3

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa

da eTnologiis

instituti

IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF

HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY

istoriul-eTnologiuri

Ziebani

XIV

STUDIES IN HISTORY AND

ETHNOLOGY

Tbilisi – 2012

Tbilisi – 2012

4

UDC 39(=353.1)+94(479.22)

(082) i885 ISSN 1512-2727

istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis warmodgenili XIV nomeri,

wina gamocemebis msgavsad eZRvneba saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTno-logiis sakiTxebs. krebuli gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis mkvlevarTaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis.

redaqtori: xaTuna ioseliani istoriis doqtori

saredaqcio kolegia:

avTandil sonRulaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori lavrenti janiaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori rusudan labaZe istoriis doqtori medea gogolaZe istoriis doqtori

recenzenti: gela saiTiZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

Editor in chief: Doctor of History

Khatuna Ioseliani

Editorial board: Doctor of History Avtandil Songhulashvili

Doctor of History Lavrenti Janiashvili

Doctor of History Rusudan Labadze

Doctor of History Medea Gogoladze

Reviewer: Gela Saitidze Doctor of History kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: leila xurcia © gamocemulia avtorTa xarjiT

3

redaqtorisgan

“istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis” XIV tomi,

wina gamocemebis msgavsad, mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebul kvlevebs moicavs. krebulSi warmodge-

nilia rogorc fundamenturi samecniero kvlevebi,

ise polemikuri xasiaTis naSromebi. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom bolo gamocemebSi, Seqmnili viTarebisa da gamo,

axal tradicias Caeyara safuZveli _ krebulSi sis-

tematurad ibeWdeba naSromebi, sadac argumentirebu-

li pasuxebia gacemuli saqarTvelos istoriis gaya-

lbebis mcdelobebze, rasac mizanmimarTulad axor-

cieleben konfliqturi regionebis warmomadgeneli

tendenciuri “mkvlevrebi” da maTi mxardamWeri, ru-

seTis samecniero sazogadoebis zogierTi warmomad-

geneli.

es weli, samwuxaro danaklisiT aRiniSna qar-

Tuli samecniero sazogadoebisTvis. Cven davkargeT

humanitaruli dargebis cnobili mkvlevrebi da

Cveni institutis TanamSromlebi julieta ruxaZe,

neli bregaZe, geronti gasviani, Tamaz beraZe. isini

ara mxolod kargi mecnierebi, aramed samSoblos

gulmxurvale moyvarulebi da SesaniSnavi kolegebi

iyvnen.

krebulSi kidev mravali sxva Tematikis Semcve-

li naSromia gamoqveynebuli, rac uciloblad daa-

interesebs qarTveluri dargebis mkvlevar samec-

niero sazogadoebas.

4

xaTuna ioseliani

samxedro etiketis sakiTxebi

samxedro xelovnebis kvlevas yvela eris to-

riisTvis didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. Tu eris istoria

ZiriTadad iwereba misi politikuri, social-

ekonomikuri da kulturuli sferoebis monacemebis

mixedviT, samxedro xelovneba (Tavisi sxvadasxva

aspeqtebiT) yvela epoqaSi, am sferoebis ZiriTadi

Semadgeneli nawilia. samxedro xelovnebis, samxedro

moRvaweebis, laSqrisa da omebis gareSe, ar

mimdinareobda arcerTi politikuri movlena, ar

xdeboda qveynis gaZliereba, misi gasvla saerTa-

Soriso politikur arenaze, miTumetes, myari da

angariSgasawevi adgilis damkvidreba. araTu Sua-

saukuneebSi, dResac ki, mniSvnelovani politikuri

gadawyvetilebebi, aSkarad an farulad, samxedro

elitis monawileobiT miiReba.

qarTuli samxedro istoriis Sesaxeb interesi

bolo xanebSi ufro gaZlierda, Tumca misi kvlevis

precendentebi adrec gvxvdeba. pirveli mkvlevari,

vinc mecnierulad ganixilavs qarTuli laSqris

sakiTxebs, kerZod, mis sabrZolo wyobas, sadro-

Soebs, maT Semadgenlobas da a.S. gaxlavT qarTuli humanitaruli mecnierebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli,

vaxuSti bagrationi.

5

XX saukunis dasawyisidan aRniSnuli sakiTxi-

sadmi interesi matulobs da ibeWdeba sxvadasxva

gamokvlevebi (i. gedevaniSvili, l. garsiaSvili,

i. SaiSmelaSvili, T. dadeSqeliani, a. klimiaSvili...);

Semdgom periodSi isev grZeldeba kvleva sxvadasxva

kuTxiT (q. CxataraiSvili, g. akofaSvili, k. Colo-

yaSvili, a. jorjaZe, g. anCabaZe, x. ioseliani da

sxv.).

gansakuTrebiT nayofierad sabrZolo iaraRebis

arqeologiuri eqsponatebis kvleva mimdinareobda,

ramac uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos

teritoriaze gavrcelebuli iaraRebis sakmaod

naTeli suraTis Seqmna gaxada SesaZlebeli (l. saxa-

rova, k. ficxelauri, a. kaxiZe, m. kvirtaia, S. Car-

Tolani, g. gamyreliZe...).

rac Seexeba wyaroebs, unda aRiniSnos rom spe-

cifikuri TvalsazrisiT, arc Tu ise mdidaria

qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. miuxedavad imisa,

rom ZiriTadi saistorio wyaro `qarTlis cxovreba~

TiTqmis omebis istoriaa, masSi naklebad mogvepoveba

cnobebi omis warmoebis, sabrZolo xelovnebisa da

miT umetes samxedro etiketis Sesaxeb. monacemebi,

romelze dayrdnobiTac am sakiTxis met-naklebad

Seswavlaa SesaZlebeli, ZiriTadad, samarTlis

Zeglebsa da ramdenime istoriul wyaroSia gabneuli.

garkveuli masalis moZieba SesaZlebelia leqsiko-

logiur naSromebSi da literaturul wyaroebSi. am

mxriv mniSvnelovania agreTve folklori, sadac

Semonaxulia unikaluri informacia xalxuri tradi-

6

ciebisa da brZolis warmoebis, orTabrZolebisa da

rac mTavaria, dapirispirebuli mxareebis urTierT-

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, sadac kargad Cans rogorc

qarTuli, ise saerTo kavkasiuri mentaliteti.

samxedro etiketis sakiTxebidan, yuradRebas ga-

vamaxvilebT mefed kurTxevis ceremoniaSi umaRlesi

samxedro pirebis monawileobaze, sadac dawvrilebiT

iyo TiToeuli detali gaTvaliswinebuli, da omSi

meomris qcevis im wesebze, rac qarTul samarTalSi

muxlobrivad iyo gawerili.

mefed kurTxevis ceremonia saeklesio da saero

ritualis erTobliobas warmoadgenda, romelSic

orive fenis umaRlesi pirebi monawileobdnen. Tu

kaTolikosi mefes gvirgvins adgamda da amiT RvTis-

gan xeldasxma da kurTxeva gamoixateboda, samxedro

piri (an samxedro sferos wamyvani didgvarovnebi)

xmals abamdnen (gadascemdnen) mefes, rac amqveyniuri

Zalauflebis da mTavarsardlobis miRebas niSnavda.

qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi mefed kurTxe-

vis ceremoniis Sesaxeb sakmaod mdidari cnobebia Se-

monaxuli. wyaroebidan naTlad Cans, Tu raoden

skurpulozurad iyo gawerili TiToeuli detali am

ritualisa da ramdenad didi yuradReba eqceoda mis

tradiciuli wesisa da rigis mixedviT Catarebas.

ZiriTadi saistorio wyaro, romelic detalu-

rad mogviTxrobs “mefed kurTxevis” wesis Sesaxeb,

aris XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi nusxa xucuriT gada-

werili xelnaweri. aRniSnuli teqstis Sedgenis

drod mecnierTa mier XIII saukunea miCneuli

7

(s. kakabaZe, i. javaxiSvili ...) am xelnaweris erT-

erTi Tavi “wesi da gangeba mefeT kurTxevisa”

eZRvneba swored CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs. garda

amisa, mefed kurTxevis wesis rig sakiTxebTan dakav-

SirebiT cnobebi gxvdeba “qarTlis cxovrebasa” da

sxva saistorio wyaroebSi.

mefed kurTxevis wess, qarTul samefo karze,

Cans bevri cvlileba ganucdia, rasac politikuri

da social-ekonomikuri mizezebi ganapirobebdnen.

Tumca, Cveni kvlevis sagans mxolod am ceremoniaSi

samxedro pirebis monawileobisa da rolis ganxilva

warmoadgens.

wyaroTa monacemebis Tanaxmad, mefes jer gvir-

gvins daadgamdnen, Semdeg xmals Semoartyamdnen. am

misias Tavdapirvelad asrulebdnen quTaTeli mTava-

repiskoposi da “lixTimereli didgvarovnebi”, Semd-

gom gvirgvinis damdgmelad qarTlis kaTolikos-

patriarqi gvevlineba, xolo xmlis Semomrtymelad

_ amirspasalari. es cvlilebebi samefo karze Tama-

ris mefobis Semdeg Cans momxdari [12,154]. Tumca,

CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom am ceremo-

nialSi xmlis gadacema aucilebel elements Sead-

genda, miuxedavad imisa, vin Seasrulebda mas _ sa-

mefo karze wamyvani mdgomareobis mqone didgvarov-

nebi, Tu amirspasalari.

mefed kurTxevis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba, rome-

lic mogvepoveba, giorgi II-s Seexeba, sadac mSra-

ladaa naTqvami, rom “moiyvanes saydarsa ruissa da

akurTxes mefed” [5, 304]. aq araviTari aRweriloba

8

ar gvxvdeba. ufro srulia daviT aRmaSeneblis mier

Tavisi vaJis, demetres Tanamosaydred dasmis amsa-

xveli cnoba, saidanac Cans, rom daviTma mTlianad

Tavis Tavze aiRo mefed kurTxevis ritualis yvela

komponentis Sesruleba: Tavisi xeliT daadga gvir-

gvini, rac saeklesio kurTxevas niSnavs da Seartya

maxvili, rogorc mTavar-sardalma: “TХsiTa xeliTa

dasua saydarTa TХsTa Ze TХsi dimitri... daadga

Tavsa mSveniersa gХrgХni qvaTagan patiosanTa... da

Seartya welTa ZlierTa maxХili, eha, rabam sХanad

xmarebuli da Semosa porfiri mklavTa lomebrTa da

tansa axovansa” [1, 363].

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi

detali: Tanamosaydred dasmis Semdeg, magaliTad Tamar

mefes, giorgi III-is gardacvalebis mere mouwia xel-

meored mefed kurTxeva, rasac gvamcnobs qarTlis cxo-

vreba. demetre I-Tan dakavSirebiT aseTi cnoba arsad ar

gvxvdeba. gamonaklisia saqarTveloSi erTaderTi, unika-

luri freska, svaneTSi, sofel latalSi mdebare “macx-

variSis” eklesiisa, sadac gamosaxulia demetre I-is

mefed kurTxevis ceremonia. demetre I-s Tavze

gvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo xmals abamen da-

savleT saqarTvelos didgvarovnebi, maT Soris var-

danis-Ze, svaneTis erisTavi. es eklesia demetres ga-

mefebidan 15 wlis Semdeg _ 1140 welsaa moxatuli

(TariRi freskasTanaa miTiTebuli). aq aqcenti gada-

tanilia mefed kurTxevis dros “xmlis Semortymis”

mniSvnelobaze, rac cxadia gasakviri ar unda iyos, vi-

naidan es freska svaneTSi gvxvdeba, aq, logikurad xaz-

9

gasmuli unda iyos suanTa erisTavis roli mefed

kurTxevis ceremoniaSi, rasac adasturebs kidevac

freskasTan arsebuli warwera: “demetre mefesa вrmalsa

abmen daviTisas, erisTavni” [10, 77].

sayuradReboa, rom am freskas yuradReba mxo-

lod imitom eqceoda, rom erTaderTia saqarTve-

loSi, sadac mefed kurTxevis scenaa gamosaxuli da

aravis SeumCnevia mTavari _ es freska, Tavisi war-

weriTurT, garkveulwilad TiTqos movlenaTa kon-

teqstidanaa amovardnili. demetre I Tanamo-saydred

daisva da mefed akurTxa daviT aRma-Senebelma, ro-

gorc mogviTxrobs daviTis istorikosi. amis Semdeg,

demetre I-is xelmeored kurTxevis Sesaxeb, arcerT

wyaroSi ar gvxvdeba informacia.

Cveni azriT, es faqti SesaZlebelia im rTuli

movlenebis amsaxveli iyos, romelic demetre I-is

mefobasTanaa dakavSirebuli da burusiTaa moculi.

araa gamoricxuli, rom konfliqtebis Sedegad de-

metre I-s dasWirda xelmeored mefed kurTxeva

tradiciuli wesiT _ “SvidTa samefoTa” didebu-

lebisa da spaTa mier, raTa meti, an sruli legiti-

macia mieca Tavisi mefobisTvis, da ris Sesaxebac

arafers gvamcnoben qarTuli wyaroebi. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, anu misi nebisa da aucilebeli viTare-

bis ararsebobisas, veravin gamosaxavda eklesiaSi

freskaze mefed kurTxevis amsaxvel Secvlil ver-

sias.

SedarebiT sruladaa mocemuli Tamaris mefed

kurTxevis aRweriloba. pirvelis, roca is Ta-

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namosaydred daiyena giorgi III-m, ufro lakonuria.

xolo meored kurTxeva ufro dawvrilebiT aris

aRwerili. giorgi III-m “... mefe yo Tamar Tanadgomi-

Ta yovelTa patriarqTa da ebizkoposTa, didebulTa

imierTa da amierTa, vazirTa da spasalarTa da spas-

petTa... daadga gХrgХni oqrosa Tavsa missa, oqrosa

mis ofazisa, aRkmuli iakinTiTa, zmirTa da smarag-

doTa mier” [2, 21]. aq saerTod araa naxsenebi xmlis

“gadacemis” faqti, Tumca samxedro pirebi da didg-

varovnebi CamoTvlilebi arian, rogorc Tanamdgomni,

anu aqtiuri monawileni da mxardamWerni. giorgi III-

is gardacvalebis Semdeg, samefos didebulebma, “Se-

myrelTa SХidTave amis samefosa meTqu-metyueTa

hkadres” da Tamars moTxoves wesisa da rigis mix-

edviT mefed kurTxeva. maTi TqmiT, es ceremonia

pirvelad ar iyo srulyofilad Catarebuli. amis

Semdeg sruldeba Tamaris mefed kurTxeva tradici-

uli, sruli ceremoniiT. aq isev ikveTeba politi-

kuri viTarebis sxvadasxva peripetiebi, razec yura-

dRebas ar gavamaxvilebT. cxadia, rom miuxedavad Ta-

namosa-ydreobisa, samefos didebulebma, moiTxoves

mefed dasmis iseTi wesis aRsruleba, sadac maTi mo-

na-wileoba gamokveTili iyo. “aRmyvanelTa saydarTa

da sajdomTa mamapapeulTa aRsues mze igi mzeTa...

vinaTgan lixT-imeriTgan iyo wesi dadgmad

gХrgХnisa Tavsa sameufosa, awХes monazoni Rirsi

da madlSemosili, mTavarepiskoposi quTaTeli anto-

ni saRiris-Ze, miRebad gХrgХnisa, da calis-kerZisa

kaxaberi, erisTavi raWisa da Takuerisa, da srul-

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yves moвeleTa sХanTa da didebulTa vardanis-ZeTa,

saRiris-ZeTa da amanelis-ZeTa moReba da dadeba

вrmlisa... Tayuanisces, daloces da adides spaTa

Svidsave samefosaTa” [2, 26-27].

ganxiluli monacemebidan Cans, Tu ramdenad di-

di mniSvneloba hqonda mefis legitimaciisTvis kur-

Txevis srulyofil ceremonias, rac mravali kompo-

nentisgan Sedgeboda. swored am kuTxiT aris mniSv-

nelovani XIII saukunis werilobiTi wyaro, romel-

Sic dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili mefed kurTxevis yve-

la niuansi.

amrigad, mivyveT wyaros monacemebs: mefed ku-

rTxevis wina Rames, mTavarepiskoposi samefo niSnebs

(garda xmlisa) eklesiaSi miitanda da trapezze

daalagebda. im Rames locvaSi aTenebdnen eklesiaSi

mRvdelmsaxurebi da TviTon samefod gamzadebuli

piric [6, 5].

diliT, samefo sasaxleSi “juarismtvirTveli”

mTavardiakvanTan erTad “Zeli cxovels” miu-

brZanebda mefes, Tayvans scemda da dalocavda. mas am

dros axldnen umaRlesi samxedro pirebi, romelnic

monawileobdnen am ritualSi: jvarismtvirTveli

Tavmodrekili dalocavda mefes: “gakurTxen wmidao

da TviTmpyrobelo mefeo, mravalca arian welni me-

fobisa Tqvenisani”, mere “sruliad laSqarTa Tqvan”

[6, 5]. anu, jvrismtvirTvelis locvas “laS-qari”

uerTdeba, metic, maT jvrismtvirTveli iseve Tavmo-

drekili mimarTavs, rogorc mefes. cxadia, samefo

palataSi laSqari ver iqneboda moTavsebuli da aq

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samxedro elita unda igulisxmebodes. niSandobli-

via, rom mefis mere jvrismtvirTveli swored sam-

xedro pirebs ulocavs mefis kurTxevas: “Tqvenca

gixaroden Zlierno da uZlevelno da damamxobelno

mterTa samefoTano. Jami ars winamdebrisa saqmisa

aRsrulebad” [6, 5].

ivane javaxiSvili am cnobaze Semdeg komentars

akeTebs: “Tav-modrekiloba, mimarTvis formula da Si-

naarsi sruli ueWvelobiT amtkiceben, rom mefeTa ku-

rTxevis wesi “laSqarT” “TviTmpyrobeli” mefis Tanas-

wor pativs akuTvnebda da erTi da imave mowiwebiT epy-

roboda” [12, 156].

amis Semdeg mTeli amala eklesiisken gaemarTe-

boda. am msvlelobaSi mTavari roli da adgili sam-

xedro pirebsa da atributikas ekuTvnis. mefes win

miuZRvis zari, Semdeg droSa da Subi, saxelmwifos

samxedro Zlierebis simboloebi. Semdeg midis

jvrismtvirTveli “Zeli cxovrebisaTi”, Semdeg “mefe

da laSqarni”. mefes marjvena mxares mihyveba xmal-

Semortymuli amirspasalari, amilaxvari da mejine-

beTuxucesi, aseve xmalSemortymulebi. anu, mTavari

pozicia _ mefis marjvena mxare, samxedro sferos

warmomadgenlebs uWiravT. amirspasalars xelSi me-

fisTvis Semosartymeli xmali ukavia: “da samefo

вrmli orTve вlTa zeda etvirTos” [kur. 6]. danarCe-

nebi, anu saxelmwifosTvis mniSvnelovani sfe-roebis

warmomadgenlebi, mefes marcxena mxridan mihyvebian

[6, 6].

13

sainteresoa erTi detali: mefes ukan mihyvebian

“ezoTuxucesi, CuxCarexi, meabjreTuxucesi”, romel-

Tac miaqvT samefo “fari, laxti da qarqaSi” [6, 6].

Cven ar SegviZlia vivaraudoT, im dros fari,

odnav Tu mainc atarebda “saxelmwifo niSnis, anu

gerbis” funqcias. Tumca is faqti, rom laxtTan da

qarqaSTan erTad mas mefis ukan miabrZaneben, SesaZ-

lebelia ar gamoricxavdes faris rogorc ara mxo-

lod Tavdasacavi iaraRis funqcias. aseve saintere-

soa, rom amirspasalars, rogorc Cans, “SiS-veli”,

anu uqarqaSo xmali uWiravs xelT, vinaidan qarqaSi

mefis ukan mimyolT miaqvT.

niSandoblivia, rom samefo xmali, rogorc saxelm-

wifos Zlierebis da mefis mTavarsardlobis simbolo,

am SemTxvevaSi “Zeli cxovrebis” Tanabrad gvevlineba,

eklesiaSi Sesulebs jvrismtvirTveli amirspasalars

xmals gamoarTmevs da sakurTxevelSi Seitans: “gamou-

Ros jvrismtvirTvelman amirspasalars samefo вmali

da sakurTxevlis Sina Zelsa cxovrebissa miyrdnobili

dadvas”, xolo samefo droSa da Subi sakurTxevlis

karebis iqeT-aqeT Tavsdeba: “da droSa da Subi sakurT-

xevlisa kars emWirnen imr da amr” [6, 6].

saeklesio ritualis Catarebis Semdeg, rac

mTeli rigi komponentebisgan Sedgeba, mefes daad-

gamen gvirgvins. mTeli es procesi sagaloblebis

fonze mimdinareobs, gvirgvinis dadgmisas ki “mra-

valJamiers” igalobeben: “mravalJmeul hyven RmerTo

mefeT Cveni (saxeliT) mravalJmeul hyven”. amis Sem-

deg mefes, sakurTxevlis karebidan gamosvlisas

14

amirspasalari xmals Semoartyams: “amirspasalarman

вmali Seartyas” [6, 8].

sasaxleSi misvlis Semdeg, mefes taxtze ka-

Talikozi da jvrismtvirTveli unda Sehyolodnen.

Tumca maleve samxedro pirebis milocva “laSqarTa

Tayuaniscema da ZRuenis Sewirva” iwyeboda da kaTa-

likozi da jvrismtvirTveli mefes marto tovebdnen

samxedro pirebTan.

mefed kurTxevasTan dakavSirebuli zeimi da pu-

roba sami dRe grZeldeboda. am periodSi ki mefe,

Semosili Tavisi samefo regaliebiT, taxtze ijda

da ise iRebda mimlocvelebs.

amdenad, samxedro sferos warmomadgenlebs, ro-

gorc qveynis usafrTxoebis da Zlierebis garants,

umniSvnelovanesi roli eWiraT mefed kurTxevis ce-

remoniaSic. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is faqti,

rom samefo xmali umTavres religiur simbolosTan

“Zeli cxovrebisasTan” iyo gaTanabrebuli. es albaT

meti simbolizmis matarebelia da Cveni azriT,

“RvTismier, jvrismier kurTxeul xmals” unda niS-

navdes, rac SesaZlebelia ara mxolod gamarjvebis

ideiis matarebeli, aramed ufro Sors mimavali, Su-

asaukuneebis saraindo misteriebSi dafaruli ideis

gamoxatuleba iyos. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom “maxvili

da xmali bizantiaSi samefo niSnebad ar iyo miCneu-

li, dasavleT evropaSi _ ki, saxeldobr, safran-

geTSi da britaniaSi xmal-maxvili samefo samkaulis

aucilebel kuTvnilebad iTvleboda. am mxriv maSasadame

maSindeli saqarTvelo dasavleT evropas ufro uaxlov-

15

deboda, vidre mezobelsa da misabaZavad miCneuls bizan-

tias” [12, 158].

saqarTveloSi samxedro kulturis maRal do-

neze ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, garda zemoT ganxiluli

wyaroebisa, metyvelebs agreTve qarTuli samarTlis

Zeglebis monacemebi, sadac muxlobrivadaa gawerili

omis dros aucilebeli qcevis normebi. es arcaa ga-

sakviri _ qveyana, romelic marad saomar mdgoma-

reobaSi imyofeboda, realurad da samarTlianad

afasebda brZolis dros, rogorc sakuTar, ise

mtris mdgomareobas. amitomac, kanoniT iyo gansa-

zRvruli, rogori qmedebis ufleba hqonda brZolis

velze meomars.

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

vaxtang VI-is samarTali, vinaidan masSi muxlo-

brivadaa Camoyalibebuli brZolis velze qcevis

wesebi.

samarTalSi dafiqsirebuli 178-e muxli, brZo-

lis velze mopovebuli qonebis kuTvnilebas gan-

sazRvravs: `laSqarSi danarCunebulis kacsa da

iaraRze irCodnen~. misi sruli versia mxolod

quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi dacul

201 xelnawerSia warmodgenili. es muxli sain-

teresoa imdenad, rom fasdaudebel cnobebs Seicavs

omSi moklul mtris mimarT moqcevis wesebis

Sesaxebac. aq dawvrilebiTaa mocemuli Tu vis rCeba

moklulis an datyvevebulis iaraRi, cxeni da

tanisamosi. amave sakiTxs eZRvneba samarTlis 254-e

muxli, sadac gawerilia omSi moklulis, daWrilis,

16

an tyved ayvanilisadmi damokidebuleba. yovelive es

metyvelebs Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda

brZolis dros qmedebebsa da wesebs. moklulisa da

tyved ayvanilisadmi damokidebuleba kanoniT iyo

gansazRvruli da mas veravin ver daarRvevda (Tu

arada “kanoni aqvs”, anu kanoniT daisjeboda). `Tu

kacman kaci dainarCunos cocxali, Tu an moklas,

misi cxeni, iaraRi, tanisamosi damnarCuneblisa aris;

jaWvi, zuCi, muzaradi da amgvari xelmwifisa aris,

Tvali Tu margaliti~. amasTanave, `moklul kacs

veravin ver edaveba momkvlels da da verc

gauZarcvis~ [8, 525]. anu mokluli da misi aRWur-

viloba ukve meomris sakuTrebad iTvleboda da mas

sxva xels ver axlebda.

im SemTxvevaSi Tu meomari Tavis mokluls ar

gaZarcvavda da isev gaagrZelebda brZolas, SeeZlo

vinmesTvis eTqva, es me movkali da Sen mixede mis

aRWurvilobaso, magram misTvis garkveuli wili unda

mieca: `da Tu man ar indoma gaZarcva da isev mtersa

sdevs, da sxvas uTxra eg kaci me movkali da Sen

gaZarcveo, imasac cota wili uc mis naZarcvSi misi

karkacobiT~ [8, 526].

Tu meomari Tavis mier mokluls yuradRebas ar

miaqcevda, arc arvis miabarebda da brZolas ga-

agrZelebda, maSin is mokluli visac darCeboda, imi-

si iqneboda alafic.

Tu mokluli an daWrili sacilaod gaxdeboda

mebrZolebs Soris, maSin es saqme mowmis TqmiT

gadawydeboda. xolo visac darCeboda mokluli, imas

17

mowmisTvis yvelaze saukeTeso iaraRi unda mieca:

`erTi, romelic ukeTesi iaraRi hqondes, mowmobis

gulisTvis misces~ [8, 545]. aRbuRas samarTlis

mixedviTac Tu omSi datyvevebuli an mokluli

(darCenili) kacis abjari da cxeni sacilao gaxde-

boda, mowmis da ficis meSveobiT unda garkveuliyo:

“Tu omsa Sigan darCenilsa kacsa da missa abjarsa

zeda icilebodnen, rasaca abjarsa zeda nakravi

aCndes, da anu cxensa, mas marTebs. asse rome igi

darCenili kacica gaikiTxon ficiTa” [7, 460-461]

CvenTvis, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa 178-e muxlis

is nawili, sadac moklulisadmi qcevis garkveuli

akrZalvebia mocemuli: `agreve mokluls kacs aras-

gziT nifxavi da perangi ar gaecrcvebis da nurcavin

Ãels miyofs, Tvara kanoni aqvs da Tu vinmem ikadros amisi qna, maTi ufrosi nu aqnevinebs~ [8,

526]. `brZolaSi Sina romelic kaci mokudes,

abjrisgan kide tansacmelsa da nifxav-perangsa,

nuvin moÃdis. krul, wyeul da SeCvenebul iyav RvTisa piriTa~ [4, 471].

amgvarad, Cans, rom mokluli mtrisadmi qceva-

sac Tavisi wesi gaaCnda, rac kanoniT iyo gansaz-

Rvruli, ar SeiZleboda moklulis Seuracxyofa da

misi gaSiSvleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi Camdeni

kanoniT daisjeboda.

vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi aseve gawerilia omSi

naSovni alafis ganawilebis wesebi. Cans, rom omis

dros mopovebuli qonebis saukeTeso da umetesi

nawili mefes ekuTvnoda. 255-e muxlis mixedviT, Tu

18

xelmwife eswreboda brZolas alafidan saukeTeso

da mexuTedi nawili misi iyo, Tu ar iyo monawile,

mexuTedi alafisa mainc mas ekuTvnoda: `Tu an

TareSobiT naSovni iyos, Tu xelmwife iq brZanebda,

romelic eprianeba, imasac miarToms da fanjiaksac

aiRebs, Tu ar brZandeba fanjiaks mainc aiRebs~ [8,

546] (fanjiaki _ mexuTedi; amave gamocemis Tanadar-

Tuli leqsikoni, gv. 768).

im SemTxvevaSi Tu saTareSod erTad wavidnen

meomrebi da maTgan romelime carieli darCeba, sxve-

bi valdebulni arian mas nadavli gauyon: `amxanagSi

jeT Tu garigdnen, piroba misces erTmanerTs,

romelic amxanagi sul carieli darCes, wils ver

daaklebs~ [8, 546]. amave dros wilis umetesi, meaTe-

di nawili, anu `sacxenmalo~ qonebis mSovnels

ekuTvnoda [8, 546].

sainteresoa am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT somxuri

samarTlis wesebi. xiTar goSis samarTlis mixedviT

Tu `laSqari da Tavadi xelmwifis brZanebiT

wavidnen rasac alags dasarbevelad, rac iq iSovnon,

naxevari xelmwifis aris, naxevari TavadTa da

jarTa~ [9, 387]. im SemTxvevaSi ki `Tu TavisTavad

wasuliyvnen, ori wili naSovnisa _ TavadTa da

jarTa da erTi wili xelmwifesa miarTvan~ [9, 387].

rac Seexeba omSi naSovn qonebas, somxuri sa-

marTlis mixedviT, is Semdegnairad nawildeboda:

`omSi naSovni oqro, Tvali, mZime zarbazi (oq-

roqsovili) vinc iSovos, xelmwifis wilia, mar-

19

galiti da vercxli Tavadebis aris da sxva ra

ginda ra naSovari jarisa aris~ [9, 388].

omSi datyvevebuli kacis da misi aRWurvilobis

ganawileba somxuri samarTliT, qarTulisagan gan-

sxvavebuli wesiT xdeboda, aq tyve, misi jaWvi da

muzaradi mefes ekuvnoda, xolo iaraRi, cxeni da

tanisamosi _ damtyvevebels: `molaSqre kacman omSi

vinc dainarCunos kaci, darComilis kacis iaraRi,

tanisamosi, cxeni vinc dainarCunos misi iyos da

kaci, jaWvi da muzaradi xelmwifis miarTvan~ [9,

388].

amrigad, saxelmwifo samarTali omSi qcevis Zi-

riTadad ramdenime aspeqts aregulirebs:

1. mopovebuli nadavlis ganawilebas, saidanac

ZiriTadi wili mefes ekuTvnis, miuxedavad imisa, mo-

nawileobs Tu ara is aRniSnul samxedro operaciaSi.

qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, somxuri samarTlis mixed-

viT, meti wili mefes ekuTvnis.

2. datyvevebuli meomris da misi aRWurvilobis

kuTvnilobis sakiTxs _ mefes aqac wili udevs _

abjari mefisa iyo, tyve, cxeni, tanisamosi da sxva

_ damtyveveblisa. somxuri samarTlis mixedviT ki

tyvec mefes ekuTvnoda; aqvea daregulirebuli mok-

lulis aRWurvilobis cilaobis viTareba, am

SemTxvevaSi mowmis sityviT gadawydeboda, vis

ekuTvnoda darCenili qoneba.

3. mokluli mtrisadmi damokidebulebas _ kano-

niT ikrZaleboda misi tanisamosisgan ganZarcva;

20

garda kanonisa, am qmedebis Camdeni eklesiisgan da-

wyevlilic iyo.

garda oficialuri kanonmdeblobisa, brZolisa

da mowinaaRmdegesTan urTierTobas xalxuri tradi-

ciebic agvarebda. arsebobda dauwereli kanoni, rac

mtrisadmi, anu Rirseuli mowinaaRmdegisadmi pativi-

scemas gulisxmobda. amis damadasturebeli magali-

TebiT savsea qarTuli folklori. ar SeiZleboda

mokluli mtris gaSiSvleba, damaxinjeba, “miwis

zemoT”, anu daumarxavad datoveba.

sainteresoa, rom ZiriTadi brZolis win zogjer

wesad yofila meTaurTa, an msurvelTa Serkineba.

zogjer brolis bedi am Serkinebis Sedegzec-ki iyo

damokidebuli [3, 345]. erTi svanuri leqsis mixedviT,

sadac aseTi brZolaa asaxuli, “TaTari” pirveli

srolis uflebas moiTxovs _ Soridan movdivar da

daRlili varo. misi es piroba ki uyoymanod sruldeba

[11, 156-157].

erTaderTi kuTxe saqarTveloSi xevsureTia, sa-

dac mokluli mtrisTvis xelis mtevnis mokveTis

wesi arsebobda. am mtevans xevsuri saxlis banze

hkidebda. es wesi, Cveni azriT, ar niSnavs mokluli

mtris Seuracxyofas, aramed is xevsurTa saiqio

cxovrebaze warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. xevsuris

SexedulebiT, gardacvalebis Semdeg cxovreba iseve

grZeldeboda, rogorc am qveyanas iyo. mas iqac iseve

sWirdeba iaraRi da yvela sxva nivTi, rogorc

samzeoze, raTa icxovros da mtersac gaumklavdes.

momakvdav mamakac xevsurs: “misi axlobeli vinckia,

21

xmalze sanTels daukravs da marjvena xelSi

miscems. xmlis micemisas etyvis: “SenTvis

Semoseulsa Sens xmliTamca iSoreb”. xevsuri

xmlosania da iqac iaraRiani unda iyos” [12, 233].

swored amitom, xevsurs im qveyanaSi kidev rom

Sexvdes mis mier mokluli mteri, mas mklavi mo-

kveTili eqneba da xmals veRar gamoiyenebs. amdenad,

xevsuri, ase vTqvaT, Tadarigs iWers, rom erTxel

damarcxebuli mteri, misTvis aRar gaxdes saSiSi.

zemoT ganxiluli masalebidan Cans, Tu raoden

mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda samxedro fenas da

maT moqmedebas saqarTveloSi; isini iyvnen privile-

girebuli fena, magram miuxedavad amisa, maTi qcevis

normebi kanonmdeblobiT mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli,

rasac emateboda xalxuri, dauwereli samarTlis

normebi. umTavresi daskvna aseTia: samxedro saqmis

aseTi privilegirebuloba da TiTqmis yovlismom-

cveloba, saqarTvelos rTuli geopolitikuri viTa-

rebiTaa ganpirobebuli. rac Seexeba kanonmdeblobiT

da xalxuri samarTliT mkacrad gansazRvrul

normebs _ saqarTvelos, rogorc maRali kulturis

mqone da kanonmdeblobiT sferoSi ganviTarebuli

qveynis Sesaxeb metyvelebs.

22

literatura

1. daviTis istorikosi, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teq-

sti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mi-

xedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955.

2. istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, “qarTlis

cxovreba”, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II,

Tb., 1959.

3. x. ioseliani, samxedro saqmis istoriidan svaneTSi,

“istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani”, IV, Tb., 2002.

4. kanonikuri samarTali, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,

t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni

daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.

5. matiane qarTlisa, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT

s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955

6. mefis kurTxevis wesi, me-XIII sauk. dasawyiss

Sedgenili, sargis kakabaZe, tf., 1913.

7. samarTali aRbuRasi, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,

t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni

daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.

8. samarTali batoniSvilisa vaxtangisa, qarTuli

samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi gamosca,

gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i.

doliZem, Tb., 1963.

9. samarTali somxuri (mxiTar goSis samarTali),

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi

gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof.

i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.

23

10. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. II, teqstebi

gamosacemad moamzada gamokvlevebi da samecniero

aparati daurTo valeri silogavam, Tb., 1988.

11. svanuri poezia, I, Tb., 1939.

12. i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t, VII,

Tb., 1984.

13. r. xaraZe, xevsureTis saarqivo eTnografiuli

masalebi, “kavkasiis eTnografiuli krebuli”,

XIV, Tb., 2012.

24

Khatuna Ioseliani

Problems of the Military Etiquette

Warfare, army and armament are those foundations on which even now the strength and independence of each state is based. Military sphere had the same meaning in the Middle Ages.

Because its significance,the state traditionally regulated the rules and obligations of the military sphere representatives by the law. According to the written monuments of law the code of conduct in a war was determined: to whom the trophies were belonged, how warriors should have dealt with captured or dead warriors... For in-stance, it was forbidden to take off the cloths from a dead person. Those who did not obey the rule were punished by a certain pu-nishment and etc.

According to the written sources we also have a detailed de-scription of a ceremony of becoming a king, where the representa-tives of the military sphere had one of the main leading role and the weapon – king’s sward together with “Dzelitskhovrebisa” (the Pillar of Life) is put in the alter of the church that is significant as well. It is well known that a sword was not belonged to the attributes of king. It was peculiar only for Byzantine and Western Europe (France, Brit-ain...).

As for the folklore, there are a lot of examples of battle rules and chivalrous behavior data. For example, who and why had the right of a first shoot in one-on-one battle, was it permitted to mutilate a body of a killed warrior or not (it was strictly forbidden) and etc.

The only region in Georgia is Khevsureti where it was a rule to cut the right palm of a killed man that was determined by the reli-gious viewpoints. According to Khevsurians (old beliers) the life in the next world is the same as it is on this world. So, the enemy one-had defeated will be without right hand and if they meet each other in the next world, will be unable to oppose him.

25

giorgi mamardaSvili

afxazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis re-

ligiuri cxovrebis Tanamedrove sakiTxebi

qarTul-afxazurma saomarma dapirispirebam, Sem-

dgomSi afxazeTis TviTaRiarebuli respublikis izo-

laciam, afxazuri sazogadoeba mravali problemis wi-

naSe daayena. erT-erTi mtkivneuli da saWirboroto

problema aRmoCnda religiuri sakiTxic. afxazma

samRvdeloebam ramodenimejer scada rusul Tu berZ-

nul eklesiebTan urTierToba, rac axali sta-tusis

miRebas isaxavda miznad. es moZraoba bolo dros Za-

lebs ikrebs _ 2011 wlis maisSi, axal aTonSi gai-

marTa saeklesio da saero pirebis gaerTianebuli sax-

alxo kreba, sadac afxazuri eklesiis problemuri sa-

kiTxebis gadawyvetis gzebi daisaxa.Aamas 2012 wlis

ianvarSi, afxazi samRvdeloebis msoflio patriarqTan

viziti mohyva. Tumca afxazuri eklesia jer kidev

haerSia gamokidebuli, metic, aqvs Sida dapirispirebe-

bi, romelTa ganxilvac Sors wagviyvans. qvemoT am-

jerad ganvixilavT afxazeTis mosaxleobis damo-

kidebulebas marTmadideblobis, islamisa da tra-

diciuli xalxuri religiis mimarT da SevafasebT Ta-

namedrove mecnierTa zogierT aSkarad tendenciuri

mosazrebas.

mogexsenebaT Tu raoden mwvavea dRevandeli da-

pirispireba qarTvel da afxaz xalxebs Soris. sam-

wuxarod, am dapirispirebas xels uwyobs mZlavri

ideologiuri manqana, romelic kavkasiaSi TiTqmis

26

ori saukunea muSaobs da safuZvels aclis kavka-

sielTa odindel erTobas. jer caristuli, Semdeg

bolSevikuri da dRes ukve saocrad agresi-uli da

avtoritaruli ruseTis Sesabamis uwyebebis mizanmi-

marTuli muSaoba aris mTavari mizezi im TiTqmis

isteriuli antiqarTuli ganwyobisa, romelic nel-

nela fexs ikidebs engurs gaRma darCenilTa umrav-

lesobaSi. samecniero litera-turaSi XIX saukunis

bolodan iwyeba brZola afxazeTis mosaxleobis mac-

xovrebelTa dapiris-pirebisTvis. konfliqtebisa da

dapirispireba-dana-wevrebisTvis sasafuZvlo velebi

advilad iqna napovni _ pirvel rigSi enobrivi

gansxvaveba, Sem-dgom istoria da istoriuli geo-

grafia, romelic tendenciurma mecnierebma TavianTi

interesebis mixedviT gaayalbes. SedarebiT xelux-

lebeli darCa kulturisa da yofa-cxovrebis iseTi

mniSvnelovani mxare rogoricaa religia. XIX-XX

saukunis eTnografebs azrad ar mosvliaT religiis

aspeqtSi dapirispireba eZebnaT qarTvelebsa da af-

xazebs Soris, an Segnebulad gverdi aevloT, an

sulac tendenciuri mosazrebebiT daekninebinaT qar-

Tuli elementis da gavlenis mZlavri arseboba af-

xazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis religiur cxo-

vrebaSi,. amis naTeli magaliTia TviT afxazeTis mo-

saxleobis bunebrivi wiaRidan gamosuli ori eTno-

grafis, solomon zvanbasa da niko janaSias sakmaod

soliduri naSromebi afxazeTis religiis Sesaxeb.

dRes, rodesac qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti

faqtobrivad CixSia Sesuli da gaRrmavebis arasa-

27

surveli perspeqtivebic gaaCnia, pirveli rigis amo-

canas Cveni azriT, swored im ideologiuri sa-

fuZvlebis ganeitraleba-aRmofxvra warmoadgens ra-

sac didi xania nergaven orive xalxis ara-

keTilmosurne reJimebis msaxurni. gasakviri araa,

rom 2012 wlis dasawyisSi afxazuri eklesiis sepa-

ratistuli frTis warmomadgenloba konstanti-

nepolSi stumrobisas TavianTi eklesiisTvis avtoke-

faliis mopovebis SesaZleblobebs zveravda. delega-

ciis meTauri dorofei (doroTe) dbari, Teologiis

mecnierebis doqtori da axali aTonis taZris wi-

namZRvari avtoria ramodenime samecniero naSromisa,

romelTa dedaazri afxazuri eklesiis avtokefalu-

robis uflebis mtkicebaa. am SemTxvevaSi mama doro-

fei (doroTe) aSkarad dainteresebuli mxarea da

SesaZloa odnav mainc gagebiT moekido mis miswrafe-

bebs. gacilebiT saSiSi da yovlad miuRebelia arasa-

eklesio fenis, afxazeTTan aranairi saerTos mqone

sakmaod soliduri mecnieris aSkarad tendenciuri

naSromi, romelic rom ara es tenden-ciuroba, Se-

saZloa afxazeTis religiis Sesaxeb ukanasknel

dros Seqmnil samecniero naSromebTa rigSi erT-erT

mniSvnelovan adgilze dagveyenebina. mxedvelobaSi

maqvs peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis universi-

tetis profesoris aleqsandr krilovis sqeltaniani

monografia, romelSic mimoxilulia afxazuri re-

ligiis Seswavlis, Sefasebis sakiTxebi, istoria, da

Tanamedrove afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiuri yo-

fa-cxovrebis sakiTxebi. yvela am sakiTxis mimoxil-

28

visas avtori aSkarad ten-denciuria, Tumca

umravles SemTxvevaSi ise niRbavs, nebelobiT Tu un-

eburad TviTrwmenaSi arsebul antiqarTulobas, rom

kargad gamecadinebuli Tvalis gareSe misi xrikebis

danaxva Wirs. eTnologisTvis, miTumetes imisTvis

visac Seqmnili konfliqtis gamo engurs gaRma ara-

Tu samecniero muSaobis, aramed fexis dadgmis saSu-

alebasac ar eZleva, mniSvne-lovania krilovis na-

Sromis is nawili, romelic afxazeTis mosaxleobis

religiuri cxovrebis dRe-vandelobas aRwers. kri-

lovis naSromSi aRwerilia afzuri religiis yvela

mniSvnelovani sakulto adgili, ritualebis Catare-

bis, kultmsaxurebis arCevis wesi da xalxis damo-

kidebuleba tradiciuli kultmsaxurebisadmi. kri-

lovis, romelic 1995-2003 wlebSi aqtiur savele

eTnografiul muSaobas awarmoebda afxazeTis Crdi-

lo dasavleT, e.w. bzifis afxazebs Soris, gadmoce-

miT afxazeTSi Svidi mTavari salocavia (bJiSnixa)

[5]. umTavresi didi-rifSia, romelsac moyveba lix-

nixa, lZanixa, ilirnixa, laSkendernixa, inal-kuba

da biTnix (soWTanaa da ubixur salocavad iTvleba.

meSvide sa-locavad zogi fsxu nixas, zogi aegr-

laprnixas, napranixas, geCnixas, kapba nixas miiC-

nevs).Aam Svidi samlocvelodan kultmsaxureba amJa-

mad aRdgenilia xuT adgilze. avtori maT Semdgom

aRwers Svideulis gareT mdgom, magram mniSvnelovan

jvar-xats aegr-lapirnixasa da osTa salocavs,

`iron-Zvars~, romelic ZiriTadad saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul

29

osebs 1972 wels dauarsebiaT.A mokled SevexoT am

jvar-xatebis aRwerilobas: yvela afxazuri jvar-

xatis `wina-mZRoli~, arCeviTia. lixnixa am SemTxve-

vaSi gamona-klisia, aq kultmsaxuris mamidan Svilze

gadadis. sxvagan kultmsaxurTa gvaridan damsaxu-

rebul, sufTa bunebisa da umwikvlo reputaciis

kacs irCeven. mTavari salocavebis winamZRolobis

ufleba garkveuli gvarebis prerogativaa eseni

arian: didi-rifSSi CiCbebi, lixnixaSi goCuebi, lZa-

nixaSi Sayrilebi, aegr-laprnixaSi cimcbebi.

kultmsaxuris locvis teqstebi sakmaod msgavsia

erTmaneTis da Zi-riTadad uflisa da misi moadgi-

lebis, apaimba-rebisadmi (angelozebis) keTildReobis

gamoTxovis Sinaarsisaa. dRemde tardeba xatze gada-

cemisa da wyevlis moxsnis ritualebic, agreTve

locva kargi amindisTvis, acunixa.

sanam SevexebodeT afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi af-

xazuri tradiciuli religiis rolsa da funqcias,

krilovis mier Catarebuli anketirebis Sedegebs ga-

vecnoT: anketireba Catarda gagraSi da gudauTaSi,

sofel aWandaraSi da lixnSi. anketebis mcire na-

wili Seivso soxumSi, merxeulSi da kvitoulSi

(oCamCiris raioni). saboloo jamSi dagrovda 23

erovnebis respodentebis mier Sevsebuli 1448 anke-

ta. mizanmimarTul tendenciurobaze Semdgom ufro

vrclad visaubrebT, aq ki mxolod imas aRvni-SnavT,

rom mkvlevris im 23 erovnebis warmoma-dgenels

Soris, romlebmac anketebi Seavses 30 qarTveli, 8

megreli da 4 svanuri erovnebisaa [5, 11]. advili

30

misaxvedria, rom krilovs es `fandi~ sakuTari

kvlevisa da savele masalebisTvis farTo masStabe-

bis SesaZenad da masSi mravali eris Svilebis Car-

Tulobis dasturad ar dasWirvebia. aSkarad anti-

qarTuli tendenciebi, SefarviT Tu aSkarad mis

kvlevas Tavidan bolomde gasdevs. gamokiTxulTa

55% Tavs qristianad Tvlis, 17% muslimad, 14,6%

aTeistia, 7,4%-s gauWirda raime religiisadmi Tavi-

si rwmenis mikuTvneba, 2% afxa-zuri tradiciuli

religiis mimdevaria. eTnikur afxazebs Soris 49,3

% qristianobas aRiarebs, 28,7% muslimia, 2% war-

marTad Tvlis Tavs, 1,2% ki tradiciul afxazur

religias miakuTvnebs sakuTar rwmenas. Aaq cotaTi

gaugebaria warmarTisa da tradiciuli afxazuri

religiis urTierTmimarTeba _ advili savaraudoa,

rom gamokiTxulebs erTmaneTSi areodaT tradici-

uli afxazuri religia da warmarToba. rTulia imis

warmodgenac Tu ra krite-riumiT mijnavda krilovi

am ori mimarTulebisadmi visime kuTvnilebas, miTu-

metes rom samecniero wreebSi arsebobs sxvada-

sxvaoba afxazuri religiis Sesaxeb – zogierTebi

mas aSkarad warmarTulad Tvlian, zogni miiCneven

monoTeistur religiad, zogierTi sulac wi-

naaziuri religiebis memkvidred. sainteresoa an-

ketirebis monacemebi qarTvelTa religiurobis Se-

saxeb: 73,3% qristiania, 6,7 % muslimi, 3,3 % war-

marTi [5, 16-17].Ees monacemebi undoblobas iwvevs da

albaT yovlad gaumarTlebeli iqneba, Tu mas mTels

afxazeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebze gvavcelebT.M mus-

31

lim da warmarT qarTvelTaPprocentuloba marTlac

daujereblad JRers, Tumca SesaZloa gamokiTxul

30 qarTvels Soris 2 kaci muslimi da erTic war-

marTi aRmoCnda, rac Sesabamisad gamokiTxulTa 6,7

da 3,3 procents udris.

krilovis mTeli kvleva mis mier Catarebuli

gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli suraTis sawina-

aRmdegoa – mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs afxazTa religiuri

identoba. afxazis religiuri identoba gviani Sua-

saukuneebis cnobebidan moyolebuli sakmaod bundo-

vania. isini qristianobis, musulmanobisa da tradi-

ciuli religiis mimdevrebi arian da ritualuri

TvalsazrisiT maT religiur qcevaSic gacilebiT

bevria warmarTuli vidre qristianuli da musulma-

nuri.

afxazebs Soris islamis gavrcelebisa da misi

qristianobaze gavlenis Sesaxeb sakuTari Sexe-

duleba aqvs XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi moRvawe

s. zvanbas. igi TanamemamuleTa rwmenis Sesaxeb mokle

komentars akeTebs Tavisi erT-erTi naSromis Sesa-

valSi: `afxazeTSi qristianobis kvali mxolod Zve-

li eklesia-monastrebis nangrevebSiRa SemorCa. am

qveyanaSi mahmadianurma swavlebam WeSmariti rwmenis

sxivebi daabnela, Tumca TviTonac ver hpova did ga-

saqani xalxSi. mTavris saxleulobis garda mosax-

leobis Zalian mcire nawili iTvleba qristia-nad,

cotaa musulmanTa ricxvi, danarCenebi yvela war-

marTebi arian~ [4, 31].

32

XIX saukuneSi dafiqsirebuli afxazuri war-

marToba da misi ritualuri mxare misi monawilisa

da masSi rwmeniTac CarTuli niko janaSias mier

TiTqmis zedmiwevniTaa aRwerili. niko janaSias gad-

mocemebi da aRwerilobani kidev erTi dasturia Tu

rogor Rrmad qonda fesvebi gadgmuli xalxSi war-

marTul religias, romelsac marTmadideblobis da

miTumetes mahmadianobis gavlenis kvali odnav, isic

saritualo da ara ideur nawilSi amCnevia.

sociologiuri gamokiTxviT am ramodenime wlis

win afxazTa samoci procenti Tavs qristianad

Tvlida, Teqvsmeti procenti mahmadianad miiCnevda

Tavs, danarCenebi ki warmarTebad da aTeistebad [2,

9]. Cvens mier gamokiTxul respodentTa umravle-

sobas religiisadmi arc Tu ise `axlobluri~ damo-

kidebuleba aqvs. `afxazebis umravlesoba qristianebi

varT, mahmadianebi cxovrobdnen Cveni soflis zemoT,

maT Turqebs veZaxdiT~ _ ambobs, oCamCireli nusia

jinjolava sofeli jgerdadan. ara da XIX saukunis

Sua wlebisTvis jgerda musulmanTa erT-erTi dasay-

rdeni punqti iyo. SesaZloa mohajirobis dros es

sofeli daicala musulmanuri mosaxleobisgan _

dRes Turqebad wodebuli xalxi SesaZloa an moha-

jirobas gadarCenili andac iqidan dabrunebuli

xalxia. naklebad savaraudoa Tumca dasaSvebia, rom

dRes Turqebad wodebuli jgerdelebi im eTnikurad

Turqebis STamomavlebi arian, romlebic oCamCiresa

da soxumis midamoebSi cxovrobdnen da cnobebis

mixedviT sakmao gavlenas axdendnen adgilobrivi mo-

33

saxleobis religiur mrwamsze [6, 63] aris aseTi

mosazrebac, rom afxazi samRvdeloeba 1937 wlis

represiebis dros daxvrites (g. mamardaSvilis sa-

vele dRiuri). amave respodentis azriT, afxazebi

TiTqmis mTlianad qristianebi arian. maTi integra-

cia eklesiaSi ki imitom ar moxda, rom RvTismsaxu-

reba eklesiebSi maTTvis gaugebar enaze mimdinareob-

da. mTxrobelis mier naxsenebi enobrivi barieri af-

xazTa Soris qristianobis damkvidrebis erT-erTi

mTavari xelisSemSleli faqtori unda yofiliyo. am

faqts aRniSnavs n. berZeniSvili da lakonurad aya-

libebs azrs, romliTac kargadaa axsnili afxazTa

mier qristianobis ver gaTavisebis erT-erTi mizezi:

`berZnuli qristianoba afxazeTisTvis ucxo da

Tavze moxveuli moZRvreba iyo. misi gaziareba _

SeTviseba moiTxovda: an afxazebi unda gaberZnebu-

liyvnen kulturulad, an es sarwmunoeba afxazur

enaze unda gamarTuliyo, Tu ara afxazeTSi qristia-

noba mudam zedapiruli darCeboda…~ [1, 595]. sava-

raudod afxazTa Soris qristianoba xelmisawvdomi

da advilad SesaTvisebeli iyo socialurad dawinau-

rebuli, maRali sazogadoebisTvis, romlebic kargad

flobdnen qarTul da berZnul enebs, im enebs rom-

lebzec afxazeTSi mimdinareobda RvTismsxureba.

aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom afxazebSi

qristianobis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebisTanave zeda-

piruloba iqca maTSi qristianobis damcrobisa da

paganizaciis erT-erT mTavar mizezad.

34

dResdReisobiT afxazeTSi qristianuli reli-

giisadmi interesis gamococxleba SeiniSneba. ar-

sebobs marTlmadidebluri afxazuri saitebi (ma-

galiTad: Abkhazian-churches.ru), sadac moTxrobilia

afxazeTSi qristianobisa da eklesia-monastrebis

istoria. cxadad SeiniSneba, rom Segnebulad aqvs

gverdi aqceuli imas, rom yovelive es qarTuli

kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca maTSi sain-

tereso informaciacaa daculi: aRsaniSnavad migvaC-

nia is faqti, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze XX sau-

kunis pirvel naxevarSi Sendeba ori didi eklesia.

soxumis sakaTedro taZari 1915 wels qalaqSi mcxo-

vreb berZenTa iniciativiT da saxsrebiT aSenebula.

TiTqmis imave periodSi berZeni berebis axali aTo-

nis samonastro kompleqsi daarsebula. amJamad

orive eklesiasTan arsebobs sasuliero saswavlebe-

li. amave saitebis informaciiT dRes soxumis saka-

Tedro taZarSi RvTismsaxureba oTx enaze: afxazu-

rad, qarTulad, Zvel rusulad da berZnulad tar-

deba.

qristianobis SesamCnevad gaaqtiurebis kvalad,

Cans rom afxazeTSi qristanobisadmi tradiciuli

afxazuri religiis safuZvlebis mimarTebis dadge-

nazec zrunaven. am mxriv sainteresoa erT-erT ru-

sul internet gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli statiis amo-

naridebi: "Согласно опросам, большинство насе-ления

Абхазии исповедует христианскую религию. При этом

многие исследователи-абхазоведы отмечают, что

духовные ценности традиционных верований абхазов

не находятся в противоречии с православием, они

35

скорее дополняют друг друга". Aamave avtoris cnobiT

afxazeTSi oTxasamde qristianuli eklesiaa, romel-

Taganac dRes ocdaerTiRa funqcionirebs da qris-

tianobis mTavar problemad kvlav rCeba afxazuri

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis gaurkveveli mdgo-

mareoba. afxazuri eklesia qarTul-afxazuri dapiri-

spirebis Semdeg qarTul eklesias Camoscilda da

jer kidev (avtoriseuli xazgasmaa) ar aris aRiare-

buli rusuli eklesiis mier, romelic afxazur ek-

lesias saqarTvelos martmadidebluri eklesiis na-

wilad miiCnevs.

Aaqve, saubaria islamzec: islamis rolis dam-

crobas muhajirobas, mahmadiani mosaxleobis Tur-

qeTSi gasaxlebas miaweren. amJamindeli `nomi-

nalurad~ musulmani afxazebi iseTive musulmanebi

arian rogorc afxazi qristianebi qristianebi: mu-

sulmani ar icnobs yurans, ar aqvs warmodgena mis

mTavar principebze, xolo qristiani ar dadis ekle-

siaSi, ar marxulobs, ar kiTxulobs biblias. albaT

amitomac, muslimTa meTauri afxazeTSi WeSmarit

musulmanTa Zalian mcire ricxvs asaxelebs. Mmisi

TqmiT, isini 200-250 kacamde arian. aqedan afxazi

(dabrunebuli muhajirebis STamoma-vlebis CaTvliT)

mxolod 25 procentia, xolo danarCenebi arian Ta-

Trebi, baSkirebi, Turqebi, Suaazielebi. 1999 wli-

dan soxumSi oficialurad arsebobs musulmanTa su-

lieri mmarTvelobis organo. afxazeTSi meCeTi ar

arsebobs, Tumca aris ori samlocvelo saxli, erTi

soxumSi, meore ki gudauTaSi.

36

am statiis Sinarsi da qveteqsti kargad Cans

mis bolo nawilSi, romelic tradiciuli afxazuri

religis funqciebs da fundamentur religiebTan

gaugebar, gaidealizirebul urTierTmimarTebis su-

raTs xatavs: `Следует особо подчеркнуть ту роль,

которую играет традиционная религия в современной

Абхазии. Распад Советского Союза, кровопролитная

война и последовавшие за ней блокада и изоляция Аб-

хазии способствовали возрождению традиционных ве-

рований абхазов. Представляется, что традиционная

религия выступала и продолжает выступать в качестве

одного из инструментов национальной консолидации и

идентичности в современных непростых условиях. И

православие, и ислам в Абхазии приобретают весьма

колоритный традиционный абхазский окрас.

Очевидно, что в современном мире повышается

значение национальной культуры, традиций. И для

Абхазии это также характерно. Поэтому, на мой взгляд,

можно уверенно констатировать, что в республике

возрождается традиционная религия абхазов~ [3].

afxazuri religiis roli da mniSvneloba

kargad Cans krilovis ramodenime cnobidan.

tradiciuli religiis prioritetuloba, mTavrobisa

da xalxis damokidebuleba afxazeTis de faqto res-

publikis pirveli prezidentis inauguraciis

ceremoniamac daadastura _ vladislav arZinbas

gaprezidentebis milocvisa da sazogadoebis winaSe

am faqtis mravalmniSvnelobis aRsaniSnavad xalxis

winaSe sityviT gamosvlis upirvelesi ufleba

mTavari afxazuri salocavis, didrifSis kult-

37

msaxurs, zaur CiCbas ergo.Qqristianuli da

musulmanuri religiis Tavkacebs mxolod mis Semdeg

miecaT milocvis ufleba. dResaswaulebis dros

didrifSSi, lixnSi da sxva salocavebSi afxazeTis

mTavrobisa da prezidentis stumrobac tradiciadaa

damkvidrebuli. 1996 wels kriminogenuli

situaciis mkveTri gauaresebis gamo didrifSisTvis

miumarTavs prezident arZinbas. salocavs xalxis

azrze moyvanas sTxovdnen da samagierod

yovelwliur msxverplSewirva aRuTqves. amave

Sinaarsis locva aq 2000 welsac gamarTula.

sainteresoa krilovis kidev erTi cnoba, romelic

mTavari kultmsaxuris, zaur CiCbas cnobebs

eyrdnoba: didrifSi yovelTvis mfarvelobda

afxazeTs. bolo xanebSi didirifSSi sayovelTao

locvam orjer ixsna afxazebi ganadgurebisagan –

pirvelad zviad gamsaxurdias dros, meored ki

afxazur-qarTuli omis dros. misive TqmiT, 1992

wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi didrifSis mTidan naTeli

sveti amodioda da gagris mxares anaTebda. Mmas

Semdeg rac gagra `gaanTavisufles~ didirifSidan

amosuli naTeli ukve soxumis mxares anaTebda, cota

xanSi soxumic ganTavisuflebul iqna. vgonebT, aq

yovelgvari komentari zedmetia _ raRa Tqma unda,

anzor CiCbas sruli ufleba aqvs sakuTari

msoflmxedveloba iqonios, magram sazogadoeba da

mTavroba, romelic amgvar Sexedulebebis adamians

aniWebs uzenaesi religiuri piris funqcias, rbilad

rom vTqvaT, namdvilad ar dgas Tanamedrove

38

moTxovnebis simaRleze. didrifSis didmniSvnelov-

nebaze metyvelebs krilovis savele masalac:

afxazTa erT-erT yvelaze popularul salocavs

afxazuri Zalovanebic mimarTaven. SeiZleba iTqvas,

didrifSi erTgvari udanaSaulobis testis funqcias

asrulebs _ Tu Zalovanebs ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi

mtkicebuleba eWvmitanilis damnaSavobisa, maSin es

ukanaskneli midis didrifSis salocavSi da iq

udanaSaulobis fics debs. Tu eWvmitanilma es

gaakeTa, udanaSaulobaze daifica, maSin gamoZieba

daxurulad iTvleba [5, 129]. am mxriv sainteresoa

faqti romelic am ramodenime Tvis win moxda:

internetiT gavrcelda afxazeTis de faqto

Tavdacvis ministris, kCaCis naTesaobis mimarTva

afxazeTis mosaxleobisadmi. SegaxsenebT, rom kCaCi

eWvmitanili iyo anqvabze ganxorcielebuli teraq-

tis organizebaSi.Yyofilma Tavdacvis ministrma Tavi

maSin moikla, rodesac policia mis dakavebas cdi-

lobda. naTesavebi ra Tqma unda werilSi uaryofen

kCaCis monawileobas teraqtSi da erT-erT

argumentad moyavT is rom kCaCi, imis Semdeg rac xma

gavarda misi teraqtSi monawileobis Sesaxeb,

apirebda didrifSSi asvlas da udanaSaulobis ficis

dadebas, Tumca es mas ar dascalda. krilovisve

gadmocemiT afxazi anixaSi tyuils arafrisdidebiT

ar ityvis, Tumca man SeiZleba icruos eklesiaSi da

musulmanur samlocveloSi.

zemoT moyvanili faqtebi cxadad warmoaCens, rom

afxazeTSi tradiciuli afxazuri religia ga-

39

mococxlebulia da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSic aqtiur

rols TamaSobs. Tumca gamokiTxulTa naxevarze meti

Tavs qristianad Tvlis. krilovis mier Catarebulma

savele samuSaoebma saukunis winandeli cnobebi

gaimeora: qristiani afxazi mxolod nominaluradaa

qristiani, misTvis ucxoa eklesia, biblia, ziareba da

mkacri marxva. miuxedavad amisa, afxazebSi qristianoba

iseve rogorc maTi tradiciuli religia,

gamoyenebulia sakuTari erovnuli TviTSegnebis

asamaRleblad da antiqarTuli ganwyobis gasaRrma-

veblad. bunebrivia, es ori religia garkveulwilad

problemas awydeba gavlenis sferoebis gadanawilebaSi.

iyo SemTxveva, rodesac didrifSis kultmsaxurma

salocavSi ar SeuSva sakmaod maRali rangis

mRvdelmsaxuri, misgan anaforis da samRvdelo niSnebis

ayra moiTxova, Tavisi qceva imiT axsna rom masTan anu

didrifSSi sxva wesebi moqmedebs. aseTive konfliqturi

iyo ilirnixas (iloris wminda giorgi) salocavis

aRgdenis ceremoniis zogierTi nawili. iloris afxazma

mRvdelma ar misca msxverplSewirvis da arc raime

warmarTuli ritualis Catarebis ufleba eklesiis

ezoSi. saqmeSi maSindeli premierministri Caeria da

aseTi gamosavali naxes: saklavi eklesiis galavnis

gareT dakles, xolo rituali da locva galavnis

SigniT Caatares. bolo magaliTis Sesabamisad,

afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiurobac aRreulia _

maTTvis ucxoa qristianuli cxovrebis wesi, Tumca

maT Soris monaTlulebi bevrni arian. isini xSirad

eswrebian tradiciul dResaswaulebs, Tumca mravali

40

maTgani am dResaswaulebs religiur datvirTvas ar aZ-

levs da TavSeyris da sufris karg sababad Tvlis [5].

sainteresoa qristiani afxazebis poziciac: af-

xazebis umetesobas dResac saamayod aqvs, rom

kavkasiaSi pirveli qristianuli saepiskoposo biW-

vinTaSi iyo. es marTlac faqtia, magram aravin uwyis

vin da ra eTnosis, andac ra doziT iyo gaqris-

tianebuli biWvinTis eklesiis mrevli. miuxedavad

imisa, rom ioane sabanisZe Tavis nawarmoebSi

aRniSnavs afxazeTSi qristianoba mZlavrad fexmo-

kidebuliao, Tanamedrove afxazebSi Jamis siavis Tu

kidev bevri sxva ramis gamo odindeli qristianobis

mcire kvaliRa Tu SeiniSneba. Tumca Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebs originaluri Sexeduleba gaaCniaT

Tanamedrove afxazis qristianuli sarwmunoebisgan

Sors dgomis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, aleqsandr

krilovs savsebiT dasaSvebad miaCnia afxazs guli

`daswyvetoda~ im mdgomareobaze, rac sufevda XI

saukunis qarTul eklesiaSi, romelsac afxazeTis

sakaTalikoso SeuerTes. mkvlevars daviT aRmaSene-

blis istorikosis cnoba mohyavs, romlis mixedvi-

Tac daviTis mefobis pirvel xanebSi saqarTvelos

eklesiaSi gamefebul ukanonobas da codvianobas ver

Seurigdebodao afxazuri buneba, romelic mTavar

principad pirovnul siwmindes da simarTles

aRiarebso [5, 49]. odnav uxerxulia am mosazrebaze

komentari, Tundac imitom rom afxazTa Soris

arsebuli wesiereba, qarTvelebisTvis sruliad ucxo

yofila da eklesiis ukanonobebi Turme zedmiwevniT

Seesabameboda qarTvelTa eTnikur fsiqologias. aqve

41

SevaxsenebT baton krilovs: daviT aRmaSenebelma

afxazTa sakaTalikosos mcxeTis sakaTalikososTan

SeerTebis Semdeg, sul ramodenime welSi Caatara

didi saeklesio reforma da krilovis mier

moxseniebuli afxazuri bunebisTvis miuRebeli

`sibilweni~ aRmofxvrili iqna. amas ki krilovis

logikiT eklesiebSi afxaz morwmuneTa xelaxali

Semobruneba unda moyoloda. Tumca rogorc Cans am

reformis Sesaxeb arc krilovs da arc afxazeTis

dRevandel mosaxleobas informacia ar gaaCniaT.

aleqsandre krilovi Tavisi naSromis SesavalSi

afxazi mecnierebis dbarisa da g. smirbas mosazre-

bebsac gvacnobs. dbari mRvdelmsaxuria da fiqrobs,

rom afxazebma qristianoba miiRes axali welTa-

Rricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi. gvianSuasaukuneebSi ki

iwyeba warmarTobis reanimacia da qristianobis

daknineba. mkvlevars erTi sityvac ar dascdenia

imaze, rom qristianobis Sesusteba SeiZleba garkve-

ulwilad qarTuli kulturuli sferodan gasvlis

Sedegi iyos. g. smiri ufro Sors midis _ samwu-

xarod, misi sadisertacio naSromi ver moviZieT,

magram misi dedaazri krilovs aqvs mowodebuli:

afxazebi X saukunemde Tavgadakluli qristianebi

yofilan da Tan maTi episkoposebic afxazebi iyvnen.

RvTismsaxureba umetesad afxazur enaze, xandaxan ki

berZnulad mimdinareobda. da am dros iqna daSvebu-

li nacional – politikuri Secdoma: bagrat III-is

gamefeba afxazTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul

samefoSi [5, 49]. amis Semdeg qarTvelma samRvdelo-

ebam eklesiebidan afxazuri gandevna, Sewyda afxa-

42

zuri RvTismetyvelebac. ai am droidan iwyeba

afxazebis qristianobisgan gaucxoeba g.smiris azriT.

krilovi smiris am naazrevis Sesaxeb dums, mxolod

dasawyisSi aRniSnavs rom smiris kvlevas etyoba

afxazur-qarTuli konfliqtis gavlenao. ar da

krilovs, rogorc Cans mainca da mainc zereled ar

aqvs gadakiTxuli saqarTvelos istoria da

mSvenivrad icis, rom g. smiris mosazrebas ioti-

sodena safuZvelic ar aqvs. afxazeTis teritoriaze

qristianobas safuZvlebi sxva procesebis gamo

ecleba da es Sesabamisad damtkicebulia qarTvel

mecnierTa kvlevebSi. aq am Teoriebis mtkicebas ar

movyvebiT, radganac masala da faqtebi bevria. aRv-

niSnavT mxolod imas, rom saWiroa Seiqmnas samecnie-

ro naSromebi, romlebic ufro konkretulad gas-

cems pasuxs Segnebul Tu Seugnebel provokaciebs,

SesaZloa es vinmes sasacilod andac usargeblod

moeCvenos da Tqvas, rom simarTle xom Se-

uiaraRebeli TvaliTac Canso, Tumca es azrebi af-

xazuri Tu rusuli saitebisa da internetbibli-

oTekis meSveobiT asiaTasobiT dainteresebuli-

sTvisaa xelmisawvdomi da amis sapirwoned, si-

marTlis gamosamzeureblad Sedegismomtani qmediTi

nabijebi faqtobrivad ar gadadgmula.

literatura

1. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi,

Tb., 1990.

43

2. j. gamaxaria, afxazeTi da marTmadidebloba, Tb.,

2003.

3. Элана ЭШБА, аспирантка Института востоковеде-ния РАН, научный сотрудник Центра партнерства

цивилизаций ИМН МГИМО (У) МИДа РФ

4. Званба С. Тю. – Абхазские этнографические этюди, Сухуми, 1982.

5. Александр Крылов, Религия и традиции абхазов, (по материалам полевых исследований 1994-2000 гг.),

Москва, 2001

6. Обзор деятелньости обшества возстановления православного христианства на кавказе, 1910.

44

Giorgi Mamardashvili

Modern Issues of the Religious Life of the Abkhazia Territory Population

A review of the modern situation and problems of Abkhazia terri-

tory population are given in the article, as well as the review of the scientific works, articles and theses dedicated to the study of the Ab-khazians’ religious beliefs.

Today a certain part of Abkhazia population is a follower and supporter of Abkhazian clergy group headed by Dorofei Dbar, who tries to gain autocephaly of the Church of Abkhazia. According to the re-searches carried out in near past 55% of respondents belong them-selves to Christians, 17% to Muslims, 14.6% to Atheists and for 7.4% was difficult to attach their faith to any kind of religion, 2% is a follower of the traditional Abkhazian religion. Among ethnic Abkhazians 49.3 % is a Christian, 28.7% Muslim, 2% belong themselves to Pagans and 1.2% to traditional Abkhazian religion beliefs. A kind of confusion takes place. It is a bit difficult to understand what the relations between pa-gan and traditional Abkhazian religion beliefs means. It is easy to sup-pose that the respondents might have mixed traditional Abkhazian reli-gion beliefs and Paganism. It is difficult to imagine as well what the Kri-lov’s criteria was for belonging a certain person either to one or another religious belief. All the more there are different viewpoints among the scientific circles about what the Abkhazian religion is. Some think it ob-viously is Paganism, some think it is monotheistic religion, some – it is a heir of Southwest Asia.

Despite of the survey results, it is obvious that the Abkhazian traditional religion beliefs gained a new meaning: to attach to the tradi-tional religion one of the main functions in determining the national identification and the consolidation of the nation. It must be mentioned that the tendentious attitude of the modern researchers when they study traditional religious beliefs of Abkhazians is obvious. They con-sciously ignore Georgian influence on the nuances of the traditional

45

Abkhazian religion. But the influence of Christianity and Georgian tradi-tional folk believes are clearly evident. The Abkhazian ethnographers of the 19th century: S. Zvanba and N. Janashia straightly, without any kind of implication, write about it.

Tendentious and purposeful lie are those theses which try to split Georgian-Abkhazian churches and sow hatred among Abkhazians against Georgians. S. Lakoba says as if Georgians “occupied” Abkha-zian church in the 10th century. As if, before liturgy was in Abkhazian language. According to A. Krilov there was another reason that Abkha-zian alienated from the church. As if, the honest nature of Abkhazian was unable to get used to the corruption and improper behavior that was dominating in the Church of Georgia at the end of the 11 th and the beginning of the 12th centuries.

46

medea gogolaZe

`bun-TurqTa~ saxloba qarTlSi

_ miTi Tu realoba?

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi, ucnobi avtoris

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-Si da leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovreba~-Si (`qarTlis cxovreba~) aleq-

sandre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobisas moxseni-

ebulni arian `bun-Turqebi~.

`moqcevaÁs~ mixedviT: `pirvel, odes aleqsandre mefeman naTesavni igi loTis SvilTani wariqcina da

SeÃadna igini kedarsa mas queyanasa, ixilna naTesavni bun-Turqni, _ msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda

mtkuarsa, mixueviT, oTx qalaqad da dabnebi maTi:

sarkine qalaqi, kaspi, urbnisi da oZraÃe da cixeni maTni: cixÀ didi sarkinisa, ufliscixÀ kaspisa, urbnisisa da oZraÃisaÁ. daukÂrda aleqsandres da cna, rameTu ieboselTa naTesavni iyvnes, yovelsa

Ãorcielsa Wamdes da samare maTi ara iyo, mkudarsa SeSWamdes. da ver eZlo brZolaÁ maTi mefesa da warvida. maSin movides naTesavni mbrZolni, qaldeve-

lTagan gamosxmulni honni da iTxoves bun-TurqTa

uflisagan queyanaÁ xarkiTa da dasxdes igini zanavs. da epyra igi, romel xarkiTa aqunda, hrqÂan mas xerki. da Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa movida aleqsa-

ndre mefÀ yovlisa queyanisaÁ da dalewna samni ese qalaqni da cixeni da honTa dasca maxÂli. xolo sarkinesa qalaqsa ebrZola aTerTmet TTuÀ da dadga

47

sarkinesa dasavliT kerZo... da merme gamoiRo sarkine.

TÂT dayares da meot iqmnnes~ [1, 81]. `mefeTa cxovreba~ Turqebis qarTlSi mosvlis

istorias ufro vrclad gadmogvcems. mas Semdeg,

rac iranis legendarulma mefe qaixosrom Turqebi

Semusra `movides Turqni, otebulni misve

qaixosrosgan. gamovles zRua gurganisi, aRmoyves

mtkuarsa da movides mcxeTas saxli ocdarva da

ezraxnes mamasaxlissa mcxeTisasa, aRuTques Sewevna

sparsTa zeda. xolo mamasaxlisman mcxeTelman auwya

yovelTa qarTvelTa. inebes damegobreba maT TurqTa,

rameTu aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da SemweobisaTÂs daimegobrnes Turqni igi gamosxmulni, da ganiyvanes

yovelTa qalaqTa Sina [2, 14]. makedonelis laSqro-

bis gadmocemisas leonti mrovels es Turqni ukve

bun-Turqebad hyavs moxseniebuli: `da ixilna ra ese

naTesavni sastikni warmarTni, romelTa igi Cuen

bunTurqad da yivCayad uwodT msxdomareni mdinaresa

mas mtkurisasa mixveviT.... Semdgomad amissa gan-Zlierda aleqsandre da daipyra yoveli queyana, da

aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa... cixeni da qalaqni

daipyrna equs Tue... xolo sarkinelTa bunTurqTa-

ganTa agines mefesa. ganuwyra aleqsandre da arRara

ineba zavi da vedreba maTi ara Seiwynara...~ [2, 15].

qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi bun-TurqTa

qarTlSi saxlobis Sesaxeb, istoriul mecnierebaSi

sxvadasxva aspeqtiT iqna ganxiluli: erT

SemTxvevaSi _ istoriuli realobis kuTxiT, meore

SemTxvevaSi _ maTi eTnikuri kuTvnilebis kuTxiT.

48

mecnierebis erTi nawili bun-TurqTa qarTlSi

saxlobas, legendaruls uwodebs (g. mamulia,

v. vaSakiZe, g. yoranaSvili [8; 5; 11]). meore _

istoriul faqts, magram maTi eTnikuri nominaciis

dazustebiT (e. TayaiSvili, g. meliqiSvili, S.

mesxia, o. lorTqifaniZe, m. sanaZe, g. alasania da

sxv. [6; 12; 9; 7; 10; 3]). istorikosTa erTi nawili

maTSi hunebs gulisxmobs, meore _ huriebs. arsebobs

agreTve mosazreba, romliTac bun-Turqebi kavka-siuri

warmoSobis da kavkasiis uZveles mosaxleo-badaa

miCneuli (m. seidovi). umravles SemTxvevebSi ki

mecnierebi bun-TurqebSi skviTebs varaudoben (o.

lorTqifaniZe, v. kovalevskaia, m. sanaZe, g. alasania;

dawvrilebiT aRniSnul sakiTxze ix. 3, 5-20).

Cveni adrindeli mosazrebiT bun-TurqTa

qarTlSi saxloba legendaruli iyo [4, 73]. amJamin-

deli Cveni kvlevis amosavalia meti ndoba ga-

movucxadoT Zvel qarTul wyaroebs, maTi axleburi

gaazrebisa da samecniero literaturaSi SemoTa-

vazebuli saintereso kvlevebis gaTvaliswinebis

gamo.

cnobilia, rom Zvel xanaSi arsebobda tradicia

qveynis istoriis daweris miTologiuri, an

miTologizirebuli realobis dasawyisiT. `moqcevaÁ

qarTlisaÁs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ avtorebic am

tradiciis mimdevrebi arian. Tanac mematianeTa mier

bun-TurqTa rolis gamokveTas alegoriuli

datvirTvac aqvs, rac ukavSirdeba aleqsandre

makedonelis saxels. Sua saukuneebSi gaidea-

49

lizebuli gmiri aleqsandre makedoneli, axali

msoflio wesrigis Semqmneli, berZnuli civili-

zaciis gamavrcelebeli, ebrZvis ukulturo da

CamorCenil xalxebs. aseT xalxebad, ZiriTadad,

iTvlebian kavkasiis mTebs gadaRma mcxovrebi

xalxebi, romlebic periodulad, Semosevebis Tu

devnis Sedegad xvdebian civilizebul qveynebSi,

sadac maT TavianTi Cvevebi SeaqvT. aleqsandres

kulturisTvis maTi kultura ucxoa da igi maT

ebrZvis, rogorc politikuri miznebiT, ise

kulturuli msoflxedviT. avtorebi momTabare-

barbarosul samyaros upirispireben kulturul

msoflios, romlis gansaxierebac aleqsandre makedo-

nelia. aleqsandres laSqrobebis erT-erT punqtad

mematianeebi kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebs moiazreben

(dariali, darubandi) da maT `aleqsandres karis~

saxeliTac moixsenieben. am karis warmomavloba

ukavSirdeba makedonelis mier veluri xalxis

damarcxebas, CrdiloeTis mTebSi maT gadarekvas da

maTi Semosevebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, iq cixe-

simagreTa sistemis Seqmnas. aRniSnul tomebSi

bibliuri gogisa da magogis xalxebi moiazrebian,

romlebic iranulenovan da Turqulenovan eTno-

sebTan arian dakavSirebulni.

amave dros, legendebis umetesi nawili

garkveul wilad istoriul realobas asaxavs.

aseTad gvesaxeba Zveli iranuli eposis, zoro-

astrizmis uZvelesi literaturuli Zegli `avesta~

(umTavresi wyaro `moqcevaÁs~ avtoris da leontis).

50

igi aleqsandre makedonelis epoqamde Seiqmna, misi

Cawera daiwyo Zv. w. III saukuneSi arSakidebis

dinastiis dros, sabolood ki Camoyalibda sasa-

nidebis xanaSi. `avestas~ mixedviT brZolebi

mimdinareobs iranelebsa da Turqebs Soris, kerZod,

mefe qaixosrosa da Turq afrasiabs Soris. maTi

dapirispireba sabolood sruldeba qaixsosros mier

afrasiabis mokvliT. aRniSnuli legenda aqemeniduri

xaniT TariRdeba. istoriuli perspeqtiviT rom

SevxedoT, sparsuli tomebis gaZliereba-gaaqtiureba

da hegemonobisTvis brZola istoriuli realobaa da

iwyeba daaxloebiT Zv. w. VII saukunidan. iranis

CrdiloeTiT arsebuli samyaro (kaspiis zRvis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi), aseve cnobilia, rom ukaviaT

momTabare, avi znis xalxebs, savaraudod, Turquli

modgmis tomebs. iranelTa eqspansiis erT-erTi

mimarTulebaa kaspiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT (Tura-

ni), xolo CrdiloeTis xalxebis eqspansiis samxreT-

dasavleTiT. am brZolebSi damarcxebulebi ltolvi-

lebad ifantebian da erT-erTi aseTi nakadi

TavSesafars poulobs qarTlSi. am istoriul

procesebSi qarTvelebic iyvnen CarTulni, erT

SemTxvevaSi, rogorc uSualo monawileebi

brZolebisa, meore SemTxvevaSi, rogorc devnilTa

TavSesafrad qceuli teritoriis mkvidrebi. am

konkretul SemTxvevaSi xdeba Turquli nakadis

Semosvla qarTvelTa teritoriaze. araferi ara-

realuri am faqtSi araa, radgan istoriuli wya-

roebiT cnobilia sxvadasxva xalxebi, romlebic

51

Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi Cvens teritorias afarebdnen

Tavs, magaliTad, asurelebi, urartuelebi, ebra-

elebi, berZnebi da sxva. aRniSnulis gaTvalis-

winebiT, vfiqrobT, rom bun-TurqTa yofna qarTlSi

istoriuli faqtia da ara miTiuri ambavi.

gvinda SevexoT kidev erT problemas. kerZod,

`moqcevaÁs~ avtoris cnoba qarTlSi bun-TurqTa

saxlobis Sesaxeb, mkvlevarTa mier gagebulia,

rogorc maTi am teritoriaze aborigenoba. rac,

vfiqrobT, ZirSive mcdaria, radgan toponimebi: kaspi,

ufliscixe, urbnisi, sarkine da sxva yvela,

romlebic wyaroebSi moxseniebulia bun-TurqTa

sxdomis adgilad, uklebliv qarTulia, rac

gamoricxavs bun-TurqTa aRniSnul teritoriaze

avtoqTonobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia `moqcevaÁs~

avtoris Txrobis lakonuri, qronistuli stili da,

zogadad, Zeglis arqiteqtonika, ris mixedviTac

ikveTeba mematianis idea aCvenos aleqsandre makedo-

neli, ara civilizebul qarTvelebTan, aramed velur

xalxebTan mebrZoli gmiri, msoflios mxsneli da

ganmanaTlebeli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierTa didi nawili bun-

TurqebSi skviTebs moiazrebs. miuxedavad rigi

saintereso da gasaziarebeli argumentebisa,

calsaxad ver miviRebT amgvar mosazrebas. sakiTxi

rTuli da bundovania, rac ZiriTadad ganpiro-

bebulia wyaroebSi arsebuli xarvezebiT, anaqro-

nizmebiT da urTierTgamomricxavi cnobebiT. marTa-

lia, mematianeebi skviTebis nacvlad xan xazarebs,

52

xan yivCayebs (SesaZloa, bun-Turqebsac) moixsenieben,

magram gaugebaria, ratom, maSin, rodesac hero-

dotedan moyolebuli, Zveli antikuri, elinisturi

da adre Suasaukuneebis istoriografia, romelic

Zalian kargad icnobs skviTebs, ansxvavebs maT sxva

xalxebisagan. sainteresoa, igive codna qarTvel

mematianeebs ar hqondaT? ras niSnavs leontisTan

daculi cnoba `xolo kualad ganamtkicna wmidaman

andriam megrelni da afxazni da warvida skviTed~

[2,43]. Zneli dasajerebelia, Zvel qarTvel

meistorieT ar hqonodaT codna skviTebze da ver

ganesxvavebinaT erTmaneTisgan skviTebi da Turqebi.

metic, is rom Turqebi ixseniebian Zvel qarTul

wyaroebSi, aCens cdunebas, vivaraudoT kaspiis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi Turquli warmo-

Sobis xalxis migracia qarTlSi.

aqedan gamomdinare `avestas~ sparsul-Turqul

brZolebSi moxseniebuli Turqebi (Turqulenovani

masivi) istoriis asparezze ufro aqtiurad anu

maTi samxreT-dasavleTiT eqspansiis TvalsazrisiT

mogvianebiT Cndebian, radgan jer kidev Zlieria

regionSi iranelTa gavlena, magram `moqcevaÁs~ bun-

Turqebi SesaZloa, eTnikur TurqTa swored is

mcire nakadia, romlebic devnilebad Semodian

qarTlSi (ara dampyroblebad) da romlebTan

erTadac qarTvelebi antiiranul koalicias qmnian.

53

literatura

1. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis

Zeglebi, I, Tb., 1963.

2. `qarTlis cxovreba~, t. I, Tb., 1955, s. yauxCi-

Svilis redaqciiT.

3. g. alasania, qarTvelebi da islamamdeli Turqebi,

Tb., 2008.

4. m. gogolaZe, qarTlis socialuri da politikuri

istoria `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, Tb.,

2004.

5. v. vaSakiZe, `mefeTa cxovrebis~ wyaroebi aleqsan-

dre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb.

6. e. TayaiSvili, sami istoriuli qronika, Tb., 1890.

7. o. lorTqifaniZe, mcxeTis saqalaqo Temis isto-

riisTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis

moambe, XXIX, 6, Tb., 1962.

8. g. mamulia, klasobrivi sazogadoebis da saxel-

mwifos Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi, Tb., 1979.

9. S. mesxia, leonti mroveli saqarTvelos is-

toriis ori periodis Sesaxeb, krebuli `kavkasiis

xalxTa istoriis sakiTxebi~, Tb., 1966.

10. m. sanaZe, `qarTlis cxovreba~ da saqarTvelos

istoriis uZvelesi periodi, Tb., 2001.

11. g. yoranaSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiT-

xebi, I, Tb., 1994.

12. Г. Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии, Тб., 1969.

54

Medea Gogoladze

“Bun-Turks” in Georgia – Myth or Reality?

According to Georgian historical sources, in “Mokcevai Kar-tlisai” (The Conversion of Georgia) by anonymous author and Leonti Mroveli’s “Mepeta Tskhovreba” (The Lives of Kings) “Bun Turks” are mentioned in connection with Alexander III of Mace-don’s campaigns in Kartli.

These data of Georgian sources were discussed by histo-rians from the different aspects: weather these people lived in Georgia or not and on the other hand to which ethnic group “Bun-Turks” were belonged. One group of scientists thinks that “Bun-Turks” were not living in Georgia and it is only a legend, others believe it was a true historical fact. Most of the scientists suppose that “Bun-Turks” are people of Iranian - Scythian origin.

In our opinion, the data of “Conversion” and “The Life of Kartli” about Bun-Turks’ coming in Kartli should have been a ref-lection of historical reality. It also should have been that men-tioned “Bun-Turks” belonged to those people of Turkish origin who were living to the north-east of the Caspian Sea.

55

daviT merkvilaZe

rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi

polkovnik burnaSevis arqivis

masalebis mixedviT

(1783-1787 ww.)

Sesavali

polkovniki stefane burnaSevi ruseTis saimpe-

ratoro karis mier 1783 wels dainiSna ruseTis sa-

gangebo warmomadgenlad (`komisionerad~) qarTl-

kaxeTis mefis erekle II-isa da imereTis mefis so-

lomon I-is karze. amas mowmobs burnaSevis arqivSi

arsebuli grigol potiomkin-TavriCeskis orderi,

daTariRebuli 1783 wlis 3 apriliT, e.i. jer kidev

georgievskis traqtatis gaformebamde. amasTan bur-

naSevs daevala georgievskis traqtatis pirobebiT

saqarTveloSi imave wlis 2 noembers Semosul eger-

Ta ori rusuli batalionis meTauroba. rusi pol-

kovniki saqarTveloSi imyofeboda oTxnaxevar weli-

wads. 1787 wlis 13 seqtembers mefe erekles meTau-

robiT qarTul jarTan erTad Tavisi batalionebi-

TurT ganjasTan dabanakebulma burnaSevma miiRo

brZaneba (kvlav gr. potiomkin-TavriCeskis orderi,

daTariRebuli amave wlis 29 agvistoTi), rusul

jarTan erTad daetovebina saqarTvelo da ruseTSi

gabrunebuliyo.

s. burnaSevs uSualo urTierToba hqonda ro-

gorc qarTvel mefeebTan erekle II-sa da solomon

I-Tan, aseve mudmiv miwer-moweras awarmoebda kavka-

siis xazis sardalTan, general-poruCik pavle po-

56

tiomkinTan, romelic Tavis mxriv general grigol

potiomkinis xelmZRvanelobiT warmarTavda ruseTis

saimperatoro karis kavkasiur politikas.

1901 wels s. burnaSevis SvilTaSvilma al. ca-

garelis rekomendaciiT `saqarTvelos ruseTTan

SeerTebis~ 200 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamosca s.

burnaSevis arqivis epistolaruli nawili. burnaSe-

visadmi mimarTul oficialur brZanebebTan (orde-

rebTan) erTad aq Tavmoyrilia polkovnikisadmi mi-

marTuli piradi werilebi: yvelaze meti, 36 werili

ekuTvnis pavle potiomkins, aseve aq aris kidev ram-

denime rusi samxedro piris werili da qarTvel me-

feTa, ereklesa da solomonis ramdenime werilis

rusuli Targmanic. es werilebi naTlad asaxavs im-

droindel rusul-qarTul urTierTobebs, ruseTis

interesebs saqarTveloSi da zogadad kavkasiaSi,

aseve qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareobis

cvlilebas ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg.

es viTareba pirdapir fiqsirdeba rogorc erekle II-

is mier, aseve Tavad rusuli umaRlesi generali-

tetis mxridanac. es poziciaa erT-erTi mizezi, ri-

Tac rusuli sardloba axsnas uZebnida saqar-

Tvelodan rusuli batalionebis gayvanas im dros,

roca qarTuli samefos sazRvrebTan SemosaWrelad

gamzadebuli omar-xanis laSqari idga.

s. burnaSevs ekuTvnis aseve naSromi: `saqarTve-los suraTi anu qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri mdgomareobis aRwera~. igi man gamosca ruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg 1793 wels kurskSi, sa-

57

dac samxedro samsaxuris datovebis Semdeg guberna-

torad iqna daniSnuli. naSromi warmoadgens rusi

polkovnikis TvaliT danaxul saqarTvelos da im

periodis saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani saistorio

wyaroa. es naSromi asiode wlis Semdeg xelmeored

iqna gamocemuli n. begiCevis mier.

orive zemodasaxelebuli gamocema (epistoleebi

orderebiTurT da `saqarTvelos suraTi~) ukve na-Targmni gvaqvs qarTul enaze da vamzadebT gamosace-

mad. es miT ufro saSuria, ramdenac bolo dros

ruseTSi kvlav aRorZinda tendencia, rom imperiis

mier qarTuli saxelmwifos aneqsia qarTveli xal-

xis sakeTildReod ruseTis mier iZulebiT gadadg-

mul nabijad warmoCindes. msgavsi mcdari Sexedule-

bebi jer mefis ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa mraval-

wliani propagandis Sedegad dRemde fexmokidebulia

qarTul sazogadoebis nawilSic. aRniSnul xanebSi

rusul-qarTuli politikuri urTierTobebis siRr-

miseuli mecnieruli Seswavla udavod xels Seu-

wyobs istoriuli WeSmaritebis dadgenas da cru-

propagandis savalalo Sedegebis gaqarwylebas, rac

Tavis mxriv mniSvnelovnad waadgeba qarTuli saxel-

mwifoebriobis aRdgena-gaZlierebis saqmes.

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis mizezebi

aRniSnuli wyaroebi sayuradRebo masalas iZ-

leva georgievskis traqtatis Sesaxeb. kerZod, gvex-

mareba imis garkvevaSi, Tu ra interesebi amoZravebda

am dros TiToeul mxares da ra Sedegebi moutana am

SeTanxmebam maT.

58

`saqarTvelos suraTSi~ burnaSevi cdilobs aR-niSnos `mizezebi, romlebmac ubiZga mefe erekles, Sesuliyo ruseTis mfarvelobiTi Zalauflebis qveS~. Tavidan igi wers: `qarTveli mefeebi, iyvnen ra damonebulni mahmadianebis mier, erTmorwmuneobis ga-mo Zveli droidan yovelTvis eZiebdnen ruseTis did xelmwifeTa daxmarebasa da mfarvelobas, magram ar SeiZleba gadaWriT iTqvas, rom maT moesurvebinoT cnobil damokidebulebaSi yofna. maTi amJamindeli midrekilebis aRmZvrel mTavar mizezTagan ki Semdegi aris: bunebrivi memkvidreebi qarTlis samefo taxti-sa, romelzedac mefe irakli ayvanilia Sah-nadiris mier, arsebiTad arian STamomavlebi mefe vaxtangisa, ruseTSi gaiqceulisa Turqebis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisas. Tavadma aleqsandrem, Zem baqar uflis-wulisa da SviliSvilma vaxtang mefisa, mefe irak-liT ukmayofilo qarTlelebTan urTierTobisas da darwmunebulma mefed gaxdomis SesaZleblobaSi, da-tova ruseTi mamiseul samemkvidreo taxtze asvlis ganzraxviT... mefes hqonda safuZvliani mizezi uki-duresad SeSfoTebuliyo mosalodneli arasaimedo Sedegebis gamo...~ 1 [1, 18-19].

cxadia, burnaSevisaTvis cnobilia qarTvel me-

feTa swrafva, mezobeli mahmadianuri saxelmwi-

foebis agresiisagan TavdasaRwevad mieRoT Semweoba

ruseTisagan da miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc ar fi-

qrobs, rom es garemoeba yofiliyo mizezi ge-

orgievskis traqtatis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebul

1 rusuli teqstis Targmani aqac SemdegSic Cvenia – d.m.

59

`cnobil damokidebulebaSi~ maTi moqcevisa. es lo-gikuricaa: gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo im

dros araTu `damonebuli ar yofila mahmadianebis mier~, traqtatis gaformebis wina xanebSi samxedro-politikur sarbielze mezobel mahmadian mflobe-

lebTan brZolaSi miRweuli warma-tebebisa da hege-

monobis damtkicebis Semdeg mefe ereklem Tavis Za-

lauflebas iqiT dauqvemdebara ramdenime islamuri

saxanoc.

faqtobrivad, erTaderT mizezad, ramac ubiZga

erekle II-s ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo, bur-

naSevi asaxelebs aleqsandre baqaris Zis mcdelobas

qarTlis samefo taxti waerTmia ereklesaTvis. amas

exmianeba erekles werilic p. potiomkinisadmi, sadac

mefe Tavis SeSfoTebas ver malavs amis gamo da iT-

xovs, momavalSic ar hqondes adgili msgavs gamox-

domebs. erekles SeSfoTeba usafuZvlo ar yofila:

mefobis msurveli marto ar moqmedebda, mas Tanam-

zraxvelebi hyavda rogorc saxelmwifos samezoblo-

Si, ise Tavad qarTlSidac da, rac mTavaria, aleq-

sandre batoniSvilis gaaqtiurebaSi erekle II-ze

zewolis mosaxdenad aSkarad Cans rusuli xeli, ra-

Ta mefe mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis gaformebaze

daeyoliebinaT. traqtatis sagangebo muxliT erek-

lem ruseTisagan qarTlis taxtis Tavisi STamomav-

lobisaTvis SenarCunebis ga-rantia miiRo [4]. sxva

sakiTxia, rogor Seasrula (ufro sworad, ar Sea-

srula) ruseTma micemuli piroba.

60

mas Semdeg, rac aleqsandre baqaris Zem amrigad

ruseTisaTvis `Tavisi misia~ Seasrula, erekles mTa-

var metoqesTan da dauZinebel mterTan, faT-ali-

xanTan myofs p. potiomkinis brZanebiT Tavis ua-

xloes garemocvasTan erTad ruseTSi daabrunes. amis

Taobaze 1783 wlis 11 dekembers p. potiomkini bur-

naSevs werda: `moaxseneT mefe iraklis saidumlod, rom Tavadi aleqsandre baqarovi da masTan erTad amilaxvarovi ucxviro, da kidev ori kaci derben-tidan ayvanilia da ukve moyvanilni arian astraxan-Si, da ramdenad bevradac ar unda aeridebina Tavi faT-ali-xans maTi gadmocemisaTvis, iZulebuli iyo. amrigad, SeiZleba mefes mielocos, rom is am mxri-vac damSvidebuli darCeba~ [2, 14].

erekles damokidebuleba ruseTisadmi

burnaSevisadmi miweril p. potiomkinis weri-

lebSi ikveTeba traqtatis gaformebis win erekles

meryeoba da undobloba rusebis mimarT, ris gamoc

saqarTveloSi movlenili polkovniks mieTiTeboda:

rom saWiro iyo qarTvelebSi ruseTis mimarT yo-

velgvari eWvis gafantva da mas yvela Rone unda

exmara, raTa moexerxebina `mefis undobloba Seec-vala saWiro pirdapiri erTgulebiT.~ werili dawe-rilia traqtatis gaformebamde 4 dRiT adre 20

ivliss [2, 6].

sxvagan Cans, rom p. potiomkini xvdeba ra, rom

erekles misi sityvebis (misi saxiT ki saerTod ru-

seTis) maincdamainc ar sjera, amitom roca saidum-

lo baraTs ugzavnis erekles, burnaSevs avalebs,

61

urCios mefes, rom baraTis Targmani burnaSovisave

meTvalyureobiT Seasrulos gaioz arqimandritma da

bolos dasZens: `imeds gamovTqvam, rom mefes yvela sityvas daajerebT~. 10 marti, 1784 w. [2, 19].

erekles amgvari damokidebulebis fonze aqve

TvalSisacemia rusuli mxaris gansakuTrebuli da-

intereseba traqtatisadmi. georgievskis traqtatze

xelmoweris win p. potiomkini burnaSevs Txovs,

Seatyobinos, `rogori suliskveTebiT miiRebs mefe traqtatis dadebas~ [2, 7]. unda vifiqroT, rom traqtats erekle didi aRtacebiT ar Sexvedria.

Tumca, traqtatis dadeba TbilisSi aRniSnes zeimiT,

risi aRwerilobac burnaS