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8/18/2019 Katzenbach Dubai 2015
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Cost-optimized solutions for high-rise buildings,
infrastructure and tunnelsProf. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach• Director of the Institute and the Laboratory of Geotechnics · TU Darmstadt
• Past Chairman of the Technical Committee 212 “Deep Foundations“ (TC 212) of the
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
• Board Member of the German Tunnel Association (STUVA)
• Board Member of the German Geotechnical Society (DGGT)
• Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineering (ICE)
Dipl.-Ing. Steffen Leppla• Research Associate at the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics · TU Darmstadt
• Certified Independent Expert for Geotechnics of metro and tram systems
Marwan Alzaylaie M.Sc.
• Dubai Creative Clusters Authority, UAE
International Symposium in
Geotechnical Analysis and
Structural Design
Dubai, U.A.E., 7
th
December 2015
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Table of Contents
Introduction
Introduction
Tunnels
Final remarks
High-rise buildings
Optimized foundations for high-rise buildings
Underground constructions
Final remarks
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Soil-structure interaction
What’s the problem?
• settlements
• differential settlements
• tilting
Frankfurt ClayMarlSandstoneRocky MarlGypsum
Dubai Sandstone
1 –
3 [MN/m²]
1 [%]
Adequate foundation systems
planning
design
construction
utilisation
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Pile load tests in-situ
Enhanced pile load tests using Osterberg Cells
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Pile load tests in-situ
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
M A I N
Flößerbrücke
80 kN/m2
800 kN/m2
200 400 600 800
Ultimate skin friction [kN/m2]
Commerzbank
Pile load tests in-situ
Frankfurt Limestone
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
PalaisQuartier · Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Frankfurtclay
Frankfurtlimestone
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
Load [MN]
Displacement [mm]
Upper Osterberg Cell
Lower Osterberg Cell
Top ground surface 102,02 msl
Concrete 70,60 msl
59,00 msl
Upper Osterberg Cell
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
D = 1.7 m
5 m
PalaisQuartier · Frankfurt am Main, Germany- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells) -
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
oberes Pfahlsegment
Maximum skin frictionqs = 830 kN/m²
Upper segment
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
Intermediary and lower segment
Load [MN]
Displacement [mm]
PalaisQuartier · Frankfurt am Main, Germany- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells) -
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
Load [MN]
Lower Osterberg Cell
Upper Osterberg Cell
Lower Osterberg Cell
Top ground surface 102,02 msl
Concrete 70,60 msl
59,00 msl
Displacement [mm]
D = 1.7 m
5 m
PalaisQuartier · Frankfurt am Main, Germany- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells)
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
mittleres Pfahlsegment
unteres Pfahlsegment
Last [MN]
Maximum skin friction (improved)qs = 1,040 kN/m²
Maximum base pressureqb = 7,000 kN/m²
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Displacement [mm]
Intermediary segment
Lower segment
Load [MN]Sum of load: 78 MN
PalaisQuartier · Frankfurt am Main, Germany- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells)
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Young´s modulus from soil reportfor weak sandstone/siltstone:
E = 78 MN/m2
Load test:
- max. 32 MN
- max. settlement of pile head: 0.7 cm
Business Bay District · Dubai, UAE- Load tests of piles with counter weight -
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Young´s modulus from back-analysisfor weak sandstone/siltstone:
E = 5,500 MN/m2
Business Bay District · Dubai, UAE- Load tests of piles with counter weight -
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
E = 31,000 MN/m2
A = 1.3 m2
F = 32 MN
s = 0.7 cm
used pile length ≈ 18 m
F L2s
E A
s E AL
0.5 F
Business Bay District · Dubai, UAE- Load tests of piles with counter weight -
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
full lengthof test pile:
40 m
used lengthof test pile:
18 m
Business Bay District · Dubai, UAE- Load tests of piles with counter weight -
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
1,007 m
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Skin friction:
> 660 kN/m2
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Base resistance:
> 4,280 kN/m2
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Numerical simulation using theFinite-Element-Method (FEM)
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Skin friction:> 660 kN/m²
Upper pilesegment
Middle pilesegment
FEMMeasurement
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Foundation raft (4.5 m thick)
Piles (45 m long)Piles (65 m long)
Piles (85 m long)
Piles (105 m long)
The responsibility of geotechnicalengineers for safety, resourcesand cost-effectiveness:
deep foundation system in currentplanning phase
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
March 2014
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower · Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHighest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
November 2015
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
s dydxy,x,s)s(R k,raft
m
1 j
k,raft j,k,pilek,tot sRsRsR
sRsRsR j,k,s j,k,b j,k,pile
Total resistance of the CPRF:
Pile resistance:
Raft resistance:
, ,
1
,
( )
( )
m
pile k j
j
CPRF
tot k
R s
R s
CPRF coefficient:
Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
.
.
. Details:www.issmge.org/tc212
ISSMGE ·Technical Committee TC 212 Deep Foundations
International
CPRF-Guideline
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
→ Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)
Settlements calculated for a shallowfoundation: s > 40 cm
z = 0 - 20 m → 75 - 80 %Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main,Germany
Settlements:
Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Average pile load: 11.3 MN
Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Total building load: = 1.570 MN
αCPRF = 0.46
Ultimate pile load: 64 x 11.3 MN = 725 MN
Load transfer by raft: = 845 MN
Contact pressure: 250 kN/m2
Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Accomplished: CPRF of 64 piles (laverage = 30 m)
Costs of pile production:64 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m 1.5 Mio. US$
Pile foundation: 316 piles (l = 30 m)
Costs of pile production:
316 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m 7.4 Mio. US$
Savings in costs ofpile production 5.9 Mio. US$
CO2 reduction: 2,500 t
Comparison of costs for the piles
Messeturm · Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Maintower · Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Optimisation byconstructionin 2 directions:
Tow-down method
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
ExcavationPrimary Column
Filled bore hole
Struts
Maintower · Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Results of optimised design:
• minimised deformations
• minimised construction time
Maintower · Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Accomplished: CPRF of 112 piles (laverage = 30 m)
Costs of pile production:112 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m 2.6 Mio. US$
Pile foundation: 277 piles (l = 30 m)
Costs of pile production:
277 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m 6.5 Mio. US$
Savings in costs ofpile production: 3.9 Mio. US$
CO2 reduction: 2,200 t
Comparison of costs for the piles
Maintower · Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Quality and safety assurance at tunnelconstructions
- adequate soil investigation
- soil-structure-interaction- observational method
- etc.
High-qualitydesign and construction
Independentpeer review & controlling
- during planning phase
- during construction phase- if necessary during service
phase (long-term behaviour)
(4-eye-principle)
new tunnelconstructions
constructions on/near tunnels
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
New high-speed railway trackMadrid (Spain) to Paris (France)
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnel Barcelona Sants – Sagrera (5.6 km)
Station„La Sagrera“
Station„Sants“
SagradaFamilia
CasaMilà
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Sagrada Familia Casa Milà
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
http://www.iipt.org/newsletter/2009/images/may/unesco_logo_big.jpg
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Sagrada Familia
Bored pile wall:104 piles
ø = 1.5 m
a = 2.0 mdepth: 41 m
Bracing beam:width: 2.0 m
thickness: 2.0 m
Soilimprovement
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
TBM with earth pressure balanced shield (EPB)• diameter: 11.55 m
• earth slurry in excavation chamber (foam injections)
• bentonite injections around the shield
• grouting of mortar
Gap 1: 3 cmGap 2: 6 cmGap 3: 29 cmGap 4: 10 cm
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
In cross section:Settlements and volume loss factor Vl
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
Criteria for Sagrada Familia
- Traffic light for (correction) measures -
Green Yellow Red
Settlement at the surface over
the axis of the tunnel (middleof Mallorca street)
< 2.0 cm 2.0 – 3.0 cm > 3.0 cm
Settlement of the structure at
Gloria Facade < 0.50 cm 0.50 cm – 1.00 cm > 1.00 cm
Tilting of the structure< 1/3,000 1/3,000 - 1/2,000 > 1/2,000
Horizontal movement of the
joint at Gloria façade < 0.375 cm 0.375 – 0.75 cm > 0.75 cm
Increase of crack width of
existing cracks (reference
length of 1 m)< 0.05 cm 0.05 cm – 0.10 cm > 0.1 cm
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
TBM underSagrada Familia
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
http://www.iipt.org/newsletter/2009/images/may/unesco_logo_big.jpg
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Displacements related to operational parameters of the TBM
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Whole tunnel length:
s < 0.5 cm
Vl < 0.1%
Sagrada Familia:
s < 0.1 cm
Casa Milà:
s < 0.2 cm
S a g r a d a F a m i l i a
C a s a M i l à
1 km
Face pressure: 2 bar Torque on cutting wheel: 10 MNm
Velocity: 4 cm/min
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties ·Barcelona, Spain
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
• careful, well planned and monitored construction process is thebasis for realization of projects in the vicinity of sensitive structures
• adequate geotechnical data aquisition (core drilling,
laboratory tests, field test, in-situ load tests)
• 3-dimensional numerical simulations considering
non-linear material behaviour of soil
• independent peer review and controlling during
- planning phase
- design phase
- construction phase- service phase (if necessary)
Control of the soil-structure interaction
Risk minimisation and quality assurance
Final remarks
Introduction Tunnels Final remarksHigh-rise buildings
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach • Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Thank you for your kind attention!
www.geotechnik.tu-darmstadt.de