukvalod gaqra,
36
verc SeekamaTebi, mis sawinaaRmdegod verafers ityvi, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom
ar gaxsovs, ra iTqva, l. metrevels ki polemikis survili gauCnda.
raki igi mxolod STabeWdilebebis gadmocemis surviliT iwvoda, davtovoT
Tavis pirovnul gancdebTan da subieqtur xedvasTan...
1901 wels ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi grigol robaqiZe iurievis (tartus)
universitetSi swavlobda. daaxloebiT aTi wlis Semdeg ratomRac kvlav moisurva
swavlis gagrZeleba imave universitetSi imave fakultetze. amjerad rva semestri
daxura, magram swavla mainc ar dausrulebia.
1911 wels `kolxida~ SeniSnavs: `gr. robaqiZe Camosula TbilisSi da mokle
xanSi leqcias waikiTxavs nicSes filosofiis Taobaze~ (kolxida 1911T:3).
germaneli filosofosi adamianis namdvili `me~-Ti aris dainteresebuli,
genialuri intuiciiT swvdeba mas. robaqiZec, Tavis mxriv, iyenebs raciosac da
emociasac, raTa Caswvdes nicSes filosofias, mis bunebas. leqtori ara mxolod
amjerad cdilobda avtoris `me~-s gadmocemas. misi leqciebi yovelTvis iyo `ama
Tu im mwerlis an kidev filosofosis sulis gadmocema, ramdenadac is maTs
nawarmoebebSi gamoixateba~ (Temi 1911b:3).
`TemSi~ daibeWda 18 maisis leqciis programa.
Sopenhaueris gancda, Zvel indoelTa mistika. `adamianis `me~ misgan
gamosvlaSi isaxeba~ aqedan _ gandegiloba da saidumlo Wvreta nirvanaSi _ es
debuleba nicSem ufro aSkarad ellinTa sulier kulturaSi gamosaxa dionisos
saxiT... dionisiuri diTirambi ellinTa tragediaSi swored musikaluri
wregadasulobaa: TviTon dioniso xom wregadasulia yovelTvis... adamianis
namdvili `me~ yofis mimalul kunWulSi arsebobs da Tavs iCens xolme musikiT
mTvralobaSi: igi TiTqos ubrundeba adamianis yoveldRiur arsebas~ (Temi 1911g:2).
grigol robaqiZe iziarebs maradis mobrunebis ideas, Tumca, gava cota xani
da dawers patara novelasMM`Maia”, legendaze agebuls. miTi xom ganuyofeli iyo
misgan.
Tu mdinaris Zils daudarajdebi, Tan yovelives daTmob, mdinarisa da
mTvaris naSob saucxoo asuls ixilav. mewisqvilis SviliSvili miaRwevs
sasurvels da wylis qali Seuyvardeba. `oqros Tma nakadulad gadmoSvebula mis
uxvs mkerdze da lurji talRa macdur Tvalebad gaxsnila mis turfa saxeSi~
(Temi 1913a:3). erT paemanze aRTqmuls daarRvevs vaJi _ nagrZnobi mSvenierebis
xilva moundeba da qvad iqceva. wyali ealerseba misken daxril lods da lokviT
adnobs. `nuRa Sexedav mas, mogzauro: Tu vinme giyvars, trfials Seginelebs civi
nakaduliT~ (Temi 1913b:3).
maia feriscvalebas, iluzias, moCvenebas aRniSnavs miTologiaSi.
37
magram es ori wlis Semdeg daiwera. jer ki maradis mobrunebaze kiTxulobs
leqcias.
`azri am mobrunebisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gardaqmnas idealurad namdvil
`mem~ adamianis yoveldRiuri arseba~ (Temi 1911d:2).
meore idea _ siyvaruli Soreulisadmi: `adamians unda uyvardes Soreuli anu
misi namdvili `me~ (Temi 1911e:2).
yoveldRiuroba aferxebs `mes~ ganxorcielebas. amdenad, unda daiTrgunos. aq
meore idea gadadis mesameSi: `es aris neba Zalisadmi da ulmobeloba yovelis
yoveldRiurobis mimarT~ (Temi 1911v:2).
amas `zesTaadamianis idea~ agvirgvinebs.
mSvenieri wregadasuloba (musikaluri Troba, `mes~ dakargva, Tavdaviwyeba,
msofliosTan Seziareba) _ dioniso.
saucxoo Wvreta “mzis TvaliT~ _ apolo.
maTi Tanxvedra _ axali adamiani da nicSes SeSla: `aq dionisiuri vneba-aSla
sxeuldeba apolos WvretiT, _ da ibadeba axali adamiani, axali `me~, anu
zesTaadmiani. es Sexvedra dionisosa da apolosi ise Zlieri iyo nicSes gancdaSi,
rom ukanasknelma ver daitia es matyvevebeli sinaTle da SeiSala~ (Temi 1911z:2).
es striqonebi xelmouwerlad daibeWda, magram dasawyisSi miTiTebulia, rom
leqciis `zogadi mimdinareoba~ leqtoris gadmocemulia. grigol robaqiZis ena
aSkarad ikiTxeba da igrZnoba, programa visi dawerili unda iyos.
ar dagvaviwydes, is-isaa daiwyo me-20 saukunis aTiani wlebi da rusuli ena
metad moduria. bevrs `qarTuli ar exerxeba~ da rusuliT iwonebs Tavs.
Tavdapirvelad robaqiZec kiTxulobda leqciebs rusulad. mis gamosvlebs
rusul enaze, Tanve weras, eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen da akritikebdnen. sapasuxod
igi werda: `robaqiZe qarTveli poetia da moazre. gamodis xandaxan paralelurad
rusul enaze: weriT Tu TqmiT. esec imdenad, ramdenadac saWiroa es misi
qarTuli xazisaTvis... varSavaSi ganze gadgoma SesaZloa, saqarTveloSi _ ara: miT
ufro tfilisSi, saca ucxo elementebi mravalia. saWiroa am ucxo elementebs
Tavi daanaxvo, rom ara xar `provinciali~. amas mniSvneloba aqvs. me Tu xandaxan
`rusulad~ gamovdivar, mxolod am azriT. me SemiZlia, aTjer “rusulad”
gamovide, magram Tanve asjer `qarTulad~ gamoval~ (baqraZe 1999b:149).
rac Seexeba mis qarTuls, gadauWarbeblad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
yvela aRtacebuli iyo. umdidresi leqsika, ukiduresad daxvewili formebi,
ritmi... ukvirdaT kidec, _ sad iswavlao ase tkbilqarTuli?!
nicSeze wakiTxuli leqciis mosmenis Semdeg emociebiT aRsavse akaki werda:
`vambob gixarodens... amisrulda wadili. vnaxe is Cemis TvaliT, rac mTeli Cemi
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi menatreboda: qarTveli intelegenti, TavisTavad moazre
38
da ara saucxovo gramofoni!! cxadad ixedeboda, rom yoveli misi sityva misive
sakuTari iyo, grZnoba-gonebaSi qarTulad gamobrZmedili~ (Temi 1911T:2).
akakisTvis axalgazrda qarTveli inteligenti, moazrovne, siaxleebis
Semomtani leqtori imedia, pirveli mercxalia. `meSvide camde afrenili
vambob sixaruliT: kurTxeul iyos momavali!~ (Temi 1911i:2).
oc weliwadSi grigol robaqiZes sazRvargareT wasvla da sicocxlis
bolomde emigrantoba ergeba wilad, saqarTveloSi mis saxels tabu daedeba...
leqcia ki germanel filosofosze `marTla mSvenieri iyo: originaluri,
damTavrebuli formisa da Sinaarsis mxriv, kargad wakiTxuli~ (Temi 1911k:2). amis
miuxedavad, qarTveli elitaruli sazogadoeba, romelic cirkSi, baRebsa Tu sxva
adgilebSi siamovnebiT atarebs dros, ukve aRar swyalobs savse auditoriebiT
ganebivrebul robaqiZes.
ra moxda? amdeni Tbili gamoxmaureba rom ara, iqneb gvefiqra, TiTqos
literatorma ver SeZlo leqciis saTanadod momzadeba. swored rom piriqiT. kidev
ufro metad dauxvewavs formac da Sinaarsic, sidinje da simtkice Seumatebia,
rogorc wers gazeTi `kolxida~ (kolxida 1911i:2).
inteligenciis dauinteresobis mizezs zustad xsnis `man-wili~-s fsevdonims
amofarebuli avtori terminiT `modis giliotina~. magram aqamde mosasvlelad
robaqiZem Sori gza gamoiara.
quTaisis sasuliero saswavlebeli, sasuliero seminaria, 1901 wlis ramdenime
Tve tartus universitetSi, saidanac, rostom lominaSvilis (grigol robaqiZis
disSvilis) sityviT, garicxes swavlis fulis gadauxdelobis gamo. Tumca, akaki
baqraZis cnobiT, universitetis sabuTebiT, sadac igi moxseniebulia uaRresad
mowesrigebul da bejiT studentad, es ar dasturdeba (baqraZe 1999g:30).
1902 wlidan gr. robaqiZe swavlas agrZelebs laipcigis universitetis
filosofiur fakultetze. misi dasrulebis Semdeg ori wlis ganmavlobaSi
sxvadasxva universitetSi ismens leqciebs misTvis saintereso sagnebSi.
1908 wels brundeba saqarTveloSi, sadac sul cota xanSi `Cvens niWier
leqtors~ mxsnel angelozad naTlaven. ocdarva wlis `cnobili leqtori~ RerZad
iqca, romlis irgvliv trialebs presa.
sami weli arc ki gasula da mis Zveleburad mSvenier leqciebs inteligencia
zurgs aqcevs.
guSin _ Робакидзе-Бог.
dRes _ Робакидзе вышел из моды (Temi 1911l:3).
kidec es aris modis giliotina, romelzec umisamarTod moxetiale
intelegenciam aiyvana literatori, oratori, sazogado moRvawe. `es
39
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa sazogadoebisa, romelic gansazRvrul kriteriums
moklebulia da yovel qaris dabervaze mzaT aris mimarTuleba da simpatiebi
gamoicvalos~ (Temi 1911m:3).
citata motanilia uaRresad saintereso da saWirboroto statiidan,
romelsac xels awers `man-wili~. cnobili ar aris, vin iyo am fsevdonims
amofarebuli. akaki baqraZe varaudobda, rom inicialebs miRma mixeil wereTeli
idga.
`man-wili~ aanalizebs grigol robaqiZis leqciebs laipcigSi wakiTxulidan
dawyebuli `fridrix nicSes~ CaTvliT.
literatoris erudicia da oratoruli niWi, leqciebis logikuroba da
mTlianoba yovelTvis did STabeWdilebas axdenda msmenelze. amitomac
yovelTvis savse yofila auditoriebi. magram `man-wili~ ar iwonebs robaqiZis
mudmiv mcdelobas, Cawvdes avtoris suls. ki, batono, fsiqologiuri mxriT
sainteresoa, `Tu ramdenad wvda `me~ `me~-s, Tu ramdenad mTliania,
sruli da marTali gadmocema ama Tu im mwerlisa. am mxriT
gamorCeuli leqciebi grigol robaqiZisa marTla did-mniSvnelovani arian
rogorc SinaarsiT, ise formiTac~ (Temi 1911n:3). magram, avtoris azriT, `gancdis
leqciebi~ obieqturi ver iqneba.
im dros, roca ruseTi ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideebiT iyo
gatacebuli, robaqiZe marqsizms gmobda. cxovrebis mier wamoyenebul kiTxvebze
mudam mtkice pasuxebs iZleoda.
Semdeg iyo parizi, rusi inteligentebi da filosofiuri idealizmi.
saqarTveloSi Camosuls mistikuri idealizmi ar gamoadga. leqciebma
impresionistuli xasiaTi miiRo (`man-wili~ impresionizms ar iwonebs _
cvalebadobas aCvevs xalxso). kritikul garCevas moklebul leqciebSi
sazogadoebrioba ar SeigrZnoba. uamisod, avtoris azriT, grigol robaqiZis
moRvaweoba naxevrdeba. leqciis saukeTeso variantad `man-wili~ Zvelisa da axlis
sinTezs miiCnevs: erTi mxriv, sifxizle, sazogadoebrivoba, cxovrebasTan meti
kavSiri, meore mxriv, Sinaarsianoba, forma, sidinje.
`Temis~ redaqcia yvelaferSi ar eTanxmeboda avtors, magram misi vrceli
statia mainc dabeWda, rogorc maxvili gonebisa da mzeris mier ganxiluli da
emociebze naklebad dayrdnobili (Temi 1911o:3).
`fridrix nicSe~ Tbiliselebis Semdeg quTaiselebma moismines. gazeTi
`kolxida~ rubrikiT `axali ambebi~ mkiTxvelebs amcnobs, rodis waikiTxavs
leqcias `Cveni niWieri leqtori~. orators kargi STabeWdileba mouxdenia
mravalricxovan auditoriaze. gansakuTrebiT moswonebiaT leqciis meore nawili,
40
romelic xalxisTvis `ufro martivi da advili gasagebic~ yofila (kolxida
1911k:2).
`kolxidadan~ irkveva, rom robaqiZes sxvadasxva daba-qalaqSi waukiTxavs
leqciebi. gazeTi informacias jer kidev maSin awvdis mkiTxvels, roca am
ganzraxvas igebs: `gr. robaqiZe am zafxuls fiqrobs popularuli leqciebis
kiTxva moawyos Cvens daba-qalaqebSi~ (kolxida 1911l:2).
ori kviris Semdeg, 26 ivniss, `axali ambavis~ svetSi qveyndeba informaciuli
SeniSvna: `pirveli leqcia cnobilma leqtorma grigol robaqiZem kidec waikiTxa
daba xonSi. leqcias didZali sazogadoeba daeswro, leqciam saucxovo
STabeWdileba moaxdina damswre sazogadoebaze~ (kolxida 1911m:2). leqciis Tema
aRniSnuli ar aris.
manamde ki, 10 ivniss, quTaisis TeatrSi gr. robaqiZes qarTulad waukiTxavs
leqcia `xelovneba da sinamdvile~, romelic TbilisSi rusulad moismines.
`kolxidaSi~ oriode sityviT aris gadmocemuli leqciis gegma (kolxida 1911n:2).
leqcias operatiulad gamoexmaura S. n. _ robaqiZis yvelaze susti oponenti,
romelic, ase vTqvaT, RvarWnilebiT cdilobs fons gasvlas. misi werilidan azris
gamotana imdenad Znelia, rom Tavs SevikavebT Cveneuli interpretaciisagan,
perifrazebisagan da ramdenime amonarids mogawvdiT.
arc Tu ise mokle `mokle SeniSvna~ or `dauZlevel umweobaze~ saubriT
iwyeba, romelTa Sorisac, avtoris azriT, trialebs adamianis Semecnebis
ganviTareba. `SeuerTebloba daqsaqsulisa da dauqsaqsveloba SeerTebulisa; es
igive sintezi da analizia, ontologiis sferoSi gadatanili. gancalkeveba
idealurisa realurisagan, samaradisos warmavalisagan amave mdgomareobas
gamoxatavs~ (kolxida 1912d:2). es `mecnieruli~ mosazreba daqsaqsulis
SeuerTeblobisa da SeerTebulis dauqsaqsvelobis Sesaxeb, CvenTvis metismetad
`Rrmaa~, Tanac ver vxvdebiT, ra kavSiri aqvs am yovelives robaqiZesTan. avtori ki
akademiuri eniT ganagrZobs: adamianis SemecnebiTma niWma SeZlo ontologiuri
mTlianobis garRveva, magram `TviTonve veRar dasZlia Tavis mierve amoZravebul
Zalebs. sinamdvile, realoba Sua gapobili darCa~ (kolxida 1912e:2).
Semdegi abzacidan is mainc irkveva, rom orgvari sinamdvile arsebobs:
`pirveli _ drouli da vrceuli, rac xdeba aq da meore _ idealuri, romlis
uwinaresi ganmartebac aucileblaT uaryofiTi, TviT droulobisa da vrceulobis
uarisyofaa~ (kolxida 1912v:2).
aq, albaT, maradisobazea saubari. Tavisi naTqvamis dasamtkiceblad avtors
piTagoras Teorema mohyavs. `piTagores Teorema aq da dRes Cven mier
damtkicebuli Sav dafaze TeTri melniT aris gamoxatuli. wavSliT dawerils,
41
movspobT droulsa da vrceul pirobebs, magram piTagores Teorema amiT ar
moispoba~ (kolxida 1912z:2).
TviTonve ukvirs: aq xelovneba ra SuaSia, es maTematikaao! robaqiZem xazi
gausva am gaocebul wamoZaxils _ `aq xelovneba ra SvaSia?!~ (kolxida 1912T:2). `S.
n.~-s `SuaSia~ ewera da ara `SvaSia~. Tu es koreqturuli Secdoma ar aris, maSin
niuansSi gamoxatuli maxvili ironiaa.
ucnob polemists piTagoras Teoremis maradiuloba Turme aseTi
daskvnisTvis sWirdeboda: `aSkaraa _ xelovneba kidec rom qmnides idealurs, igi
marto ara qmnis mas~ (kolxida 1912i: 2).
ise Cans, TiTqos grigol robaqiZes xelovnebisTvis Tayvansacemad adamianis
moRvaweobis yvela sxva sfero daeCoqebinos, es, cota ar iyos, moulodnelia
misgan. amasTan, leqciis Tema xelovneba da sinamdvile iyo da ara _ maTematika da
sinamdvile. robaqiZem pasuxad dawera: `maradisoba, maTematikiT gamosaxuli da
maradisoba, xelovnebiT gamoxatuli, _ sxvadasxva saxis arian. Teorema mudam
ganyenebaa da ganyenebulaT darCeba, mxatvruli saxe ki yovelTvis cocxalia da
individualobaT iSleba~ (kolxida 1912k:2-3). detaluri axsna Tavad leqcia
iqneboda, amdenad, pasuxi mokle iyo.
vrceli `mokle SeniSvna~ sayuradRebos verafers gveubneba gr. robaqiZis
leqciis avkargze. amitomac, vfiqrobT, dawvrilebiT mimoxilva ar Rirs.
amasTan, werilis ena, filosofiur cnebaTa xoraze rom araferi vTqvaT, ise
daxlarTuli da Seusabamoa, rom robaqiZesac gauWirda gageba. `avtors an sityva
ar emorCileba sazogadoT, anda qarTuli eniT pirvelad cTilobs ganyenebuli
azris gamoTqmas: mis werilSi azri sityvas ebrZvis da Sesafer gasavals ver
naxulobs~ (kolxida 1912l:3).
avtori ki Rrmad aris darwmunebuli Tavisi `mokle SeniSvnis~ did
mniSvnelobaSi. Ggrigol robaqiZes siRrme dauwuna, Tavisi naazrevi ki erTaderT
swor gzad, WeSmaritebad miaCnia. Cemi daskvna, rogorc yvela xedavs, srulad
ewinaaRmdegeba misaso, _ ambobs avtori. ver vxvdebiT, yvelaSi vis gulisxmobs.
saerTod, polemikur werilSi jer mokled gadmoscemen im debulebebs, romlebsac
ar eTanxmebian, Semdeg ki upirispireben TavianT argumentebs. S. n.-s ar gadmoucia
gr. robaqiZis Tvalsazrisi. amdenad, ara Tu yvelas, aramed mxolod mas,
vinc leqcia moismina, SeeZlo ganesazRvra, ramdenad `arasiRrmiseuli~ iyo gr.
robaqiZis azrebi da ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeba mas polemikuri werilis avtoris
daskvnebi.
am leqcias kidev erTi ucnobi avtori (X) gamoexmaura, oRond man win
grigol robaqiZis mosazrebebi wamoswia da komentari bolosTvis Semoinaxa:
`pirvel nawilSi avtori ver idga im simaRleze, romelic Cveulebrivi aris xolme
42
misTvis, xolo meore nawilSi man SeZlo Tavis Tavis povna da keTilSobiluri
aRtacebiT gadmogvca Tavis saintereso azrTa mimdinareoba~ (kolxida 1912m:3). aq
axali araferia, adre sxvebis mier naTqvamis gameorebaa. mTlianobaSi ki ucnobi
avtoris `Semoqmedeba da sinamdvile~ leqciis Sinaarsis gadmocema iyo.
qvesaTaurad asec ewera: `gr. robaqiZis leqcia~.
adamianis Semoqmedebis nayofi sinamdvilea, magram ara Cveulebrivi,
`zedapiruli~. xelovneba arsebulis gameoreba ar aris. xelovnebisa da
sinamdvilis kavSiri `xelovnuri Semoqmedebis filosofiis~ ZiriTadi problemaa.
gr. robaqiZis leqciis pirveli (Teoriuli) nawilic mis garSemo trialebda.
amboben, rom xelovneba masalas cxovrebidan iRebs, magram misi `konkretuli
gansaxiereba~ xelovanis idumali SemoqmedebiTi niWis nayofia. Ggr. robaqiZes es
yalb, usafuZvlo Teoriad miaCnia. Mmisi azriT, masalas ver akref, Tuki Tavidanve
ar ici, risTvis gsurs igi. `xelovani imTaviTve Tan atarebs ideas da iswrafvis
mis gamoTqmas ama Tu im saSualebiT da sworeT es idea aris, rom sarCulaT udevs
yovels xelovnurs aRtacebas. amgvaraT, xelovneba gaobiekteba, ganivTeba,
gansaxiereba aris xelovanis Sinagani arsisa da amitom igi bevraT ufro namdvili
aris, vidre Cveulebrivi zedapiruli sinamdvile~ (kolxida 1912n:2).
leqciis meore nawilSi gr. robaqiZem imsjela imaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara
elinisturi xelovnebis ganaxleba da ramdenad warmatebuli aRmoCnda sofokles
`oidipos mefis~ reinhardtiseuli dadgma. elinTa gaxsenebisas igi, ra Tqma unda,
gverds ver auvlida sayvarel Temas _ dionisosa da apolonis kults da misgan
warmoSobil tragedias.
warmoidgineT, rom xarT erTgvar TavdaviwyebaSi da mTeli Tqveni sulieri
arseba “aRviraxsnili SeuCereblobiT” miiltvis win. es dionises kultis
safuZvelia. magram aseTi mdgomareoba adamianis Cveulebrivi Tviseba ar aris,
goneba yovelTvis kritikulad uyurebs Sinagan ltolvas, yovel moqmedebas. aq
ukve apolonis saSualebiT mTavrdeba dionisos kulti. wuTiT warmovidginoT, rom
RvTaebam goneba warstaca adamians. igi dionisur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. xolo
Tu adamiani Tavis nabijebs gonebis Tvals adevnebs da nagrZnobs imdenad
gamoxatavs, ramdenadac amas goneba ukarnaxebs, mdgomareoba apoloniseulia.
gancda _ dioniso.
gancdilisTvis Tvalyuris devneba _ apoloni.
`daupirdapireT es ori mxare erTi mTliani mdgomareobisa erTi-meores da
Tqvens win warmoiSveba Teatri Tavisi ori elementiT: msaxiobi da mayurebeli~
(kolxida 1912o:3). Tu msaxiobTa gancdaze mayureblebis gamoxmaurebasac
warmovidgenT, berZenTa qoro dagvidgeba Tvalwin. `aseTi iyo berZenTa Teatri
43
da berZenTa tragedia. xolo igi, rogorc xelovneba, Sedegi iyo maTi Sinagani
arsis gansakuTrebuli Tvisebisa, maTi sulisa~ (kolxida 1912p:3).
reinhardti damarcxda. berZenTa tragediis ganaxleba ver SeZlo. berZenTa da
TanamedroveTa suli sxvadasxvagvaria. oresti da hamleti _ es elinTa da
TanamedroveTa sulia. pirveli mTliania, meore ki _ gapobili, gaorebuli.
ase mokled, ZiriTad StrixebSi gadmosca ucnobma avtorma leqciis Sinaarsi.
rogorc vxedavT, aq aris siaxle _ grigol robaqiZe upirispirdeba gavrcelebul
Sexedulebebs xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis kavSirze. misi paralelebic sakiTxs
yovelTvis gansxvavebuli kuTxiT aCvenebs. qarTul sazogadoebas igi axali
ideebis gamavrceleblad moevlina. Tanac, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, igi ar
ifargleboda mxolod TbilisiTa da quTaisiT.
1910 weli. gr. robaqiZe moxisSi miuwveviaT leqciis wasakiTxavad Temaze:
`platonidan leibnicamde da leibnicidan soloviovamde~ (droeba 1910l:4).
1912 wlis 16 ivnisi. grigol robaqiZe WiaTuraSi kiTxulobs leqciebs
rusTavelsa da vaJa-fSavelaze (kolxida 1912J:2-3).
26 ivnisi. gazeT `kolxidas~ cnobiT, grigol robaqiZes leqciebi zedized
sam dRes unda waekiTxa jer senakSi, Semdeg _ abaSaSi, bolos ki _ samtrediaSi
(kolxida 1912r:3).
9 ivlisi. `gr. robaqiZis leqcias saCxereSi blomaT daswrebia xalxi~
(kolxida 1912s:2).
11 seqtemberi. `grigol robaqiZe am mokle xanSi baTomsa da soxumSi
waikiTxavs leqciebs~ (kolxida 1912t:2).
12 seqtemberi. `gr. robaqiZis leqcias q. gorSi mravali xalxi daswrebia;
lektors aRtacebiT Segebebia sazogadoeba da leqciasac kargi STabeWdileba
mouxdenia~ (kolxida 1912u:2).
21 seqtemberi. `soxumSi gr. robaqiZis leqcias xalxi blomaT daswrebia.
leqcia moswonebiaT da aRtacebiT migebebian lektors~ (kolxida 1912f:2).
WiaTuraSi rusTavelze wakiTxul leqciaSi grigol robaqiZes aRuniSnavs,
rom literaturul kritikas jerac Rirseulad ar Seufasebia `vefxistyaosnis~
auracxeli saunje. radgan leqciisTvis gankuTvnil gansazRvrul droSi
`SeuZlebelia im auarebel margalitTa ganxilva, romelic ase uxvad dauTesia aq
didebul SoTas Tavis madliani xeliT~ (kolxida 1912q:2), amitom mxolod erT
`uCinar obol margalitze~ _ silamazis, mSvenierebis grZnobisa da siyvarulis
elinur Segnebaze _ SeuCerebia yuradReba. misi azriT, Zvel berZenTa Tayvaniscema
silamazisadmi ixateba mereJovskis `iuliane gandegilis~ im adgilSi, sadac
aRwerilia iulianes mier afrodites qandakebis naxva. es nawyveti, robaqiZis mier
naTargmni, daibeWda wina wels `kolxidaSi~.
44
`iulianem aRapyro mkrTalni Tvalni, mieyrdno kedels, Caikla sunTqva da
ganaba suli. es iyo igi. Tavxdil cisqveS taZris Sua guls idga axlad Svebuli
qafisgan, civi, TeTri afrodita _ anadiomena mTeli Tavisi urcxvi sititvliTa.
RmerTqali TiTqo RimiliT gascqeroda casa da zRvas, ukvirda maTi Sveneba da
jerc ar icoda, rom igi misi sakuTari Svenebaa, casa da zRvaSi, viT marad
sarkeTa Soris aRsaxuli. sacmelis Sexeba ar uracyofda mas. aseTi idga igi,
sruliad umanko da mTlad titveli, rogorc es muq-lurji ca, mis Tavs zemo
gadaSlili~ (kolxida 1911o:3).
dro gaCerda...
yrma moxibluli da mowyurebuli uyurebda qalRmerTs.
muxli moiyara afrodites winaSe. gulze xelebdakrefili, maRla Tavaweuli,
sulSi myudroeba Casvenebuli idga muxlebze. `da moeria mas ruli, magram
ZilSiac grZnobda igi qalis siaxloves: igi Camodioda masTan axalo da axlo.
wvrilni, TeTrni xelni mas yels exveodnen. yrma miecemoda uvnebo RimiliT uvnebo
xvevnasa~ (kolxida 1911p:3).
xelovanis mier marmariloSi gamosaxuli RvTaebrivi silamazis tyve gaxda
igi.
es aris namdvili elinuri Tayvaniscema silamazisadmi, romelic gamoricxavs
cxovelur grZnobas. ase uyvardaT elinebs.
Ggrigol robaqiZis sityviT, aseTivea tarielisa da nestan-darejanis
siyvaruli. is ar hgavs aRmosavlur trfobas. `vefxistyaosanSi~ daxatuli
umagaliTo pativiscema qalisadmi, gaRmerTeba da Tayvaniscema berZenTa SegrZnebas
ufro uaxlovdeba, vidre _ sparsTa.
megobrobasac arsad hqonia iseTi fasi, rogorc saberZneTSi. tarielisa da
avTandilis gansakuTrebuli megobruli grZnobac elinurs hgavs.
yovelive amaSi grigol robaqiZe rusTavelisa da mis Tanamedrove
qarTvelebze Zvel berZenTa kulturis Zlier gavlenas xedavs.
dasasruls, leqtori Sexebia `vefxistyaosnis~ originalobis sakiTxs.
`xalxuri arakis nawarmoebis SinaarsaT aReba sruliaT ar arTmevs nawarmoebs
originalobas da avtors _ geniosobas~ (kolxida 1912R:2). grigol robaqiZe
auditorias arwmunebda, usafuZvlod ki ar unda vamtkicoT, sparsulidan aris
naTargmnio, aramed unda vcadoT, CavwvdeT im SoTas didebuli azrebis siRrmeebs,
romlis meoxebiTac SeinarCuna qarTvelma erma Tavisi saxeo; Tu SoTam Cven
gvaqarTvela, Cven igi varusTaveloTo.
meore leqcia vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebas mieZRvna. `vaJa Tu geniosi ara,
geniosis natexi mainc aris. igi mTis Svilia, diadi grZnobiT da maxvili gonebiT
45
aRWurvili. misi poezia mTis nakadis CqerTa mSvenierebis feradebiTaa Sezavebuli~
(kolxida 1912y:3).
grigol robaqiZes ganuxilavs vaJas poema `gvelis mWameli~. mindiaSi igi
genioss xedavda.
orive leqcia imdenad daxvewili eniT waukiTxavs orators, rom sazogadoeba
aRfrTovanebuli darCenila da “vaSas” SeZaxiliT ramdenjerme gamouxmia leqtori.
dabolos, gazeTi gamoTqvams survils, rom batoni robaqiZe xSirad estumros
WiaTuras Tavisi leqciebiT. `es metad sasurvelia, radgan mdabio xalxisaTvisac
saWiroa, moisminos tkbilaT moubaris sityva da gaecnos axal azrebs~ (kolxida
1912S:3).
leqcias gamoexmaura ucnobi avtori `sonmani~ weriliT `Cemi azri gr.
robaqiZis leqciis Sesaxeb~ da sxvebis mier adre gamoTqmuli mosazreba gaimeora.
avtori WiaTuraSi wakiTxul leqcias arc exeba, zogadad aRniSnavs, rom grigol
robaqiZis leqciebiT xSirad damTvrala, magram Turme mainc grZnobda, rom
miRebuli siamovneba srulfasovani ar iyo. `dakvirvebisa da analizis~ Semdeg
mimxvdara, Tu ra aklda.
`Cvens gamoCenil lektors erTi sayuradRebo nakli aqvs... cTilobs rac
SeiZleba yoveli mxriT SeboWos msmenelTa grZnobani. amisaTvis is uxvaT afrqvevs
lamaz sityvebs. erTsa da imave advilaT gasageb azrs xSirad mravalgvar lamaz
formaSi axvevs da ise awvdis msmenelT. msmeneli misi pirveli sityvis Tqmidan
grZnobadaa gadaqceuli~ (kolxida 1912C:3). amdenad, win iwevs grZnobebi, romlebic
Crdilavs Sinaars. leqciis dasrulebis Semdeg mxolod lamazi sityvebiT
gamowveuli `gulis amtokebeli STabeWdilebebi rCeba.
vfiqrobT, am yovelives saTqmelad didi `dakvirveba da analizi~ ar iyo
saWiro, l. metrevelis werilis wakiTxvac ikmarebda.
rac Seexeba avtoris naTqvams _ erTsa da imave azrs sxvadasxva formiT
awvdis msmenelso _ SeekamaTeba yvela, vinc metnaklebad icnobs gr. robaqiZis
Semoqmedebas. mis nawerebSi versad SexvdebiT tavtologias, azris gameorebas. amas
arc zepir metyvelebaSi dauSvebda niWieri oratori, miT ufro, rom misi leqciebi
yovelTvis winaswar iyo safuZvlianad momzadebuli, dawerili. swored formisa
da Sinaarsis srulyofa, erTianoba iwvevda sayovelTao aRtacebas.
grigol robaqiZe xSirad muxlebad hyofda mopaeqreTa SeniSvnebs da
saTiTaod pasuxobda. erT-erTi ukmayofilo oponentis `vin-xanianis~ werilidanac
gamohyo muxlebi: `marTali rom mogaxsenoT, werilis avtors arc Zala Seswevs da
arc inteleqtualuri sindisi, rom mas pasuxi gavce, magram is werili iseTi
rixiani umecrebiT aris avsili, rom saWirod mimaCnia, misi avla-dideba mkiTxvels
muxla-muxla gadavuSalo~ (kolxida 1912c:2). robaqiZis toni pirvelad gaxda aseTi
46
mkacri, cota agdebulic. grigol robaqiZes profesor niko maris Sesaxeb uTqvams,
igi SesaniSnavi filologia, magram rogorc literaturis kritikosi, sustiao.
`vin-xanianma~ misi azri cota sxvagvarad warmoaCina: ramdenad niWieri istorikosia
mari, imdenad uniWo damfasebelia igi xelovnebis nawarmoebisao.
es aris braldebis pirveli muxli.
gr. robaqiZe ganmartavs, rom profesori mari mas SesaniSnav mkvlevarad
miaCnia, romelic saocari intuiciiTa aris dajildoebuli. swored am intuiciis
wyalobiT, is mkvdar qvasac alaparakebs da ubralo naSTiT Teoriasac qmnis...
magram avtori mkvlevarisgan mets moiTxovs _ esTetizms, ris gareSec nebismieri
gamokvleva calmxrivia, nakluli, SeiZleba, mcdaric. robaqiZe fiqrobs, rom
esTetizmis ararsebobam aTqmevina mecniers, `vefxistyaosani~ sparsulidan
qarTulad naTargmni sagmiro moTxrobis galeqsili variantiao. maris sityvebs Tu
davujerebT, `vefxistyaosani~ erTi Cveulebrivi Targmani yofila. amaze dava dRes
ar Rirs, magram maSin grigol robaqiZes uwevda, gamudmebiT emtkicebina, rom
mxatvruli forma, emZlavri SemoqmedebiTi energia cvlis safuZvlad aRebuls
araks. “araesTetikurma” profesorma es ver warmoidgina. sxva mxriv, robaqiZe maris
Tayvanismcemlad acxadebs Tavs.
meore muxlad gr. robaqiZem gamoyo braldeba, TiTqos igi sxvis azrebs
isakuTrebda: `vefxistyaosnis~ elinisturi mxare, romelic aRniSnuli hqonda niko
mars, leqtorma Tavis aRmoCenad warmoaCinao, _ acxadebs `vinxaniani~. recenzenti
ar akonkretebs, ras gulisxmobs `elinistur mxareSi~, robaqiZe ki leqciaSi
exeboda sxeulis `elinur grZnobas~ da amtkicebda, rom rusTavelsac imave
grZnobiT aqvs nagrZnobi sxeuli... geniosi Semoqmedis intuiciiT, sxeuli ubralo
xorci ki ara, sxeulis cocxali saxea, TviT xiluli sulia, iseve, rogorc
gamoqandakebuli marmarilo. `vin-xanianma~ vercerTi magaliTi ver moixmo imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom maric amas werda.
leqciaSi saubari iyo `vefxistyaosanze~ rogorc ara Targmanze, aramed
originalur nawarmoebze, romelSic gardaqmnilia xalxuri siuJeti. `vin-xanianis~
sityviT, es azri xaxanaSvils ekuTvnis, gr. robaqiZem ki `Tavisad gaasaRa~.
braldeba mZimea. gamodis, rom grigol robaqiZe aqa-iq amokrefda azrebs,
Seakowiwebda da leqciac mzad iyo. erTma oponentmac scada, plagiatoris
saxeliT `daejildovebina~ cnobili leqtori, magram _ amaod...
`vin-xanianis~ braldebac advilad gaaqarwyla gr. robaqiZem. xaxanaSvili
wers: `STagonebis wyaroTa Zieba xalxur TqmulebaTa Soris _ es gzaa, sakmaoT
ganmtkicebuli saerTo literaturis istoriaSi... ganaTlebulma da niWierma
mgosanma SeZlo gaekeTilSobilebina da aemaRlebina romantiuli intriga
ucvleli erTgulebisa da naTeli siyvarulis grZnobis ideiTa, niWieraT SeaerTa
47
da SeakavSira poemis siuJeti fsiqologiuri dakvirvebaniT da filosofiuri
gansjaniTa, misca poemas mxatvruli mTlianoba da Camoasxa igi iseT momxibvlel
saliteraturo formaSi, romelic dRemdi poetur nawarmoebTa nimuSaT darCa~
(kolxida 1912Z:3). mokled, xaxanaSvilis azriT, rusTavelma Tqmulebas
literaturuli forma misca mxolod. robaqiZe ki amtkicebda, rom Semoqmedi
cvlis nasesxeb araks, romelic xalxma saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Seqmna.
Ganuwyvetliv imeorebda, rom rusTavelis qmnilebis forma arsebuli masalis
ubralo galeqsva ki ara, axali genialuri nawarmoebia, gamorceuli Semoqmedis
mier Seqmnili. rogorc vxedavT, gr. robaqiZes araTu miuTvisebia xaxanaSvilis
azri, aramed, piriqiT, sawinaaRmdego umtkicebia.
amis sapasuxod `vin-xanians~ xaxanaSvilis wignidan sxva citata mohyavs.
`poetma am saerTo saqmes misca TviTSemoqmedebiTi niWiT dramatiuli sisrule da
fsixologiuri sinamdvile. Caumata fatmanis da Sermadinis saxeebi, ufro
mwyobraT aago gmirebis damokidebuleba, avTandili, tarieli da fridoni
naTesauri kavSiriT ganacalkeva da SeaerTa TanxmobiTi interesiT da
megobruli siyvaruliT~ (kolxida 1912w:2).
arakis, fabulis Secvlaze arc aq aris rame naTqvami. citata kvlavac
literaturul damuSavebaze, formis daxvewaze miuTiTebs. `saxelebis Camateba~ da
`TanxmobiTi interesiT~ personaJTa SeerTeba SemoqmedebaSi bevrs arafers niSnavs,
es ar aris arsebiTi. `vin-xanianma~ am citatis motaniTac gr. robaqiZes gauwia
samsaxuri, misi azris originaloba daamtkica. xaxanaSvili Rrmad aris
darwmunebuli, rom erTsa da imave siuJetze dayrdnobili xalxuri da
individualuri qmnilebebis mciredi gansxvavebuloba ubralod literaturuli
damuSavebis Sedegia. erTi sityviT, xalxuri Tqmulebidan aRebuli fabula
literaturul nawarmoebSi ar icvleba.
gr. robaqiZe ki aseve Rmad aris darwmunebuli, rom icvleba. amas
adasturebda igi leqciaSic da werilSic.
Semdegi muxlic imave braldebas Seicavda. amjerad grigol robaqiZes Turme
ivane gomarTelis azrebi miuTvisebia, oRond Taviseburad Seuzavebia `Tanamedrove
dekadentis terminebiT~. saubaria `gvelis mWamelis~ ganxilvaze, romelzec i.
gomarTelsa da gr. robaqiZes sxvadasxva Sexeduleba hqondaT. magaliTisTvis
aRvniSnavT, rom Tu ivane gomarTeli am poemaSi ojaxs uyurebs rogorc kerZo
sakuTrebis principis gamomsaxvels, grigol robaqiZisTvis igi erTi `saxelovno
saSualebaa kerZoebis dasawyisis gamosaxvisas: kapitaluri xanac rom moispos da
dadges socialisturi, im SemTxvevaSic mindias tanjva sulier dramad darCeba;
mxolod maSin mgosani kerZoebis dasawyiss sxva saSualebiT dasaxavs~ (kolxida
1912W:3). amdenad, `vin-xanianis~ es braldebac morigi gaugebrobaa iseve, rogorc
48
robaqiZisTvis dekadenturi terminebis miwera. amasTan, `gvelis mWamelis~ Sesaxeb
werili gr. robaqiZes 1911 wels gamouqveynebia gazeTSi `Русская мысль~, magram
ufro adre, 1909 wlis martsa da maisSi leqciad waukiTxavs TbilisSi, quTaisSi,
foTSi, soxumSi, baTumsa da ozurgeTSi. iv. gomarTelma ki Tavisi mosazrebebi
`gvelis mWamelis~ Sesaxeb gamoaqveyna 1910 wels `sxivSi~ (kolxida 1912x:2).
polemika Sewyda. faqtebs `vin-xaniani~ versad gaeqca.
gr. robaqiZem es werili borjomidan gamoagzavna.
peterburgis universitetis qarTuli saTvistomos gamgeobam guliTadi
madloba uZRvna im pirT, vinc qarTuli saTvistomos sasargeblod borjomSi
saRamo-mejlisis gamarTvas Seuwyo xeli monawileobiT, SromiT Tu materialuri
daxmarebiT. gansakuTrebuli madloba ramdenime sxva pirTan erTad (griSaSvili,
abaSeli, m. s. kldiaSvilis asuli...) gadauxades leqtors, grigol robaqiZes
(kolxida 1912j:2). zusti informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra wvlili Seitana robaqiZem
saqvelmoqmedo saRamos gamarTvaSi, ar mogvepoveba. radgan mas mimarTaven,
rogorc leqtors, unda vivaraudoT, rom leqcia an moxseneba waikiTxa.
cota mogvianebiT gr. robaqiZe quTaisSi qalTa wris krebaze gamosula da
maTTvis saintereso sakiTxze usaubria (kolxida 1912h1:2).
misi Sexedulebebi amjeradac, albaT, iseve saintereso iqneboda, rogorc iyo
sxva literaturul-sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. grigol robaqiZis
leqciebi axali xedva iyo. es siaxleebi xSirad miuRebelic iyo farTo
sazogadoebisTvis. axalgazrda leqtorisTvis metismet gambedaobad Canda Zvelis
damsxveva da axal filosofiur-literaturul SexedulebaTa gacnoba-gavrceleba.
erT-erTi oponenti werda kidec: akakim rom leqcia waikiTxa, umravlesoba ar
daeTanxma mis mier gamoTqmul azrebs, magram aravin SekamaTebia, mainc kmayofilni
iyvneno. akaki sxvaa, robaqiZes ki `jer kritikulad vucqeriT. misi yvela naTqvami
WeSmaritebad ar migvaCnia da arc yvela Secdomas vapatiebT~ (droeba 1909W:3).
sapatiebeli gr. robaqiZes araferi Caudenia. mas bevr rames Secdomad uTvlidnen,
magram mogvianebiT drom cxadyo robaqiZis marTebuloba.
siaxle iyo maSin iseTi literaturuli saRamoc, sadac mwerlebi TavianT
nawarmoebebs kiTxulobdnen. `SabaTs, 8 maiss, 1910 w. grigol robaqiZe gamarTavs
literaturul saRamos~ (droeba 1910m:1), _ wers `droeba~. GgazeTis cnobiT, masSi
monawileoba unda mieRoT vaJa-fSavelas, niko lorTqifaniZes, Sio aragvispirels,
ioseb griSaSvils, kote mayaSvils, sandro SanSiaSvils... kritikuli etiudebi
unda waekiTxaT kita buaCiZes, ivane gomarTelsa da grigol robaqiZes (nawyveti
leqciidan `rusTavelis Semoqmedeba~).
am siaxles exmaureba `saxalxo gazeTic~: `dRes qarTul TeatrSi grigol
robaqiZe marTavs saintereso literaturul saRamos, romelSic monawileobas
49
iReben Cveni Zveli da axali mwerlebi... yoveli monawile waikiTxavs Tavis
nawarmoebs. aseTi saRamo pirvelia tfilisSi~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1910a:2).
meore dRes gazeTidan mkiTxveli igebs, rom CamoTvlil mweralTagan
saRamos ramdenime ver daswrebia: adamaSvili (mixeil javaxiSvili _ r. g.),
aragvispireli, abaSiZe, yifiani. mwerlebi TavianT nawarmoebebs rom kiTxulobdnen,
amiT maincdamainc ar aRfrTovanebula auditoria. `monawile mgosanTa da
beletristTagan arc erTs xeiriani kiTxva ar SesZlebia. es nakli Zlier cudad
moqmedebda mayurebelze~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1910b:3). es ar exeba vaJas, romlis
leqsebis `formis mSvenierebasa da Sinaarsis simdidres~ xazgasmiT aRniSnavs
avtori. aqve gaiJRerebs sayveduri saRamos momwyobis grigol robaqiZis mimarT:
griSaSvilis `kintouri kupletebi~ sruliad uadgilo iyo da robaqiZes
axalgazrda poetisTvis aseTi leqsis wakiTxva ar unda erCiao. dabolos,
mimomxilvelis sityviT, saRamo gamouxalisebiaT leqtorebs _ gomarTelsa da
robaqiZes.
avtori xazs usvams literaturuli saRamos mniSvnelobas: `aseTi saRamo
CvenTvis axali rame iyo da dids interess warmoadgenda. imitom, rom man SeZlo
naTeleyo mayureblisaTvis Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturis ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1910g:3).
aseTi iyo grigol robaqiZe _ novatori literatori.
misi leqciebisagan yovelTvis siaxles elodnen (`eWvi ar aris, bevr axal
rames gadmogvcems baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebaze~ (droeba 1909x:3); `b. robaqiZe
Tavisebur da metad sagulisxmo daxasiaTebas aZlevs Cvenis didebulis mgosnis
Semoqmedebas~ (droeba 1908n:3) da ase Semdeg). mis leqciebs qarTuli
sazogadoebisTvis sruliad axal da ucnob ideur movlenad miiCnevda arCil
jorjaZec.
grigol robaqiZem icoda ara marto is, Tu ra unda eTqva axali, aramed isic,
Tu rogor eTqva. misi leqciebi Rrma Sinaarsisa da daxvewili formis sinTezi iyo.
`filosofiuri sakiTxebi Cveni sazogadoebisTvis raRac axals warmoadgendnen da
amitom miT ufro saWiroa, mkvlevarma masze mSvenieris formiT imoqmedos. amitom
kargad iqceva robaqiZe, rodesac igi Tavis leqciebs mxatvrulad warmosTqvams”
(droeba 1909j:3), _ werda dimitri uznaZe (Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, es `kargi qceva~
xSirad kritikis sagani xdeboda). grigol robaqiZe cdilobda, Txrobis poetur-
eseisturi maneriT aseTive poetur garemoSi moeqcia msmeneli, raTa mas ara
mxolod moesmina, aramed egrZno, exila, lamis xeliT Sexeboda mweralTa
samyaros, romelzedac mouTxrobda leqtori.
`raRac axali~ filosofiuri sakiTxi iyo nicSes msoflmxedveloba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom robaqiZeze adre abramoviCma waikiTxa masze leqcia (droeba
50
1910n:3). ar viciT, ra iTqva da rogor, erTi kia _ mas gamoxmaureba ar mohyolia,
maSin roca grigol robaqiZis leqciiT aRtacebuli iyo yvela, maT Soris, akaki.
farTo sazogadoebamde nicSes filosofiis mitana rTuli, Zalze rTuli iyo,
magram gr. robaqiZem warmatebiT daZlia es sirTule. Rrmaazrovani sakiTxebi
iseTi formiT miawoda mravalricxovan auditorias, rom gasagebic yofiliyo da
sainteresoc. amiT qarTvel sazogadoebas evropaSi mimdinare movlenebi gaacno. es
mxolod nicSes msoflmxedvelobas ar exeba.
grigol robaqiZe nacnob sakiTxebsac ise ganixilavda, rom axal gzas, axal
problemas warmoaCenda. manamde aravis uTqvams vaJa geniosiao, robaqiZem ara
mxolod Tqva, daadastura kidec. sazogadoebam, rogorc Cans, uceb ver gaiTavisa
geniosis arseboba iqve, gverdiT. Sefaseba gadaWarbebulad CaTvales. drom ki,
rogorc umravles SemTxvevaSi, robaqiZis azri daadastura...
oponentebic ki aRiarebdnen, rom grigol robaqiZe ubadlo oratori iyo.
misi leqciebi, damajereblobis unariT gamorCeuli, publicistikaa, ramdenadac
axali ideebis damamkvidreblad warmoCindeba. axlis, manamde ar- gagonilis,
yuradRebis miRma darCenilis wamoweviT gr. robaqiZe sazogadoebis ganaTlebis
donis amaRlebas, gemovnebis daxvewas, evropuli xedvis danergvas cdilobda.
azris zemoqmedebiT sikeTis msaxureba, ukve arsebuli Tvalsazrisis axleburi
ganfena da mimdevrebis mopoveba publicistikis erT-erTi funqciaa.
mas farTo sazogadoeba usmenda aRtacebuli. ara, aRtacebuli ki ara,
monusxuli. `moxsenebam gastana sam saaTze metxans da mosmenil iqna im
yuradRebiT, romliTac mxolod gr. robaqiZes usmenen saqarTveloSi~, - werda
presa (nikoleiSvili 2000:197). mere ki didxans urtyamdnen xelisgulebs erTmaneTs.
iqneb vinmes moeCvenos, rom taSi SeiZleboda, ubralod, zrdilobis gamoc daekraT.
magram xalxi ar usmens mas, vinc ar moswons (magaliTad, ilia baxtaZis leqciaze
xalxi mravlad misula, magram bolomde leqtoris megobrebic ki ar darCenilan.
verc zrdilobam da verc megobrobam ver aiZula sazogadoeba, bolomde moesmina
uintereso leqcia.) (droeba 1910o:4).
grigol robaqiZes ki usmendnen, ixiblebodnen, fexze wamomdgarni ukravdnen
taSs.
51
II Tavi
Tematuri ciklebi da portretebi
1913-1914 wlebSi grigol robaqiZem `saxalxo gazeTSi~ gamoaqveyna werilebis
seria saTauriT `foTlebi~. Aavtors arsad miuniSnebia, ras gulisxmobda am
saxelwodebaSi, ratom waumZRvara Tavis rva eseistur monaxazs saerTo saTauri,
romelsac rubrikis funqcia daekisra da mkiTxvelis emocia-asociaciebzea
gaTvlili. `foTlebs~ erTi magistraluri xazi ar aerTianebda, Tumca, maTi
ZiriTadi nawili mwerlebis Semoqmedebis mimoxilvas daeTmo.
pirveli `foToli~ eZRvneba d’anuncios. Ggrigol robaqiZis sityviT, `is
laTinTa momxiblavi geniis pirmSoa, dante aligieris namdvili memkvidre...
anuncios genialobis cecxlis natexs veravin waarTmevs~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1913b:3).
bevri mas mas arcTu saintereso mwerlad miiCnevs da misi romanebis
erTferovnebas usvams xazs, Tumca, mas gansxvavebuli nawarmoebebic aqvs. robaqiZis
azriT, romani anuncios `klasikur srulobamde~ hyavs ayvanili. `romanis
sicocxle, siyvarulis vneba, avtoris saxe rom vixmaroT, marmariloze danTxeul
sisxls gvagonebs~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1913g:3).
grigol robaqiZes yvelaze metad misi `triumfi sikvdilisa~ moswons. am
romanis kredo ovidiusis sityvebia _ arc uSenod da arc SenTan sicocxle ar
SemiZlia. anunciom am sityvebSi gaxsna siyvarulis problema _ uSenod sicocxle
ar SemiZlia, radgan uzomod miyvarxar, magram SenTanac ar SemiZlia sicocxle.
Aase iqceva siyvaruli saSinel tanjvad iqceva, romlisganac xsna erTia –
gardacvaleba.
sqesTa brZola da bediswera – sikvdili.
gr. robaqiZis azriT, am sabediswero brZolis asaxvisas anunciom `arwivis
frTebi~ gaSala.
`foTlebis~ avtors moswons romaelTa amayi poza, magram ara _
literaturaSi, radgan igi aqrobs klasikur ubraloebas, rac aucilebelia didi
xelovnebisTvis.
romanSi `cecxli~ ki manerulobam sZlia d’anuncios, riTac misi `genialobis
natexi~ daiCrdila.
grigol robaqiZe mkiTxvels sTavazobs erT Strixs mwerlis
portretisaTvis: anuncios valebi daedo da didebuli mamuli, sasaxliTa da
muzeum-biblioTekiT, gauyides. igi parizSi gadasaxlda. mogvianebiT mSobelma
mxarem uyida mas sasaxle.
isev amayi poza romaelTa da uari – cisqveS yvelgan Cemi saxlia.
52
`ai, pasuxi namdvili patriciebis STamomavlisa~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1913d:3).
ase, eseisturi stiliT, meti mxatvruli StrixiT da naklebi analiziT
avtori mkiTxvels italieli mwerlis SemoqmedebasTan erTad mis Sinagan
samyarosac, xasiaTsac acnobs.
meore `foTolSi~ avtori erovnuli erTianobis aucileblobaze saubrobs.
erTma winadadebam eris uZlureba gadauSala Tvalwin grigol robaqiZes: ilia
WavWavaZis garSemo atexili dava, umjobesi iqneba, gamosarkvevad ruseTis mowinave
elementebs gadaeceso, _ amoukiTxavs gazeT `TemSi~.
`janmrTeli eri arasodes ar mimarTavs gareSe mxares Tavis Sinagan
uTanxmoebis gadasawyvetad~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1913e:3),_ darwmunebulia
“foTlebis”avtori. Tu eri mTliania, igi janmrTelia da yovelTvis moepoveba
Zalebi gaRrmavebuli winaaRmdegobebis mosagvareblad, masSi arsebuli
problemebis gadasaWrelad. SeiZleba vinmem eri mTlianobad ar CaTvalos, raki
masSi socialuri jgufebi ebrZvian erTmaneTs. magram ideaSi yoveli arsi
mTliania. winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, fizikuri sxeuli mTliani erTeulia.
asevea socialuri sxeulic – eri. mis sicocxles klasTa brZola verafers
daaklebs. metic, ramdenadac Rrmaa es brZola, imdenad Zlieria eri. erTi
SexedviT, es paradoqsulia, magram robaqiZe WeSmaritebas uwodebs.
winaaRmdegobaTa gadasalaxavad eri sxvas mimarTavs maSin, rodesac Tavad
kargavs erTianobas, mTlianobas. aseTi eri, grigol robaqiZis azriT, `avadia~,
avadmyofia.
sadac mTeli ar aris, arc nawilia, amdenad, arc brZolaa maT Soris.
`foTlebis~ avtori wuxs imis gamo, rom misi bedkruli sinamdvile daqsaqsuloba
da kinklaobaa mxolod. `ruseTSi mravali partia ebrZvis erTimeores, magram amiT
nevis prospeqts ara etyoba ra. CvenSi ki or partias Suaa gamarTuli brZola da
quTaisis bulvari sul am brZoliT sunTqavs~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1913v:3).
TiTqmis saukune gavida, magram Cven ar SevcvlilvarT. dResac daqsaqsulebi,
mokinklaveni da uzomod politizebulni varT. grigol robaqiZes Tu
daveyrdnobiT, eris avadmyofobiT unda aixsnas isic, sxva xalxisken xelgawvdilni
rom viTxovT Svelasa da mowyalebas.
Tu eris daqsaqsuloba misi avadmyofobis simptomia, maSin
gamosajanmrTeleblad gaerTianeba iqneba saWiro. es unda axsovdes yvelas, vinc
`saqarTvelos ideiT~ cocxlobs, sakuTari qveyana uyvars da masze zrunavs.
es is mtkivneuli sakiTxia, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi rom mogvdgams,
emociurad, xSirad, paTetikurad ganvixilavT, magram realurad xelsac ki ar
vanZrevT...
53
grigol robaqiZis `foTlebis~ seria ioseb griSaSvilis poeziaze saubriT
grZeldeba.
i. griSaSvils zogi lanZRavda, zogi – gundruks ukmevda, rac, gr. robaqiZis
azriT, mis niWierebaze metyvelebda. `gverds mxolod uniWos auvlian xolme da
griSaSvili rom friad niWieria, es, mgoni, misi mtrebisaTvisac ar unda iyos
ucnobi~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1913z:3).
gava ramdenime weli da Cven vnaxavT, rogor Seicvlis avtori azrs. manamde
ki mis saqebrad arafers iSurebs, acxadebs Zlevamosil xelovnad, Tumca,
garkveul farglebSi – esaa poezia, romlis motivic `frTovani erosi” da
kocnaao.
grigol robaqiZe griSaSvils dekadentad Tvlis, miuxedavad imisa, rom masze
gavlena ar mouxdenia modernizms. i. griSaSvili aRmosavleTis Svilia. avlabris
poeziis gavlena mis leqsebSi Tamami SedarebebiT iCens Tavs, Tumca, robaqiZis
azriT, poetma aicila avlabris vulgaruloba. Avtoris azriT, swored aq
uaxlovdeba poeti modernistul poezias, TumCa, mxolod ramdenadme. werilis
avtori sagulisxmo rCevebsac aZlevs poets: imisTvis, rom aRmosavleli
dekadenti absurdamde ar mivides, gabedul SedarebebSi TavSekaveba unda
gamoiCinos; amasTan, sityvebisa da frazebis gameorebaSic ar unda gadascildes
sazRvrebs.
ioseb griSaSvilis muza avtors kekluc qalwulad warmoudgeba, romlis
`mziuri kiskasi~ xalisian riTmebad iSleba, magram musikalobiT gatacebuls
xSirad erRveva mxatvruli mTlianoba. Aamis magaliTad gr. robaqiZes moaqvs
striqoni `Sen Rimili riTmad gcviva da lurj wvimad mTis Sairi~, sadac irRveva
poeturi paraleli _ satrfos `riTmad~ scviva is, rac misia (Rimili), `lurj
wvimad~ ki – is, rac mas ar ekuTvnis (`mTis Sairi~) (saxalxo gazeTi 1913T:3).
avtoris azriT, aSuRi poeti yvelasagan gamoirCeva Tavisi `aRmosavluri
modernistobiT~ da swored amiT aris mniSvnelovani misi Semoqmedeba; “marTalia,
griSaSvilis poezia viwro fargliT isazRvreba, magram isic marTalia, rom am
fargalSi igi Zlevamosili xelovania~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1913i:3), _ aseTi mosCans
ioseb griSaSvili `foTlebidan~.
grigol robaqiZe mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi yovelTvis eZebs Zlier mxares. mas
moswons axalgazrda mwerali aristo WumbaZe rogorc sityvisTvis feradebiT
xorcisSemsxmeli. marTalia, mis sityvaSi marmarilo ar aris gamokveTili da arc
brinjaos jReradoba aqvs, _ wers `foTlebis~ avtori, _ magram `nair-nairi feri,
uTvali yvavili, axal-axali saxe, _ yvela es mis xelqveiT aris... misi sityva
Tval-momWrel landSaftad iSleba~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1913k:3). iqvea safrTxec –
`xorcianobiT~ zedmetad gataceba. Zvirfasi samkauli lamazia, magram mravlad
54
asxma, aWreleba, momxibvlelobas ukargavs mas da laxavs esTetikur gemovnebas.
aseve iTqmis sityvaze. Ggr. AazriT, a. WumbaZe iq, metismetad Warbad iyenebs ferebsa
da yvavilebs iq, sadac mxolod erTi “madliani xazgasmaa” saWiro.
saliteraturo saRamoze aristo WumbaZes waukiTxavs Tavisi moTxrobis
(`mTis asuli~) pirveli Tavi. akakis grigol robaqiZisTvis CauCurCulebia:
SesaZloa, es gaxdes is mwerali, romelsac Sen moelio. dRevadneli gadasaxedidan
es Sefaseba gadaWarbebuli Cans, magram is nawyveti, robaqiZis TqmiT, namdvilad
momajadoebeli yofila da amitom gadaumetebia SefasebaSi akakis. msgavsi ram arc
manamde dauweria axalgazrda mwerals da arc mas Semdego, _ acxadebs
`foTlebis~ avtori.
robaqiZis sityviT, xelovnebis qmnilebas paTosi “acxovelebs~. paTosi –
namdvili cecxli, RvTiurobis momaswavebeli (TviTonac xom ambobda _ cecxliT
viwvi, Cemi Semoqmedebis cecxliTo)... xolo a. WumbaZis paToss emuqreba safrTxe –
sicive da simSrale. Aaxalgazrda mwerlis manerulobis aRsawerad gr. robaqiZe
aseT Sedarebas mimarTavs: `WumbaZe paTosis mJRavnebis Jams uTuod mitropolitis
sacmeliT imoseba da miT klavs mis usaSvelo ubraloebas~ (saxalxo gazeTi
1913l:3). amasTan, `foTlebis~ avtoris sityviT, a. WumbaZis nawerebSi fabula metad
sustia, mxatvris sulSi ar aris momwifebuli. marTalia, garegnuli forma Zalze
mniSvnelovania, magram fabula mainc mTavaria. amitom avtori mwerals urCevs, mas
didi yuradReba miaqcios.
kita abaSiZem axalgazrda mwerals simbolisti uwoda, raSic gr. robaqiZe ar
daeTanxma, _ a. WumbaZis nawerebSi simbolizmis verc erT niSans ver aRmovaCenTo.
`mgosnuri xateba”, mxatvruli saxis gamoyeneba simbolozmze ar miuTiTebs, ase
rom iyos, yoveli poeti simbolisti iqneboda.
kita abaSiZis Sefasebis miuxedavad, drom da literaturaTmcodneobam
aristo WumbaZe simbolistad ar miiRo.
Ggrigol robaqiZis SeniSvnebis toni megobrulia, RvarZliTa da SuriT ar
aris gaJRenTili (rac xSirad ikveTeba xolme sxvaTa kritikul werilebSi). roca
Tavad gr. robaqiZes akritikebdnen, ramdenjer gvigrZnia, rom kritika
saxelganTqmuli adamianis ganqiqebis surviliT iyo gamowveuli. grigol robaqiZe
kritikul SeniSvnebs werda imisaTvis, rom mwerals momavalSi aRar gaemeorebina
Secdoma, gaesworebina mwerluri Semecnebis veqtori.
mexuTe `foToli~ aleqsandre abaSelis poeziis Rirsebasa da naklovanebas
exeba. Ggrigol robaqiZis azriT, mis poezias `rkveuli xazmosma, mtkice Wedi da
mkafio xati~ aklia. amiT xsnis avtori a. abaSelis poeturi suraTebis `ara
mTlianobis STabeWdilebas~, xolo roca am nakls Tavidan icilebs, `mZlavr
xelovnad~ warmoCindebao, _ askvnis gr. robaqiZe (saxalxo gazeTi 1913m:2). werilis
55
mcire moculoba avtors saSualebas ar aZlevs, isaubros a. abaSelis poeziis sxva
mxareebze: erosis amoSretaze, balmontis gavlenaze, romlisganac poeti TandaTan
Tavisufldeba da sxva. amjerad mas abaSelis riTma ainteresebs.
Ggrigol robaqiZisTvis riTma is samkaulia, romelic organulad erwymis
leqsis sxeuls: `ramdenad srulia leqsi, imdenad TanSezrdilia masTan riTma;
maTi erTi-meorisagan gayofa sasikvdiloa orivesaTvis; leqsi cocxlobs rogorc
sxeuli-individualoba, riTma scocxlobs rogorc misi tkbilxmovani monada~
(saxalxo gazeTi 1913n:2). am mxriv, a. abaSelis riTma `foTlebis~ avtorisTvis
metad unugeSoa.
Eena Zlevamosili xelovania da Tavis stiqiaSi amzadebs riTmebs. Ggr.
robaqiZis sityviT, es xSirad atyvevebs poetebs, romlebic brmad imeoreben
riTmebs. mza riTmis gamoyeneba poetis niWierebaSi eWvis Setanis safuZvels iZleva.
a. abaSelis mier gamoyenebul riTmebSi xSirad ar Cans originaloba,
sakuTari migneba, amitomac is susti da Raribia. Ggr. robaqiZe iwunebs poets,
romelsac im dros `mzis mgosans~ uwodebdnen. Tavadac `mzis stili~ daurqmevia
leqsTa krebulisTvis. magram mzis wamdauwum xseneba, jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom
igi `mzis mgosania~.
megobruli kilos miuxedavad, grigol robaqiZes brali dasdes, naklis
aRmoCena gixariao. vinc me micnobs, amas ver damwamebso, _ iuara gr. robaqiZem. Mmis
werilebSi naTlad Cans, Tu ratom amxels nakls kritikosi, mas mweralTa
daxmareba surs da ara Tavis gamoCena an kritikiT vinmes daCagvra.
literaturul cxovrebaSi uamravi iseTi faqti xdeba, romelsac
gamomzeureba, mkiTxvelTa samsjavroze gamotana sWirdeba, _ swams kritikoss.
grigol robaqiZis `foTlebi~ sxvisi nakliT tkboba da aRtaceba ki ar aris,
aramed miukerZoebeli ganxilva, gansja, msjeloba gaxlavT. `me foTolSi vexebi
nakls imdenad, ramdenadac msurs momavalSi igi aicdinos mweralma. es
sasargeblo iqneba rogorc misTvis, ise qarTuli poeziisTvis~ (saxalxo gazeTi
1914a:3), _ wers gr. robaqiZe.
momdevno `foTolSi~ avtori naklze ar saubrobs. Ees aris Strixebi
aleqsandre yazbegis portretisaTvis, dauviwyari wamebi misi cxovrebidan,
romlebic tkbilmoqarTule niko lomourma moigona da gr. robaqiZem gadmosca:
avadmyof sandros `SeSlilTa saxlSi” mnaxvelebma sandros erTi misi wigni
miutanes. “sandro furclavs wings, dascqeris ucnaurad. bolos erTs furcelze
SeCerdeba, TiTqo raRacas amoikiTxavs, guls miixutebs ucbad wigns da mnaxvelTa
cota mwyrali macqerali xels aqnevs meores, TiTqo maT eubneba, am wigns aRar
daganebebTo~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1914b:3).
es wami arasdros damaviwydebao, _ wers grigol robaqiZe.
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mwerali, romelic cocxal sinamdviles qmnis da ara `sqematur allegorias~,
`Tval-Ria sizmars~ xedavs, rac, `foTlebis~ avtoris azriT, damaxasiaTebelia
al. yazbegis fantaziisaTvis.
ecnaura robaqiZes lomouris mogoneba: sandro hyolia stumrad gorSi.
saubroben, uecrad sandros saxe ecvleba, aqeT-iqiT icqireba, landebTan saubars
iwyebs.
_ ra gemarTeba, sandro?
_ Cemi gmirebi momelandnen da maT vesaubrebodio, _ saarafrod uTqvams
yazbegs (saxalxo gazeTi 1914g: 3).
es namdvili fantaziaa Zlevamosili xelovanisa, Zlieri literaturuli
fantazia, romelic aocebda grigol robaqiZes.
`Cveni poezia erosis mxriT sustia Zalze... yazbegi erotul vnebis asaxvaSi
is Zlevamosili xelovania, romelmac ar icis, Tu ra aris siZnele da
dabrkoleba~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1914d:3), _ wers avtori.
bolo `foToli~ xotbis Sesxmaa aRmosavleTis geniosi Svilis, ubadlo
xelovanis – rabindranaT Tagorisadmi.
1913 wlis zafxulSi `ruskaia vedomostSi~ grigol robaqiZes `ucnobi da
ucnauri~ poetis oriode leqsi waukiTxavs. `Zlieri iyo da sul axali gul-neba
am oriode leqsiT gamowveuli~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1914e:3). miuxedavad imisa, rom
robaqiZe ambobda, Targmna ar mexerxebao, erT leqss (`bavSvebi zRvis piras
TamaSoben~) ise dautyvevebia, rom uTargmnia kidec. sazogadoebis reaqciiT
dainteresebulis lodini sasurvelad ar dasrulebula. patara qmnileba,
romelSic mTeli sibrZnea Cakiruli, ar moewonaT – bundovaniao. `Seqspiris
`hamlets~ ubralo mkiTxveli ver gaigebs, xolo amiT igi qmnileba odnav ar
hkargavs Tavis genialobas, SesaZloa, romelime smena-ganuviTarebels bethovenis
simfonia `kakafoniad~ moeCvenos, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom bethoveni
`bundovania~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1914v:4). nawarmoebis gasagebad ganviTarebis
garkveuli donea saWiro. amasTan, bolos da bolos, romelime qmnilebis Rirsebis
dasaxasiaTeblad mTavari is xom ar aris, gaigo Tu ara igi yvelam, aramed is, Tu
imiT vin ra gaigo.
`bundovanma~ xelovanma mTeli evropa daatyveva da nobelis premiis
laureatic gaxda. masSi `iseTi sinaTle dainaxes, romelmac Tvali mosWra
xelovnebis namdvil damfasebelT~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1914z:4).
RvTiuria Tagoris marjvena.
genialuria misi Semoqmedeba, kiTxulob da maradisobas grZnob, _ aseTia
robaqiZis reziume...……
`foTlebis~ avtors moaqvs erTi leqsi `gitanjalidan~.
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dakarguli satrfos Zebna...
misi saxli didi ar aris da icis, rac gahqra, arasodes dabrundeba, magram
vrcelia uflis sacxovrebeli. “mis ZebnaSi me movel Sens bWemde... me movel
maradisobis sazRvramde, saidanac ara daikargeba ra: arca imedi, arca netareba da
arca saxe, cremlebSi xiluli. hoi, CasZire, ufalo, Cemi dacalierebuli
sicocxle am okeaneSi, CasZire igi TviT mis fskeramde; momec me erTbaSad Zala,
rom msoflios yovelSemcvelobaSi vigrZno dakarguli saTuTi Sexeba~ (saxalxo
gazeTi 1914T:4).
satrfo dakarga, magram grZnobs, rom `maradobis samTavroSi~ araferi
ikargeba, ufali yoveli arsis Tavi da boloa. `maradobis samTavro~ okeanea,
romelSic uTuod dascuravs dakarguli satrfo... ufals evedreba, misces Zala am
okeaneSi CaZirvis, raTa amiT satrfos Sexeba igrZnos. `amas iqiT gana kidev wava
sibrZne lamaz samoselSi gaxveuli?!. Msoflio literaturaSi es ramdenime sityva
sagalobelad darCeba maradis~ (saxalxo gazeTi 1914i:4), _ askvnis grigol
robaqiZe.
Rrma aris aRmosavleTi.
mis gareSe qarTvelebic mxolod `fiziologiuri erTeulni~ gaxdebian.
rusTavelma gamoxata Cveni stili – eladisa da aRmosavleTis sinTezi. robaqiZis
rwmeniT, Tu am gzas gadavuxvevT, ufskrulSi gadaviCexebiT.
Rrma aris aRmosavleTi...
rabindranaT Tagori misi Svilia _ namdvili qurumia, msxverplSemwirveli
(misi `gitanjali~ swored `msxverplSewirvania~, avtoris azriT).
Rrma aris aRmosavleTi...Tagori mis RviZl Svilad darCa da amiT evropac
daipyro.
ori wlis Semdeg gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ qveyndeba grigol robaqiZis
`rabindranat taboridan~.
saidan movdi, sad mnaxe?
dedam gulSi Caikra Svili da upasuxa: `Sen dafluli iyav, Cemo yrmav, Cems
gulSi survilis saxiT...
Sen sufevdi Cemi bavSvobis TamaSis dedofalebSi~ (saqarTvelo 1915a:3). dedas
aocebs jadosnuri Zala, romelmac wvrilsa da saTuT xelebSi qveynis saunje
Caugdo.
Tagori mudam eZebs RmerTs.
`me Tavs viqebdi xalxTa winaSe, rom gicnob Sen, ufalo. isini mzeren Sens
saxes yovels Cems naqnarSi. isini modian da mekiTxebian me: vin aris igi? me ar
vici, ra vuTxra maT. da vambob: WeSmaritad, ar ZalmiZs Tqma. isini mZraxven me da
midian dacinviTa. Sen ki aqve zixar, ufalo da iRimebi.
58
samarado simRerebSi gardavavlen me Cems moTxrobas Senze, ufalo.
... hai, hai, rom vinmem icodes, Tu ras mRerian Cemi simRerani?! (saqarTvelo
1915b:3).
xalxi icinis, ufali iRimeba.
MmaSinac da dResac Zalze cotam icis, raze `mReroda~ rabindranaT Tagori...
saxli bnelia da ganmartoebuli. qalwulo, `momec me Seni sanaTuri!~ qalma
mdinares gaayola lampari, romelic axla umiznod miscuravs.
`momec me Seni sanaTuri!~
qalwulma cas Seswira lampari da axla igi umiznod iwvis udabnoSi.
`momec me Seni sanaTuri!~
Cemi lampari JinJRilTa karnavals SevuerTe. `umiznod ikargeboda cecxlTa
Soris~ (saqarTvelo 1915g:3).
mwyurvals wyali davalevine. saxeli mkiTxa.
ra gagikeTe me Sen iseTi, rom Cemi saxeli daixsomo? _ ukvirs Tagors,
_`xolo xseneba mis, rom me SevZel SenTvis wyalis mocema Seni wyurvilis
dasaneleblad, arasodes moscildeba Cems guls da sitkboSi gaaxvevs~
(saqarTvelo 1915d:3).
erTi aRmosavluri sibrZne gagvaxsenda: brZens hkiTxes, ra unda daviviwyoT
da ra unda gvaxsovdeso? Tu vinmes keTilad moeqceviT, daiviwyeT, xolo Tu vinme
Tqven mogeqcevaT keTilad, mudam gaxsovdeT! – aseTi iyo aRmosavleli brZenis
pasuxi. am mcire gadaxvevis Semdeg Tagors davubrundeT...
nakaduls qaRaldis navebi miaqvs, baRis yvavilebiT datvirTuli.
lirikulma gmirma gaatana es navebi wyals, Savi asoebiT daawera Tavisi da
Tavisi soflis saxelebi. imedi _ `vinme naxavs maT Soreuls ucxo mxares da
gaigebs, vina var me~... (saqarTvelo 1915e:3).
sizmarSi xedavs, rogor miaqvT navebs tvirTi – sizmriT savse kalaTebi.
caze Rrublebi uSveben ialqnebs.
xalxi icinis...
`hai, hai, rom vinmem icodes Tu ras mRerian Cemi simRerani?!~ (saqarTvelo
1915v:3).
`foTlebis~ seria rabindranaT Tagorze saubriT sruldeba.
1914 welia... 1 ianvars gazeTma `Temma~ ramdenime pirovnebas,
sazogadoebasa da gazeTs nakvesebiT mimarTa. maTgan movixmobT erTs, romelic
grigol robaqiZes eZRvneba: `mzesa aqvs erTi nakli, ar SeuZlian dainaxos Tavisi
Tavi (sokrate)~ (Temi 1914:3).
pirveli msoflio omis dros robaqiZe iranSia, sadac gaicno momavali
meuRle nino domenskaia. masze lamazi qali ar Semxvedria, magram Zneli
59
dasaurvebeliao, _ werda grigol robaqiZe pirad werilSi. ninos mSoblebi baqoSi
cxovrobdnen. metad mZime dro iyo – omi, Seferxebuli mimosvla, gaWirveba da
epidemia. nino domenskaia, meuRlis survilis sawinaaRmdegod, qaliSvilTan erTad
baqoSi gaemgzavra. bavSvi dasneulda da gardaicvala.
grigol robaqiZem es veRar apatia cols. meuRleebi ganqorwindnen.
ramdenime wlis Semdeg robaqiZem gaicno elena fialkina. meore qorwineba
ufro bednieri aRmoCnda, ramdenadac elena meuRlis warmartebebisa Tu
warumateblobis erTguli Tanamoziare iyo sicocxlis bolomde. Llegendad aris
SemorCenili erTi SemTxveva: ucxoeTSi gamgzavrebis win fialkina avad gamxdara.
robaqiZe iZulebuli gamxdara, bileTebi daebrunebina. Semdeg Seutyvia, rom gemi,
romliTac unda gamgzavrebuliyo, daiRupa. ase ixsna col-qmris sicocxle elena
fialkinas avadmyofobam. amboben, rom amis Sedeg grigols es qali Tavis
bediswerad, fortunad miuCnevia da mTeli simcocxlis ganmavlobaSi misi
maRmerTebeli yofila (CemTvis... 1996a:411). cnobilia misi ruduneba, romliTac
dastrialebda Tavs Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi loginad Cavardnil meuRles. am
wlebis ganmavlobaSi robaqiZe morCilad iTavsebda momvlelis, meddis,
damlageblis, mzareulis, mrecxavis funqciebs. es iyo umagaliTo Tavdadeba
avadmyofi meuRlis mimarT. Eelena fialkinas gardacvalebidan gavida ramdenime
weli da grigol robaqiZem mesamed gadawyvita daqorwineba. magram amaze Semdgom...
axla ki robaqiZis werilebis seria saTauriT `dionisos kulti da
saqarTvelo~.
1917 welia, eri gaerTianebas iwyebs. grigol robaqiZe am procesze,
`xelmwifebiTi yalibis~ saWiroebaze msjelobs. `xolo aris sakiTxi sxva gvaric:
saqarTvelo, _ Tu gind erToblivi da mTliani, _ ubralo geografiul naglejs
warmoadgens Tu igi erTgvari sxeulia msoflio Semoqmedi sulis cnaurebisa.
saqarTvelos ideologiam es sakiTxi arc ki icis~ (saqarTvelo 1917a:2), _ wers igi
gazeT `saqarTveloSi~.
arseboben `msoflio Semoqmedi~ da Tu sruliad umoqmedo ara, naklebi
faseulobis Semqmneli erebi. saqarTvelo sulieri samyaros is saxea, romelic
mtkiced aris nakveTi. Cven ase gvwams, magram saWiroa dasabuTeba.
Ggrigol robaqiZe saqarTvelos istoriisTvis niSandobliv movlenas
gamoyofs _ msoflio mniSvnelobis dionises kultze iwyebs msjelobas.
robaqiZiseuli ganxilva esTetikuria. avtoris TqmiT, es aris erTgvari cda
im masalebis Sekrebisa, romelic saqarTvelos momaval ideologias unda
gaeTvaliswinebina.
es iyo Sesavali, Semdeg ki mimoixilavs, Tu rogor iCenda Tavs es kulti
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. Tavdapirvelad – dioniso TrakiaSi.
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sabos, sabazios, bassreus, gigon, dialos – ase sxvadasxvagvarad uxmobdnen
dionisos Trakielebi.
Rame, JinJRilebiT ganaTebuli mTebis kalTebi.
orgia. musika. mutribTa Rriali. da am grails _ `SeSlilobamdis mxiblavi~
fleita.
aRtyinebuli medResaswauleni, velur musikaze acekvebulni, metwilad,
qalebi, erTmaneTs gadaxveulni, TiTqmis SiSvelni, rqebiT `TavdamSvenebulni~:
`TmagaSlilni, cal xelSi gvelebiT, xanjlebs aelvareben, suroSi xveulebs,
dabolos daecemian zvarakad ganmzadils cxovels. hklaven, sisxls svamen da
um xorcs Wamen~ (saqarTvelo 1917b:2).
am erTgvari maniiT isini gadalaxaven piraduls, RmerTi gundSia, mocekvaveTa
rkalSi gamoCndeba xari-RmerTi anda mimebi ansaxiereben mas bRaviliT.
gunds xar-RmerTSi gaTqvefa surs. isini iqcevian dionises msaxurebad,
radgan monawileni arian misi epifaniisa (dabrunebis, movlenis). RmerTTan
Sesxeulebuls, erTadqceuls uwodeben `sabos~, `sabazios~, _ Tavad dionisos.
anTebulTa, agznebulTa, mTvralTa buneba icvleba. `iqmneba mdgomareoba,
romelSic tkivils aRar hqvia tkivili, es gznebaa, saerTo gzneba...
suli TiTqos gamosulia sxeulidan. Yyvelas eufleba eqstazi anu is, rasac
grigol robaqiZe `gardamaval SeSlilobas~ uwodebs da sazRvravs ara rogorc
ubralo sigiJes, aramed `hieromanias~ (`wminda SeSlilobas~), romliTac suli
eziareba RvTaebas. `aq imarTeba pirvelSi afrTovanebis mantika: iseTi winaxedva,
romliTac dionisoTi avsili suli momavlsa sWvrets. aqedan: `qadagad davardna~
da qadageba. afrTovanebis mantikis matarebelni menadebia (menada: gapirovnebuli
Tavdaviwyeba RvTaebiTs avsilobasi da netari amoxeTqa am avsilobis uZiro
wyalTagan)~ (saqarTvelo 1917g:2). ikveTeba mTeli gundi winaswarmetyvelTa
(`SewirulTa~): sibilebi da bakhidebi.
dionisos kulti moedo eladas. aq gvxvdeba koribantizmi, rasac avtori
dionisuris monaTesave movlenas uwodebs _ religiur SeSlilobas. `avads~ Caesmis
salamuris xma, aSlilia, Wirveuli, cekvis JiniT Sepyrobili, demoniT gaxelebuli.
aseT `avadebs~ cekviTa da musikiT arCendnen, ukmayofilebdnen Jins.
dionisos kults marTavs melampi (naxevrad miTiuri arseba), romelic
apolonis msaxuric aris. melampma gansazRvra dionisiebis, dionises
dResaswaulebis dro (noemberi an dekemberi) da adgili (parnasis veli). apoloni
dionises arTmevs velurobas. misi msaxuri, qali-qurumi piTia svams wminda wyals,
wovs samsxverplo sisxls da samfexaze mjdari qadagebs. am samfexas qveS dionise
marxia. `aq isaxeba dionisosa da apolos simboliuri SeerTeba: dioniso rogorc
61
RmerTi qvecnaurebis, apollo rogorc RmerTi zesxivosnobis~ (saqarTvelo
1917d:2).
eladam dionisos fenomeni miTologiurad daamuSava. `pirveli: dioniso
gamodis Zevesis (zevsis, _ r. g.) Svilad. deda pirveli – persefona (bneleTis
qali-mTavari). `dioniso-pirveli~: zagrei: _ titanebi miityueben mas TavisTan
sarkis pirispir, romelSiac igi mzers Taviss asaxielebas (pirveli simbolo
individuaciisa, anu ganpirovnebis)~ (saqarTvelo 1917e:2). zagrei gaiqceva, iqceva
sxvadasxva sxeulad (ganpirovnebis meore simbolo). bolos, roca xarad
gadaiqceva, titanebi daewevian, gaglejen (ganpirovnebis mesame simbolo) da
ylapaven. mis guls ixsnis aTina. Zevsi gawyreba da anacrebs titanebs
“peruniT”(cecxliT). am nacridan adamianTa modgma warmoiSva. dionisos guls
ylapavs Zevesi, romelic `Tibanel mefis asulTan~, samelasTan SeerTebis Semdgom
warmoSobs `meore dionisos~.
meore: adamiani ori elementisagan warmosdgeba – dionisurisa da
titanurisagan. dionisuri elementi iswrafvis SeuerTdes axal dionisos “diad
yovladobaSi”, titanuri elementi ki ikavebs adamians individualizaciis
(ganpirovnebis) rkalSi. adamianis vali Tavis TavSi titanuris morevaa.
mesame: adamianis suli ukvdavia, magram ara _ Tavisufali. igi dabadebisa da
sikvdilis usazRvro `rkalSia~ moqceuli. orfikuli sicocxle ar aTavisuflebs
suls imTaviTve. amisTvis saWiroa saiqios mravaljer `sxvadqceva~, saxis cvla.
ase nabij-nabij, cvalebaTa Semdgom SeuZlia suls, savsebiT eziaros, esxeulos
dionises.
meoTxe werilSi grigol robaqiZe dionises saidumloze saubrobs da
mkiTxvels uxsnis, rom es kulti msxverplis Sewirvaa.
pirovnuloba yoveli borotebis saTavea. individualizmis lamazi WurWeli,
rac `sxivosani Cvenebaa mxolod~ (Zveli indoelebis `maia~), unda daimsxvres da
masSi moqceuli sicocxlis nakaduli `msoflio uZiro denas~ unda SeerTos. aq
aris msxverpli da Semwirveli.
Tavdapirvelad, cocxal adamianebs swiravdnen msxverplad. herodote
mogviTxrobs: getebis (frakielTa eTnikuri Sto) RmerTi zalmoksisi lxinis dros
auwyebs xalxs, rom sikvdili cvalebaa. Semdeg qvesknelSi Cadis da meoTxe wels
brundeba. ambobs, rom is da misi msaxurni cocxalni arian saiqios. yovel sam
weliwadSi getebi wilisyriT irCeven maxarobels, romelsac RmerTTan gzavnian
davalebiTa da TxovniT. gagzavnis wesi ki aseTia: `erTni rigad gaimarTebian,
romelTac win gamowvdili Subebi uWiravT, sxvani waavleben xels maxarobels,
moiqneven da Subebze dascemen. Tu mokvda, _ zalmoksisi mwyalobelia, _ fiqroben
isini; Tu ar mokvda ganmiruli, _ maSin isini swyevlian mas, rogorc uwmidurs, _
62
da meores gzavnian maxaroblad~ (saqarTvelo 1917v:2). maxarobelma saiqios myofT
unda uTxras, rom maT cocxlebad miiCneven am qveyanaze, dabrunebuli ki
gamgzavnelebs auwyebs, rom imqveynad sicocxle grZeldeba. maxarobeli axali
zalmoksisia, davalebebi – locvebi RvTisadmi. swored aq ikveTeba adamianis
gaRmerTeba _ Tu mokvda, Rirsia gagzavnis anu gaRmerTebis.
cocxali adamianebis msxverplad Sewirvam, sabolood, simboluri saxe miiRo.
mokvdineba `mokvlis saxiobam~ Secvala, adamiani – cxovelma, gansakuTrebiT –
xarma, romelic veluri, daucxromeli warmomSobi Zalis simboloa. garda amisa,
arsebobs falosis kulti, rogorc nayofierebis simbolo.
grigol robaqiZis ganmartebiT, xar-RmerTis akuwva niSnavs titanebis mier
dionisos daglejas da orfeosis akuwvas menadebis mier.
mexuTe werili dionisosa da xis kultis kavSirs xsnis.
`magneziaSi dioniso daaviwydaT. igi gamoCndeba xolme grigalisagan
gadamtvreuls Wadaris totebSi~ (saqarTvelo 1917z:2). amasTan, Zvelad cnobili
iyo, rom dioniso muxaSi cocxlobs. RmerTi dodonas wminda muxis foTlebis
SrialiT gamoxatavda Tavis nebas.
Tebes svetebi, suroTi Sexveuli, dionisos asaxierebda. mis kultSi suro
xSirad gvxvdeba.
SemwirvelTa gvirgvini sxvadasxva RmerTis wminda xis foTlebisagan ikvreba:
dafnis, muxis, zeTisxilis... xandaxan gveli icavs muxas, rogorc, magaliTad,
kolxeTSi. robaqiZe ganmartavs, rom Tavad xe ki ar iyo RmerTi, aramed romelime
RmerTs axasiaTebda... dioniso zogjer xiT (gansakuTrebiT, muxiTa da suroTi)
cxaddeboda.
mas Semdeg, rac mkiTxvels dawvrilebiT gaacnobs dionises kults, avtori
Cvens uZveles ritualebTan avlebs paralelebs. misi mtkicebiT, saqarTveloSi
dionisos kultis naSTebi bevrgan aris SemorCenili. kaxeTSi, sofel awyuraSi 14
agvistos TeTri giorgoba aRiniSneba. didZali xalxi (ara mxolod qristianebi,
aramed TaTaric da lekic). eklesias gars Semouvlis samjer an Svidjer. win
qalebi midian, ukan vaJebi miyvebian, rigrigobiT galoben didebas. saRamos
eklesiisken mieSurebian. karibWesTan giorgis romelime mona davardeba, saydarSi
ise ver Sexval, Tu zed ar Sedgebi an ar gadaabijeb. TeTrebSi gamowyobili qali
acekvdeba gatacebiT. drogamoSvebiT ki gminavs da ikrunCxeba.
mohyavT msxverpli – rqebze sanTlebanTebuli xari. Tavs daecemian da Tu
xari ar dacxra, xalxi ambobs, albaT, msxverpli arawminda guliT aris
Semowirulio.
63
es TiTqos qristianuli dResaswauli mraval warmarTul niSans amJRavnebs.
grigol robaqiZe cal-calke gamohyofs procesiis im maxasiaTeblebs, rac
dionisurs ukavSirdeba:
eklesiis Semovla RamiT gvagonebs dionisur procesias, romelic aseve RamiT
imarTeboda
gundebis rigrigad galoba dionisiebis musikis TanxlebiT jivilxivils
hgavs.
procesiaSi qalebis win yofna migviTiTebs, rom aqac qalebi pirveloben.
TeTrebSi mocekvave qali, romelic ikrunCxeba da gminavs, SeiZleba iTqvas,
pirdapiri dionisuri aSlilobaa.
wm. giorgis monebi igiveni arian, rac dionises msaxurni.
qadagni sibilebsa da bakhidebs utoldebian.
`xari-msxverpli: _ es dionisos gamomsaxveli xar-RmerTis namdvili naSTia.
xalxi Sesawiri xaris Sesaxeb rasac ambobs, gvagonebs getebis sityvebs
zalmoksisisadmi gasagzavni maxaroblis Sesaxeb _ Tu mokvda, ese igi, RmerTTan
gagzavnis Rirsia.
karebSi davadnili kaci adamianis msxverplad Sewirvis simboloa.
dacemuls kacze gadaivlian: es udris msxverpliT ziarebas uzenaes arsisas~
(saqarTvelo 1917T:2).
xaris rqebze sanTlebs anTeben. dionisos kultSi xar-fetiSs rqebiT
saxavdnen.
saydris rkalze Zafs avleben. Zafi da saerTod qsovili dionises
atributTagania.
am ritualebis ganxilvis Semdeg grigol robaqiZe askvnis, rom awyuris
dResaswauli dionisos kultis uamrav niSans atarebs da misi utyuari
gamoZaxilia.
Aavtoris azriT, dionisiebis niSnebi fSav-xevsureTSic aris Semonaxuli,
magaliTad, xevis beri, dekanozi, xucesi xats rom emsaxurebian da mis survils
xalxs ucxadeben, es piTias msaxurebas uTanabrdeba.Ggr. robaqiZe mimoixilavs sxva
dResaswaulebsac (qarTlSi – gerisTaoba, raWaSi – nacixuroba, svaneTSi _
`limpiaris dReoba~, afxazeTSi _ pirvelyvaviloba anu `mizitxu~) da dionisiebis
miniSnebebs poulobs. Aavtoris daskvniT, dionises kulti CvenSi droTa
ganmavlobaSi mimqrala an sxva kults umZlavria, magram odesRac gavrcelebuli
rom iyo, misi naSTebi mowmobs.
meSvide werilia sityva saboloo, sadac grigol robaqiZe cnobili
germaneli filosofosis mier aRqmul dioniseze saubrobs: `dionisos fenomeni
fridrix nicSem gadaSala mTeli misi uZiro saidumloTi... nicSe miudga heladas
64
esTetiuri gancdiT: esTetiuri aTviseba – es mTavari mizania nicSesi yvelgan~
(saqarTvelo 1917i:2).
Aamis Semdeg avtori dionises fenomenis religiuri mniSvnelobaze msjelobs.
misi TqmiT, dionises kulti daiwyo aRapiT sasaflaoze. sikvdilisa da
sicocxlis RmerTi im “saxsariT” unda gaxsniliyo, sadac mTavrdeba sikvdili da
iwyeba sicocxle. sasaflaoze gamarTuli `aRapi~ swored es “saxsaria”. aq ara
marto sikvdilis saSinelebas ganicdidnen, aramed sicocxlis arssac grZnobdnen.
Zvel xalxTa cxovrebaSi xSirad gvxvdeba sasaflaoze gamarTuli `sqesuri
orgiazmi~.
`sulis saqme~ CvenSic sasaflaoze sruldeba, amave dros, iqve imarTeba
Rreoba. ucnauria, magram sicocxlis asaTamaSeblad sasaflaos virCevT. ar
moiZebneba, mgoni, meore iseTi xalxi, romelic qarTvelebiviT advilad urigdeba
sikvdilis saSinelebaso, _ wers gr. robaqiZe.
qarTvelobam mZafrad ganicada dionisuroba. Cvens istorias grigol
robaqiZe dionisur misteriad aRiqvamda, radgan Cven mZafrad aRviqvamT sikvdilsa
da sicocxles, gaqrobasa da aRdgenas. Zvel berZneTa `siyvaruli bedisadmi~ (amor
fati) qarTvelma erma sam sityvaSi gamokveTa: `rac moxdes – moxdes~.
rac unda moxdes, igi mainc dionisur gunebazea da mReris.
`mravalJamieri” – saqarTveloSi aTamaSebuli `dionisurobis~ bolo akordia.
ase dasrulda grigol robaqiZis werilebis seria.
literaturuli procesebi, axali krebulebi, mwerluri nakli da Rirseba –
am da sxva literaturul sakiTxebze saubari aucilebeli iyo momavlisTvis.
me-20 saukunis literatura Camoyalibebas iwyebda. cotac da... SemoiWreboda
mZlavri talRa `cisferyanwelebis~ saxiT. manamde ki literaturul asparezze
Candnen i. griSaSvili, a. abaSeli, a. WumbaZe...
literaturis saTaveebTan unda mdgariyo adamiani, vinc Rrmad grZnobda
sityvas, araTu dawerils, aramed nagulisxmevsac kiTxulobda da miukerZoeblad
msjelobda TeTrsa da Savze...
aseTi adamiani iyo grigol robaqiZe. misi `foTlebi~ ar aris aRtaceba
sxvaTa marcxiT, es aris zrunva literaturis momavalze. Aam werilebis Rirseba
da axali muxti swored esaa.
rac Seexeba dionisiebis mimoxilvas, misi siaxle ara mxolod imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom qarTvel sazogadoebas ase vrclad gaacno elinTa es
sisxlsavse kulti, aramed momaval qarTul ideologias daukavSira da
mimarTuleba gansazRvra.
dionisos kulti Tan sdevda grigol robaqiZes.
65
es kulti Tan sdevda saqarTvelosac, _ amtkicebs misi werilebi. dionisos
kultis msoflio mniSvneloba grigol robaqiZisTvis saSualebaa, romliTac igi
qarTveli eris aseTive mniSvnelobis saxes gamokveTs.
1917 wels grigol robaqiZem portretuli Canaxatebis obieqtebad aqcia
kita abaSiZe, irakli wereTeli, iakob nikolaZe, grigol orbeliani, aleqsandre
WavWavaZe, besiki, giorgi SarvaSiZe. zogi maTgani moswonda, zogi ara, magram
obieqturad cdilobda subieqturi gancdebis gadmocemas.
fsiqologia gr. robaqiZis gataceba iyo, cdilobda, sulSi Caswvdomoda
pirovnebas da mxolod amis Semdeg daeZra sityva. Amis gamoKkritikosi `man wili~
mis leqciebs `gancdis leqciebad~ miiCnevda (Temi 1911r:2).
grigol robaqiZem ki gancdis adamiani kita abaSiZes uwoda.
1917 wlis 17 (30) dekembers gardaicvala literaturaTmcodne, kritikosi,
publicisti, sazogado moRvawe kita abaSiZe. sam dReSi robaqiZis gamosaTxovari
werili-portreti daibeWda.
qarTuli genis xazgasma: Tmafafara TeTri moxuci, iveriis legendaruli
silamaze. mis gverdiT _ vaJkaci, giorgi saakaZis profiliT... gurielis Tavaduri
ojaxi da tkbili qarTuli. Semodis tanmaRali mamakaci, saTvaled – pensne... xvdebi
maSinve, rom igi mamia gurielis diswulia, imdenad igrZnoba masSi gurielTa
“dinji paTosi~.
robaqiZisTvis metad mniSvnelovania garegnoba. aq eZebs igi saerTos sulTan.
aqedan iwyebs wvdomas siRrmeSi.
Tavdapirvelad igi k. abaSiZis saxis ormagobas aRniSnavs: `cali Tvali odnav
ufro didi da pensnedan cal-gverda cqera xandaxan; bage TiTqo RimiliT
damtvreuli da Semdeg orWofil-Sekavebuli... Tvalebi rom Tbilad gicqerian,
xandaxan bages ucnauri sicivis frTaA gadahkravs RimiliT~ (saqarTvelo 1917k:2).
ormagoba imaSic vlindeba, rom kita abaSiZeSi guruli da imeruli
xasiaTebia Serwymuli. magram aris wuTebi, roca ormagoba qreba, Cndeba
esTetikuri srulqmnileba, mTliani pirovneba. Ggrigol robaqiZes itacebda
abaSiZis mTlianoba, gzneba, gancda. Fiqrobda, rom igi `gancdis~ adamiani ufro
iyo, vidre `weris~. Amitom, misi nawarmoebebsac mxolod is aRiqvamda sworad,
visac “ganucdia” misi pirovneba.
Aam sityvebiT gamoikveTa avtoris pozicia – kita abaSiZe rogorc Semoqmedi
ver pasuxobda mis kriteriumebs. magram xSirad amboben, rom xelovani mxolod is
ki ar aris, vinc qmnis, aramed isic, vinc aRiqvams. robaqiZec ambobs, rom
zogjer `gancda~ `Seqmnas~ ar Camouvardeba.
grigol robaqiZis oratoruli niWi gulgrils aravis tovebda. Tavis mxriv,
igi didi interesiT usmenda oratorebs da mkacri Semfasebelic iyo. kita abaSiZe,
66
rogorc oratori, moswonda: misi sityvebi cecxlSi nawrTobs agonebda, gurielTa
siTbos TandaTan rom kargavda da civad iWreboda, imeruli maxvili sarkazmiT.
oponenti damxobilia.
ena, fraza, tembri, toni, dinamika, Sinaarsi, analizi... grigol robaqiZe
iTxovda yvelafers erTad, yvelafers daxvewils.
es sinTezi man ver aRmoaCina irakli wereTelSi.
1917 welia da i. wereTeli ruseTSi revoluciis tvinad saxeldeba. Rusuli
presa misiT aRfrTovanebas ar malavs. uwodebs mas sityvis ostats, sityvis
mWedels, romelic aRelvebs msmenels, ajerebs da afiqrebs...
irakli wereTlisadmi miZRvnil saqebar sityvebs bevrgan amoikiTxavT. am
dros saxelganTqmuli oratori samSoblos ewvia leqciiT `omi da revolucia~.
Ggrigol robaqiZe dainteresda oratoris aTasjer naqebi jadosnobiT.
dasawyisSive naTqvamma ramdenime frazam Seuryia winaswar Seqmnili Sexeduleba,
wereTeliAsaSualo oratorze naklebi aRmoCnda (yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTad miiCnia
gr. robaqiZem): mouxeSavi tembri, Sablonuri frazebi, sityvis gawelva,
dinamiurobisa da xmis awev-dawevis ugulebelyofa... (saqarTvelo 1917l:2).
leqcia SinaarsiTac susti iyo, arc analizi Canda, arc _ kiTxvebze pasuxebi.
Ggr. robaqiZis sityviT, i. wereTlis gamosvla hgavda recepts wamlebis gareSe.
grigol robaqiZe, rogorc Cans, erTaderTi oponenti iyo mravali mexotbis
sapirispirod. TavisTavad, gancda subieqturia, Tumca, avtori cdilobda,
miukerZoebeli yofiliyo. Aamdenad, misi kritikuli Tvalsazrisis sarCulad
wereTel-robaqiZis ideologiuri azrTa sxvadasxvaoba ar unda miviCnioT.
Ggr. robaqiZe xSirad irwmuneboda, obieqturobas mudam vicavo, magram roca
romelime pirovneba mis moxibvlas SeZlebda (SemoqmedebiTa Tu qarTuli
rasisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebebiT), arc subieqturi gancdebis
gadmocemas erideboda (saerTodac xom SeuZlebelia, subieqti obieqturi iyos,
cxadia, mikerZoebas ar vgulisxmobT). aseTi Tbili damokidebuleba Cans qarTveli
xelovanisadmi miZRvnil portretul CanaxatSi `moqandake nikolaZe~.
1902 wels grigol robaqiZes gaucnia iakob nikolaZe: _ dabali tanis
moqandake, Savi, xiWuWi TmiT, didroni Savi TvalebiT, asirielis profiliT...
xuTi wlis Semdeg isini parizSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. gr. robaqiZis TqmiT,
iakobs anu Jakos didi ganaTleba ar miuRia, magram intuiciiT wvdeboda did
sakiTxebs. NnikolaZis portretis erTi StrixisTvis avtori saintereso Sedarebas
mimarTavs: `natexi~ sityviT xandaxan iseTs gancdas mogawvdis, rogorc `beri~
xavsiani qva Zveli saidumlo warweriT~ (saqarTvelo 1917m:2).
67
Aavtori xazs usvams i. nikolaZis bavSvur uSualobas. araviTari gesli,
araviTari siave mis xasiaTSi ar zis. gulaxdili, laRi, aRfrTovanebuli, _ aseTia
Jako. igi namdvili xelovania mZafrad ganviTarebuli plastikuri grZnobiT.
iakob nikolaZe cxovrebaSic xelovania. amasTan, sxvisi kargi, sxvisi
gamarjveba, warmateba xelovnebaSi mas imdenad uxaria, rom msgavsi magaliTis
moZebna gagiWirdebaT.
Arogorc vxedavT, avtori xelovanis dasaxasiaTeblad mraval iseT Tvisebas
gamohyofs, adamianis bunebis samkaulad rom miiCneva, magram misTvis mTavari mainc
sxvaa _ nikolaZe qvaSi kveTs qarTvelTa genias.
Gwerilis dasasruls gr. robaqiZe gamoTqvams wuxils imis gamo, romNniWier
moqandakes materialurad Zalian uWirs da, saubedurod, saxelosno ar aqvs. igi
mimarTavs qarTvel ers, daafasos xelovani da auSenos atelie, romelic
amasTanave iqneba qarTveli xelovanebis `esTetiuri garTobis kuTxe~.
Semdegi portreti asaxavs grigol orbelians rogorc pirovnebas da rogorc
Semoqmeds. grigol robaqiZes ar moridebia, cnobili poetis riTmaTa siRaribe da
sxva naklovanebebi aReniSna.
gr. orbelianSi ar aris SemoqmedebiTi niaRvari, magram masSi aris jiSi,
romelic bevrs niSnavda robaqiZisTvis. es ar exeboda sardal orbelians,
romelsac omSi gamoCenili sisastikiT Tavis mowonebac SeeZlo.
e es ar aris qarTuli JiSi.
magram `sadRegrZelo~ namdvili Tamadis Tqmulia. es ki Cveni genia. sxva
mxriv, orbeliani poeturi xatebiTa da riTmebiT metad Raribi poetia. mTeli misi
individualoba, robaqiZis TqmiT, `sadRegrZeloSia~ moqceuli (saqarTvelo
1917n:2).
genis gamo uyvarda grigol robaqiZes aleqsandre WavWavaZec _ dendi,
qarTul-aRmosavluri dardimandobiT.
aleqsandre WavWavaZe aristokrati iyo CamomavlobiTac, biologiuradac,
sulieradac, masSi yovelmxriv ikveTeboda qarTuli rasis silamaze da rCeuloba.
gr. robaqiZis azriT, a. WavWavaZis msgavsad majama aravis auTamaSebia.
`aleqsandre WavWavaZisTvis leqsi iyo `kaxuriT~ savse azarfeSa: amaSia misi
Zala, _ magram SesaZloa, amaSive iyos misi dabrkoleba~ (saqarTvelo 1917o:2).
grigol robaqiZe mas besikis memkvidred miiCnevda, magram imasac aRiarebda,
rom besiki ufro niWieri Semoqmedi iyo. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom robaqiZes
besiki ar uyvarda, Tumca, mis niWs pativs scemda. `besiki aRmosavleTis Svilia
pirmSo: _ magram aRmosavleTis me primitivi monumentaloba ufro majadoebs,
vidre CuqurTmuli qsovili: egviptes piramidebi, vidre sparseTis xaliCebi~
(saqarTvelo 1917p:2).
68
gr. robaqiZis sityviT, besiki mdidaria poeturi saxeebiT. mis leqsSi sityvebs
ver gadasvam, fraza erTi mTliani sxeulia. es kia, zogjer riTma ise
moWarbebulia, rom leqsi iCrdileba da ikargeba. rac mTavaria, man ganaviTara
mravali teqnikuri xerxi, romlebic erTi saukunis Semdeg frangi simbolistebis
principad iqca. am mxriv, avtoris azriT, besiki fenomenia qarTul literaturaSi.
besikSi aRmosavleTi cxovrobda.
robaqiZes ki mainc elada aTrobda, elada da dionise.
berZenTa xasiaTi nicSem igrZno da gamoxata. Ggrigol robaqiZem ki imdeni
saerTo ipova qarTul xasiaTTan, rom dabeWda `hellenebi da qarTvelebi~.
elinebi nicSedan: `Zliereba, cecxli da Zleva-gaSla antiuri musikali
gznebisa... cecxlis dResaswaulebi, puris jejilis dResaswaulebi,
gakeTilSobileba iWvianobis – berZnebi yvelaze uiWvianesi xalxi, Tavismkvleloba
– siZulvili siberisadmi, siRaribesadmi~ (saqarTvelo 1917J:2).
qarTvelebi robaqiZis samzeridan: gamorCeuli folklori, bunebis
ayvavilebis warmarTuli grZnoba, cecxlisa da jejilis kultis naSTebi;
keTilSobili eWvianoba, siberisa da siRaribis zizRi.
da ase Semdeg...
nakveTi sxeuli, jiSi da zrdiloba, temperamenti da inteleqti, Suri da
sicrue, sicocxle, rogorc TamaSi...
grigol robaqiZem imdeni saerTo ipova ori xalxis xasiaTebs Soris, TiTqos
erTzea saubari, ganuyofelze. igi gansakuTrebul pativs scemda Zvel berZnul
kulturas da, albaT, amitom surda, rac SeiZleba meti paraleli gaevlo elinebsa
da qarTvelebs Soris. amiT igi qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelobas usvamda xazs.
gr. robaqiZis momdevno portreti giorgi SarvaSiZes mieZRvna.
modis cxenosani, moxdenilad mjdari, memkvidreobiT gadaeca mas namdvili
cxenosnobis siyvaruli da unari. Cacmulobis qarTuli yaida, sada da rCeuli.
saocari xma: `neli, tkbili, melodiuri. kiloc lamazi, ucnauri jadoTi
gaJRenTili~ (saqarTvelo 1918a:2). Tlili TiTebi, saxis silamaze iveriuli,
sworupovari profili. SarvaSiZis unaklo aRnagobam aTqmevina avtors, saukuneebia
saWiro, rom `biologiurma SerCevam~ aseTi srulyofili tipi warmoSvaso.
giorgi SarvaSiZe flobda rusuls, franguls, inglisurs, germanuls,
ebrauls, afxazurs, megruls, iyo mwignobari, vinac zedmiwevniT icoda rusTaveli
da visTan baasic yvelas siamovnebda.
misma gardacvalebam Zalze daamwuxra gr. robaqiZe, radgan qveyanas
`qarTuli rasis” namdvili namdvili warmomadgeneli daaklda.
grigol robaqiZes uyvarda jiSi yvelgan da yvelasi.
uyvarda qarTuli jiSi da yvelaferi dionisuri.
69
sainteresoni arian misi TvaliT danaxuli qarTvelebi. Tu SeniSnavs Cveni
genis, rasis `xazmosmas~, aRniSnavs aRtacebiT, gamokveTilad. mas ara mxolod
Semoqmedni ainteresebs, aramed, pirvel rigSi, qarTuli genis matarebeli
adamianebi.
is esTetia da gamorCeul adamianebSic amaves eZebs. Tamaric misTvisqali-mefe
da gamorCeuli istoriuli figura ki ar aris mxolod, aramed esTetikuri
fenomeni (robaqiZe 1918). misi Semoqmedebac aseTia _ is yovelTvis faqtebs
miRma iyureba. siyvarulis gareSe enas iSviaTad daZravs _ misTvis vinmes
Semoqmedebis ganxilva mxolod maSin aris sruli, roca siyvaruls
eyrdnoba: zedgamoWrils sityvas besiks ver vetyvi _ amisTvis siyvaruli
saWiroo. gancdis gareSe arc arafers wers da arc sxvisi dawerili
moswons.
`xatovani Cveneba, emociur-saxeibrivi sja _ es gaxlavT myari mwerluri
pozicia... SeiZleba iTqvas, grigol robaqiZis mTeli mwerluri produqcia,
misi memkvidreoba aris eseisturi~ (mefariSvili 2005:22)
eseisti robaqiZe sulSi wvdomas cdilobs, garegnuli, fizikuri niSnebiT,
TvisebebiT Sina samyaros gasaRebs eZebs. robaqiZe mxatvaria kalmiT.
ramdenime StrixiT suraTs dasrulebel saxes aZlevs. misTvis mTavari iyo
`Cveneba~.
`grigol robaqiZis sruliad gansakuTrebuli TviTmyofadoba warmoCinda ara
mxolod wminda mxatvrul opusebSi, aramed mis umSvenieres liriko-publicistur
fragmentebSi, filosofiur eseebSi, qarizmatul pirovnebaTa fsiqo-ferwerul
portretebSi~ (literaturuli saqarTvelo 2001:3), _ wers guram benaSvili.
nacnobi saxeebi axali mzeriT, rakursiT, moTxovniTa da gemovnebiT, ucnobi
StrixebiT, _ aseTia grigol robaqiZiseuli portretebi.
70
III Tavi
publicistika
grigol robaqiZe publicisti iyo mTeli Tavisi moRvaweobiT. yvelaferi,
razec saubrobda da werda, mizanmimarTuli, damajerebeli, siaxlis Semcveli iyo.
misi moRvaweoba presaSi Zalze sainteresoa, magram mainc gansakuTrebulad
sagulisxmo da sayuradReboa publicistika.
grigol robaqiZe analitikosi publicisti gaxldaT.
gamorCeuli eniT, gznebiT, analiziT, SorsWvretiT, damajereblobiT...
statiebi, romlebsac Cven mimovixilavT, 1917-1918 wlebSi daibeWda. aq aris
protesti moZalebuli bolSevizmis mimarT, magram protesti ara emociuri, aramed
asjer gazomili, dasabuTebuli.
yvelam kargad icis, rogoria 1917 weli. gadatrialeba, revolucia, anarqia,
propaganda, axali ideebiT TandaTanobiTi Troba.
dro, romelic borgavda.
robaqiZe gulgrilad ver auvlida gverds im aqtualur sakiTxebs, romelTa
ganxilvasac cxovreba moiTxovda. jer kidev 1911 wels gazeT `TemSi~ `man-wili~
werda, rom ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideebiT ruseTis gatacebis dros
grigol robaqiZe marqsizms gmobda. `yovel cxovrebis mier wamoyenebul kiTxvas
sazogadoebriv xasiaTis gansazRvrul mimarTulebis niadagze damyarebuli mtkice
pasuxs aZlevda~ (Temi 1911s:3).
1917 wels, ruseTis revoluciis dros, gazeT `saqarTvelos~ gasdevs mowodeba:
`qarTvelebo, Segnebulad, SeerTebulad, dinjad!~ ruseTis revolucia
sasixaruloa imdenad, ramdenadac igi saqarTvelosTvis Tavisuflebis momtani
gaxdeba. `ruseTis dRevandeli revolucia, Zveli mTavrobis gadayeneba, Zveli
ruseTis dasaflaveba da axlis aRorZineba saqarTvelosTvis mxolod maSin iqneba
sikeTis myofeli, rodesac saqarTvelos miecema sruli politikuri garantia
Tavisufali politikur TviTarsebisa~ (saqarTvelo 1917r:1).
sxvadasxvaa qarTuli da rusuli damokidebuleba am movlenisadmi.
saqarTvelos erTianoba sWirdeba. “saqarTvelo” mkiTxvels mouwodebs, erTaderT
ideaze ifiqros, izrunos, iRvawos _ es saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebaa.
gazeTi mkiTxvelebs arwmunebda, ruseTis revolucias da axal mTavrobas
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi unda miesalmos saqarTvelo, Tuki is Cveni miznis
ganxorcielebaSi dagvexmarebao.
magram ruseTSi vin wuxda Cveni qveynis momavalze? jer kidev 1911 wlis
dasawyisSi grigol robaqiZe arCil jorjaZes werda: `saqarTvelos bed-iRbali
71
maT ise ainteresebT, rogorc marsis mcxovrebni. sxvaTa Soris, axalgazrda
qarTvelis tragedia amaSicaa~ (baqraZe 1999:55). marTlac ase iyo _ yvelafris
miuxedavad, mudam ruseTs SevyurebdiT imedis TvaliT, imedgacruebebs arafrad
vagdebdiT.
1917 wlis bolo TveebSi robaqiZe rogorc profesionali publicisti,
Seunelebeli tempiT moRvaweobs. TiTqos daaviwyda, rom arsebobs literatura da
sxva sayvareli sakiTxebi, romlebzec adre werda. igi mTlianad moicva
aqtualurma, metic, sabediswero sakiTxebma.
grigol robaqiZisTvis, rogorc samSoblos ukideganod moyvaruli
SvilisTvis, mTavari eris keTildReoba, Tavisuflebaa. ufrTxis bolSevizms,
radgan eWvi ar epareba, rom misi moZaleba kargs aras uqadis saqarTvelos.
publicisti aanalizebs ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebs.
ruseTis tragediis saTave absoluturis, uTuosken swrafva da saTuosTvis
gverdis avlaa. aq gr. robaqiZe berdiaevs, ivanovs da dostoevskis eyrdnoba. rusis
sulisTvis Tavi da Tavi absolutia. es Cans filosofiaSic, xelovnebaSic,
ideologiaSic (magaliTi: bolSevikebs swamdaT, rom ukve socializmis karebs
miuaxlovdnen kapitalizmis gverdis avliT.)
absoluturis ZiebaSi ruseTi Zlieria. mis literaturas `msoflio daRi~
azis. genia – dostoevski, romelmac `problema danaSaulisa sul sxvnairad
wamoayena, vidre es Zvel tragikosebs eCvenebodaT da axal epoqaSi Seqspirs,
dostoevskis amoSla msoflio furclebze yovlad SeuZlebelia~ (saqarTvelo
1917s:2).
nicSe ambobda, rom Tu vinme unda CaiTvalos mis maswavleblad – es
dostoevskia. Tavis mxriv, nicSes gavlena bevrma moazrovnem ganicada, maT Soris
iyo grigol robaqiZe. sxvaTa Soris, TviTon aRniSnavda xolme, SeTxzvis meTods
mas Semdeg vaqcev did yuradRebas, rac fridrix nicSem, oskar uaildma da
dimitri mereJkovskim damanaxves misi mravali saidumloebao.
gr. robaqiZe rusi geniosisadmi _ dostoevskisadmi gansakuTrebul siyvaruls
gamoxatavda yvelgan, sadac sityva moitanda. sxvaTa Soris, kita abaSiZis
portretisTvis Strixad gamoiyena kamaTi Teodor dostoevskis mniSvnelobaze
(abaSiZe franguli literaturis mgznebare trfiali gaxldaT, robaqiZe ki rusul
mwerlobas aniWebda upiratesobas).
am mcire gadaxvevis Semdeg davubrundeT gr. robaqiZis problemur statias.
yovel kulturas tradicia axasiaTebs. ruseTSi ki tradicia ar yofila. erTma
revoluciam romanovTa samaswliani arseboba gaaqro...
apokalifsuri sulis CamoyalibebaSi Zlieri ruseTi umweoa `saTuosa da
saSualos~ SeqmnaSi.
72
imdroindeli ruseTi anarqiulia. amas gamudmebiT usvams xazs avtori.
yvelaferi is, rac Semdgomi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa respublikis
istoriul Rirebulebebad iTvleboda, grigol robaqiZisTvis anarqia, qaosSi
gauCinarebaa. sastiki TviTmpyrobelobis xelidan gamovardnili ruseTi saSinel
anarqiaSi gadavarda. misi suli qaosos frTebze daekida, _ fiqrobda avtori, _
ise, TiTqos ruseTi `moCveneba~ yofiliyos mxolod. am moCvenebebze saubrobdnen
winaswarWvretiT dostoevski da beli...
ruseTs maqsimalizmi Svelis `sulis cnaurebaSi~. magram `texnikursa da
socialurs kulturaSi gadatanili maqsimalizmi istoriasa da istoriulobas
pirdapir uaryofs. rusi gvagonebs im adamians, romelmac avtomobili uaryo,
mxolod misTvis, rom haeroplani ar SesTavazes, _ da axla urmiT mixoxavs~
(saqarTvelo 1917t:2), _ ase Seafasa 10-iani wlebis dasasruli gr. robaqiZem.
mTeli es saintereso wiaRsvla literaturasa da filosofiaSi, istoriasa
da ideologiaSi, saWiro iyo zemoT motanili frazis mosamwifeblad. metad
damajerebel faqtebsa da argumentebs Tavad mihyavxar avtoris daskvnamde. erTi
zusti SedarebiT daixata ruseTis umweoba saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaSi. Tu
gavixsenebT msoflio gigantis, sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobas (Tumca mis SeqmnaSi
qarTvels miuZRvis lomis wili), SeiZleba, sadavo gaxdes robaqiZis mokveTili
debuleba. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom igi aRiarebda bolSevikebis mosalodnel
triumfs. es kia, ar sjeroda anarqiiT mosulebis da, sabolood, ufskrulis
wyvdiads uwinaswarmetyvelebda. Cven yvelani amis mowmeni gavxdiT.
Ggrigol robaqiZisTvis, rogorc aRvniSneT, ruseTis revolucia anarqia iyo,
iseve rogorc qveynis yofa. amiT sargeblobda bolSevizmi –anarqiuli ideologiis
mqone Zala. ekonomikurad isedac CamorCenili ruseTi omma ufro daaqveiTa,
warmoeba daeca, transportis mimosvla Cakvda, amas daumateT ruseTSi Semaval
erTa decentralisturi midrekileba da miiRebT anarqiisken gaqanebis naTel
suraTs. cxadia, imarjvebs Zala, romelic mihyveba sayovelTao anarqias. im
droisTvis bolSevikebma ukve daikaves ramdenime punqti da petrogradis
satelegrafo saagento. magram publicisti mkiTxvels arwmunebda, rom is, vinc
imarjvebs anarqiiT, imave anarqiiT daiRupeba.
rogorc yovelTvis, gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani boloTqma:
`saqarTvelosTvis erTi ram aris saWiro: nu viqnebiT ubralo morCilni im
fantaziebisa, raic petrogradis nislSi moelandebaT. Cven Cveni sakuTari gza
gvaqvs da vecadoT yvela Zalebis Semokrebas, rom revoluciaSi Sobili erovnuli
ganTavisuflebis gza anarqiiT ar movispoT~ (saqarTvelo 1917u:2).
kvlav winaswarWvreta: mova dro da qarTvelebsac dabangavs bolSevikuri
fantasmebi _ daviwyeba im soflis da amqveyniuri samoTxis landi...
73
nisliani moCvenebaa TviT peterburgi, misi Svili, dostoevski _ `avadi qaosi,
geniiT nakveTi~. `fantasmebis qalaqSi~ robaqiZe imeorebs, rom ruseTis arsi
qaosia, sadac xan genialuri zmanebebi mogeCvenebaT, xanac ufskrulis piras
imarTeba giJuri aruli.
qaosis frTebi efemerulia da mzesTan ver agiyvans.
grigol robaqiZe mizanmimarTulad saubrobs ruseTis anarqiaze.
drogamoSvebiT ubrundeba da mkiTxvels Seaxsenebs ufskrulis siaxloves.
peterburgi realobas mowyda. iq yoveldRe raRac axali zmaneba ibadeba,
zmaneba, romliTac ruseTTan erTad mTeli samyaros gardaqmna surs. am survilSi
publicisti erTgvari fsiqozs xedavda, ruseTis qaoturi sulis naSobs.
qaosi – es aris sityva, romelSic grigol robaqiZe mTeli ubedurebis xats
aqcevs. TiTqos misiT aSinebda mkiTxvels, raTa bolSevizmis gavlenisagan daecva
da Tavisufleba moewyurebina. publicisti ubedurebad miiCnevda imas, rom
fantasmebis qalaqis naTqvams mTeli ruseTi imeorebda. Tanac rodis? revoluciis
dros, rodesac TiTqos Tavisufleba unda damyarebuliyo. “da gana es aris
Tavisufleba?! Tavisufleba, pirvel yovlisa, TavisTavadobaa, zereled ayoleba ki
– namdvili monoba~ (saqarTvelo 1917f:4).
fsiqologebi amboben, rom damnaSave brbos ukan ufro damnaSave publika
dgas, xolo mis ukan kidev ufro damnaSave publicistebi dganan. bolSevizmis
ideologebi gamWriaxi publicistebi iyvnen. zustad icodnen, rogor moexdinaT
zegavlena xalxze, aeyoliebinaT masebi. maTs moZRvrebaSi, qadagebaSi ido es
muxti, romelmac, sabolood, damuxta kidec milionobiT adamiani. gr. robaqiZes
undoda, saqarTvelosac daenaxa is, rasac TviTon xedavda da aecdina
mosalodneli ubedureba. boSevikebma gaTvales, Tu rogor gamoeyenebinaT anarqia
TavianT sasargeblod. grigol robaqiZe ki am qaosisgan qarTvelTa garidebas
cdilobda.
imis naTelsayofad, rom bolSevikebi moaxloebuli TavisuflebisTvis
safrTxes warmoadgendnen, gr. robaqiZe CaeWida erT faqts: ukrainis samxedro
generaluri komitetis wevri ityobineboda, rom bolSevikebi ukrainas gasresas
upirebdnen (saqarTvelo 1917q:2).
saTaveSive efeqturad, zustad moxazuli fraza bolSevikTa samoqmedo
programasa da realur moqmedebas apirispirebs: `is bolSevikebi, romelTa
programis erT-erTi muxli erTa ganTavisuflebaa, Tu gind maTi sruli gamoyofa...
oms ucxadeben ukrainas~ (saqarTvelo 1917R:2).
bolSevikebi erTa sakiTxs socialistur-imperialisturad wyveten. isini
SeebrZolebian yvelas, vinc maT ar mihyveba. magram sanam am daskvnamde miva,
robaqiZe aanalizebs revoluciur moZraobas.
74
social-demokratebis nawili (menSevikebi) da socialist-revolucionerebi
(eserebi) amtkicebdnen, rom ruseTis revolucia burJuaziuli revolucia iyo da
revoluciuri energia demokratiuli respublikis dasamyareblad unda
daxarjuliyo... maTi azriT, socialistebs burJuaziul-demokratiuli wyobileba
unda ganemtkicebinaT. magram grigol robaqiZe darwmunebuli iyo, rom
socialisturi sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad pirobebi ar iyo momzadebuli.
mdgomareobis naTlad dasaxatavad avtori kiTxvis formas arCevs: `ra unda qnas
socialistma im dros, roca socializmis ganxorcielebisaTvis obieqtivi momenti
sruliad momwifeuli ar aris da imave dros mTeli Zala mas xelSi aqvs
Cavardnili?!.. mdgomareoba tragikulia metad~ (saqarTvelo 1917y:2).
menSevikebma da eserebma gamosavali ver ipoves. burJuaziasTan erTad
moqmedebas apirebdnen da Tanve eSinodaT maTi, rogorc SesaZlo kontr-
revolucionerebis, ase gaorebulebi `Waobad~ iqcnen.
bolSevikebi ufro aqtiurebi da emociebs ayolilebi aRmoCnden. obieqtur
faqtorebs, logikas gverdi auares da anarqiis niaRvars SeuerTdnen. es,
garkveulwilad, gadaxvevac iyo marqsizmidan, romelic socializms ekonomikuri
aucileblobis Sedegad moiazrebs. bolSevikebs socialistoba undodaT da
aucileblobaze win fsiqologiuri, subieqturi momenti daayenes.
menSevikebisa da eserebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic demokratiul
respublikas aniWebdnen upiratesobas, bolSevikebs diqtatorul centrSi undodaT
revoluciuri energiis mogroveba. am centris neba unda gaxmaurebuliyo da
asrulebuliyo saxelmwifos periferiebSi. Seqmnes kidec aseTi centri saxalxo
komisarebis sabWos saxiT.
SemdgomSi centri daixvewa _ kremli dedamiwis meeqvseds ganagebda.
sinamdvile ar daemTxva bolSevikTa warmodgenebs. aRmoCnda, rom ruseTis
saxelmwifoSi Semavali erebi ar apirebdnen bolSevikuri socializmis
damkvidrebas. `ai, sad marxia ZaRlis Tavi: bolSevikebi oms ucxadeben yovel
xalxs, romelic bolSevikebs ar mihyveba. ukrainisadmi omis gamocxadeba
bolSevikebis mier – es mxolod erTi rgolia bolSevikuri suliskveTebisa.
centralistebi social-politikurad, _ bolSevikebi erTa sakiTxSi socialist-
imperialistebad gamodian~ (saqarTvelo 1917S:2), _ askvnis gr. robaqiZe.
arada, bolSevikebi kerenskis sdebdnen brals burJuaziul
imperialistobaSi. isini msoflios kapitalizmis umaRles, e. w. imperializmis
kerenski aleqsandre (1884-1970) – Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg petrogradis
sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile, saxelmwifo saTaTbiros droebiTi komitetis
wevri, 1917 wlidan eseri, droebiTi mTavrobis Tavmjdomare.
75
stadiaSi Sesulad moiazrebdnen. am reJimis damxoba da revoluciur msoflioSi
ganfena sakuTar movaleobad miaCndaT. Ggrigol robaqiZe ki Tavad maT debs brals
imperialistobaSi.
sagulisxmoa isic, rom avtorma bolSevikuri moZraobis namdvili
marqsizmisgan gadaxvevazec miuTiTa, maSin roca ruseTis bolSevizmi TavisTavs
marqsistuli moZRvrebis erTaderT WeSmarit memkvidred aRiarebda.
1918 wlis ianvarSi grigol robaqiZem isev gausva xazi socialistebis
`saxelmwifoebriv uZlurebas~.
`yvela grZnobs, rom martodmarto rRveva sakmao ar yofila. saWiro yofila
agreTve Senebac, _ raic Zalmosils uflebas iTxovs ucilod. magram sad aris
aseTi ufleba?~ (saqarTvelo 1918b:2). avtoris azriT, Zalmosili xelisuflebis
Seqmna socialistebs fsiqologiurad ar SeeZloT.
erTma unda brZanos, meorem – Seasrulos. aseTi damokidebuleba izrdeba miT
ufro, ramdenadac izrdeba adamianTa ricxvi. amasTan, `ramdenad izrdeba es
damokidebuleba, imdenad naklebi xdeba aqtivi Zala romelime wevris
sazogadoebis viTarebaSi. bolos, es procesi iqamde midis, rom xsenebuli
damokidebuleba... obieqtivdeba (nivTdeba), fetiSad iqceva.~ (saqarTvelo 1918g:2).
yalibdeba meqanizmi, romelic adamianebis mier aris Seqmnili, magram axla TviTon
marTavs maTs qcevas. `xelmwifebiTi ufleba ar aris istoriulad sociali
SeTanxmebis nayofi... xolo revolucia Segnebuli Carevaa xelmwifebiTi uflebis
gardaqmnaSi~ (saqarTvelo 1918d:2), _ askvnis gr. robaqiZe.
socialistebi acxadebdnen, rom yovel adamians, kulturuli donis
miuxedavad, SeuZlia, aqtiurad Caerios saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi. Tan yvelas hgonia,
rom advilad mouvlis saxlmwifo saqmeebs. `xelmwifebiTi uflebisaTvis~ ki
aucilebelia adamianis avtoriteti. Tu yvela `amxanagi~ da Tanaswori iqneba,
brZaneba SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia iarsebos garkveuli
Zaladobis gareSe, avtoris azriT ki, socialisturi Teoria xels uSlida
Zaladobas, Sesabamisad, asustebda “xelmwifebiTs” uflebas. Aamdenad,
socializmis fsiqologiiT saxelmwifos marTva SeuZleblad miaCnda. magram
grigol robaqiZem sakuTari TvaliT naxa, rom bolSevikebma SeZles Teoriis
gverdze gadadeba da Zaladobis gamovlena, Tanac iseTi Zaladobis, romelic
dRemde saarakod darCa. Tavad robaqiZes emigraciaSi amoxda suli, samSoblos
miwas danatrebuls... Tumca, aqamde jer Zalze Soria.
ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebis mimoxilvis paralelurad grigol robaqiZe
saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebsac exeba.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisi mas saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovnad
miaCnia, radgan axali qarTuli renesansis Casaxvas xedavs.
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mistikuri simbolo – wiwamuris veli.
`qarTvelma mohkla saqarTvelos mZlavri mxedari, xolo sisxliT Sesvril
xels rom daxeda, mkvlelma saqarTvelos saxe dainaxa. ilia WavWavaZe msxverplia,
Seucnoblad Sewiruli saqarTvelos sayofeli saxis xilvisaTvis~ (saqarTvelo
1917C:2). qarTvelma igrZno saqarTvelo. aqedan isaxeba qarTuli renesansi.
magram mas win garkveuli siZneleebi eRobeba: 1. partikularizmi, kuTxuri
gancalkeveba; 2. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma (ar gvqonda mtkice `xelmwifeba~.
daqsaqsulni rusTa xelmwifebis qveS gaverTiandiT, magram monobiT gaerTianeba,
grigol robaqiZis sityviT, saSineli ucnaurobaa); 3. sxvisi gavlenis qveS moqceva,
rac xSiria Cvens istoriaSi.
qarTuli renesansisaTvis pirobebi TandaTan umjobesdeba. gr. robaqiZes
saqarTvelos erovnul TavisuflebaSi eWvi ar epareba. mTavaria, qarTuli
renesansis monawilem igrZnos saqarTvelo da monaxos Tavisi namdvili saxe,
Semdeg ki ‘Semoqmedi xelmwifebiT” unda gamohkveTos misi saxe kulturul
SemoqmedebaSi.
grigol robaqiZe amayobs 1917 wlis noembris erovnuli yrilobiT, romelmac
qveyana gaaerTiana, Tumca, arcTu xangrZlivad.
kidev erTxel gavixsenoT, es iyo dro, roca samyaro icvleboda, ubralod
icvleboda ki ara, iwvoda, robaqiZis TqmiT, qaosis frTebiT mieqaneboda
ufsrkulisken. ruseTi ki revoluciis qariSxalma waiRo.
danieli princis maradiuli kiTxva: yofna-aryofna?
ufskrulis piras miyenebuli saqarTvelo, gr. robaqiZis sityviT, vaJur
Zlierebas iCens. SuRli, Suri, RvarZli, gautanloba, undobloba, dayofa, `Sen-
Cemoba~ uecrad gaqra. Tavi iCina politikurma gamocdilebam, `xelmwifebiTma
TavisTavadobam~, zomierma istoriulma paTosma.
yrilobam aRmoaCina, rom saqarTvelo programebze, lozungebze, dogmebze
didi yofila da Svilebs hyvarebiaT.Aam grZnobis gadmosacemad avtori Sedarebas
mimarTavs _ saqarTvelo mTeli Tavisi “istoriuli sxeulebiT” ganvicadeT ise,
rogorc fSanebi ganicdian aTasi wlis muxis fesvebso.
grigol robaqiZe aRtacebulia yrilobis erTsulovnebiT. misi TqmiT, eri,
romelic aseT saxelmwifoebriv Segnebas amJRavnebs, Sinaganad Tavis-ufalia da,
maSasadame, imTaviTve Tavisufali. aseT dros is, ubralod, uxeS monobas
icilebs Tavidan.
gr. robaqiZe am movlenas saqarTvelos istoriis axal `mzeosan~ etapad
miiCnevs. amis naxvis Semdeg SegiZlia, mSvidad daxuWo Tvalebi. `mravali qarTveli,
momswre am istoriulis wuTebis, ityvis uTuod: aw ganuteve mona Seni~
(saqarTvelo 1917c:2).
77
es daiwera 1917 wels, giorgobisTvis 25-s.
grigol robaqiZes, albaT, namdvilad erCivna, maSin aRsrulebuliyo.
sicocxlis bolomde, 1962 wlamde, mas bevri imedi gaucruvdeba.
jer ki 1917 welia. publicisti mimoixilavs mimdinare movlenebs. mis
interesebSi yovelTvis Sedis am movlenaTa kavSiri saqarTvelosTan.
stokholmis konferenciis saorganizacio komitetma manifestSi evropis
demokratiis mimarT, sxvaTa Soris, `osmaleTis somxeTis damoukidebloba~
ganacxada. daSnakelebis ganmartebiT, igulisxmeboda osmaleTis somxeTis sruli
suverenitetis aRdgena – somxeTi somxebs: somxeTSi somxebi arian sruli
patronebi, sxva eTnikuri elementebi ki – ubralod, moqalaqeni, kanoniT daculi
umciresoba. gr robaqiZis sityviT, `saosmalo somxeTs~ teritoriuli
mdgomareoba ar uwyobs xels, aRdges rogorc saxelmwifo sxeuli, magram
patronisa da moqalaqis principi sworia da is saqarTvelozec unda gavrceldes.
saqarTvelos mTlian saxelmwifo erTeulad aRsadgenad teritoriuli
mdgomareobac uwyobs xels. `mxolod iq, saca saqarTvelos teritoria
dasaxlebulia ara marto qarTveli eriT, aramed sxva xalxTa elementebiTac, iq
qarTveli eri unda iyos patroni da danarCenni ki mxolod moqalaqeni~
(saqarTvelo 1917Z:2). robaqiZe gamoTqvams rwmenas, rom zemoxsenebuli samarTliani
formuliT somexi eri mxolod sakuTar Tavze ar ifiqrebs. Darwmunebuli varT, es
gadakruli naTqvami Zalian bevr faqts amoativtivebs yoveli qarTvelis gonebaSi.
grigol robaqiZe gurulebisa da socializmis kavSirsac Seexo. aq miseuli
mxatvruli xveulebi iwevs win: guriis neli sirbile, faqizi, msubuqi, narnari
xazebi, `rbilad modunebuli~ sikekluce...
amayni arian gurulebi, amayni da ficxni, Rirsebis grZnoba aqvT
gamZafrebuli. maTSi igrZnoba nicSeseuli `manZilis paTosi~ `Cemsa~ da `sxvebs~
Soris. maTi sificxe, avtoris azriT, mxolod Jestia aristokratuli zviadobis.
saqarTveloSi social-demokratia gurulebma (ingoroyva, ninoSvili,
Jordania, maxaraZe, ramiSvili, jiblaZe, JorJoliani...) Semoitanes.
saintereso mosazrebaa: `isini gamovidnen socialistebad, radgan suliT
uaRresad aznaurni arian da yofiT Raribni~ (saqarTvelo 1917w:2). daumateT amas
saerTo niWiereba. `erTianoba~, avtoris azriT, socializmis miReba-
gaTavisebisTvis aucilebeli fsiqologiuri winapirobaa.
mainc, mRvdeli WilofSic icnoba. guruli aznaurad darCa, masSi ver
amoSliT rCeulobis grZnobas... grigol robaqiZe 1917 wels saqarTvelosa da
socializmis kavSirze sxvas arafers wers.
qarTvelma bolSevikebma, miuxedavad imisa, rom rusebis brma mimdevrebi
iyvnen, ver moaxerxes socialisturi revoluciis politikuri armiis Seqmna.
78
muSaTa klasi, ZiriTadad, menSevikebs emxroboda. 1917 wlis noemberSi
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirveli cda marcxiT damTavrda.
am droisaTvis socialisturi revoluciis gansaxorcieleblad Cvens qveyanaSi
pirobebi ar iyo momwifebuli.
misi Tanamedrove sinamdvile sanugeSos verafers eubneba grigol robaqiZes.
`istoriuli Segnebuloba~ win ar wasula. jer iyo msoflio omi, romelmac mTeli
xalxebi paikebad aqcia. Semdeg – ruseTis revolucia, saSineli anarqia, stiqia,
romelsac “Txisfexianma ruseTma” ver gauZlo. am yovelivem pirovnebac daSala
lamis.
qaosi yvelgan, qaosi da fantasmebi.
sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi meti mSvidoba iyo. magram
qarTvelebi beds arasodes gaunebivrebia, amitom istoriuli skepsisi iCens Tavs:
`vai, Tu mTeli es saSineleba saqarTveloSi damTavrdes ukanaskneli
katastrofiT~ (saqarTvelo 1918e:2).
aseTi anarqiis moZalebis dros Znelia, imoqmedo Segnebulad. es, cxadia,
publicistma kargad icis. swored amitom is mudmivad cdilobs, imoqmedos
sazogadoebriv azrze, moaxdinos misi formireba da gaamyaros: `stiqionis
adidebaSi unda ikrebde yovels Zalas, Segneba Tavis Tavisa umZafres siRrmemde
unda xdebodes, saxalxo nebis energia unda Segnebulad irazmebodes, _ da maSin,
Tu mogebuli ver gamovalT, Tavs mainc gadavirCenT~ (saqarTvelo 1918v:2).
socialisturi partiebisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTvel nacional-demokratebs ar
hqondaT programa-minimumi da programa-maqsimumi. maTi erTgvari progarma-maqsimumi
iyo saqarTvelos sruli saxelmwifoebrivi Tavisufleba. magram programis
saWiroebis sakiTxi suverenitetis Semdgomac wamohyofda Tavs, amitom gr. robaqiZe
ganixilavs ori saxis programis raobasa da saWiroebas socialisturi partiebis
programis mixedviT.
maTi programa-minimumi iTvaliswinebda burJuaziuli wyobilebis srul
demokratizacias, xolo programa-maqsimumi – am wyobilebis mospobas da
socialisturi saxelmwifos aSenebas. programa-minimumi iyo erTgvari gardamavali
safexuri sazogadoebis mosamzadeblad.
`momzadebis~ gamo programis orad gayofa Seuwynarebelia grigol
robaqiZisaTvis. amas Tu gavyeviT, SeiZleba, sazogadoeba minimaluri programis
donezec ar iyos momzadebuli da maSin misi gayofac mogviwevs. metic, yoveli
istoriuli aqtisa Tu socialuri reformisaTvis calke programis wamoyeneba
gaxdeba saWiro. amitom saRi azris mimdevari politikuri partiebi erT programas
qmnian. bunebrivia, erTbaSad misi ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, es TandaTan,
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safexurebad xdeba, Tanmimdevrulad. sxvaTa Soris, marqssa da engelss
`komunisturi manifesti~ orad ar gauyviaT, metic, isini amis winaaRmdegni iyvnen.
grigol robaqiZe orad gayofil programas politikur orWofobad miiCnevs,
magram aris sxva mxarec. SeiZleba, socialistebi programa-minimums praqtikul
miRwevad, programa-maqsimums ki idealad miiCnevdnen. idealTan miaxloeba
SesaZlebelia, sruli ganxorcieleba ki – ara. socialistebi ki programa-
maqsimumis srul ganxorcielebas gulisxmobdnen.
socialuri Tanasworoba, romlis damyarebac surdaT socialistebs,
robaqiZis azriT, utopiaa _ adamianis fsiqika arasdros ganzogaddeba, `me~ ver
moispoba, ver gaiTqvifeba `CvenSi~. klasikurad aqvs naTqvami klemensos: `Tqveni
koncefcia erT muxlSi scodebs: adamiani, romelic dagWirdebaT Tqveni ideis
gansaxorcieleblad, jer ar arsebobs, Tu gind Tqveni Teoria kidec
ganxorcieldes~ (saqarTvelo 1918z:2). es ironiuli fraza zustad asaxavs gr.
robaqiZis pozicias.
amdenad, avtoris daskvniT, socialisturi ideali yalb safuZvelzea
agebuli. demokratiul partias SeuZlia ufro marTebuli socialuri ideali
wamoayenos, romelic daemyareba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideas. amas
socialuri saswauli ar sWirdeba. mizani _ `individuali Tavisufleba~.
Sesabamisad, nacional-demokratebis erTiani, gauyofeli programa gamarTlebulia.
grigol robaqiZes gansakuTrebiT ar moswonda klasobrivi brZolis Teoria.
igi dawmunebuli iyo, rom klasobrivisa da erovnulis dapirispirebaSi
klasobrivisadmi upiratesobis miniWebam daRupa ruseTis `xelmwifobiTi
Zlevamosiloba~ da igive daRupavda saqarTvelos, misi gamTlianebis ideas.
amdenad, sasicoxlod mniSvnelovnad CaTvala am problemis ganxilva da gadaWra.
marqsizmi mxolod klasobriv dayofas cnobda, erovnebebad dayofas ki
ugulebelyofda. klasTa brZola, ramdenad samwuxaroc unda yofiliyo
robaqiZisaTvis, Teoriis sazRvrebs gascda da realobad iqca. saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi wvrili mesakuTreebi `raRac gangebiT (Tu gaugebrobiT!)~ socialistur
partias miemxrnen. soflebSi anarqia gamefda, maSin, roca saWiro iyo gaerTianeba.
is, rom glexisaTvis sulerTi gaxda, vin iqneboda batoni _ rusi Tu TaTari _
erovnuli dekadensis niSania. kacobriobis istoria klasobrivi nayofi rodia,
rogorc fiqrobdnen socialistebi, robaqiZisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania erovneba.
eri mTelia, klasi ki – nawili. qarTvels am nawilis warmodgena, gageba ufro
gauadvilda, vidre mTelis, radgan, avtoris azriT, “saqarTvelos sxeuli
JorJ benJamin klemenso (1841-1929) _ frangi saxelmwifo moRvawe da Jurnalisti.
safrangeTis premier ministri 1906-1909 da 1917-1920 ww.
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istoriulad daavadebulia” (saqarTvelo 1918T:2). socializmis mimxrobac
erovnul dekadanss amJRavnebs.
amdenad, qarTvelobas gamojansaReba sWirdeba. aseT dros eris bedi
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra gzas airCeven politikosebi: klasobrivs anacvaleben
erovnuls, Tu, piriqiT.
grigol robaqiZe Tavzardacemulia imiT, rom klasobrivi brZolis Teoriam
praqtikuli ganxorcieleba daiwyo saqarTveloSi. Tavs esxmian, ayaCaReben, xocaven
memamuleebs, amowyvites ciciSvilebi, maRalaSvilebi, TurqestaniSvilebi...
daarbies amirejibebi, bagration-daviTaSvilebi... robaqiZe gaognebulia _ rogor
wavida Segnebuli glexi konstantine amirejibis winaaRmdeg; imis winaaRmdeg, vinc
mTeli sicocxle sofels Seswira iq evropuli codna-gamocdilebis Sesatanad da
romelmac ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi avlevi umSvenieres kulturul soflad
aqcia.
Cven mcirericxovani eri varT da yovelma Cvenganma qveynis fizikur dacvaze
unda izrunos. `Tu samoqalaqo omSi Cven erTi meores davuwyeT xocva, maSin raRaT
gvinda an erovnuli Tavisufleba da an raime sociali idealis ganxorcieleba~
(saqarTvelo 1918i:2). TiTqos martivi ritorikuli SekiTxvaa, romlis pasuxic
yvelam icis, magram, faqtia, rom mas merec bevjer dagvWirda amgvari Segoneba,
Tumca maSinac da Semdgomac – amaod... publicists es sityvebi sasxvaTaSorisod
ar uTqvams.
socialistebs Zalian uyvardaT lozungebi, romlebic myvirala sityvebiT
gamoirCeoda. gr. robaqiZes aseTi mowodebebi mravali borotebis warmomSobad
miaCnda. batonebi glexebs `yvlefen~, `sisxls swoven~... ismendnen lozungebs
qarTveli glexebi da boRmiT ivsebodnen. ismendnen lozungebs da Rvawlis,
damsaxurebis, asakis miuxedavad arbevdnen, xocavdnen inteligencias, anTxevdndn
gesls. es maSin, roca eris sicocxle bewvze ekida.
avtori menSevikebs, maTive programidan gamomdinare, akisrebs agraruli
sakiTxebis mogvarebisa da azvirTebuli anarqiis Cacxrobis movaleobas. Tu eri
socialur winaaRmdegobaTa gaRrmavebas gahyveba, Tan gadahyveba. erovnuli
TviTdamkvidreba – saSurad, socialuri revoluciis qadageba ki uadgilod miaCnia
robaqiZes.
am saerTo ubedurebas Tan erTvoda aWaris gaucxoeba, romelic SeiZleboda,
sabediswero gamxdariyo saqarTvelosTvis. Ppublicisti daafiqra im faqtma, rom
RviZli Zma veRar cnobda qarTvelebs. saqarTvelosa da aWaras Soris aris
ufskruli – islami. avtoris mtkicebiT, es ar aris mxolod rjuli, es Tavad
erovnebaa. `islamSi gadasuli suli erovnulad gvardeba~ (saqarTvelo 1918k:2).
amasTan, SeiZleba, qarTulma erovnulma sulma ver gauZlo Zlier islamur
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gavlenas da aWarelSi rjulma sZlia erovnebas. albaT, amitomac aris, rom
`aWareli Tavis Tavs `TaTars~ uwodebs, _ Tumca, gvariani qarTuli sityviT~
(saqarTvelo 1918l:2).
es mware magaliTi qarTvelobas avaldebulebs, gamokveTos, ganamtkicos
erovnuli suli. Tumc jer fizikuri gadarCenis sakiTxi dgas.
gr. robaqiZe mTeli arsebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda socializmsa da socialistebs,
magram sul sxva damokidebuleba hqonda arCil jorjaZisadmi. isic xom
socialisti iyo, magram misi `msoflmxedvelobis sagani erovnebaa anu ukeT rom
vTqvaT, samSoblo saqarTvelo~ (kolxida 1911J:2). socializmi mas erovnuli
problemis gadasaWrelad undoda. arCil jorjaZes uzomod uyvarda samSoblo da
misi xsnis Teoriul gzebs eZebda praqtikuli ganxorcielebisTvis, mudam
erovnuli problemis garSemo trialebda. robaqiZe bevr rameSi ar eTanxmeboda
mas, magram mTavari sxvaa _ a. jorjaZis pirovnuli miswrafebebi, suliskveTeba,
gancdebi erovnulTan iyo Sesxeulebuli. amitom uyvarda igi grigol robaqiZes.
`qarTvel ers didi winaswarmetyveli eWirveba cecxliT Sobili. Tqven misi
winamorbedi xarT” (maRlaferiZe 2005b:164), _ werda igi arCil jorjaZes 1912 wels.
sakuTari eris mgznebare siyvaruli igrZnoba gr. robaqiZis yovel sityvaSi.
Tu rames akeTebda, qveynisTvis akeTebda, rasac werda, eris sakeTildReod werda.
qarTveli rasis raindobas usvamda xazs mudam. misTvis saqarTvelos istoria
rainduli sisxlis istoria iyo.
erovnul dekadensze ityvis rames, Tanve sxvagan aRniSnavs: `Cvens rasas jer
wveTi ar dascemia. nurca gonia vinmes viTom damblis niSnebi iyos Cveni sxeulis
xerxemalSi. SesaZloa, `sisxlis gamoSveba~ gvWirdebodes: didi xania, rac aris
dagubebuli. magram Tu gamouSves, qarTuli xmali maSin mzis tevrebSi
aprialdeba~ (saqarTvelo 1918m:2). marTebulad aRniSna s. siguam - `mxolod grigol
robaqiZem miaqcia yuradReba eris sulis sijansaRes, uaryo glova, sevda da
momavals miapyro mzera~ (sigua 2002:238).
Cven varT eri, sicocxlis gamaRmerTebeli, moqeife da udardeli. Cven varT
eri, romelic xmliT icavda Tavisuflebas da mudam amayobda Tavisuflebis
mZafri, genebSi kodirebuli siyvaruliT.
swored am grZnobisken iyo mimarTuli gr. robaqiZis aqtualuri problemuri
statiebi rusul qaosze, Tavisuflebasa da monobaze, qarTvelobis gadarCenaze.
`naklebi cqera peterburgisaken, _ meti yuradReba Tavis Tavisa, _ ai, sadReiso
devizi~ (saqarTvelo 1917W:4).
roca ukrainisadmi omis gamocxadebas ganixilavda rogorc jaWvis erT
rgols, TavisTavad, mianiSnebda, rom Semdegi rgoli, SeiZleboda, saqarTveloc
aRmoCeniliyo. xazs usvamda mosalodnel safrTxes _ bolSevikebi, romlebic
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CvenSi umciresobas warmoadgenen, ar momZlavrdnen da saqarTveloc qaosSi ar
gaaxviono. imisaTvis, rom karsmomdgari Tavisufleba ar daekargaT, qarTvelebs
fxizlad yofna marTebdaT. dayrdnoba sakuTar Tavze da ara cqera
peterburgisken, TavisTavadoba da ara monoba, _ es iyo gr. robaqiZis
publicistikis laitmotivi.
grigol robaqiZe SesaSuri politologi iyo da winaswarWvretis saocari
niWi hqonda, rac araerTxel aRvniSneT.
1917 wlis revolucia TiTqos is iyo, razec saqarTveloSi ocnebobdnen.
monarqia daamxes, magram Tavad es burJuaziul-demokratiuli revolucia uZluri
da marTvis unars moklebuli aRmoCnda. oqtombris revoluciam meti Zala
gamoamJRavna. dapirispirebis bolo sworad ivarauda gr. robaqiZem: am SexlaSi,
albaT, bolSevizmi gaimarjvebso.
grigol robaqiZe zust prognozebs awvdida sazogadoebas, magram misi xma
udabnoSi aravis esmoda. publicisti mainc erTgulad moRvaweobda, erovnuli
paTosis gamoRviZebas cdilobda, raTa fantasmebs ar daebinda saRi azri,
Sexeduleba, emocia...
aqtualuri, umniSvnelovanesi da uaxlesi, mimdinare movlenebis Rrma
analizi, paralelebi da eWvSeutaneli daskvnebi, _ es grigol robaqiZis
publicistikaa. sxvaTa Soris, mwvave werilebs xels awers Tavisi cnobili
fsevdonimiT _ givi gollendi.
cota xanSi gr. robaqiZe saqarTvelos mTavrobis kancelariaSi iwyebs
stilistad muSaobas, mTavrobis dadgenilebebs enis normebis mixedviT amuSavebs.
wlebis Semdeg igi sabWoTa mwerlebis federaciis Tavmjdomaris moadgiled
dainiSneba. gasaocaria, igi xom bolSevizmis mudmivi mowinaaRmdege iyo.
socialistebi ki Zvel wyenas advilad ar iviwyebdnen. Tumca, gava kidev ramdenime
weli da grigol robaqiZes xalxis mtrad gamoacxadeben. danamdvilebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom mas represireba ar ascdeboda, raSic, albaT, Tavadac ar epareboda
eWvi. amitomac darCa igi sazRvargareT, sadac, mis TanamedroveTa mogonebebiT,
droebiT, meuRlis samkurnalod da Tavisi wignebis germanul enaze gamosacemad
iyo wasuli. Tumca, Tavad emigranti 1952 wlis dekemberSi nikos kazanZakiss
swerda: 1928 wels `me ukve Sinaganad gadawyvetili mqonda dametovebina sabWoTa
kavSiri... or weliwadze metxans vcdilobdi, gamomeglija Tanxmoba
gasamgzavreblad. bolos miviRe igi Cemi dramis `lamaras~ wyalobiT... sazRvari
nikos kazanZakisi (1883-1954) _ cnobili berZeni mwerali da filosofosi. 1946 wels wardgenili iyo nobelis premiaze. 1956 wels dajildovda mSvidobis ordeniT.
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rom gadavlaxe, ise SvebiT amovisunTqe, rogorc arasodes Cems cxovrebaSi~ (mesxi
1996 : 105-107).
grigol robaqiძe ixsnebs, Tavdapirvelad rogori pativi da dideba ergo mas
evropaSi, rogor tkbeboda SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebiT, magram moulodnelad
yvelaferi Seicvala. `1933 wels `Cakluli sulis~ gamoCenis Semdeg (bolSevikebma
– r. g.) mTel evropaSi gaavrceles satanurad Wkvianuri azri, rom me germaneli
faSisti gavxdi~ (mesxi 1996:108).
ase Caiketa robaqiZe germaniaSi. saqarTveloSi ki Worebs axal-axali
detalebiT amdidrebdnen: `mand, samwuxarod, yalbi cnobebi hqoniaT grigolis
Sesaxeb, TiTqos nacisti iyo, hitlerTan dadioda, kavkasiis frontze iyo da sxva
amgvari sisuleleebi... rozenbergTan gaiqcao, mis megobarTano. Tavidan bolomde
siyalbea es. Tqven Zmas TvaliT ar unaxavs axlos arc hitleri, arc rozenbergi,
arc sxva aravin... araviTari damokidebuleba jarTan grigols ar hqonia. araviTar
rols ar TamaSobda omis dros~ (literaturuli saqarTvelo 1987:6), – wers
`xalxis mtris~ megobari, saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli xmebiT aRSfoTebuli
kalistrate salia grigol robaqiZis das, lida robaqiZes.
`სატანურად ჭკვიანური აზრის~ გავრცელებას გარკვეული ჯგუფები დღემდე
აგრძელებენ. მაგალითად, ერთ-ერთ რუსულენოვან ინტერნეტ-გამოცემაში რობაქიძე
მოხსენიებულია კოლაბორანტად, სამშობლოს გამცემად, რომელიც საქართველოში გმირად
იქცა. ავტორის აზრით, ცნობილი მწერლის მიერ ჰიტლერისთვის მთელი წიგნის მიძღვნას
ანალოგი არ მოეპოვება მსოფლიო ლიტერატურის ისტორიაში. პოპოვი ასევე აკვნის, რომ
ქართველ კოლაბორანტებს გერმანელი ნაცისტები განსაკუთრებულად ენდობოდნენ. ამის
დასტურად თუნდაც შემდეგი პასაჟი გამოდგება: «Как свидетельствовали несколько попавших в
советский плен грузинских легионеров вермахта, перед отправкой на фронт их напутствовали Геринг
и Робакидзе. Первый говорил о том, что они должны изгнать из Грузии евреев и большевиков, второй
упоминал об одних большевиках. Но не хочется на этом основании утверждать, что, дескать,
эмигрантский классик был скрытым антинацистом или по крайней мере противником
антисемитизма» (პოპოვი 2009).
ucxoeTSi gadaxvewil mwerals faSistad da qveynis moRalated gamocxadeba
ar akmares, megobar mweralTa gamoxmaurebac daurTes gulis satkenad. gazeTSi
dabeWdil am cnobil gamoxmaurebaSi mwerlebi iseTi sityvebiT moixseniebdnen
robaqiZes, rogoric, irakli abaSiZis TqmiT, maT gulSic arasdros gauvliaT
TavianTi namdvili mowinaaRmdegeebis, mtrebis mimarTac ki. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
sainteresod gveCveneba amonaridi irakli abaSiZis mogonebebidan `zarebi
84
ocdaaTiani wlebidan~. andrei beli ixsenebs: «...Отмечу, чем я восхищён в моих новых
друзьях: ни штриха самомнения, самости, или желания первенствовать; постепенно Яшвили
подчеркивает: «Я-то что: Тициан, - вот в чём сила». Табидзе же кивает: « не я, а – Паоло». И
оба твердят: «Робакидзе, - как жаль, что разъехались с ним» (saqarTvelos respublika
2003:4).
es is sityvebia, romlebsac, vfiqrobT, komentari ar unda daerTos.
andrei beli (namdvili saxeli _ boris bugaevi) (1880-1934 ww) _ cnobili rusi
poeti, novelisti da literaturis kritikosi.
85
IV Tavi
ena, literatura, Teatri
grigol robaqiZes an aRmerTebdnen, an mwvaved akritikebdnen; misi axali
ideebi an moswondaT, an miuReblad Tu gaugebrad miaCndaT. masTan xSirad
imarTeboda polemika sxvadasxva sakiTxze.
grigol robaqiZis leqciebis gamo gamarTuli polemika naSromis pirvel
TavSi mimovixileT, axla ki gvinda, SevexoT kidev erT polemikas sonetis Sesaxeb.
Ggr. robaqiZes da i. griSaSvils megobruli urTierToba hqondaT. amas
mowmobs piradi werilebi, mogonebebi... grigol robaqiZe sakmaod maRali azris iyo
griSaSvilis Semoqmedebaze, ris dasturadac gamodgeba misi `foTlebi~, romelSic
poetis saqebari sityvebi uxvad Segvxvda.
gavida sul radenime weli da sonetis, rogorc Janris irgvliv atexili
davis dros isini erTmaneTis Semoqmedebaze sxvagvarad alaparakdnen.
ioseb griSaSvilma monografiaSi `saiaTnova~ aRniSna, rom saqarTveloSi
swori sonetebis Semomtanebi iyvnen kote mayaSvili, meliton gobeCia... poetma
gakenwla `yanwelebis~ tolumbaSi robaqiZe~, romelmac aRniSna, saqarTveloSi
swori sonetebi Cven SemoviReTo. amasTan, griSaSvilma sonetis struqturazec
isaubra _ bolo dros rusi poetebi sonetis riTmas aburTaveben, sonetis pirveli
naxevris rva striqons oTxi saxis riTmiT ki ar ar riTmaven – rogorc es Zvelad
iyo – aramed ori saxis riTmiTo. swori sonetis magaliTad i. griSaSvilma Tavisi
sonetebi daasaxela.
grigol robaqiZem Tavis publikaciSi gaimeora zemoT aRniSnuli sityvebi da
pasuxad wers, griSaSvilma sonetebis arc istoria icis da arc – forma, romlis
Sesaxebac uamravi gamokvleva arsebobso. magram sakmarisia enciklopediaSi
Caxedvac, raTa gaigos `anbanuri debuleba, rom Zvelad klasikuri sonetis rva
striqoni iyo gariTmuli orTa riTmiT da ara oTxiT~ (saqarTvelo 1918n:3).
soneti gotikur nagebobas hgavs. igi unda gamoiWedos foladis msgavsad. gr.
robaqiZe amtkicebs, rom saqarTveloSi modernistebamde dawerili sonetebi arc
`gare-mxariT” da arc `Sina-mxariT” sonetebs ar warmoadgenda. rac Seexeba
griSaSvils, mas `yaraCoRluri~ stili ufro exerxeba, vidre gotikis naTeli da
mtkice marmarilo.
ioseb griSaSvilma gaikvirva, rom misi `fafuki SeniSvna~ yurad ar iRes _
gamomdgara da aq `pasuxebs~ miwerso. iwyina, sonetebis istoriis ucodinaroba
rogor damwameso da Semdeg, cota ar iyos, kmayofilebiTac ki dasZina: `vin ar
icis, rom me, griSaSvili erTi `udiplomo~ biWi var da Cemi kisris afska
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filosofiur qobinebiT ar aris nacem-nagvemi~ (saxalxo saqme 1918a:3). es dasaZraxi
ar aris, avlabris kolorits, SeiZleba, arc sWirdeboda filosofiuri ganaTleba,
magram Tavmosawonic ar unda iyos... yovel SemTxvevaSi, es xels ar uSlis
griSaSvils, ganswavlul robaqiZes yuris axeviT daemuqros: udiplomoba `kidev
imas ar niSnavs, TiTqos me ar SemeZlos evropulad ganswavluli robaqiZe
tyuilSi daviWiro da yuraxeuli miviyvano im sabuTebTan, romelic mas ase Zalian
ejavreba~ (saxalxo saqme 1918b:3). es sabuTebia haines sonetebis rusuli Targmani,
romelze dayrdnoba maSin, roca originali sawinaaRmdegoze metyvelebs, ara
gvgonia, sabuTad vargodes.
rac Seexeba sonetis formis Seswavlas, romlis wyarodac, sul mcire,
enciklopedia miuTiTa grigol robaqiZem, ioseb griSaSvili gverds uvlis da
gamoRma edaveba, Tqven da TqvenisTanebi enciklopediebis, leqsikonebis
saSualebiT werT leqsebs, romelTac arc suli aqvT da arc gulio.
marTalia, griSaSvili sabuTebTan yuraxeulad miyvanas hpirdeboda robaqiZes,
magram es werili sityvis banze agdeba ufroa, vidre guldajerebuli pasuxi. amis
miuxedavad, niSnismogebiT ambobs: nu Sexval, nu ebanebi, nu gamoxval da nu
TrTio! radgan gabedeT da banaoba daiwyeT, TrTolvasac unda gauZloTo. grigol
robaqiZem ki auTrToleblad ganagrZo polemika. ganixila qarTuli sonetebi da
amiT miuTiTa griSaSvils Secdomaze. mokled Seexo maTs Semoqmedebas, vinc
pirveli qarTuli sonetebis avtorebad miaCnda ioseb griSaSvils.
magaliTebiTa da mokle SefasebebiT polemisti iolad amtkicebs, rom swor
sonetad verc erTi maTgani ver CaiTvleba. sxvaTa Soris, swor sonetebad ar
miiCnevs ticianisa da galaktionis adreul leqsebsac (saqarTvelo 1918o:3).
es saubari usiamo aRmoCnda griSaSvilisaTvis. `modi, leqsis poeturobas
Tavi davaneboT, vinaidan me yvelaze metad leqsi miyvars da Tu RmerTi gwamT, nu
SemaZulebT masa!~ (saxalxo saqme 1918g:2).
leqsis siyvaruls vin dauSlida, gr robaqiZe amisTvis ki ar ekamaTeboda,
aramed, piriqiT, leqsis Rirsebebis xazgasasmelad, Rirsebebis, romlebic ar unda
daiCrdilos araswori formiT, gameorebuli riTmiT, susti SinaarsiT...
erTi strofi griSaSvilis `sonetidan~:
`dahqris sio frTagaSlili,
Wavls atokebs, abutbutebs;
vardi gul-mkerd gaReRili
Tval-JuJuna nams ixutebs~... (saqarTvelo 1918p:3).
yoveli adamiani, romelmac diletantis doneze icis, Tu ra aris soneti
da rogori unda iyos igi, ityvis, rom es leqsi marTlac ver ivargebs sonetis
87
nimuSad, robaqiZis Sefaseba ki mkacrad mokveTilia: _ aq arc `neli simZime”
igrZnoba, arc `Wedi~, aq mxolod `cindrikiao~.
ticiani da galaktioni Tavidanve uaryofdnen adreuli leqsebis sonetobaso,
_ Tqva gr. robaqiZem da i. griSaSvilma pasuxad, cota ar iyos, avlabrul kiloze
iqilika:
`daSxoS, biWo!
ra kargia da!
am poetebma marto imitom uaryves TavianTi sonetebi (ara orfa riTmiT
akinZulni), rom robaqiZisaTvis gaeadvilebinaT sxvaTa gafaseba~ (saxalxo saqme
1918d:3).
Rogorc Cans, `aRa-batonis~ mier daSinebulebs ufiqriaT, CaTrevas Cayola
sjobiao da uaruyviaT TavianTi leqsebi...
ase sabralod, despot robaqiZis qeSik-msaxurebad dagvixata griSaSvilma
tabiZeebi. `aRa-batonma~ ki amayi poziT upasuxa: `me arasodes arc aravis `aRa-
batoni~ ar vyofilvar da arc minda viyo; da griSaSvilmave unda icodes, rom
`yanwelebi~ xaTriT arafers akeTeben~ (saqarTvelo 1918J:3).
`CaTreuli~ Tu `Cayolili~ ticianic gamoxemaura griSaSvils: `... Cems
bavSvur Secdomebs (araswor sonetebs – r. g.) siyvaruliT vigoneb... aravis xaTriT
arc me da, mgonia, arc galaktion tabiZes ar uargviyvia Cveni Zveli sonetebis
Seusabamoba. es sakuTari analizis Sedegia... griSaSvili rom amgvari analizis
niWs savsebiT moklebuli ar iyos, mTel Tavis wignze aiRebda xels~ (saqarTvelo
1918r:3).
wignze ara, magram polemikaze namdvilad aiRo xeli ioseb griSaSvilma.
mogvianebiT, 1920 wels mas gamouCnda damcveli faSaliSvilis saxiT.
griSaSvilisadmi robaqiZis `gadamterebas~ ase xsnis faSaliSvili: robaqiZes
poetTan `mouvida piradi uTanxmoeba (quTaisSi gamarTul saRamoze), Semdeg,
kamaTis dros (sonetis Semotanis Taobaze), griSaSvilma daamarcxa robaqiZe. mere
faSaliSvilma daswera ori werili `SvildosnelTa~ Sesaxeb, sadac robaqiZis
poeturoba avad moixsenia da es gaxda mizezi robaqiZis samudamo gadamterebisa~
(saxalxo saqme 1920a:2-3).
pasuxad gr. robaqiZe ganmartavs, rom griSaSvilis saRamoze quTaisSi
uTanxmoeba mouvida sergo kldiaSvilTan da ara griSaSvilTan. xolo rac
Seexeba mis damarcxebas griSaSvilTan polemikis dros, `visac soneti uyvars da
misi formis rame esmis, mas es moTxzuli ambavi siciladac ar eyofa~ (saqarTvelo
1920b:3). faSaliSvilis feletonebi ki TvaliTac ar unaxavs da ar ainteresebs.
saubari imaze, rom robaqiZe piradi interesebis gamo wers kritikul
SeniSvnebs, fuWia. magram faSaliSvils momarjvebuli aqvs erTi faqti, romelic
88
adre Cvenc aRvniSneT: robaqiZe uwin aqebda griSaSvils, axla ki akritikebs da
asamarebs. marTalia, cvlilebebisagan dazRveuli aris, magram
faSaliSvili am faqts Tavis sasargeblod xsnis: `robaqiZe gagvipoetda da am
dargSi daiwyo `bazris~ Zieba. da ... Seudga griSaSvilisa da mis TanamokalmeTa
`gabaxebas~ da `dasamarebas~ (saxalxo saqme 1920b:2).
grigol robaqiZe is kaci araa, `bazari~ eZios da sxvac amisaTvis lanZRos.
`robaqiZem kargaT icis... rom fiqri: `bazris~ SovnisaTvis sxva aZago da Sen
amaRlde, qveyniuri zraxvaa mxolod, romelic sCveviaT kacunebs~ (saqarTvelo
1920g:3).
gvian, emigraciaSi, grigol robaqiZe isev gaixsnenebs griSaSvils.
lavrenti beriasadmi miZRvnil leqsSi ioseb griSaSvils aseTi ram wascdenia:
ubrZane mtkvars, ukan iwyebs denaso.
1954 wels radio `Tavisuflebis~ eTeriT qarTveli mwerlebisadmi
mimarTvisas grigol robaqiZem gaixsena es faqti. `mtkvari Tavis denas ganagrZobs,
mbrZanebeli ki im soflisaken gaistumres ise, rom amsoflad xsenebac iqna misi
aRmofxvrili. griSaSvili, albaT, TiTebs ikvnets axla da ambobs: ram damaweria
es uxamsi ramo~. getyviT: daaweria im sistemiT gaSlilma atmosferom, sadac
yvelaferi akrZalulia, rac araa nabrZanebi~ (CemTvis... 1996b:61).
xuTiode wliT adre ki JurnalSi `bedi qarTlisa~ daibeWda `saTaveni Cemi
Semoqmedebisa~. gr. robaqiZe ixsenebs `kuriozs~: `erTs mgosans – romelic mis pawa
poetur samTavroSi poeziisa exlac maestrod vTvli da axlac megobruli
grZnobiT vigoneb Soridan – erTi rvastriqoniani Sairi sonetad gamoecxadebina.
gamiwyra RmerTi da erTs mimoxilvaSi RimiliT `CavawveTe~: Tu ar icis, ramden
striqoniani unda iyves sonti, enciklopediur leqsikonSi mainc Caixedos-meTqi.
astexa dava – Turme amazec SesaZlebeli yofila kamaTi saqarTveloSi – atyda
dava da mere ra dava!~ (CemTvis... 1996g:81).
sxvaTa Soris, ar asaxelebs im mgosans.
rogorc vxedavT, drom, manZilma, Zvelma megobrobam mainc siTboTi moagona
grigol robaqiZes aSuRi poeti – ioseb griSaSvili.
grigol robaqiZe mxolod sonetze rodi msjelobda, igi mudam cdilobda,
yofiliyo iq, sadac sWirdeboda axal qarTul literaturas. radgan icoda,
rom qarTveli erisTvis mwerloba ar iyo mxolod da mxolod `sityviereba~ ar
iyo. misTvis mwerloba bevrad mets niSnavda _ qmnida mwerlobas da cocxlobda
misiT. Tavadac xom qarTveli eris nawili iyo da arc misTvis warmoadgenda
mwerloba mxolod sityvierebis sferos. gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT ekideboda
yovel qarTul sityvas, zrunavda mwerlobis ganviTarebaze mTeli arsebiT –
89
praqtikuli moRvaweobiTa Tu Teoriuli ZiebaniT. amitomac uwodebdnen xelovnebis
qurums.
gasuli saukunis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisSi grigol robaqiZem Tavisi
Tanamedrove mwerlobis poeziisa da prozis mimoxilva ganizraxa. mas surda,
gamoekveTa tendencia me-20 saukunis mwerlobisa, romelic is-is iyo Camoyalibebas
iwyebda, Tumca, kargad icoda, rogor rTul saqmesTan SeWideba ganizraxa.
axalgazrda mwerlebisadmi mimarTvas gr. robaqiZe arCil jorjaZis damowmebiT
iwyebs: – Cvens uaxloes mwerlobas garkveuli saxe ar uCans da misi kritikuli
ganxilva jerjerobiT TiTqmis SeuZlebeliao (kolxida 1912 h2:3). Tumca, 1912 wels
grigol robaqiZe ukve xedavda, rom mwerloba `bundovani qaosidan~ gamodioda da
TandaTan, nel-nela ayalibebda Tavis saxes. amitom gadawyvita zogadi tendencia
gamoekveTa da mimarTa mwerlebs (i. griSaSvils, s. SanSiaSvils, a. WumbaZes, a.
abaSels, g. quCiSvilsa da sxvebs), miewodebinaT TavianTi saukeTeso nawarmoebebi.
maSin grigol robaqiZe peterburgSi imyofeboda.
es mimarTva TebervalSi daibeWda gazeT `kolxidaSi~. avtori varaudobda,
rom maisis bolosTvis samuSaos ZiriTad nawils daasrulebda. imaze, Tu rogor
daainteresa misma winadadebam axalgazrda Semoqmedebi, Semdegi faqti metyvelebs
– Teqvsmetma mweralma ramdenime Txzulebis nacvlad TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebi
gaugzavna kritikoss. grigol robaqiZem, bunebrivia, am zRva masalis Seswavla-
damuSaveba or-sam TveSi ver moaswro. ivnisSi man isev mimarTa mwerlebs Ria
weriliT da auxsna, Tu ratom ver SeZlo danapirebis Sesruleba, ratom ver
daubruna avtorebs maisis bolos nawarmoebebi (kolxida 1912h3:3). amis Semdeg gr.
robaqiZis Canafiqris Sesaxeb presa dums, Tumca, xelovnebis qurumi Tu erTianad
ara, nawil-nawil mainc mudmivad mimoixilavda qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedebas.
zogs akritikebda misi daxvewa-daostatebis mizniT, zogsac damsaxurebisamebr
aqebda. amas garda, igi Teoriul sakiTxebsac ikvlevda da qarTuli mwerlobis
magistraluri xazis gansazRvras cdilobda.
grigol robaqiZes ar asvenebda qarTuli sityva. igi amayobda Zveli qarTuli
arqiteqturiT, qarTvelTa “TvalRia sizmrebis” amsaxveli freskebiT, taZrebiT,
munji qvebi rom locvebad aametyvela, gamorCeuli mravalxmiani simReriT da im
yvelafriT, raSic qarTvelobis qarTveloba mJRavndeboda... magram, upirveles
yovlisa, igi qarTuli sityvis trfiali gaxldaT da swamda, rom misi badali
Zvirad Tu sadme arsebobda... swored qarTuli sityvis plastikuroba, moqniloba,
Seaxsena mwerlebs Tavis erT-erT werilSi, samSoblosadmi miZRvnil mcire odas
rom hgavs. rCeba STabeWdileba, TiTqos Tanamedrove mweralTa nawils
patriotizmis nakleboba SeamCnia da amitomac dasWirda, maTTvis sagangebod
CamoeTvala saqarTvelos Rirsebebi. es, albaT, imiTac iyo gamowveuli, rom 1917
90
weli idga, bolSevizmis moZalebis Jami. aravin icoda, istoriuli qartexilebi
saiT gadaswonida saqarTvelos.
grigol robaqiZe ki ise ufrTxoda bolSevizms, rogorc keTrs. ruseTSi
gamefebul qaosSi saqarTveloc rom ar `aTqvefiliyo~, albaT, saWiro CaTvala,
kidev erTxel Sexeboda mwerlebis (romlebic, savaraudod, am saqmeSi Tavis
saukeTeso mokavSireebad eguleboda) grZnobebs, maTs siyvaruls samSoblosadmi.
`aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis saidumlo uReltexili~ – ase moixseniebs
avtori mamuls, romelsac dRes xSirad derefans uwodeben. marTalia, politikaSi
poeturad aferadebul sityvebs naklebi fasi aqvs, magram, dameTanxmebiT, Cvens
qveyanas `saidumlo uReltexili~ ufro miesadageba, vidre `derefani~. am
uReltexilze mcxovrebi xalxi, grigol robaqiZis sityviT, aRmosavleTis
`fiqrmoreuli SuadRiT~ iwvis da dasavleTis `saSiSar sicxades~ erTvis.
`qarTuli nadimiT vixdiT aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis qorwils _ da nadimi igi
mTavari hangia Cveni naWedi sityvisa~ (saqarTvelo 1917x:3).
gr. robaqiZes saqarTvelos damoukidebloba surda, sxvagvarad Cveni arseboba
verc warmoedgina. qarTvel mwerlebsac mouwodebda, im Znelbedobisa da
gaurkvevlobis Jams qedmaRlebs warmoeTqvaT TavdajerebiT, rom saqarTvelo
sakuTar Tavs, funqcias isev ipovida da msoflios Tavis namdvil sityvas etyoda.
samSobloze saubrisas werilSi qarTveli filosofosis Tanamdevi nicSe da
dionisec iCens Tavs. avtoris rwmeniT, saqarTvelo is qveyanaa, sadac zaratustras
SeuZlia dabadeba, sadac suls wameba gamoucdia, guls ki _ cecxli. `wameba Cveni
dionisos vnebaa da cecxli Cveni sicocxlis genia... wameba da cecxli. am or
sityvaSi moqceula mTeli Cveni sicocxle. maS, ra gviSavs: pirveli gagvwmends
RvTiuri msxverplisTvis, meore mogvasxams alisfer mosasxams~ (saqarTvelo
1917j:3).
am sityvebis daweridan oTxi weliwadic ar iyo gasuli, roca saqarTvelo
namdvilad gahxvies wiTel mosasxamSi, oRond imaSi, romlisganac eris garidebas
mTeli Zal-RoniT amaod cdilobda grigol robaqiZe.
zemoT Teoriuli sakiTxebis kvleva vaxseneT. erT-erT werilSi gr. robaqiZem
qarTuli leqsi mimoixila da riTmas CauRrmavda. saTqmeli stefan malarmes
sityvebiT daiwyo: – leqsi aris enaSi yvelgan, sadac aris ritmi, yvelgan,
afiSebisa da meoTxe gverdebis gardao (saqarTvelo 1918s:2). frangi simbolistis
azriT, is, rasac prozas uwodeben, sinamdvileSi arc arsebobs, radgan iqac aris
ritmi, anu isic leqsia. marTalia, riTmis sruliad uaryofas gr. robaqiZe ar
eTanxmeboda, magram isic fiqrobda, rom mTavaria ritmi – `leqsis Sinagani
aRnagoba~ da ara riTma _ leqsis samkauli. amiT xsnida igi gauriTmavi Zveli
qarTuli sasuliero poeziis poeturobas.
91
qarTul leqss mdidari riTma amkobs, magram robaqiZis TvalSi amas fasi
ekargeboda. misi azriT, poetebs riTmiT xSirad ritmi aqvT damsxvreuli (am mxriv,
Seucdomel gamonaklisad mxolod rusTavels miiCnevda). besikic ki, romelic
leqsis teqnikis codnis TvalsazrisiT, didostatad miaCnda, urevda qalur da
vaJur riTmebs. avtoris mtkicebiT, am Secdomisgan dazRveuli ar iyo nikoloz
baraTaSvilic. gr. robaqiZes magaliTad mohyavs riTma _ merani-yorani-da Secdomas
ganmartavs: `pirveli iwyeba maxviliT `e~, meore _ maxviliT `o~. (saqarTvelo
1918t:2).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gr. robaqiZis azriT, rusTavelis garda ase yvela
qarTveli poeti scodavda. qarTuli leqsis koWloba `cisferyanwelebma~ igrZnes,
magram ver uSveles. `imis magier, rom raime gziT gamarTon igi, isini leqsis
warmoTqmaSi maxvils gadasmen xolme arabunebiTad... ese igi, qalurs riTmas
aqceven vaJurad, magram amis gamarTleba SeuZlebelia~ (saqarTvelo 1918u:2). es
albaT, erTaderTi mkacri sayveduria, romelic megobar `yanwelebze~ odesme
dascdenia grigol robaqiZes.
riTmasa da ritmze dafiqrebuli literatori Secdomebis aRniSvnis Semdeg
rCevasac aZlevs poetebs: vaJuri riTma calke sityvebiT unda iWrebodes leqsSi,
Tanac Tanaswor maxviliani xmovniT iwyebodeso. rac Seexeba qalur riTmas, gr.
robaqiZis azriT, calke sityvebi ar aris saWiro, radgan sityvebis SeerTebis
Semdeg maxvili mainc bolodan mesame marcvalze modis, amdenad, riTma qaluri
gamova. mTavaria, maxviliT dawyebuli xmovani aqac erTi da igive iyos. leqsis
musikalurobisaTvis avtori aucileblad miiCnevs jvaredin riTmebs, oRond ise,
rom `orfa riTma~ qaluri iyos da `orfa riTma~ _ vaJuri. qarTuli riTmis
gamarTva ioli saqme rom ar iyo, grigol robaqiZem kargad icoda, Tumc poeziis
ganviTarebisTvis umniSvnelovanes pirobad miaCnda. amitomac moiTxovda am
teqnikis dauflebas axalgazrda poetebisagan.
ritms, maxvilsa da riTmas ori wlis Semdegac miubrunda gr. robaqiZe. im
droisaTvis, misi sityviT, poeziis axal skolas (upirvelesad, cxadia,
`cisferyanwelebi~ igulisxmeba, _ r.g.) viTareba nawilobriv gamousworebia, xolo
Secdomebisgan Tavis daRwevis mizniT werilSi rCevebia mocemuli. yvelaze naklebi
adgili riTmas eTmoba. grigol robaqiZis formula aseTia: gasariTmi sityvebi
SinaarsiT erTmaneTisgan rac SeiZleba daSorebuli unda iyos, xmovanebiT ki,
piriqiT, – rac SeiZleba metad daaxlovebuli. msgavseba harmoniulobas qmnis,
avtori iqve ganmartavs, radgan qarTul leqs erTmarcvliani riTma ar axasiaTebs,
vaJurs ormarcvlovan riTms vuwodeb, qalurs ki _ sammarcvlianso.
92
sxvaoba ki msgavsebis igiveobaSi gadasvlas uwyobs xels. avtoris azriT, qarTul
poeziaSi metismetad xSirad irRveva es esTetikuri kanoni. grigol robaqiZis
daskvna kategoriulia _ am princips rom mivsdioT, qarTuli riTmebis cxra
meaTedi gadasayrelia (saqarTvelo 1920d:2).
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom leqsisTvis riTmaze ufro mniSvnelovnad gr. robaqiZe
ritms Tvlida, uSualod ritmis gammarTvelad ki, upirvelesad, maxvils miiCnevda.
igi CauRmavda kidevac am sakiTxs.
qarTuli maxvili imdenad ucnauria, rom zogi verc amCnevso, – werda.
amasTan, qarTul sityvas gansazRvruli maxvili ar aqvs. magaliTad, frangul
enaSi sityvebs maxvili bolos daesmis, qarTulSi ki igi adgils icvlis: Tu
sityva ormarcvlovania, maxvili pirvelze midis, Tu sam an metmarcvlovania –
bolodan mesame marcvalze.
grigol robaqiZis dakvirvebiT, qarTuli maxvili arc ise melodiuria,
rogoric aris ZvelberZnuli enis da arc ise `aZaxiTi~, rogorc rusulis. is
sadRac maT Soris aris moqceuli. amasTan, avtori mTavar da `odnav~ maxvils
ganasxvavebs: mTavari maxvili, rusulis msgavsad, `aZaxiTia~, xolo misi mimyoli
`odnavi~ maxvili – ZvelberZnuliviT melodiuri. gr. robaqiZis azriT, swored es
ganapirobebs qarTuli ritmuli sityvis mSvenierebas.
ritmis gasamarTavad, rac, grigol robaqiZis azriT, sityvis esTetikur
aTvisebas gulisxmobs, werilSi ramdenime xerxia aRwerili. enaSi sityvebis saxiT
arsebobs rogorc mza, aseve `dasamuSavebeli masala~. robiqiZe gansakuTrebiT ar
swyalobda im sityvebs, sadac bevri Tanxmovania Tavmoyrili. magaliTad, sityvaSi
`gvwvrTvnian~ rva Tanxmovania erTmaneTze mijrili. avtoris azriT, aseTi sityva
poetma an ar unda gamoiyenos, an unda gaSalos, raTa leqsi ar daamZimos.
mravalTanxmovniani sityvebis gaSlis mizniT TviTon xSirad aridebda Tavs
kumSvas. magaliTad, werda `mtkvaris~ da ara `mtkvris~. raki gr. robaqiZisTvis
ritmi Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo, e.w. sityvebis gaSlas igi prozaSic mimarTavda,
Tumca, es zogs maSinac ar moswonda da dResac examuSeba yurs SeukumSavi
sityvebi.
ritmis darRvevis Tavidan asacilebel meore saSualebad avtors
`daborkili~ sityvis `xmovan~ sityvebSi Casma miaCnda. miuTiTebda sxva xerxzec:
striqoni Tanxmovnebmijrili sityviT ar unda iwyebodes, TavSi ritmuli sityva
unda moeqces, raTa man TanxmovnebiT damZimebuli sityva Tavisi inerciis ZaliT
`gaitanos~.
werilSi `qarTuli ritmiuli~ gr. robaqiZe ritmis gasamarTavad erT-erT
xerxad gameorebasac asaxelebs, Tumca, misi azriT, es imdenad Zneli xerxia, rom
mxolod metrma unda gamoiyenos. radgan gameoreba axsena, ver moiTmina, sityviT ar
93
gaeSolta ioseb griSaSvili, romelmac, misi mtkicebiT, es xerxi gaamasxarava.
magaliTic mohyavs: `gaiRima cis varskvlavma, cis varskvlavma gaiRima~ _ da
askvnis, amgvari gameoreba ritmis gaSlas ki ara, carieli adgilebis amovsebas
emsaxurebao (saqarTvelo 1920e:3). grigol robaqiZes, albaT, SeeZlo, sxva avtorTa
nawarmoebebidanac moexmo msgavsi susti adgilebi, magram, rogorc Cans, es
griSaSvilTan gamarTuli Zveli mwvave polemikis gamoZaxili da gaxseneba iyo.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom stefan malarmesgan gansxvavebiT, grigol robaqiZe
riTmis srul uaryofas da mxolod ritmis SenarCunebas mizanSewonilad ar
miiCnevda. gavida dro da JurnlSi `bedi qarTlisa~ emigraciaSi myofma gr.
robaqiZem gamoaqveyna `saubari kardusTan~, sadac werda, qarTuli leqsikonidan
unda amoviRoT sityva `riTma~, romelic antikur Sairs ar hqondao. misi azriT,
`riTma~ rusulidan damkvidrda qarTulSi. Cvenma Crdiloelma mezoblebma, raki
Sesabamisi termini ar moeZebnebodaT, ritmisgan gansasxvaveblad ixmares `riTma~,
rac, avtoris sityviT, morfologiurad igive `ritmia~. rusulisgan nasesxebi
sityvis Canacvlebas gr. robaqiZe qarTuli `zmiT~ varaudobda: CvenSi sityvebis
erTmaneTTan Sexmianebas SairSi `mazmas~ uwodebden, Sekvecilad es `zma~ iqneba,
xolo gariTmulis nacvlad SegviZlia, `gazmuli~ gamoviyenoT (CemTvis... 1996d:67).
grigol robaqiZis es iniciativa qarTulma ar Seisisxlxorca da `zmasTan~
erTad `riTmac~ SeinarCuna.
saliteraturo enis zogierT aspeqts Seexo gr. robaqiZe werilSi `qarTulis
garSemo~, rac ara zogadi kvlevisTvis aramed sakuTari Targmanis
gasamarTleblad dasWirda.
qarTuli zmna piris formebs mkafiod gadmoscems, magram roca stili
moiTxovs, robaqiZe xSirad iyenebs piris nacvalsaxelebs. magaliTad, oskar
uaildis `salomeSi~ aRwerili avxorcobis, sigiJisa da sikvdilis gadmosacemad
mTargmnelma piris nacvalsaxelebi Warbad gamoiyena. grigol robaqiZem am xerxs
avtoriseuli ritmis SesanarCuneblad mimarTa.. im oponentTa sayuradRebod,
romlebmac nacvalsaxelTa simravle ar moiwones, mTargmnelma aseTi argumenti
moiSvelia: `qarTul mwerlobaSi fsalmuni daviTisa Sedevrad iTvleba.
aRmosavleT religiuri lirizmi qarTul TargmanSi umZafresi surnelebiT aris
gadmocemuli. da mere?! mTeli fsalmuni daviTisa pirovan nacvalsaxelebis
akcentuaciiT aris asuldgmulebuli~ (saqarTvelo 1920v:3). rac Seexeba
kontrargumentebs, rom Zveli mwerlobis ena me-20 saukuneSi naklebad misaRebia,
gr. robaqiZe ar iziarebda. jer erTi, `salome~ bibliis wiaRidan iSva, amdenad,
masSi bibliuri surneli unda igrZnobodes. meorec, avtoris mtkicebiT, Zveli da
axali qarTuli saliteraturo ena mkveTrad ar aris gayofili, enaTmecnierebs ar
daudgeniaT, romeli formaa savaldebulo, romeli _ uarsayofi. radgan qarTuli
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enis normebi im droisTvis sabolood SemuSavebuli ar iyo, grigol robaqiZe
Zveli da axali formebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT nakleb kategoriulobas
moiTxovda – me Tu `vecxls~ vxmarob, es imas ar niSnavs, rom yvelam unda
gamoiyenos, magram arc imis uflebas aZlevs maruTa SuaSdinarels, rom am Zvel
forms dascinoso, – wers avtori werilis meore nawilSi (saqarTvelo 1920z:3).
dabolos, grigol robaqiZe kidev erTxel imeorebs, rom `salomes~ Targmnisas
sityvebis Zveli formebis gamoyeneba gamarTlebuli iyo `bibliis~ stilis
gadmosacemad.
enaTmecnieris rolTan erTad grigol robaqiZe bibliografisa da
recenzentis funqciebsac iTavsebda xolme. igi cdilobda, sazogadoebis
yuradReba miepyro im literaturuli Tu Teatraluri movlenebisadmi, romlebic
met-naklebad mniSvnelovnad miaCnda.
1918 wels quTaisSi gamoica poeturi almanaxi `aisi~, rasac grigol robaqiZe
mokle mimoxilviT gamoexmaura. jer almanaxis saxelwodeba Seuqo axalgazrda
poetebs, Semdeg ki `cisferi yanwebis~ gavlena aRniSna. avtoris sityviT, CvenSi
gaorebis motivi valerian gafrindaSvilma Semoitana da Seqmna `mokveTili
saxelic~ – `oreuli~. am motivs `aisSi~ warmodgenili poetebi mravaljer
Seexmiannen.
poetis Sefaseba mxolod maSin SeiZleba, roca misi wigni gaqvs xelT, TiTo-
orola leqsiT bevrs verafers ityvi. amitomac ar ganixila vrclad almanaxi
grigol robaqiZem da Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT Semoifargla. l. maWavarians
lamazi sityvebi da saxeebi Seuqo, r. gvetaZes riTmis sisuste da siRaribe dauwuna
`yviTel striqonebSi~, k. nadiraZis `Cems landSi~ gafrindaSvilis gavlena igrZno,
magram `gamZafrebuli~ saxeebi ar daukarga, iseve rogorc g. cecxlaZes –
Taviseburi ritmi... (saqarTvelo 1918f:2).
`aisSi~ ukve cnobili poetebis lirikac gamoqveynda. valerian
gafrindaSvilze, paolo iaSvilsa da tician tabiZeze, cxadia, cudi gadakruladac
araferi wamoscdenia, magram, megobari `cisferyanwelebisgan~ gansxvavebiT,
kvlavac gabasra ioseb griSaSvili.
ase, TiTo-orola StrixiT moxazuli mimoxilva gazeTisTvis metismetad
lakonuria, amitomac klasikur literaturul mimoxilvad ver CaiTvleba.
grigol robaqiZem Jurnal `xelovnebis~ erT-erT nomersac gadaavlo Tvali
da Tavisi STabeWdileba gauziara mkiTxvelebs gazeT `saqarTvelos~ rubrikiT
`bibliografia~. mimoxilvaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia valerian
gafrindaSvilis talantis aRniSvna-dasabuTebas. JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli ori
leqsidan erTs, `fata morganas~ avtori gafrindaSvilis saukeTeso leqsebs ar
miiakuTvnebs, gansakuTrebulad sustad eCveneba bolo nawili, magram imasac
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aRniSnavs, rom `sastiki sazomiT~ xelmZRvanelobs. is leqsi sxva poetis (ara
`yanwelis~), rom yofiliyo, grigol robaqiZe, albaT, moiwonebda, magram valerian
gafrindaSvils igi sxva moTxovnebs uyenebda maRali standartebis Sesabamisad,
misgan mets moeloda. is, rasac `cisferyanwelTa~ megobari da damxmare robaqiZe
iTxovda, gamoCnda leqsSi `kaligula aSordia da gafrindaSvili~. mimomxilvels
saqebari sityvebi ar dauSurebia poetisaTvis. igi gansakuTrebulad moxibla
Semdegma striqonebma:
`Cemi ocneba rogorc qvabi cecxlze hkidia –
masSi sizmrebTan ixarSeba sastiki zRarbi~ (saqarTvelo 1921a:4).
grigol robaqiZem ostatis gamocdili xeli dainaxa gafrindaSvilis
werilSic `Teatri titaniki~, romelic, misi sityviT, `sainteresoa rogorc
gadatana Teatris fenomenis oreulTa samTavroSi~ (saqarTvelo 1921b:4).
sxva avtorebs nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs grigol robaqiZe. Salva karmels
riTma ar asvenebs, zogjer awvalebs kideco, Salva afxaiZis leqsi metismetad
abstraqtuliao, i. Wyonias `sinaTle da niangi~, fantaziis mxriv, metad
primitiuliao da ase Semdeg, amgvari lapidarizmiT gamokveTs igi sust mxareebs,
romelTa gamosworebasac moelis avtorisgan.
aseve mokle, magram bevrismTqmelia grigol robaqiZiseuli xazmosmebi rusi
poetebis Semoqmedebis dasaxasiaTeblad. mimoxilva krebulisa `Cтихи о России~,
romelSic cxra avtoris leqsebia warmodgenili, ruseTis ucnaurobis aRniSvniT
daiwyo: `ruseTma ar icis dasavluri silogizmi. ruseTSi izrdebian, magram ver
mwifdebian.
ase ityoda ucnaurs ruseTze ucnauri petre Caadaevi.
ruseTi mTvralia raRac sasmeliT. dostoevskis gmirebi yvelani mTvralebi
arian~ (saqarTvelo 1920T:2).
am saerTo simTvralesTan erTad, grigol robaqiZis sityviT, ruseTSi aris
sisxli da sikvdli, amasTan, wameba, namdvili jvarcma. es aris is, rac xiblavda
ruseTsa da mis literaturaSi qarTvel filosofossa da literators.
aleqsandre blokis leqsebis ganxilvisas recenzents aseTi Sedareba mohyavs:
`Tqma ubralo da Zalovani, rogorc miwa~ (saqarTvelo 1920i:3).
grigol robaqiZe didad afasebda andrei belis Semoqmedebas, Tumca, aRniSna,
krebulSi poetis susti leqsi SeutaniaTo. es sayveduri krebulis Semdgenlebs
ufro ekuTvnis, vidre belis, radgan recenzentma kargad icoda, rom mas bevrad
ukeTesi leqsebi hqonda ruseTzec da ara mxolod...
rusi poetebisgan laTinuri rasisa da goTuri stilis siyvaruliT
gamoarCevs maqsimilian voloSins, amasTan, aRniSnavs, ruseTze fiqrisas es
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yvelaferi aviwydeba da namdvil rusad, anu idumali mzeris mqone velurad
iqcevao. misi leqsi `wminda ruseTi~ grigol robaqiZes namdvil Sedevrad miaCnia.
`gaxeleba da cofi~ moswons recezents zinaida gipiusis leqsSi. gipiusi
misTvis qalTa Soris gamorCeuli poetia vaJuri gonebiTa da kacuri ironiiT.
aRviraxsniloba da veluroba xiblavs grigol robaqiZes sergei gorodeckis
`koncessiebSi~, rac Seexeba riurik ivnevs, misi leqsebi, ubralod, ar vargao, _
ambos. ase lakonuri da Seubralebelia recenzenti, roca leqsSi verc teqnikas
SeniSnavs da verc gznebas igrZnobs.
viaCeslav ivanovis `satanas~ grigol robaqiZe winaswarmetyvelurs uwodebs.
isic dastiris ruseTs, rogorc dimitri mereJkovski. maTi vaeba robaqiZisTvis
cxadi da gasagebi iyo. samagierod, eucxoveboda bolSevikuri ruseTi da poetebi.
1920 wlisTvis gr. robaqiZe, faqtobrivad, verc xedavda bolSevik SemoqmedT.
bolSevikuri ruseTis axali xelovnebis warmmarTvelad monumenturi
stili miiCneva, magram monumentalizmi jerjerobiT ar gamokveTilao, – wers
grigol robaqiZe. `amis mizezi cxadia. didi gardatexis procesSi TviTon
`texas~ gacilebiT meti adgili aqvs, vidre `qmnas~ (saqarTvelo 1920k:3).
revolucia rusma Semoqmedebma (dostoevskim, tiutCevma, viaCeslav ivanovma,
andrei belim da sxvebma) winaswar igrZnes. qartexilebis Semdegac kvlav
`Zvelebma~ ganagrZes saintereso moRvaweoba. iseTi axalgazrdebi, romelTa
Sesaxebac Rirda saubari, gr. robaqiZis azriT, 1920 wlisaTvis ruseTSi ar Candnen.
amitomac `Zvelebs~ mieZRvna `poetebi bolSeviziaSi~.
avtoris sityviT, andrei beli Tavis qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebs ufro
filosofiurad umzers, vidre politikurad. `misi stiqioni dawva da daferfvlaa,
misi temperamenti _ apokalipsuri epilepsia. ruseTi daiwvis da ruseTi daswvavs
mTels qveyanas. naperwkalSi axali sulieri rassa daibadeba: amas elis igi
nevrasteniuli daJinebiT~ (saqarTvelo 1920l:3). es mistika udevs safuZvlad
grigol robaqiZis daskvnas _ beli bolSeviki poeti ar aris. am `sapatio~ wodebas
igi arc aleqsandr bloks aniWebs. arc am saxelganTqmuli poetisTvis iyo
bolSevizmi is, rasac beladebi moiTxovdnen. misTvis `bolSevikuri texili
orsuli qalis Svilosnobaa~ (saqarTvelo 1920m:3).
marTalia, viaCeslav ivanovisTvis, rogorc dionisos qurumisTvis, calke
yofna, martviloba ar arsebobs da am mxriv igi bolSevizms uaxlovdebao, _ambobs
avtori, _ magram ar erwymis, radgan iq (bolSevizmSi) dionisiurobisTvis adgili
ar aris.
konstantine balmonti bolSevizmisken gadaixara da lenins leqsi uZRvnao, –
bevrjer gaagones gr. robaqiZes, magram ar daijera. leqsiT mimarTva SeuZlia,
magram bolSevizms arasdros miemxrobao, – amtkicebda. Tavisi mosazrebis
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gasamyareblad man balmontis sityvebi gaixsena: `me mesmis aTi yumbara nikoloz
meoris winaaRmdeg, magram me aTasi yumbara mesmis Tqveni socialisturi yazarmis
winaaRmdeg~ (saqarTvelo 1920n:3), _ miumarTavs cnobil poets mavani eserisTvis.
grigol robaqiZe Rrmad darwmunebuli wers, rom individualisturobiTa da
esTetikurobiT gamorCeuli balmonti Zalze Wirveulia da iSviaTad Tu moewoneba
rame. am sityvebiT igi mkiTxvels agrZnobinebs, rom individualist da esTet poets
bolSevikur masebSi garevis survili ar gauCndeboda.
Semdeg grigol robaqiZe valeri briusovze saTqmels mokled moWris: – igi
yoveli politikuri wyobilebis dros kargad imuSavebso, – da maiakovskize
gadadis. avtoris sityviT, es is poetia, romelic yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba
bolSevikebs da romlis msgavsad `Tavisufali leqsi~ ruseTSi aravis
xelewifeba. amasTan, metaforebiT didad gamoirCeva sxvaTagan, grigol robaqiZe
verc masSi xedavs proletarul poets da askvnis, rom im droisTvis ruseTs didi
proletaruli da bolSevikuri poeti ar hyavs.
rogorc vxedavT, grigol robaqiZem gasabWoebuli qveynis yvela saintereso
poetis Semoqmedeba daaWaSnika, magram proletariatis suli ver igrZno. vfiqrobT,
amiT man kidev erTxel mimarTa prevenciul zomas – ruseTis gonierma Svilebma
bolSevizmSi sikeTe ver aRmoaCines, miT ufro uvargisi da vnebis momtani iqneboda
igi qarTvelebisTvis, Tu Cvens qveyanaSic gadmoinergeboda.
grigol robaqiZe zogjer Teatraluri warmodgenebis recenziebsac werda
aseTive lakonuri stiliT.
`maRali moxdenili figura, naTeli profili. daqnili xma, artistuli
temperamenti~ (saqarTvelo 1920o:4), – es kaCalovia, robaqiZis TvaliT danaxuli.
daumateT amas didi talanti, esTetikuri kultura da mixvdebiT, ratom igrZnoba
aseTi aRtaceba im patara publikaciebSi, romlebic kaCalovis saRamos mieZRvna.
avtoris TqmiT, im saRamos msgavsi `artistuli gamarjveba~ Tbiliss iSviaTad
unaxavs.
grigol robaqiZe gansakuTrebiT imiT iyo dainteresebuli, Tu rogor
waikiTxavda leqsebs saRamos mTavari gmiri. saxelganTqmuli oratori Znelad Tu
iwonebda publikis winaSe gamosulTa xmis tembrs, manerebs, kargi
deklaraciisTvis saWiro sxva niSan-Tvisebebs, magram kaCalovs aseTi momTxovni
adamianis moxibvlac ki mouxerxebia. msaxiobs gauqarwylebia miRebuli
Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos artistebi leqsebs ver kiTxuloben. mas
WeSmariti poetis msgavsad waukiTxavs leqsebi. auditorias ugrZnia, rom oratori
TiToeuli poetis fenomens wvdeboda. avtoris azriT, kaCalovis mxatvrul
kiTxvaze mTeli traqtatis dawera SeiZleboda, magram sagazeTo mimoxilvis
farglebs ar gascda da wertilic maleve dasva.
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vrceli arc is publikaciaa, romliTac grigol robaqiZe Teatraluri
sezonis gaxsnas gamoexmaura. am dRes Teatris moyvarulebi gansakuTrebulad
elodebian xolme xelovnebis dResaswaulis naxvis imediT. im wels Turme
molodinma ar gaamarTla. jer iyo, darbazi sanaxevrod ver Sevsebula, amasTan,
dass, avtoris azriT, sezonis gaxsnisTvis sworad ver SeurCevia piesa. Salva
dadianis `guSindelni~ grigol robaqiZes piesad arc miaCnda _ dramatuli scenebi
ufroao, irwmuneboda. Tanac, imeruli scenebis aRmwer dramaturgs, romelsac
dakvirvebis niWiT hqonda da literaturuli tradiciebic, recenzentis sityviT,
Turme zomiereba ver daucavs da SarJs gadauZalavs. Salva dadianis es piesa
Tavisi groteskulobiT marTlac cnobilia, magram werilis avtors, ratomRac,
sityvac ar dascdenia piesis fsiqologiur mxareze. `guSindelni~ xalxis yofis
zogad suraTTan erTad personaJTa fsiqologiur portretebsac xatavs. es ar aris
mxolod sanaxaoba.
recenzenti dramaturgs `nedli masalis~ gamoyenebas sayvedurobs, anu, misi
azriT, cxovrebidan aRebuli saxeebi literaturulad ar aris damuSavebuli.
zogjer piesaSi es `sinedle~ imdenad moWarbebuli yofila, rom `saeWvo cirkSi~
gadauyvania mayurebeli.
miuxedavad recenziis simcirisa, avtori yovel Temas exeba, rac Teatralur
mimoxilvas moeTxoveba, iqneba igi msaxiobTa ostatoba, Tavad piesa Tu dekoracia.
msaxiobTa TamaSi ki moswonebia, magram dekoracia imereTis kordebisTvis
Seufereblad miuCnevia. amitomac recenziiT urCia mxatvar-dekorators, – daviT
kakabaZis suraTebs SexedeT da namdvil imereTs dainaxavTo (saqarTvelo 1920p:3).
kritikuli iyo grigol robaqiZis recenzia dramatuli studiis pirveli
gamosvlis Sesaxebac. zogadad, Teatrs drama hqmnis, erovnul Teatrs ki –
erovnuli drama. axal studias erovnulis nacvlad ucxourSi mousinjavs Zalebi,
rac recenzents ar moewona, miT ufro, rom axalbeda msaxiobebis ucxoel
personaJebad gardaqmna gaZnelebula, arabunebrivi gamxdara. amas garda, misTvis
esTetikurad miuRebeli aRmoCnda brios `sarwmuneoba~, romelSic egviptelTa
sicocxlis namdvili stili ver daunaxavs. mxolod nilosisa da lotosis xseneba,
cxadia, egviptes ver warmousaxavda auditorias. recenzenti reJisors sayvedurobs
agreTve imas, rom ver gaTvala, yalbi drama rogor dabrkolebas Seuqmnida.
grigol robaqiZes ar moswonda arc reJisoris da arc msaxiobTa ostatoba, amiT
xsnis imas, rom scena da darbazi wamiTac ver gaerTianebula. daskvna aseTia:
`xsenebuli warmodgena iyo mxolod `varjiSoba~, am `varjiSobisaTvis~ didi
energia daxarjula, _ energia kulturulad gamoyenebuli, – da saTvalavSi esec
misaRebia~ (saqarTvelo 1920J:3). dameTanxmebiT, es Tavze xelis gadasma, romelsac
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axalgazrdebisTvis gulisgatexis acileba hqonda miznad, didi veraferi nugeSi
iqneboda dramatuli studiis wevrebisTvis.
grigol robaqiZis kritikis obieqtad kidev erTi qarTuli speqtakli iqca.
ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi myof saqarTveloSi erovnuli ideologiis
amaRlebasa da ganmtkicebas qarTuli scenac emsaxureboda. am mxriv mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrula erisTavis `samSoblom~. misi es Rvawli yuradRebis miRma ar
darCenia grigol robaqiZes, Tumca, mxatvruli Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT es
piesa ar akmayofilebda: namdvili drama ar aris, fabulis siyalbe da franguli
originalis sisuste cxadad Canso (saqarTvelo 1921g:3), – wers igi recenziaSi
rubrikiT `Teatri da musika~. roca `samSoblo~ qarTvelebSi patriotizmis
gasaRviveblad idgmeboda, mxatvruli mxare meorexarisxovani iyo, xolo 1921 wlis
dasawyisSi mas politikuri sarCuli mocilebuli hqonda da yuradReba swored
formaze maxvildeboda. aRmoCnda, rom aseTi, `usarCulo~ `samSoblo~ mayurebelze
did STabeWdilebas ver axdenda. erTaderTi, rac grigol robaqiZes moewona,
dekoraciebi da masobrivi scenebi iyo. msaxiobTa ostatobam recenzenti ver
daakmayofila (Sahs `aRmosavluri moduneba~ da tiranuli simkacre aklda Turme,
lioniZes – Tavaduri ieri, zogs Turme grimi ar uvargoda, zogsac – diqcia...).
Teatrze xSirad werda, magram grigol robaqiZis namdvili stiqia mainc
literatura iyo. mas Zalian uyvarda Semoqmedisa da Semoqmedebis siRrmeebSi
wvdoma, detalebSi Cxreka da mkiTxvelisTvis maTi wardgena. is xSirad acnobda
farTo auditorias evropaSi saxelmoxveWil, CvenSi ki naklebad cnobil
prozaikosebsa da poetebs.
`malarme da novalisi~, – am saTauriT gamoaqveyna werili gazeT
`saqarTveloSi~ da ori saxelganTqmuli Semoqmedis moRvaweoba warudgina
mkiTxvels. maT Soris paralelebi gaavlo, rac imJamindel
literaturaTmcodneobaSi pirveli cda iyo. novalisi malarmeze mTeli saukuniT
adre cxovrobda, Tumca, droSi daSorebas maTi TanaziarobisTvis xeli ar
SeuSlia.
grigol robaqiZe stefan malarmes yvelaze ufro ucnaur da gaugebar poets
uwodebda. `mwerali, romelic mounaxavs axals adgils zmnas winadadebaSi, ufro
dajerebuli unda iyos ukvdav didebaSi, vidre didebuli oratori, radgan aseTi
mwerali uTuod gadava sxva mwerlobis momaval qmnilebebSi” (saqarTvelo 1920r:3),
– es malarmes sityvebia, romlebSic Cans avtoris is Tviseba, robaqiZe
`ucnaurobas~ rom uwodebs. oRond es mxolod erTi SexedviT. malarmesTvis
yoveli sityva da misi adgili gamorCeulia. leqsikur erTeulebs ase yofs: `sityva
myofari: ai, poezia. sityva cxovari: ai, ritmi~ (saqarTvelo 1920s:3). sityvis
mniSvneloba imis mixedviT icvleba, Tu sad zis igi, ras uswrebs an ras misdevs.
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poetis ostatobas stefan malarme swrafad sityvebis SeTanxmebis swrafad
SerCevisa da amiT mniSvnelobaTa ganusazRvrelobamde gazrdaSi xedavs. yvelaferi
iseTivea, rogorc musikaSi, oRond yovelive sityvier akordebs unda daeyrdnos.
avtori malarmes sxva hipoTezasac warudgens mkiTxvels _ sityva nivTis
“sulieri sxeuli” ki ar aris, aramed sinamdvilis niSani ufroa, qaragmuli
miniSneba. igi TiToeuli azris `intimur ufskrulze~ sityvis Zvirfasi saxuravis
gaSlas moiTxovs.
stefan malarmes SemoqSedebaSi aris saidumlo da qaragmebi, aris esTetika
da Segnebuli somnambulizmi (mere ra, rom somnambulizmi Segnebas uaryofs).
grigol robaqiZis sityviT, malarmeseuli poeti mTvareuls hgavs, xolo misi
sityva Tvalaxveuli gadadis ufskrulebze.
novalisic ucnauri da gaugebari iyo malarmes msgavsad, igic “fragmentebiT
fiqrobda” da genialur aforizmebs isroda. grigol robaqiZe mkiTxvels acnobs
nawyvets misi `fragmentebidan~: `SesaZloa, dawero iseTi moTxroba, saca sruliad
ar iqneba Sinagani kavSiri, magram saca, rogorc sizmrebSi, iqneba kavSiri
romelime garegan saganTan~ (saqarTvelo 1920t:3). novalisi iseT namdvil poeziaze
wers, romelSic sityvebi yovelgvar azrs iqneba moklebuli, mxolod alegoriuli
sazrisi eqneba da mkiTxvelze musikis msgavsad arapirdapiri gziT moaxdens
STabeWdilebas. grigol robaqiZis daskvniT, am fragmentSi malarmes TiTqmis
mTeli poetikaa gacxadebuli. Tavad romc ar eTqva, Cveuli damajereblobisa da
swored SerCeuli magaliTebis wyalobiT mkiTxvels iolad miiyvanda am
daskvnamde.
grigol robaqiZes uyvarda SemoqmedTa Tanmxvedri azrebis moZieba. xSirad
miseuli paralelebi moulodneli iyo, zogjer imdenad uCveuloc ki, rom
gadaWriT mtkicebas TviTonac ver bedavda. ase, magaliTad, varaudis doneze
miawoda mkiTxvels Tavisi mosazreba rusTavelisa da malarmes erTi
Tvalsazrisis igiveobis Sesaxeb: `kvlav aqaca iamebis, vinca ismens kaci vargi~.
SesaZloa, am sityvebSi iyos Soreuli miwdomiT gamoTqmuli swored is, rac
stefan malarmes azrs Seadgens. saxeldobr – poeturi qmnileba mTavrdeba
mkiTxveliT. Tu mkiTxveli intuitiuri mimwvdomia, leqsi hgebulobs amiT. `kaci
vargi~ SesaZloa aseTi mkiTxveli iyos~ (saqarTvelo 1920u:3). es varaudi gr.
robaqiZem gamoTqva werilSi `rusTavelis msoflio mzera~, romelic or nawilad
gamoaqveyna gazeT `saqarTveloSi~.
grigol robaqiZe ritms gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda, magram imasac
aRniSnavda, poezia mxolod ritmuli sityva ki ara, saganTa da movlenaTa
`aTvisebac~ ariso. poetis mzera gardaqmnis yvelafers, sagnebs saxes ucvlis, sxva,
axali kuTxiT warmoaCens. uamisod WeSmariti poezia ar iqmneba. `vefxistyaosnis~
101
Tayvanismcemeli robaqiZe rusTavelSi swored im `Tavisebur msoflio mzeras~
xedavda, Zireulad rom cvlis sagnebsac da movlenebsac. werilis avtoris azriT,
poezia SoTa rusTavelsac `samyaros Tavisebur aTvisebad~ miaCnda da amitomac
uwoda Sairobas `sibrZnis dargi~. grigol robaqiZis mtkicebiT, es debuleba me-19
saukuneSi dasabuTda, ase rom, rusTavelma am mxrivac gausworo dros. xolo rac
Seexeba mis sityvebs mijnuri meleqsis Sesaxeb (`erTi uCndes samijnuri, erTsa
visme aSikobdes~), werilis avtoris azriT, italiuri renesansia
nawinaswarmetyvelevi. ase uyvarda dantes beatriCe...
`vefxistyaosanSi~ asaxul mijnurobas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda
grigol robaqiZe. `mijnuri Smagsa gviqvian...~ – am sityvebSi igi elinur `wminda
SeSlilobas~ xedavs, amitomac poetur gadaWarbebad ar eCveneba is epizodi, sadac
tarieli vefxvs Seipyrobs da kocna moundeba. grigol robaqiZis sityviT, amaze
Sors ver wava SeSliloba, siyvaruliT gamowveuli. yovelive es gansakuTrebul
xibls iZens imiT, rom rusTavelis rwmenas asaxavs.
grigol robaqiZes `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris originalurobis gamosakveTad
Tundac is miaCnia sakmarisad, rom raindi tarieli siyvarulSi Zalze rbilia da
cremls Rvris. `arsad ise ar gamosaxula qarTveli vaJis rassiuli xasiaTi,
rogorc aq~ (saqarTvelo 1920f:3).
siyvaruli calobis, dacilebisa da sikvdilid Zlevaa, gr. robaqiZis sityviT.
am Zlevas xedavs igi nestan-darejanis werilSi, romelic mTeli poemis
damamSveneblad miaCnia. Tu siyvaruli samyaros gamarTlebaa, `vefxistyaosnis~
gansakuTrebuli xibli gasagebi gaxdeba. metic, raki poemaSi poetis rwmenaa
asaxuli, grigol robaqiZis azriT, am epikuri tilos dakargvis SemTxvevaSic ki
didi poetis saxeli darCeboda rusTvels.
`naTeli profili: mesxuri ritmiT gamarTuli, – neli, rogorc didi SuadRe
aRmosavalis, – gonieri friad: hellenTa codniT amaxvilebuli, – da Tan:
damwvari Tamaris Soreuli siyvaruliT, romelic TiTqos imisTvis ar sruldeba,
rom ar daiferflos RmerTobis cecxli. am xazebSi ukve mocemulia renesansis
surneli: madonas kulti... poeti jvars etrfis: albaT, jvarcmisaTvis~
(saqarTvelo 1920q:3), – grigol robaqiZis rwmeniT, aseT legendad damkvidrebac
sakmarisi iqneboda, rom SoTa rusTaveli did poetad gveRiareboda.
grigol robaqiZe qarTul mwerlobaze fiqrs ar ganSorebia arsad da
arasodes... 1920 wels ukve Camoyalibebulia mweralTa kavSiri, Tavisi adgili
daimkvidra poeziis axalma skolam, magram, zogadad, axali mwerloba jer kidev
ar aris Camoyalibebuli da mis ganviTarebas zrunva, xelSewyoba sWirdeba.
qarTul romanze dafiqrebuli grigol robaqiZe 1921 wels gazeT `saqarTveloSi~
aqveynebs werils, romelic amobrunebul piramidas hgavs – iwyeba imiT, rac
102
TiTqos bolos unda Tqmuliyo. saTauri – `qarTuli romani~ – gafiqrebinebs, rom
avtori swored qarTul sqeltanian prozaul nawarmoebebs ganixilavs da bolos
Tavis Sexedulebas daskvnis saxiT dawurulad SemogTavazebs. magram mudam
formaze mzrunveli grigol robaqiZe werils ayiravebs da daskvniT iwyebs: –
qarTuli romani ar arsebobs. mas Semdeg, rac ZiriTad saTqmels moWris, mizezebis
ZiebiT iwyebs Temis gaSlas.
namdvili romanis ararsebobas avtori erT sxeulad Camosxmuli qarTuli
tipis CamouyalibeblobiT xsnis. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis Svilebi jer
kidev ar gamTlianebulan, yvela TavisTvis cxovrobs. is, rom qarTveli, mesxi Tu
kolxi erTi qveynis moqalaqeebi arian, maTs fsiqologiur erTobas ar niSnavs.
`imeri da ameri: es yofis kategoriebia ufro, vidre geografiuli dayofa.
fsiqologiuri sxvaoba aq umZafresia~ (saqarTvelo 1921d:2).
grigol robaqiZe Cveni qveynis istoriis bedukuRmarTobiT xsnis imas, rom
eTnikurma jgufebma erT yalibSi Camosasxmelad ver moicales. dacalkevebuli
saqarTvelo TiTqos ruseTma gaaerTiana, sinamdvileSi ki gaerTianebis tendencia
mospo. samefo provinciad iqca. iq, sadac `mTeli~ unda yofiliyo, `nawilebi~
darCneno, – wers grigol robaqiZe. (saqarTvelo 1921e:2).
raki qveyana ver gaerTianda, personaJebi calkeul kuTxeebs ver gascdnen.
avtoris daskvniT, amitomac ver Camoyalibda romanisTvis saWiro `sintetiuri
tipi~. verc dedaqalaqma SeZlo `esTetikuri msajuloba~. swored rom piriqiT
moxda – aq erTmaneTs Seeria da aWrelda aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi, airia
sparsuli da somxuri xazi, ris Sedegadac erTian qarTul yalibSi Camosxmuli
tipis nacvlad yaraCoReli miviReT, Tumca, grigol robaqiZes imedi ar
gadauwuravs. 1921 wlis dasawyisia. saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiidan
gaTavisuflebulia. marTalia, 25 Tebervali moaxloebulia, magram
qarTvelebisTvis ianvris pirvel ricxvebSi Zneli warmosadgeni iyo, ase xanmokle
Tu iqneboda damoukidebloba da ase male Tu daadgamdnen kvlavac uRels,
amjerad – wiTela batonebis fers. amitomac irwmuneba avtori, saqarTvelos
adgenis Semdeg axali xana daiwyo, yvela kuTxem gaiRviZa, sataxto qalaqic
dRiTidRe iRebs qarTul saxeso. es is procesia, romlis drosac saerTo qarTuli
tipi unda `Camoisxas~. amis Semdeg ki namdvili romanis dabadebas win araferi
daudgeba. grigol robaqiZes sjeroda, rom es dro moaxloebuli iyo, magram mis
prognozSi umniSvnelovanesi koreqtivi Seitana saqarTvelos gasabWoebam. im
saerTo qarTuli tipis Camoyalibeba, romelic damoukidebelic iqneboda da
viwrokuTxurobisgan Tavisufalic, gadaido...
polemika sonetis Sesaxeb, did Tu axalbeda SemoqmedTa poeziisa da prozis
mimoxilva an enis ritmi Zieba literaturaTmcodnebis sakiTxebia da
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publicistikasTan saerTo TiTqos bevri araferi aqvs (Sesabamisad, TiTqos arc
unda Sesuliyo Cvens sakvalifikacio naSromSi, radgan mas
literaturatmcodneobis sakiTxebis kvlevis pretenzia, bunebrivia, ver eqneba),
magram grigol robaqiZe arc aq Ralatobs Tavisi moRvaweobis magistralur xazs
– erovnulobis win wamowevas. swored amis gamo mimovixileT es werilebi. igi
mudmivad cdilobs, Tanamemamuleebs saqarTvelos gamorCeulobis SegrZneba ar
daukargos, patriotizmi gauRvivos. Tu am suliskveTebas ver grZnobs, arc leqsi
moswons, arc – drama, radgan icis, qarTvelTa erovnul Segnebas yoveldRiurad
sWirdeba gamtkiceba. saqarTvelo xom imdenxans Sedioda imperiis SemadgenlobaSi,
rom adgili SesaZlebeli iyo, `sizarmace~ moreoda da damoukideblad fiqrsa Tu
moqmedebas kvlavac did mezobelTan `megobroba~ (rac sinamdvileSi ymoba iyo)
erCia. amitom grigol robaqiZe mkiTxvelis patriotuli grZnobebze zemoqmedebas
cdilobda. es iyo rogorc misi publicistikis, aseve literaturuli Tu
Teatraluri mimoxilvebis ganmsazRvreli motivi. `poetebi bolSeviziaSi~
organulad ukavSirdeba im werilebs, romlebic 1917-1918 wlebSi gamoaqveyna
grigol robaqiZem. aqac ikveTeba avtoris damokidebuleba bolSevizmTan, oRond
protestis formad ara pirdapiri, aramed iribi gzaa arCeuli – ruseTis
saukeTeso Svilebma es ideologia ar miiRes, ramdenimewlianma gamocdilebam maT
bolSevizmSi qveynisTvis sasikeTo veraferi daanaxa. cxadia, mkiTxvels ar
gauWirdeboda daeskvna is, rasac avtori gulisxmobda – es ideologia arc
saqarTvelos gamoadgeba.
grigol robaqiZe Janrisa da Sinaarsis miuxedavad mudam inarCunebda Tavis
xelweras, Tavs aridebda mSral, informaciul stils da saTqmels mxatvrul
yalibSi asxamda, raTa amiT misi emociuri zemoqmedebis Zala gaeZlierebina. is, Tu
rogor aRwers virjinia vulfi eses, zedgamoWrilia robaqiZis saleqcio Tu
literaturul moRvaweobaze: `... eses yvelaze naklebad esaWiroeba grZeli
sityvebi. misi warmmarTveli principi mxolod is aris, rom siamovneba moganiWos...
pirvelive sityvidan unda movixibloT da mxolod bolo sityvaze unda
gamoviRviZoT, gamovfxizldeT. SuaSi ki uamravi ramiT unda SeviqcioT Tavi _
gaocebiT, dainteresebiT, aRSfoTebiT~ (vulfi 1988:143). robaqiZis gamorCeuli
stilis Sesaxeb marsel brionis werda, rom Txroba TviTon isxams sxeuls da
cocxal arsebad gadaiqceva (mesxi 1996:109).
Znelia wera grigol robaqiZeze (miT ufro, mecnieruli eniT). igi sisxliT
unda igrZno. TviTonac mudam undoda, misi Semoqmedeba ki ar ganexilaT mxolod,
aramed egrZnoT. misi leqciebic xom gancdis leqciebad moinaTla. uyvarda cecxli
– Tavadac iwvoda da sxvebsac wvavda. gana cecxli gamoiTqmis?! misi gamoTqma
mxolod `grZnobiT~, mxolod `gancdiT~ SeiZlebao, _ miswera erTxel sofio
104
tatiSvils (avaliani 2005:88). aqve unda aRvniSno _ wlebis winaT, roca samagistro
naSromSi davwere, robaqiZe sisxliT sagrZnobi mweralia-meTqi, ar mqonda
wakiTxuli misi erT-erTi werili, sadac ambobs: `isini, vinca ara `tviniT~, aramed
`sisxliT~ aRiqmeven `qarTul arsebas~, isini Cems SemoqmedebaSi ganicdian TavianT
gulisfeTqvas, TavianT majiscemas~ (CemTvis... 1996:88). bunebrivia, sasiamovno iyo am
sityvebis wakiTxva. vfiqrobT, es amarTlebs Cveni sakvalifikacio NnaSromis
eseistur elfers.
grigol robaqiZe Tanagancdas iTxovda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, advilad
sagrZnobia is tragedia, romelic, albaT, didma patriotma da bolSevizmis
moZulem saqarTvelos gasabWoebisas ganicada.
1931 wlidan grigol robaqiZe emigrantia. misi saxeli jer mTel germaniasa
da evropas moedeba, Semdeg ki gawiraven hitlerisa da musolinis Sesaxeb
gamoqveynebuli narkvevebis gamo.
meuRlis gardacvalebidan gava ramdenime weli da 82 wlis grigol
robaqiZe mesamed gadawyvets daqorwinebas. fizikurad kvlavac mxned gamoiyureba.
es Tavadac icis, siberes ver egueba. megobars, armin zigrists, sakuTar
fotosuraTs aCuqebs warweriT – `SeiZleba, am kacs `moxuci~ daarqva?!~ (baqraZe
1999:29).
robaqiZe daqorwinebas ver SeZlebs. sicocxlis dasasrulamde
ramdenime gaTeneba darCa.
1980 wlis 28 oqtombers svirSi dawyebulma sicocxlem 82 weli
miiTvala (sviri ZvelqarTulad `mcvels~ niSnavs. TviTonac mudam
graalis mcvelad miaCnda Tavi). am xnis ganmavlobaSi xan – cidan
movlenilad, xanac xalxis mtrad naTlavdnen. Tavad robaqiZe
sakuTari Semoqmedebis ZalaSi Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli: `surT dRes
Cemi sityvis wakiTxva an mosmena – Zalian kargi. ar undaT – piradad
me arafers vkargav, radgan saukuneebs velaparakebi~ (baqraZe 1999v:29).
saqarTvelodan mowyvetils anderZad darCa natvra: `roca me amsoflad aRar
viqnebi, modiodes vinme qarTveli deda yovel wels mcxeTas, mwifobis, Cemi
dabadebis TveSi. sanTels aanTebs am pawa salocavis win da locviT axsenebdes
Cems saxels. mets aras vTxov saqarTvelos~ (CemTvis... 1996e:53).
grigol robaqiZis neSti levilis qarTvelTa sasaflaoze ganisvenebs.
`graalis mcveli~ 1962 wlis 19 noembers JenevaSi gardaicvala.
martosuli Tavisave binaSi aRmoaCines gardacvalebidan meore dRes.
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daskvna
amrigad, grigol robaqiZe qarTul presaSi 1907 wels gamoCnda. 1907-1921
wlebSi gamoqveynebuli literaturul-publicisturi werilebi sagulisxmo
daskvnebisken ubiZgebs mkvlevars. gr. robaqiZis publicisturi naazrevi xSirad
iCrdileba misive literaturuli wiaRsvlebiT. Cveni naSromi misi publicisturi
Ziebebis win wamowevis cdaa.
filosofosi, literatori, oratori da publicisti grigol robaqiZe mTeli
Tavisi moRvaweobiT qveynis msaxurebis magaliTs iZleoda. amitomac SevecdebiT,
SevajamoT xelovnebis qurumad wodebuli novatoris literaturuli Tu
publicisturi moRvaweobis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi:
XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis presis Seswavla naTelyofs, rom gr. robaqiZis
mier saganmanaTleblo mizniT wakiTxuli sajaro leqciebi axali sityva iyo
imJamindel qarTul sinamdvileSi. swored amitom dainteresda ase Zalian
imdroindeli presa grigol robaqiZiT, maSin roca sxvaTa leqciebis Sesaxeb
mxolod TiTo-orola informaciuli SeniSvna Tu daibeWdeboda. am leqciebiT
oratori dasavlur filosofiur-literaturul Sexedulebebs acnobda
TanamedroveT. saqarTveloSi arsebobda sajaro leqciebis wakiTxvis tradicia
(al. cagarelis, i. TarxniSvilis, ak. wereTlis, iv. javaxiSvilisa da sxvaTa mier
wakiTxuli leqciebi), rac salonur atmosferos ar gascdenia, grigol robaqiZem
ki farTo sazogadoebis daintereseba SeZlo. amasTan, leqciebis presaSi
gamoqveynebiT maTi mniSvneloba da zemoqmedebis farglebi gaafarTova. es
damsaxureba kargad SeniSnes qarTuli moazrovne intelegenciis saukeTeso
warmomadgenlebma. erT-erTi leqciis mimoxilvisas arCil jorjaZem is uaxloesi
warsuli gaixsena, rodesac qarTul sazogadoebaSi sityvis arsi dakninebuli iyo
da rusi mwerlis, pisarevis zegavleniT, kargad Sekerili waRa ufro
mniSvnelovnad miaCndaT, vidre Seqspiris cnobili dramebi. gavida cota dro da
igive sazogadoeba `imdenad momwifda, rom mzad aris, sami da oTxi saaTis
ganmavlobaSi usminos poeziis Sesaxeb sja-baass, usminos ara ise, rogorc
Segirdebi usmenen maswavleblis gakveTils, aramed Segnebulad, CafiqrebiT,
undoblobisa da TanagrZnobis gamoaSkaravebis unariT~ (droeba 1909h:1).
sazogadoebis amgvar momwifebaSi umniSvnelovanesi wvlili swored grigol
robaqiZes miuZRvis. amdenad, gasagebi xdeba, ratom aqveynebda presa dawvrilebiT
mis yovel leqcias da saleqcio sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul polemikas.
106
advili warmosadgenia, rogori rTuli iqneboda `umwifar~ sazogadoebasTan
oskar uaildis Semoqmedebaze, dekadansze, platonsa da laibnicze, ibsensa da
nicSes filosofiaze saubari. tician tabiZis mogonebiT, orators `erTi frazac
ar Seucvlia, erTi mxatvruli saxec ar miutania msxverplad imisTvis, rom ufro
gasagebi yofiliyo, rac imaSi uTuod xazs usvamda did mxatvars~ (tabiZe 1916:30).
grigol robaqiZisTvis leqciis Sinaarsze aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo forma,
amitomac ar Ralatobda Tavis mxatvrul stils. vfiqobT, swored amiT Seuwyo man
xeli sazogadoebis momwifebas, rasac arCil jorjaZem gausva xazi _ auditoria
aamaRla, gasagebi gaxada misTvis elinTa msoflmxedvelobac da zeadamianis ideac.
yovelive es publicisturi SemarTebiT xdeboda, publicisturi paTosiTa da
mxatvruli saxeebiT azrovnebiT miiRweoda.
grigol robaqiZe sajaro leqciebis Temad ara mxolod ucxoeli
filosofosebisa Tu mwerlebis naazrevsa da Semoqmedebas irCevda, aramed
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda qarTul literaturas. igi rusTavelis
Tayvanismcemeli gaxldaT da mTeli arsebiT cdilobda, sazogadoebisTvis gaecno
`vefxityaosnis~ is Rirsebebi, romlebsac Tavad xedavda. gr. robaqiZis azriT,
literaturul kritikas saTanadod, Rirseulad ar hqonda Sefasebuli rusTavelis
epikuri tilos auracxeli sibrZne da simdidre. amitom leqciebiTa Tu sagazeTo
publikaciebiT cdilobda, Seevso es nakli. igi SeewinaaRmdega niko maris Teorias,
romlis Tanaxmadac, `vefxistyaosani~ sparsuli sagmiro moTxrobis qarTul,
galeqsil aslad iyo gamocxadebuli. grigol robaqiZe amtkicebda, rom
literaturuli nawarmoebis SinaarsisTvis xalxuri arakis aReba imas ar niSnavs,
TiTqos es nawarmoebi originaluri ar iyos, xolo misi avtori – geniosi; rom
xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi energia cvlis aRebul araks da imis usafuZvlod
daJinebas, TiTqos `vefxistyaosani~ sparsulidan iyos naTargmni, sjobs
rusTavelis azrebs CavuRrmavdeT, azrebs im Semoqmedis, vinc Cven gvaqarTvelao.
aseve aRniSvnis Rirsia isic, rom grigol robaqiZe iyo pirveli, vinc vaJa-
fSavela geniosad aRiara. marTalia, farTo sazogadoeba maSin ar daeTanxma mas _
Sefaseba gadaWarbebuliao, magram drom gr. robaqiZis winaswarxedva daadastura.
uyvarda robaqiZes saqarTvelo, qarTveli da qarTuli ena. cocxlobda
mwerlobiT. sityvis upativcemulobas aravis apatiebda. raki icodnen, rom igi
koreqturul Secdomas sabediswerod miiCnevda, megobrebi, gamomcemlebi Tu
asoTamwyobni gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen sityvis gamafetiSebeli
ostatis nawarmoebTa beWdvas. erTxel sandro cirekiZes `anTologiis~ TiToeul
egzemplarSi sakuTari xeliT Causworebia gr. robaqiZis leqsSi gaparuli
Secdoma, xolo TviT grigol robaqiZes paolo iaSvilis leqsSi `artur rembo~,
romelic aTasze met egzemplarad dabeWdil gazeT `barikadSi~ gamoqveynda,
107
koreqturis gasworeba ar dazarebia (gageli 1921:15). rogor unda giyvardes sityva,
rom aseTi Sroma ar airido.
grigol robaqiZisTvis qarTul enaze warmoTqmuli yoveli sityva locva iyo,
sityvaSi mzes xedavda da warmarTiviT Tayvans scemda mas. qarTuli sakralur
enad da sagalobelad miaCnda, amitom gansakuTrebuli mokrZalebiT epyroboda,
uRrmavdeboda da ikvlevda mis simdidres.
eris siyvaruliT iyo damuxtuli grigol robaqiZis publicistika, romliTac
igi bolSevizmis realuri saxis gamokveTasa da anarqiisgan qarTvelebis
gadarCenas cdilobda. mudmivad gamokveTilad aRniSnavda mosalodnel qaossa da
monobas, cdilobda, TanamemamuleebisTvis TvalsaCino gaexada is, rasac xedavda
bolSevizmSi da aecilebina mosalodneli ubedureba. gmobda maqrsizms, aRniSnavda
am Teoriis naklovanebebsa da mis mimdevarTa araTanmimdevrulobas, xSirad ki ––
sisastikes. ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebis analiziT, iq gamefebuli anarqiis
aRweriT gr. robaqiZe afrTxilebda Tanamemamuleebs da naTlad warmousaxavda,
rogori iqneboda saqarTvelos momavali bolSevizmisken gadaxris SemTxvevaSi.
grigol robaqiZe SesaSuri politologi iyo, faqtebis Rrma
analiziT mudam swor daskvnebs akeTebda. mas SeeZlo winaswar
gaeWvrita, Tu rogor ganviTardeboda movlenebi. ase magaliTad, gr.
robaqiZem bolSevizmis gamarjveba ivarauda, magram isic aRniSna, rom
anarqiiT mosulebi, sabolood, ueWvelad daiRupebodnen. publicisti
zust prognozebs awvdida sazogadoebas, magram, bunebrivia, misi
sityva bolSevizmis stiqiur Zalas ver SeaCerebda. Acxadia, amis
iluzia arc qarTul presas eqneboda, magram mainc cdilobda
saTanadod gamoeyenebina publicistis naazrevi, misi daxmarebiT
ecada sazogadoebrivi azris formireba. im sabediswero 1917-1918
wlebSi gazeTi “saqarTvelo” ramdenime gamorCeul avtorTan erTad
grigol robaqiZis publicistikasac eyrdnoboda, radgan mizani
saerTo hqondaT _ erovnuli Segnebis gamofxizleba-amaRleba,
Tavisufleba, mosalodneli monobis Tavidan acileba. swored amitom
ar daukargavs presas interesi robaqiZisadmi, romelic qarTveli
eris, saxelmwifoebriobis, moqalaqeobrivobis ganviTarebis kuTxiT
mudam Tanamoazred eguleboda.
108
grigol robaqiZe mTeli arsebiT cdilobda erovnuli energiis gamoRviZebas
da bolSevizmisadmi siZulvilis danergvas. misi publicistikisTvis Tvalis erTi
gadavlebac kmara, rom davaskvnaT, – saqarTveloSi rom darCeniliyo, robaqiZes
represireba ar acdeboda rogorc `klasobriv mters~. amitomac sicocxlis
bolomde emigrantoba arCia.
gr. robaqiZis didi oratoruli niWi publicistikaSic gamJRavnda. yovelTvis
zustad agnebda saTqmelis formas da gaTvlida swor, damajerebel svlebs.
faqtebi, argumentebi, paralelebi, sagulisxmo daskvnebi mis publicistikaSi isea
Sesxeulebuli, rom erTmaneTisgan ver ganacalkeveb. rac mTavaria, araTu mxolod
sityvebSi, striqonebs Sorisac igrZnoba mgznebare, mZafri, gamorCeuli siyvaruli
sakuTari erisa da mamulis mimarT.
kvlevis dros gamoikveTa, rom grigol robaqiZis publicisturi
memkvidreobis Janrebis mixedviT dayofa Zalze rTulia, radgan igi ar cnobda
mkacr Janrul CarCoebs, cnebebiT azrovnebas mxatvruli saxeebiT azrovnebas
uTavsebda. amdenad, misi calkeuli werilebi Cven pirobiTad davyaviT Janrebis
mixedviT. magaliTad, misi is publikaciebi, romlebsac Cven Teatraluri
recenziebi vuwodeT, klasikuri recenziis nimuSebi ar aris, magram raki win mainc
am JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi iwevda, saWirod CavTvaleT, gangvexila
rogorc recenziebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom problemur statiebsa Tu sxva
publikaciebSi grigol robaqiZe, ZiriTadad, argumentTa iseT Tanmimdevrobas
arCevs, rom mkiTxveli Tavad midis daskvnamde. magram calkeul SemTxvevebSi igi
gadabrunebuli piramidis msgavs meTods mimarTavs (miuxedavad imisa, rom es
meTodi mxolod informaciuli SeniSvnisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Cven mainc
TvalsaCinoebisTvis ase vuwodebT robaqiZis maneras) _ werils mTavari saTqmeliT,
daskvniT iwyebs, konkretulidan zogadisken midis. SegveZlo gveTqva, rom es
pirdapiri lidis saxesxvaobaa, Tumca, pirdapiri lidic, ZiriTadad, informaciul
JanrebTan gamoiyeneba.
grigol robaqiZe XX saukunis qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis mesaWea,
risTvisac igi xSirad iTavsebda enaTmecnieris, literaturaTmcodnis, kritikosisa
da publicistis movaleobebs. ikvlevda
qarTul maxvils, ritmsa da riTmas, metaforasa da sityvis mxatvrul
zemoqmedebas... qebas ar moaklebda qarTuli miTis Semqmnelsa da siaxlis mTqmel
Semoqmeds, Tumca, mkacri Sefasebac icoda. amasTan, msgavsi Secdomisgan Tavis
daRwevis gzis mimTiTebelic gaxldaT. unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli maxvilisa Tu
ritmis gansakuTrebulobis kvlevac imave mizans emsaxureboda, rasac misi
publicistika. UamiTac cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom saqarTvelo TavisTavadi,
gamorCeuli qveyanaa, romelmac Tavisuflebis gzidan ar unda gadauxvios;
109
romelsac enobrivadac evropasTan (gansakuTrebiT, saberZneTTan) gacilebiT meti
aqvs saerTo, vidre ruseTTan.
grigol robaqiZe qurumiviT dastrialebda Tavs axal qarTul literaturas,
romelic maSin iwyebda Camoyalibebas. emzadeboda axlo momavalSi Sesaqmneli
axali saxelmwifosTvis, romelsac literaturac evropuli tendeciebis
matarebeli, magram TavisTavadi unda hqonoda. 1912 wels man axalgazrda
SemoqmedTa nawarmoebebis ganxilva da zogadi tendenciis gamokveTa ganizraxa.
presaSi araferia naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, daasrula Tu ara es saqme, magram
survilis gamoTqma, mowadineba, literaturul nawarmobTa Segroveba iZleva
safuZvels davaskvnaT, rom gr. robaqiZe me-20 saukunis literaturaTmcodneobis
safuZvlis Cayras cdilobda, axali qarTuli literaturis aqcentebis gamokveTas
eswrafvoda.
kritika sasiamovno rom aravisTvis aris, cxadia, magram isic faqtia, rom
gonierTaTvis sasargebloa. Tumca, yvela ase rodi fiqrobda,
TavianTi sisustis dasafaravad zogierTi gr. robaqiZes cils swamda, – piradi
mtroba amoZravebso. arada, mis kritikul werilebSi emociasa da mikerZoebulobas
iSviaTad igrZnobT, yoveli SeniSvna argumentirebuli da dasabuTebulia. gr.
robaqiZes kritika ilias msgavsad esmoda – `kritika~ aris ganxilvac, ganCxrekac,
garkvevac, garCevac da dafasebac erTad~ (WavWavaZe 1991:38). swored ase Cxrekda da
afasebda grigol robaqiZe gansaxilvel nawarmoebebs. igi did pativs scemda
presas da arasdros gauxdia pirad interesebze sakinklao moednad. MrobaqiZes
erTaderTi interesi amoZravebda – axalgazrda poetebsa Tu prozaikosebs
gamoesworebinaT TavianTi Secdomebi da Camoyalibebuliyo mwerloba, romelic
dros gauZlebda. grigol robaqiZem jer kidev 1912 wels miuTiTa mwerlebs, rom
`nakadulis Cxriali~ da `niavis CurCuli~, `mzis sxivebi~ da `badri mTvare~ is
Sablonuri masalaa, romliTac namdvili literatura ar iqmneba (Temi 1912a:2).
cnobilia, rom mweralTa kavSiris erT-erTi damfuZnebeli gr. robaqiZe iyo.
am saqmes masTan erTad meTaurobdnen kote mayaSvili, Salva dadiani, geronti
qiqoZe, tician tabiZe, daviT kopali, levan (leli) jafariZe... maT Seadgines
kavSiris wesdeba, Caatares mweralTa yriloba, romelmac sruliad saqarTvelos
mweralTa kavSiri Seqmnilad gamoacxada. es iyo 1919-1920 wlebi. Tumca, gr.
robaqiZe mweralTa `sacnob-sarCevi organos~ Camoyalibebaze adrec fiqrobda. 1912
wels igi werda, rom amgvari organos dafuZneba aucilebelia `dRenakluli
leqsebis~ Tavidan asacileblad da qarTuli mwerlobis asaRorZineblad (Temi
1912b:2).
grigol robaqiZis kidev erTi damsxureba saqarTveloSi modernizmis
winamZRvrobaa. `simbolizmi CvenSi Semoitana gr. robaqiZem. b. robaqiZeze ar
110
gamarTlda saerTo debuleba, rom yovel novators win eRobeba gaugebrobis
galavani. imas arafrad dajdomia Zvel RirebulebaTa gadafasebis kadniereba,
axal ZiebaTa feierverkebis gasrola... gr. robaqiZes uTxres Tavisi dasturi
arCil jorjaZem da kita abaSiZem. am ori pirovnebiT iwureba qarTuli
esTetikuri kultura gr. robaqiZemdi~ (tabiZe 1916:29-30), – askvnis tician tabiZe,
romelsac pirvel simbolistad swored grigol robaqiZe miaCnia. saqarTveloSi
simbolizmis Semotana rom aucilebeli iyo, amaSi eWvi ar SehparviaT
`cisferyanwelebs~, radgan, ticianis sityviT, `qarTvel xalxs uyvars niRabi,
ximbolizmi swored filosofiaa am niRabis~ (tabiZe 1916:32).
simbolos grigol robaqiZe gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda rogorc
prozasa da poeziaSi, aseve publicistur sityvaSi. JurnalSi `bedi qarTlisa~ igi
aRniSnavda, visac simbolo da miTosi ar esmis, Cems Semoqmedebas ver gaigebso
(CemTvis... 1996:81). is iyo mwerali romelic `unatifesi impulsebiT grZnobda
filosofiur-religiur da miTosur Sreebs da SeeZlo poeturi meditaciebis gziT
mxatvrul-poetur Rirebulebebad eqcia isini~ (jinjixaZe 2004:3).
simbolizmis megzurobiT gr. robaqiZem qarTuli mwerlobis ganaxlebas
Seuwyo xeli. cxadia, rom simbolistTa gareSe XX saukunis qarTuli literatura
Zalze Raribi iqneboda. marTalia, mogvianebiT is sakuTar Tavs ubralod
simbolistTa megobars uwodebda, magram sinamdvileSi is winamZRoli iyo, bunebiT
lideri. amiran gomarTelis TqmiT, is ara mxolod erudiciiT, azrovnebiT,
gamorCeuli stiliT imorCilebda axalgazrdobas da axdenda gavlenas
saliteraturo procesze, aramed, cxovrebis wesiTac. is iyo moazrovnisa da
esTetis nimuSi (gomarTeli 1997:157). gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi masze
evropelebi ambobdnen: `robaqiZe Tavisi xalxis erT-erTi WeSmariti winamZRolia
da erTaderTi namdvili xsnaa xalxisTvis. igi WeSmaritad saxalxo poetia,
rogorc esqile, sofokle da homerosia saberZneTisTvis~. (mesxi 1996:108).
grigol robaqiZem gamoacocxla maSindeli qarTveloba axali ideebis
ganfeniT, Seaxeda ioqanaanis moWril Tavs, moasmenina `nicSes mwvalebeli sityva~
(tabiZe 1916:30). publicisturi paTosiT literaturul ZiebebSi momavlis
moazrovnis aRzrda daisaxa miznad. manve `daanaxa qarTul sazogadoebas
gadagvarebis gzaze Semdgars qarTulis simSveniere, simZlavre, daanaxva da
gaitaca... mas ver dauviwyebs qarTveloba am did namoRvawars~ (kldiaSvili
1932:321).
dabolos, Semajamebeli fraza gazeT `Temidan~: robaqiZes `xvda
bednieri wili – qarTuli auditoriis Seqmna~ (Temi 1911J:3). dameTanxmebiT, amiT
yvelaferia naTqvami grigol robaqiZis sazogadoebriv-publicisturi Rvawlis
Sesaxeb. ukeTes Sefasebaze vercerTi oratori ver iocnebebs. es mokle fraza
111
cxads xdis, rogor afasebda mas qarTuli presa; rogor Wirdeboda gr. robaqiZe
qarTul sazogadoebas da, maT Soris, medias, romelic saxelganTqmuli oratorisa
da publicistis naazrevs sakuTar auditoriaze zemoqmedebisaTvis iyenebda.
bibliografia
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Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „TeTri giorgi“, 2005.
2. arvelaZe 1990: arvelaZe b., grigol robaqiZis erTi polemikis
Sesaxeb, alm. saunje, #3-4, 1990.
3. barbaqaZe 1988: barbaqaZe T., qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi
periodul presaSi, Tbilisi, 1988.
4. baqraZe 1999: baqraZe a., kardu anu grigol robaqiZis cxovreba
da Rvawli, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba lomisi, 1999.
5. benaSvili 2005: benaSvili g., grigol robaqiZe _ erovnuli
fesvebis maZiebeli fausti, J.kriteriumi, rusTavelis saxelobis
qarTuli literaturis institutis Jurnali, #2, 2005.
6. gageli 1921: gageli v., poetebi stambaSi, J.meocnebe niamorebi, #6,
1921.
7. gawerelia 2001: gawerelia ak., „gr. robaqiZe (ramdenime mogoneba),
gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, @#2, 2001. gv. 5.
8. gelovani 1998: gelovani a., miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, 1998.
9. gomarTeli 1997: gomarTeli a., qarTuli simbolosturi proza,
Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997.
10. dauSvili 2005: dauSvili r., grigol robaqiZe da andrei beli,
alm.literatura da sxva, 2005.
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11. vaSakiZe 2006: vaSakiZe r., saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea
1917-1918 wlebis literaturul-publicistur werilebSi, Tbilisi:
SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis instituti,
2006.
12. vulfi 1988: vulfi v., eseebi, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba nakaduli,
1988.
13. TeTr... 2003: TeTr siamayes aqandakeb Seni didebiT, Tbilisi, 2003.
14. kldiaSvili 1932b: kldiaSvili d., memuarebi, Tbilisi, 1932.
15. literaturuli saqarTvelo 1987: „tkivili fesvebis”, gaz.
literaturuli saqarTvelo, #37, 1987, gv.6.
16. literaturuli saqarTvelo 2001: „klasikosi”, gaz.
literaturuli saqarTvelo, #1, 2001, gv.3.
17. manveliSvili 1990: manveliSvili al., narkvevebi da werilebi, san
francisko, 1990.
18. maRlaferiZe 2005: maRlaferiZe T., maradi awmyo, Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba, 2005.
19. mesxi 1996: mesxi T., didi xanZris mewamuli anarekli, Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba „mecniereba“, 1996.
20. mefariSvili 2005: mefariSvili T., grigol robaqiZis eseistika,
Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005.
21. presaSi. Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999.
22. nadareiSvili 2002: nadareiSvili m., publicisturi ostatobis
alfa da omega (lidi da daboloeba), Tbilisi, Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002.
23. narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, tomi I, Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba, 2000.
24. nikolaiSvili 1994: nikolaiSvili a., XX saukunis qarTuli
literaturis istoriis narkvevebi. t. I, quTaisi, gamomcemloba
„mowameTa“, 1994.
113
25. nikolaiSvili 2000: nikolaiSvili a., XX saukunis qarTuli
literaturis istoriis narkvevebi. t. III, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba
„merani“, 2000.
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(eleqtronuli gazeTi аргументы и факты, 2009, განთავსებულია 4
ოქტომბრიდან, 2009); მის.: http://www.aif.ru/politic/article/28446.
27. robaqiZe 1910: robaqiZe gr., Taris xma, J, faskunji, #1, 1910.
28. robaqiZe 1918: robaqiZe gr., Tamar, gaz, saqarTvelo, #90, 1918.
29. robaqiZe 1991: robaqiZe gr., saqarTvelos xerxemali, gaz. wignis
samyaro, #1. gv 1.
30. robaqiZe 2003: robaqiZe gr., dramebi, werilebi Teatris Sesaxeb,
Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „poligrafisti“, 2003.
31. saqarTvelos literaturaturaTmcodneobis akademiis Sromebi, t.
I, Tbilisi, 1997.
32. saqarTvelos respublika 2003: “zarebi ocdaaTiani wlebidan”,
gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, #349, 2003, gv. 4.
33. sigua 2002: sigua s., qarTuli modernizmi, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba
„didostati“, 2002.
34. tabiZe 1916: tabiZe t., cisferi yanwebiT, J. cisferi yanwebi, #1,
1916.
35. CemTvis... 1996: CemTvis simarTle yvelaferia, Tbilisi, 1996.
36. cxadaZe 1998: cxadaZe e., „londa“ _ kolxuri misteria, Jurn.
ciskari, #2, 1998.
37. WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i., Txz. sr, krb. T.5, Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba mecniereba, 1991.
38. jaliaSvili 1994: jaliaSvili m., Taobidan Taobamde, Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba „lomisi“, 1994.
114
39. jamburia 1998: grigol robaqiZis winaswarmetyveleba, wigni
„qarTuli mwerloba“, #2, 1990.
40. jafariZe 2004: jafariZe l., mogonebebi, Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 2004.
41. jinjixaZe 2004: jinjixaZe l., grigol robaqiZis engadi, Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba „inteleqti“, 2004.
periodika:
1. droeba 1908a: gaz. droeba, #1, 1908, gv.1.
2. droeba 1908b: “akakis iubilei”, gaz. droeba, #7, 1908, gv.2.
3. droeba 1908g: “akakis iubilei”, gaz. droeba, #12, 1908, gv.1.
4. droeba 1908d: “dRevandeli leqciis Sesaxeb”, gaz. droeba, #14,
1908, gv.3.
5. droeba 1908e: “dRevandeli leqciis Sesaxeb”, gaz. droeba, #14,
1908, gv.3-4.
6. droeba 1908v: “dRevandeli leqciis Sesaxeb”, gaz. droeba, #14,
1908, gv.4.
7. droeba 1908z: gaz. droeba, #15, 1908, gv.2.
8. droeba 1908T: gaz. droeba, #16, 1908, gv.2.
9. droeba 1908i: “presa akakis iubileze”, gaz. droeba, #18, 1908, gv.4.
10. droeba 1908k: “presa akakis iubileze”, gaz. droeba, #18, 1908, gv.4.
11. droeba 1908l: gaz. droeba, #21, 1908, gv.2.
12. droeba 1908m: gaz. droeba, #25, 1908, gv.2.
13. droeba 1908n: “dRevandeli leqciis Sesaxeb”, gaz. droeba, #14,
1908, gv.3.
14. droeba 1909a: gaz. droeba, #1, 1909, gv.1.
15. droeba 1909b: gaz. droeba, #223, 1909, gv.3.
16. droeba 1909g: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. droeba, #227,
1909, gv.4.
115
17. droeba 1909d: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. droeba, #227,
1909, gv.4.
18. droeba 1909e: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. droeba, #227, 1909,
gv.4.
19. droeba 1909v: gaz. droeba, #236, 1909, gv3.
20. droeba 1909z: “poeziis samflobeloSi”, gaz. droeba, #239, 1909,
gv.1.
21. droeba 1909T: “poeziis samflobeloSi”, gaz. droeba, #239, 1909,
gv.1.
22. droeba 1909i: “poeziis samflobeloSi”, gaz. droeba, #239, 1909,
gv.2.
23. droeba 1909k: “poeziis samflobeloSi”, gaz. droeba, #239, 1909,
gv.2.
24. droeba 1909l: “mcire ganmarteba”, gaz. droeba, #240, 1909, gv.2.
25. droeba 1909m: “mcire ganmarteba”, gaz. droeba, #240, 1909, gv.2.
26. droeba 1909n: “mcire ganmartebis” ganmarteba”, gaz. droeba, #247,
1909, gv.2.
27. droeba 1909o: “baraTaSvilis liris motivebi”, gaz. droeba, #252,
1909, gv.3.
28. droeba 1909p: “mcire ganmartebis” ganmarteba”, gaz. droeba, #247,
1909, gv.2.
29. droeba 1909J: “baraTaSvilis liris motivebi”, gaz. droeba, #252,
1909, gv.4.
30. droeba 1909r: “baraTaSvilis liris motivebi”, gaz. droeba, #252,
1909, gv.4.
31. droeba 1909s: “baraTaSvilis liris motivebi”, gaz. droeba, #252,
1909, gv.4.
32. droeba 1909t: “Semoqmedi da garemo”, gaz. droeba, #257, 1909, gv.2.
33. droeba 1909u: “Semoqmedi da garemo”, gaz. droeba, #257, 1909, gv.2.
34. droeba 1909f: “Semoqmedi da garemo”, gaz. droeba, #257, 1909, gv.2.
116
35. droeba 1909q: “Semoqmedi da garemo”, gaz. droeba, #257, 1909, gv.2.
36. droeba 1909R: “Semoqmedi da garemo”, gaz. droeba, #257, 1909, gv.2.
37. droeba 1909y: “Semoqmedi da garemo”, gaz. droeba, #257, 1909, gv.3.
38. droeba 1909S: “Semoqmedi da garemo”, gaz. droeba, #257, 1909, gv.3.
39. droeba 1909C: “Semoqmedi da garemo”, gaz. droeba, #257, 1909, gv.3.
40. droeba 1909c: “grigol robaqiZis leqciebze”, gaz. droeba, #242,
1909, gv.3.
41. droeba 1909Z: “kidev erTi ganmarteba”, gaz. droeba, #246, 1909, gv.3.
42. droeba 1909w: “grigol robaqiZis leqciebze”, gaz. droeba, #242,
1909, gv.3.
43. droeba 1909W: “grigol robaqiZis leqciebze”, gaz. droeba, #243,
1909, gv.3.
44. droeba 1909x: “leqcia grigol robaqiZesi”, gaz. droeba, #236,
1909, gv.3.
45. droeba 1909j: “baraTaSvilis lris motivebi”, gaz. droeba, #252,
1909, gv.3.
46. droeba 1909h: “”, gaz. droeba, #257, 1909, gv.3.
47. droeba 1910a: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. droeba, #66, 1910,
gv.4.
48. droeba 1910b: gaz. droeba, #67, 1910, gv.3.
49. droeba 1910g: gaz. droeba, #66, 1910, gv.1.
50. droeba 1910d: gaz. droeba, #70, 1910, gv.4.
51. droeba 1910e: “sasacilo ambavi”, gaz. droeba, #72, 1910, gv.2.
52. droeba 1910v: “sasacilo ambavi”, gaz. droeba, #72, 1910, gv.2.
53. droeba 1910z: “sasacilo ambavi”, gaz. droeba, #72, 1910, gv.2.
54. droeba 1910T: “oskar uaildi”, gaz. droeba, #72, 1910, gv.2.
55. droeba 1910i: “oskar uaildi”, gaz. droeba, #72, 1910, gv.2.
56. droeba 1910k: “navTsayudelis ZebnaSi”, gaz. droeba, #74, 1910, gv.2.
57. droeba 1910l: gaz. droeba, #72, 1910, gv.4.
58. droeba 1910m: gaz. droeba, #98, 1910, gv.1.
117
59. droeba 1910n: gaz. droeba, #67, 1910, gv.3.
60. droeba 1910o: gaz. droeba, #77, 1910, gv.4.
61. Temi 1911a: gaz. Temi, #1, 1911, gv.1.
62. Temi 1911b: “grigol robaqiZe da misi leqciebi”, gaz. Temi, #28,
1911, gv.3.
63. Temi 1911g: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. Temi, #19, 1911, gv.2.
64. Temi 1911d: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. Temi, #19, 1911, gv.2.
65. Temi 1911e: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. Temi, #19, 1911, gv.2.
66. Temi 1911v: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. Temi, #19, 1911, gv.2.
67. Temi 1911z: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. Temi, #19, 1911, gv.2.
68. Temi 1911T: “naduRi”, gaz. Temi, #22, 1911, gv.2.
69. Temi 1911i: “naduRi”, gaz. Temi, #22, 1911, gv.2.
70. Temi 1911k: “gr. robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. Temi, #20, 1911, gv.2.
71. Temi 1911l: “gr. robaqiZe da misi leqciebi”, gaz. Temi, #28, 1911,
gv.3.
72. Temi 1911m: “gr. robaqiZe da misi leqciebi”, gaz. Temi, #28, 1911,
gv.3.
73. Temi 1911n: “gr. robaqiZe da misi leqciebi”, gaz. Temi, #28, 1911,
gv.3.
74. Temi 1911o: “gr. robaqiZe da misi leqciebi”, gaz. Temi, #28, 1911,
gv.3.
75. Temi 1911p: gaz. Temi, #28, 1911, gv.3.
76. Temi 1911J: “gr. robaqiZe da misi leqciebi”, gaz. Temi, #28, 1911,
gv.3.
77. Temi 1912a: “qarTvel mweralTa sayuradRebod”, gaz. Temi, #69, 1912,
gv.2.
78. Temi 1912b: “qarTvel mweralTa sayuradRebod”, gaz. Temi, #69, 1912,
gv.2.
79. Temi 1913a: “Maia”, gaz. Temi, #119, 1913, gv.3.
80. Temi 1913b: “Maia”, gaz. Temi, #119, 1913, gv.3.
118
81. Temi 1914: gaz. Temi, #156, 1914, gv.3.
82. Temi 1915a: “akakis qnari”, gaz. Temi, #205, 1915, gv.1.
83. Temi 1915b: “akakis qnari”, gaz. Temi, #205, 1915, gv.2.
84. Temi 1915g: “akakis qnari”, gaz. Temi, #205, 1915, gv.2.
85. Temi 1915d: “akakis qnari”, gaz. Temi, #205, 1915, gv.2.
86. Temi 1915e: “akakis qnari”, gaz. Temi, #205, 1915, gv.2.
87. isari 1907a: “gr. robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. isari, #257, 1907, gv. 3-4.
88. isari 1907b: “gr. robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. isari, #272, 1907, gv. 3.
89. isari 1907g: “gr. robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. isari, #257, 1907, gv. 3-4.
90. isari 1907d: “gr. robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. isari, #247, 1907, gv. 2.
91. isari 1907e: “gr. robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. isari, #247, 1907, gv. 2.
92. isari 1907v: “leqciis gadadeba”, gaz. isari, #254, 1907, gv. 3.
93. isari 1907z: “gr. robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. isari, #257, 1907, gv. 3-4.
94. isari 1907T: “gr. robaqiZis saxalxo leqcia”, gaz. isari, #272,
1907, gv.3.
95. isari 1907i: “gr. robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. isari, #266, 1907, gv.3.
96. isari 1907k: “gr. robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. isari, #270, 1907, gv.3.
97. kolxida 1911a: gaz. kolxida, #1, 1911, gv.1.
98. kolxida 1911b: “literaturuli saRamo”, gaz. kolxida, #143,
1911, gv.3.
99. kolxida 1911g: “literaturuli saRamo”, gaz. kolxida, #144,
1911, gv.4.
100. kolxida 1911d: “literaturuli saRamo”, gaz. kolxida, #144,
1911, gv.4.
101. kolxida 1911e: “literaturuli saRamo”, gaz. kolxida, #144, 1911,
gv.4.
102. kolxida 1911v: “mcire ganmarteba”, gaz. kolxida, #145, 1911, gv.3.
103. kolxida 1911z: “mcire ganmarteba”, gaz. kolxida, #145, 1911, gv.3.
104. kolxida 1911T: gaz. kolxida, #23, 1911, gv.3.
105. kolxida 1911i: gaz. kolxida, #58, 1911, gv.2.
119
106. kolxida 1911k: gaz. kolxida, #59, 1911, gv.2.
107. kolxida 1911l: gaz. kolxida, #67, 1911, gv.2.
108. kolxida 1911m: gaz. kolxida, #82, 1911, gv.2.
109. kolxida 1911n: gaz. kolxida, #69, 1911, gv.3.
110. kolxida 1911o: “mereJovskidan”, gaz. kolxida, #138, 1911, gv.3.
111. kolxida 1911p: “mereJovskidan”, gaz. kolxida, #138, 1911, gv.3.
112. kolxida 1911J: “arCil jorjaZis TxzulebaTa gamo”, gaz.
kolxida, #138, 1911, gv.2.
113. kolxida 1912a: gaz. kolxida, #89, 1912, gv.2.
114. kolxida 1912b: gaz. kolxida, #103, 1912, gv.2.
115. kolxida 1912g: gaz. kolxida, #108, 1912, gv.2.
116. kolxida 1912d: “mokle SeniSvna”, gaz. kolxida, #71, 1912, gv.2.
117. kolxida 1912e: gaz. kolxida, #71, 1912, gv.2.
118. kolxida 1912v: gaz. kolxida, #71, 1912, gv.2.
119. kolxida 1912z: gaz. kolxida, #71, 1912, gv.2.
120. kolxida 1912T: “sapasuxo baraTi”, gaz. kolxida, #72, 1912, gv.2.
121. kolxida 1912i: gaz. kolxida, #71, 1912, gv.2.
122. kolxida 1912k: “sapasuxo SeniSvna”, gaz. kolxida, #71, 1912, gv.2-
3.
123. kolxida 1912l: “sapasuxo SeniSvna”, gaz. kolxida, #71, 1912,
gv.2-3.
124. kolxida 1912m: “Semoqmedeba da sinamdvile”, gaz. kolxida, #73,
1912, gv.3.
125. kolxida 1912n: “Semoqmedeba da sinamdvile”, gaz. kolxida, #73,
1912, gv.3.
126. kolxida 1912o: “Semoqmedeba da sinamdvile”, gaz. kolxida, #73,
1912, gv.3.
127. kolxida 1912p: “Semoqmedeba da sinamdvile”, gaz. kolxida, #73,
1912, gv.3.
128. kolxida 1912J: gaz. kolxida, #72, 1912, gv.2-3.
120
129. kolxida 1912r: gaz. kolxida, #82, 1912, gv.2.
130. kolxida 1912s: gaz. kolxida, #93, 1912, gv.2.
131. kolxida 1912t: gaz. kolxida, #143, 1912, gv.2.
132. kolxida 1912u: gaz. kolxida, #144, 1912, gv.2.
133. kolxida 1912f: gaz. kolxida, #151, 1912, gv.2.
134. kolxida 1912q: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. kolxida, #78,
1912, gv.2.
135. kolxida 1912R: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. kolxida, #78,
1912, gv.2.
136. kolxida 1912y: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. kolxida, #78,
1912, gv.3.
137. kolxida 1912S: “grigol robaqiZis leqcia”, gaz. kolxida, #78,
1912, gv.3.
138. kolxida 1912C: “Cemi azri grigol robaqiZis leqciis Sesaxeb”,
gaz. kolxida, #94, 1912, gv.3.
139. kolxida 1912c: “sabralo recenzenti”, gaz. kolxida, #89, 1912,
gv.2.
140. kolxida 1912Z: “sabralo recenzenti”, gaz. kolxida, #89, 1912,
gv.3.
141. kolxida 1912w: “vin-xanianis pasuxis gamo”, gaz. kolxida, #112,
1912, gv.2.
142. kolxida 1912W: “sabralo recenzenti”, gaz. kolxida, #89, 1912,
gv.3.
143. kolxida 1912x: “vin-xanianis pasuxis gamo”, gaz. kolxida, #112,
1912, gv.2.
144. kolxida 1912j: gaz. kolxida, #120, 1912, gv.2.
145. kolxida 1912h1: gaz. kolxida, #147, 1912, gv.2.
146. kolxida 1912h2: “axal mweralTa mimarT”, gaz. kolxida, #30,
1912, gv.3.
121
147. kolxida 1912h3: “axal mweralTa mimarT”, gaz. kolxida, #68,
1912, gv.3.
148. saqarTvelo 1915a: “rabindranat taboridan”, gaz.
saqarTvelo,@#3, 1915, gv.3.
149. saqarTvelo 1915b: “rabindranat taboridan”, gaz.
saqarTvelo,@#7, 1915, gv.3.
150. saqarTvelo 1915g: “rabindranat taboridan”, gaz.
saqarTvelo,@#7, 1915, gv.3.
151. saqarTvelo 1915d: “rabindranat taboridan”, gaz.
saqarTvelo,@#7, 1915, gv.3.
152. saqarTvelo 1915e: “rabindranat taboridan”, gaz.
saqarTvelo,@#3, 1915, gv.3.
153. saqarTvelo 1915v: “rabindranat taboridan”, gaz.
saqarTvelo,@#7, 1915, gv.3.
154. saqarTvelo 1917a: “dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#241, 1917, gv.2.
155. saqarTvelo 1917b: “dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#243, 1917, gv.2.
156. saqarTvelo 1917g: “dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#243, 1917, gv.2.
157. saqarTvelo 1917d: “dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#244, 1917, gv.2.
158. saqarTvelo 1917e: “dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#244, 1917, gv.2.
159. saqarTvelo 1917v: “dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#245, 1917, gv.2.
160. saqarTvelo 1917z: “dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#246, 1917, gv.2.
161. saqarTvelo 1917T: “dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#247, 1917, gv.2.
122
162. saqarTvelo 1917i: “dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#250, 1917, gv.2.
163. saqarTvelo 1917k: “kita abaSiZe”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#278, 1917,
gv.2.
164. saqarTvelo 1917l: “irakli wereTeli”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#222,
1917, gv.2.
165. saqarTvelo 1917m: “moqandake nikolaZe”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#245,
1917, gv.2.
166. saqarTvelo 1917n: “grigol orbeliani”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#277,
1917, gv.2.
167. saqarTvelo 1917o: “aleqsandre WavWavaZe”, gaz.
saqarTvelo,@#271, 1917, gv.2.
168. saqarTvelo 1917p: “besiki”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#263, 1917, gv.2.
169. saqarTvelo 1917J: “hellenebi da qarTvelebi”, gaz.
saqarTvelo,@#267, 1917, gv.2.
170. saqarTvelo 1917r: “mizani arsebobisa”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#51,
1917, gv.1.
171. saqarTvelo 1917s: “ruseTis tragedia”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#234,
1917, gv.2.
172. saqarTvelo 1917t: “ruseTis tragedia”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#234,
1917, gv.2.
173. saqarTvelo 1917u: “ruseTis ajanyeba”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#237,
1917, gv.2.
174. saqarTvelo 1917f: “fantasmebis qalaqi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#239,
1917, gv.4.
175. saqarTvelo 1917q: “socialisturi imperialistebi”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#273, 1917, gv.2.
176. saqarTvelo 1917R: “socialisturi imperialistebi”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#273, 1917, gv.2.
123
177. saqarTvelo 1917y: “socialisturi imperialistebi”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#273, 1917, gv.2.
178. saqarTvelo 1917S: “socialisturi imperialistebi”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, @#273, 1917, gv.2.
179. saqarTvelo 1917C: “qarTuli renesansi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#257,
1917, gv.2.
180. saqarTvelo 1917c: “istoriuli wamebi”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #260,
1917, gv.2.
181. saqarTvelo 1917Z: “patronebi da moqalaqeni”, gaz.
saqarTvelo,@#232, 1917, gv.2.
182. saqarTvelo 1917w: “guria da socializmi”, gaz.
saqarTvelo,@#269, 1917, gv.2.
183. saqarTvelo 1917W: “fantasmebis qalaqi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#239,
1917, gv.4.
184. saqarTvelo 1917x: “qarTvel mwerlebs”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#228,
1917, gv.2.
185. saqarTvelo 1917j: “qarTvel mwerlebs”, gaz. saqarTvelo,@#228,
1917, gv.3.
186. saqarTvelo 1918a: “giorgi SarvaSiZe”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #45,
1918, gv.2.
187. saqarTvelo 1918b: “socialistebis saxelmwifoebrivi uZlureba”,
gaz. saqarTvelo, #24, 1918, gv.2.
188. saqarTvelo 1918g: “socialistebis saxelmwifoebrivi uZlureba”,
gaz. saqarTvelo, #24, 1918, gv.2.
189. saqarTvelo 1918d: “socialistebis saxelmwifoebrivi
uZlureba”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #24, 1918, gv.2.
190. saqarTvelo 1918e: “anarqiis stiqioni”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #13,
1918, gv.2.
191. saqarTvelo 1918v: “anarqiis stiqioni”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #13,
1918, gv.2.
124
192. saqarTvelo 1918z: “programa _ minimumi da maqsimumi”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, #16, 1918, gv.2.
193. saqarTvelo 1918T: “klassiuri da erovnuli”, gaz. saqarTvelo,
#18, 1918, gv.1.
194. saqarTvelo 1918i: “agraruli anarqia”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #29,
1918, gv.2.
195. saqarTvelo 1918k: “damafiqrebeli”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #70, 1918,
gv.2.
196. saqarTvelo 1918l: “damafiqrebeli”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #70, 1918,
gv.2.
197. saqarTvelo 1918m: “rainduli saqarTvelo”, gaz. saqarTvelo,
#52, 1918, gv.2.
198. saqarTvelo 1918n: “pasuxi griSaSvils”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #211,
1918, gv.3.
199. saqarTvelo 1918o: “soneti saqarTveloSi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,
#214, 1918, gv.3.
200. saqarTvelo 1918p: “sonetis garSemo”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #221,
1918, gv.3.
201. saqarTvelo 1918J: gaz. saqarTvelo, #225, 1918, gv.3.
202. saqarTvelo 1918r: “sonetis garSemo”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #221,
1918, gv.3.
203. saqarTvelo 1918s: “qarTuli leqsi”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #5, 1918,
gv.2.
204. saqarTvelo 1918t: “qarTuli leqsi”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #5, 1918,
gv.2.
205. saqarTvelo 1918u: “qarTuli leqsi”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #5, 1918,
gv.2.
206. saqarTvelo 1918f: “aisi”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #55, 1918, gv.2.
207. saqarTvelo 1920a: “sizmrebis axsna”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #116, 1920,
gv. 4.
125
208. saqarTvelo 1920b: “pasuxad”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #102, 1920, gv. 3.
209. saqarTvelo 1920g: “pasuxad”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #102, 1920, gv. 3.
210. saqarTvelo 1920d: “qarTuli ritmiuli”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #82,
1920, gv.2.
211. saqarTvelo 1920e: “qarTuli ritmiuli”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #82,
1920, gv.2.
212. saqarTvelo 1920v: “qarTulis garSemo”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #123,
1920, gv.3.
213. saqarTvelo 1920z: “qarTulis garSemo”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #128,
1920, gv.3.
214. saqarTvelo 1920T: “bibliografia”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #55, 1920,
gv.2.
215. saqarTvelo 1920i: “bibliografia”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #93, 1920,
gv.3.
216. saqarTvelo 1920k: “poetebi bolSeviziaSi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,
#86, 1920, gv.3.
217. saqarTvelo 1920l: “poetebi bolSeviziaSi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,
#86, 1920, gv.3.
218. saqarTvelo 1920m: “poetebi bolSeviziaSi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,
#86, 1920, gv.3.
219. saqarTvelo 1920n: “poetebi bolSeviziaSi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,
#86, 1920, gv.3.
220. saqarTvelo 1920o: “kaCalovis saRamo”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #106,
1920, gv.4.
221. saqarTvelo 1920p: “sezonis gaxsna”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #124, 1920,
gv.3.
222. saqarTvelo 1920J: “dramatuli studia”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #226,
1920, gv.3.
223. saqarTvelo 1920r: “malarme da novalisi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,
#106, 1920, gv.3.
126
224. saqarTvelo 1920s: “malarme da novalisi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,
#106, 1920, gv.3.
225. saqarTvelo 1920t: “malarme da novalisi”, gaz. saqarTvelo,
#106, 1920, gv.3.
226. saqarTvelo 1920u: “rusTavelis msoflio mzera”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, #112, 1920, gv.3.
227. saqarTvelo 1920f: “rusTavelis msoflio mzera”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, #118, 1920, gv.2.
228. saqarTvelo 1920q: “rusTavelis msoflio mzera”, gaz.
saqarTvelo, #112, 1920, gv.3.
229. saqarTvelo 1921a: “xelovneba #3”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #19, 1921,
gv.4.
230. saqarTvelo 1921b: “xelovneba #3”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #19, 1921,
gv.4.
231. saqarTvelo 1921g: “samSoblo”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #25, 1921, gv.3.
232. saqarTvelo 1921d: “qarTuli romani”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #9, 1921,
gv.2.
233. saqarTvelo 1921e: “qarTuli romani”, gaz. saqarTvelo, #9, 1921,
gv.2.
234. saxalxo gazeTi 1910a: gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #2, 1910, gv.2.
235. saxalxo gazeTi 1910b: “literaturuli saRamo”, gaz. saxalxo
gazeTi, #3, 1910, gv.3.
236. saxalxo gazeTi 1910g: “literaturuli saRamo”, gaz. saxalxo
gazeTi, #3, 1910, gv.3.
237. saxalxo gazeTi 1913a: gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #849, 1910, gv.2.
238. saxalxo gazeTi 1913b: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1016,
1910, gv.3.
239. saxalxo gazeTi 1913g: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1016,
1910, gv.3.
127
240. saxalxo gazeTi 1913d: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1016,
1910, gv.3.
241. saxalxo gazeTi 1913e: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1022,
1910, gv.3.
242. saxalxo gazeTi 1913v: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1022,
1910, gv.3.
243. saxalxo gazeTi 1913z: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1028,
1910, gv.3.
244. saxalxo gazeTi 1913T: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1028,
1910, gv.3.
245. saxalxo gazeTi 1913i: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1028,
1910, gv.3.
246. saxalxo gazeTi 1913k: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1055,
1910, gv.3.
247. saxalxo gazeTi 1913l: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1055,
1910, gv.3.
248. saxalxo gazeTi 1913m: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1056,
1910, gv.2.
249. saxalxo gazeTi 1913n: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1056,
1910, gv.2.
250. saxalxo gazeTi 1914a: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1094,
1910, gv.3.
251. saxalxo gazeTi 1914b: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1094,
1910, gv.3.
252. saxalxo gazeTi 1914g: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1094,
1910, gv.3.
253. saxalxo gazeTi 1914d: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1094,
1910, gv.3.
254. saxalxo gazeTi 1914e: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1100,
1910, gv.3.
128
255. saxalxo gazeTi 1914v: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1100,
1910, gv.3.
256. saxalxo gazeTi 1914z: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1100,
1910, gv.3.
257. saxalxo gazeTi 1914T: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1100,
1910, gv.3.
258. saxalxo gazeTi 1914i: “foTlebi”, gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, #1100,
1910, gv.3.
259. saxalxo saqme 1918a: “robaqiZesaTvis”, gaz. saxalxo saqme, #379,
1918, gv.3.
260. saxalxo saqme 1918b: “robaqiZesaTvis”, gaz. saxalxo saqme, #379,
1918, gv.3.
261. saxalxo saqme 1918g: “soneti saqarTveloSi”, gaz. saxalxo saqme,
#385, 1918, gv.2.
262. saxalxo saqme 1918d: “soneti saqarTveloSi”, gaz. saxalxo saqme,
#385, 1918, gv.3.
263. saxalxo saqme 1920a: “robaqiZiada”, gaz. saxalxo saqme, #926,
1920, gv.2-3.
264. saxalxo saqme 1920b: “robaqiZiada”, gaz. saxalxo saqme, #926,
1920, gv.2-3.
265. faskunji 1908: J.faskunji, #5, 1908, gv.12.