Kin l Bn Hy ci thin cy trng ca cc bn vi Kin dt t

Paul Van Mele

Nguyn Th Thu Cc

----------------

2005

1

Tc gi

Van Mele, P. v Nguyn Th Thu Cc. 2003. Kin l bn: Hy ci thin cy trng ca cc bn vi Kin dt t. CABI Bioscience, 67 trang.

Hnh chp B cnh li; u trng v thnh trng b ra; u trng

v nhng ca rui n ry: Henk van den Berg Thnh trng rui n ry: Martin R. Speight

K sinh: 1) Angela M.I.de Farias; (2,3 v 4) Nigel Cattlin Th trng cy c Mi: Eric Boa

Cc hnh khc: Nguyn Th Thu Cc v Paul Van Mele

Minh ha v trnh by trang ba

Marcella Vrolijks

T chc ti tr T chc v Bo Tn Lng Thc v Sc Kho (CFH)

Cc t chc tham gia

CABI Bioscience (Egham, UK) Trng i Hc Cn Th (Cn Th, Vit Nam)

Cc nh vn trng cy n tri vng BSCL Trung tm Bo V Thc Vt pha Nam (Tin Giang, Vit Nam)

VACVINA (Hi lm vn Vit Nam)

iu phi xut bn Hctor Fabio Ospina O.

Thit k v trnh by

Carmenza Bacca Raminez

In n FERIVA S.A. Cali, Colombia January 2003

Xng in Commodities Press 1

------------ Phi hp gia CABI v cng ty Cenicaf

2

Ni dung Li ta ..........................................................................................................................5

PHN 1. GII THIU V THIN CH TRONG T NHIN ............... 7 Thin ch l bn ca ngi nng dn ..........................................................................8 Ti yu thin ch n mi ...........................................................................................10 Lm sao pht hin ch n mi k sinh?......................................................................15 Cn trng c th b bnh khng? .................................................................................17 Kin dt t c khc nhng loi kin khc khng?.......................................................20 C th tm thy kin dt t u? ...............................................................................22 Ti sao cn gi kin dt t trong vn? ......................................................................24

PHN 2. KIN DT T SNG RA SAO?.................................................. 27 Bn c dng cm nh kin dt t khng?........................................................................ X hi kin dt t............................................................................................................. Bn c th tm thy kin cha vo lc no v u ?..................................................... Bn c bit u trng ca kin dt t ging con g khng?............................................... Cc bn c bao gi thy kin dt t ang lm t khng? ................................................ Bn tm thy bao nhiu t kin trong mt qun th (n)?.............................................. Mt h thng bo ng tinh vi......................................................................................... Ba n ca kin c ci g? ............................................................................................... C phi kin dt t lm gia tng mt s cc loi cn trng tit "mt " ? ......................... C th gi no kin quanh nm trong vn?................................................................... C phi kin dt t a thch lm t trn mt s cy nht nh?.......................................

PHN 3. LM SAO QUN L KIN DT T MT CCH TT NHT Nui kin c kh khng? ................................................................................................. Lm sao chun b vn mi?........................................................................................... Lm sao loi tr cc loi kin khc ra khi vn? .......................................................... Khi no v lm sao chn t kin thit lp qun th kin mi trong vn?................. Trong trng hp khng ly c t kin a vo vn th phi lm sao? ..............................................................................................................

3

Lm sao a cc t kin mi vo trong vn? ........................................................... Lm sao chm sc nhng t kin va mi a vo trong vn? .................................... Lm sao kin phn b u trong vn? ...................................................................... Lm sao trnh khng cho cc qun th kin khc nhau nh nhau? ............................... Cho kin n nhiu, kin s tr nn li bing! ................................................................ iu g s xy ra nu phun ho cht hoc nc ln cy? ................................................ Lm sao c th hn ch c kin cn ?..........................................................................

PHN 4. KIN DT T CI THIN CUC SNG CA CHNG TA RA SAO ?............................................................................................................. Mi trng s c tt hn ............................................................................................. Tit kim c chi ph ..................................................................................................... Sn xut tri cy hu c................................................................................................... Hy chia s kinh nghim ca cc bn .............................................................................. Ti liu ngh c.......................................................................................................... Ni lin h........................................................................................................................

4

Li ta

i ti liu ny cc bn s c mt cuc du lch khm ph y l th tm hiu v i sng ca kin v ti liu ny s gip bn bit r hn lm sao s dng kin dt t bo v cc vn cy n tri hoc cc

loi cy a nin khc mt cch tt nht, t c th tit kim c tin bc. Do quyn sch ny c tp trung trn cc kha cnh k thut c hnh thnh t nhng hiu bit su sc da trn nhng nguyn tc c bn v sinh thi nn quyn sch s li cun c bit b con lm vn, sinh vin, cc thnh vin NGO, cn b khuyn nng v nhng ngi hot ng trong lnh vc thng tin khoa hc nng nghip n ngi nng dn. Tt c nhng vn c cp trong ti liu ny u c da trn nhng kin thc khoa hc phong ph cng vi s hiu bit, kinh nghim phong ph ca ngi nng dn. Tuy nhin cc bn cn nh, ty theo loi cy trng v ty theo iu kin thi tit kh hu ni cc bn sinh sng m mt s khc bit nh c th xy ra v vy iu quan trng l cc bn phi t quan st v hc tp t nhng chuyn gia a phng nh b con nng dn c kinh nghim chng hn.

V

Trong phn u, quyn sch s trnh by v vai tr v s phong ph ca thin ch. Phn th hai s cp n i sng v hnh vi ca kin dt t.

5

Ngoi ra, qua ti liu ny, cc bn s bit kin pht trin v ln ln nh th no t mt u trng tr thnh mt con kin th mnh m, cch chng sng trong mt x hi m kin cha, kin c c nhng nhim v chuyn bit v kin s phn ng ra sao vi cc yu t khc nhau ca mi trng? Khi cc bn hiu c nhng vn ny th vic qun l kin dt t mt cch tt nht, trong sut nm, s c hiu bit d dng hn, nh trong phn 3 cp. Phn cui ca quyn sch s l nhng thng tin c lin quan n cc vn nh bng cch no m kin dt t c th tc ng n vic ci thin cuc sng ca tt c chng ta.

By gi th chc cc bn ang hiu k v mun c phn cn li ca cun sch ny phi khng? Nu ng nh vy, hy chng ti ni thm mt iu ny na: cc bn c bit l kin dt t s dng mt h thng in thoi thng bo cho nhng con kin khc bit l c mt k th xm nhp vo t hoc lnh a ca chng khng? hoc bo cho nhau bit l mt loi thc n ngon c tm thy? By gi cc bn c th khm ph nhiu iu khc na trong quyn sch ny, tuy nhin iu tht s l th l hu ht nhng vic ni trn xy ra trong vn ca cc bn v cc bn khng cn phi tn tin mua v c xem v quan st , chc cc bn vui v vi nhng quan st v khm ph .

6

Gii thiu v thin ch trong t nhin

Phn 1

7

Thin ch l bn ca ngi nng dn

i chung, cc bn c th chia cc loi ng vt ra lm 3 nhm ln. Nhm th nht n cc phn khc nhau ca thc vt hoc chch ht nha gy ra nhng thit hi cho cy trng ca chng ta. Nhm ny

c gi l dch hi. Nhm th hai v l a s cc loi ng vt, d nhin, s dng cc loi thc n khc c sn trong rung hay vn ca chng ta v nhm ny khng gy bt k vn no cho chng ta.V d nh ong th phn cho cy trng, trn t v nhiu loi sinh vt khc. Nhm th ba bao gm nhng loi ng vt sinh sng bng cch n nhng ng vt khc, bao gm c cc loi gy hi. Nhm ny c gi l thin ch.

N

Mt s loi nhn (nh) gy hi trn cy trng v c xem nh l dch hi, trong khi cng c nhng loi nhn nh sinh sng bng cch phn hy nhng cht hu c trong t. Ngoi ra cn c nhng nhm nhn khc na sinh sng bng cch tn cng nhng loi nhn gy hi v v vy nhm nhn ny cng c gi l thin ch.

Cc loi ng vt

c ch

Thin ch

Dch hi Su v ba, su c tri, ry mm, b xt, nhn rp sp chut

Ong, nhn, trn t, ui bt

Kin dt t, nhn thin ch, ong k sinh, chim

ng vt

8

Nu vn cy ca cc bn kho mnh, pht trin tt, bn s tm thy rt nhiu thin ch. Mc d kin dt t l mt loi ng vt rt quan trng, nhng cc bn cng cn bit thm l bn cnh kin dt t, cng c rt nhiu loi thin ch khc hin din v chng cng tham gia lm cho cuc sng ca bn d chu hn.

Nu chng ta bit cch i s ng vi nhng thin ch ny th thin ch s c th gip chng ta rt nhiu trong vic bo v cy trng v iu ny khng nhng s gip chng ta tit kim c tin bc, m cn gip cho chng ta v gia nh c sc kho tt hn, mi trng c an ton hn. Cc bn c mun tm hiu thm v nhng ngi bn ca nng dn ny khng?

C ba nhm thin ch c th gip chng ta bo v c cy trng, l nhm n mi, nhm k sinh v nhm gy bnh. Do nhm k sinh thng c kch thc rt nh nn phn ln chng ta ch bit nhm n mi, y l nhm c kch thc ln hn, d quan st hn.

Bn cnh cc nhm trn, rt t ngi bit rng khng phi tt c cc loi nm, vi khun v siu vi khun u gy hi cho cy trng m cn c nhiu loi rt c ch cho chng ta do nhng nhm ny gy bnh cho dch hi. Ba nhm thin ch ny s c m t ngn gn trong cc s sau:

Thin ch K sinh

Gy bnh

n mi Kin dt t, b

ra, b cnh li.

Ong v rui k sinh

Nm gy bnh v tuyn trng, Bt, NPV,

9

Ti yu thin ch n mi

hng loi c kh nng sn mi tch cc c gi l nhm n mi. S rt l th nu cc bn c dp quan st chng trong vn ca cc bn. C bao gi

cc bn gp c cc loi m chng ti ghi nhn di y khng? Hy i trong vn ca bn v th tm xem bn c th thy c loi no ? Cc bn cn nh l nhng g cc bn thy lc sng sm c th khc vi nhng g bn thy lc bui tra. Bn c quan st thy chng n ci g khng?

N

Bc u, gip cc bn nhn din c mt s thin ch, chng ti c mt s hnh nh v cc loi ph bin. Nhng thin ch n mi trong vn ca bn c th hi khc v c rt nhiu loi thin ch khc nhau trong t nhin. Nu cc bn thy bt k mt loi thin ch no c hnh dng khng ging vi nhng loi uc trnh by trong sch ny, hy ly mt cy bt ch v v chng trn t giy sau tho lun vi cc bn ca bn. Nu cc bn mun, cc bn c th thu thp mt vi con v hi cc ng nghip ca bn xem c bit loi thin ch ny hay khng?

Thng th cc bn s bit con thnh trng ging ci g nhng cc bn cng cn nh l u trng hoc con non ca cc loi n mi nh b cnh cng, rui n ry v b cnh li cng n rt nhiu dch hi. u trng ca cc nhm ny thng c hnh dng rt khc vi con trng thnh.

10

Chu k sinh trng ca B cnh li

Trng ca b cnh li c trn nhng cng di rt c bit. Ngay khi n, u trng bt u n ngay, ch yu tn cng ry mm v nhn gy hi nh. Sau khi pht trin y , u trng to kn (nh hn 1 cm) v ha nhng trn cy. Thnh trng v ha ban m v sinh sng trn phn v mt hoa.

11

Mt s loi n mi

Tn (H)

Thnh trng M t

B ra (Coccinellidae)

u trng v thnh trng n ry mm, trng ca b cnh vy, v nhng cn trng c kch thc nh khc. Thnh trng cng n phn hoa v mt hoa c thm nng lng

B chn chy (Carabidae)

Thnh trng v u trng (sng di v trn mt t) tn cng trng, u trng, nhng (trong hoc trn mt t) v nhng loi cn trng c c th mm.

B cnh ct (Staphylinidae)

C u trng ln thnh trng b cnh ct u n trng v cc loi cn trng c c th mm. Thnh trng thng rt xung t khi b khuy ng

B xt n mi (Reduviidae)

B xt n mi c mt c di v vi chch ht cong mt di c th. B xt n mi ch yu n ry mm, su nh v trng cn trng.

B nga (Mantidae)

B nga di n 10 cm, ch yu tn cng nhng cn trng c kch thc ln nh co co v b xt.

12

Mt s loi n mi

Tn (H)

Thnh trng M t

Rui n ry (Syrphidae)

C hnh dng rt ging ong nhng khi bay chng duy tr mt t th khng thay i. u trng tn cng trng trong khi thnh trng li n mt hoa.

Kin (Formicidae)

Rt nhiu loi kin thuc nhm n mi, tn cng trng, u trng, nhng v thnh trng ca nhiu loi cn trng.

B cnh li (Chrysopidae)

u trng b cnh li ch yu n ry mm v nhn nh, thnh trng li n mt hoa v cc cht mt do ry mm tit ra. Trng c trn mt si t di rt c bit

B ui km (Dermaptera)

Phn ln b ui km trn trong t hoc trong nhng ch kn, c che khut ban ngy. Ban m, b ui km tn cng trng, u trng ca nhng loi cn trng c kch thc nh, mm trn cy.

Nhn n mi (Araneae)

Cc loi nhn, d l loi ging li hoc sn mi, cng u l loi sn mi tch cc. Nhm ny tn cng nhiu loi cn trng, bao gm c dch hi v thin ch

13

Cc giai on pht trin ca B ra v rui n ry Cc giai on pht trin ca B ra v rui n ry

u trng ca b ra u trng ca b ra u trng ca rui n ry u trng ca rui n ry

Nhng ca B ra Nhng ca B ra

Nhng ca Rui n ry Nhng ca Rui n ry

Thnh trng B ra ang bt cp Thnh trng B ra ang bt cp Thnh trng rui n ry Thnh trng rui n ry

14

14

Lm sao pht hin cc loi thin ch k sinh? hm thin ch k sinh thng t c bit n so vi nhm thin ch n mi v nhm ny thng c kch thc nh rt nh, nh hn 2 mm, nn

rt kh quan st thy. Tuy nhin iu khng c ngha l nhm ny t quan trng trong vic bo v rung vn ca chng ta. Trong lc nhm n mi tn cng nhiu loi mi khc nhau th nhm k sinh thng rt chuyn bit. Cc bn c bit l nhm k sinh gi vai tr rt quan trng trong vic km gi mt s cc loi ry mm, su v ba, rp sp, rp sp gi v nhiu loi dch hi khc, di ngng phng tr khng? V vy m nhm ny c th b sung mt cch hon ho cho tc ng ca cc nhm n mi.

N

c gi l nhm k sinh v chng trng trong hoc gn bn k ch. Khi u trng k sinh n ra, chng s n k ch v t git k ch. Cc bn c th nhn ra mt cch d dng trng hoc u trng b k sinh v trng v u trng ny thng bin mu v b hy hoi rt nhanh.

Ong k sinh v ha t c th ry mm cht

Nhiu loi ry mm, ry nhy, rp sp, rp sp gi khi b k sinh thng cht kh, c th bn trong rng ch cha li lp da. D l b k sinh giai on no th sau cng s c mt hoc nhiu ong k sinh nh hoc rui k sinh xut hin ngoi k ch. C th quan st thy r nhng l chui ra ca k sinh trn c th ca k ch. Cc bn c bao gi quan st thy c th cn trng cht kh v b k sinh trong vn cy ca cc bn cha? iu chng t l vn cy ca cc bn rt kho mnh v cng cho bit l ang c mt s bn hu gip cc bn .

15

Mt s loi k sinh ph bin

Ong k sinh (tht s ch di vi mm) ang trng trn c th ca mt con ry mm.

Xc kh phnh to ca ry mm do b k sinh. C th quan st thy l chui ra ca k sinh trn c th ca mt s k ch (ry mm) cht.

Ong k sinh nh (di khong vi mm)

Ong k sinh ang chui ra t u trng ca ry phn trng, u trng ca ry phn trng trng rt ging rp sp.

Cc bn c th t tm thy cc loi k sinh ca su v ba bng cch thu thp mt s l non b nhim su v ba, cc l non ny vo mt hp trong sut vi np y c c l v lt vi giy thm mng c thm mt t nc. Quan st hng ngy, cc bn c th thy hoc su v ba s pht trin bnh thng thnh mt con bm nh hoc s c mt con ong k sinh hoc rui k sinh xut hin.

16

Cn trng c th b bnh hay khng ?

u thc l c, ging nh con ngi, cn trng cng c th b bnh v trong t nhin c rt nhiu loi bnh c th tn cng cn trng. iu ny cho

thy l thin nhin ang gip chng ta rt nhiu, phi khng cc bn ? Nhng loi gy bnh cho cn trng c th l nm, vi khun, siu vi khun, nguyn sinh ng vt v tuyn trng (B.1). Phn ln trong cc bn c th bit n vi khun Bt hoc siu vi khun NPV. Mt khi xm nhp c vo trong c th ca cn trng gy hi, mm bnh s nhn mt s ln rt nhanh, git k ch trong mt thi gian ngn (H.1). Cng ging nh con ngi, nhng c th kho mnh c th b ly nhim d dng t mt c th b bnh hoc do n phi thc n b nhim bnh. Cc tc nhn gy bnh ny khng th quan st bng mt thng, tuy nhin bn c th quan st c triu chng do chng gy ra trn k ch.

Q

C bao gi cc bn thy b lch, nhn, ry, rp sp hoc su b tn cng bi mt loi nm no cha? nhng cn trng b k sinh bi nm c c th b bao ph bi nhng si t nm rt in hnh, sau th c th c ph bng mt lp bt phn. Mu sc ca nm thay i ty theo loi nm k sinh. Cng ging nh trn rau mu, cc bn cng c th tm thy cc loi su bm trong vn ca cc bn b tn cng bi siu vi khun NPV. Triu chng b nhim NPV c th hin rt r, su hoc nhng b nhim bnh s bin mu, thng th c mu sng trc sau c mu sm ti.

Su b k sinh bi nm

17

Bng 1. c im ca cc nhm vi sinh vt gy bnh cho cn trng

Vi sinh vt K ch Cch xm nhp vo k ch

Tc git k ch

Siu vi khun

Ch yu su bm Thng chuyn bit trn mt ging hay mt loi

Qua ming 3-10 ngy

Vi khun

Ch yu su bm Diptera (rui v mui) v u trng ca Coleoptera (cnh cng) Nhiu dng chuyn bit vi nhiu loi k ch khc nhau

Qua ming 30 pht - 3 tun

Nm

Rt rng - gm nhiu loi Nhiu dng c tnh chuyn bit vi k ch

Qua da 4-7 ngy

Tuyn trng

Rt rng - gm nhiu loi

Qua da

6-10 ngy

18

Hnh 1. Chu k sng ca mt loi vi rt gy bnh trn su bm (Lepidoptera). Cc bn cn bit l trong thc t chng ta khng th thy vi rt bng mt thng. Vi rt xm nhp vo c th cn trng qua thc n b nhim (1), dch tiu ha s gip phng thch cc th siu vi v t cc th ny nhn mt s trong bao t (2), th siu vi sau xm nhim vo cc c quan khc v nhn mt s (3), trong khong t 3 n 10 ngy, c th ho lng ca k ch b nhim s phng thch mt cht dch cha hng triu vi rt (4).

Cc bn cn bit l, trong thc t chng ta khng th thy vi rt bng mt thng. Vi rt xm nhp vo c th cn trng qua ng thc n b nhim (1), dch tiu ha s gip phng thch cc th siu vi v t cc th ny nhn mt s trong bao t (2), th siu vi sau xm nhim vo cc c quan khc v nhn mt s (3), trong khong t 3 n 10 ngy, c th ho lng ca k ch b nhim s phng thch mt cht dch cha hng triu vi rt (4).

19

Kin dt t c khc vi nhng loi kin khc khng?

in dt t l loi kin rt c bit v chng c tp qun kt l cy li vi nhau lm t. Kin dt t c rt nhiu tn khc nhau ty theo tng quc

gia, v d nh : Kin vng (Vit Nam, Trung Quc), kin (Thi Lan), kin xanh (c). Mc d cc tn gi nh vy c th c ch trong khun kh ca tng a phng, nhng s m t da trn mu sc c v nh khng cung cp cho chng ta mt s phn loi va khi chng ta so snh gia cc loi kin vi nhau hoc l gia cc quc gia v gia cc i lc vi nhau.

K

Chng ta ang ni cng mt loi kin hay khng? Ti Vit Nam chng hn, tn gi kin vng thng c s dng cho nhiu loi kin khc nhau, nhng loi kin c cng mt mu vng nhng mt s loi trong nhm kin vng c th gy kh chu trong nh.

phn bit kin dt t vi nhng loi kin khc, cc nh khoa hc cho chng mt ci tn ring l Oecophylla ti bt lun quc gia no chng xut hin. Kin dt t sau c tn chuyn bit hn nh Oecophylla smaragdina, ch kin dt t Chu , v kin dt t Chu phi li c tn l Oecophylla longinoda.

Khi chng ti ni v kin dt t trong quyn sch ny, chng ti mun ni n cc loi kin chu v chu Phi, nhng loi kin lm t trn cy. Cc bn s khng bao gi tm thy cc loi kin dt t trong nh v cc loi ny thch sng ngoi tri, trong khng kh trong lnh. iu cng l l do ti sao cc loi kin ny khng lm t di t m li lm t trn cy.

Ngoi hnh vi tit t lm t, vic so snh chng vi nhng loi kin khc rt cng rt n gin: kin dt t c kch thc ln hn hu ht cc loi kin khc v nhm kin ny cng d hn. May mn l vt cn ca kin dt t khng gy au lu.

20

Ging nh cc loi kin m cc bn thng thy trong hoc xung quanh nh, kin dt t cng thch ng ngt, nhng tht s th chng thch tn cng trn nhng cn trng v ng vt nh hn. Hy tng tng nhng g m mt i qun kin c th lm, vi nhng ci ngm mnh m ca chng, bo v vn cy ca cc bn trc s gy hi ca cn trng. Tuy vy, iu quan trng l chng ta cn tm hiu xem bng cch no m chng ta c th sng chung ha bnh vi kin dt t v lm cho chng tr thnh bn ca chng ta.

21

C th tm thy kin dt t ni no?

in dt t c th c tm thy trong nhiu quc gia khc nhau t chu Phi n chu (B.2). Theo mt s sch lch s th ngi Trung Quc l

nhng ngi s dng kin dt t nh thin ch trong vn cam qut t hn 1000 nm qua nhng cc bn cng bit l khng phi tt c mi iu u c ghi nhn trong lch s.

K

Bng 2. Cc nc c ghi nhn c s hin din ca kin dt t.

Chu Phi Chu -Thi Bnh Dng

Burundi

Cameroon

Congo

Cte dlvoire

Gabon

Ghana

Kenya

Nigeria

Ruanda

Tanzania

Zambia

c

Bangladesh

Trung Quc

n

M Lai

Papua New Guinea

Singapore

Cc qun o Solomon

Sri Lanka

Thi Lan

Vit Nam

O. smaragdina thch nhit mi trng t 26-34 0C v m tng i t 62-92%.

Ngoi kh nng bo v nhiu loi cy thn g, hy tm hiu v cc loi cy trng m trn kin dt t c s dng. Trn Cam qut hoc trn cy iu chng hn, cc loi kin ny c th phng tr hu ht cc loi dch hi chnh, ng thi ci thin c nng sut v cht lng tri v ht iu. Trn da v ca cao, ngoi vic bo v cy i vi s gy hi ca b xt, kin cn xua ui chut. Cc bn c thy iu l th khng ?

22

23

Ti sao cn gi Kin d

rong lc c nhiu v d cho thy li ch ca kin dt

t trn nhiu loi cy trng v ti nhiu nc th hu ht b con trng cam, qut, chanh, bi ti vng BSCL s k cho cc bn nghe cch m kin dt t ci thin cht lng tri trong vn ca h. Khng nhng tri ca h bng hn m cng ngt hn!

Cc bn c mun bit bng cch no m kin dt t c th bo v vn ca cc bn trc s tn cng ca dch hi khng? ch cn mt con su trn bt k cy no c nhiu kin dt t v hy quan st xem bao lu th kin dt t pht hin thy su v mang su i. Cc bn hy chun b cho nhng th v bt ng nh.

Nu quan st k hn, cc bn s thy kin hoc khuy ri, xua ui hoc n mi trc tip trn nhiu loi dch hi nh b xt xanh, su n l v nhiu loi cn trng gy hi tri.

Bn cnh , trong nhng vn c nhiu kin dt t, s c rt t thit hi gy ra bi nhn, su v ba v thm ch c bnh vng l gn xanh na.

c th hiu xem bng cch no chng ta th s dng kin mt cch tt nht, u tin hy

T

t t trong vn?

Thit hi do nhn

Triu chng gy hi ca su v ba trn cam qut 24

Bnh vng l gn xanh

tm hiu v cch sinh sng ca kin. Cc bn s thy iu ny khng ch c ch khi cc bn mun kin tr thnh nhng ngi bn tt ca cc bn m iu ny cn m ra mt th gii mi cho cc bn na.

25

Kin dt t sng ra sao?

Phn 2 26

Cc bn c dng cm nh kin dt t khng?

t iu rt l th l kin dt t c nhiu hnh vi

rt ging con ngi hoc t nht cng ging mt s ngi trong chng ta. Mc d cc bn c th bit c nhiu iu c lin quan n vn ny khi cc bn c qua quyn sch ny, nhng chng ti s sn sng chuyn n cc bn s l th trong vic tm hiu nhng iu .

M

Kin khng s g c

Nu bn ngh rng nhng sinh vt nh b ny s bt c nhng sinh vt no ln hn chng l cc bn lm . Kin dt t tn cng bt k sinh vt no xm nhp vo t ca chng, mc d cc sinh vt ny c th to gp hng trm ln chng

Kin dt t trn y nng lng

Ch cn quan st mt con kin trong mt lc, bn s thy kin hot ng mnh ra sao. Tht vy, kin dt t c th chy i chy li sut ngy. Bt k mt ngi no trong chng ta m thc hin nhng hot ng tng t nh vy s hon ton b kit sc. Cc bn c mun thi ua vi kin khng?

K lut

Tt c cc c th kin dt t u rt c k lut. Khi thc hin mt vic g th tt c cc thnh vin trong t kin u tham gia trong hot ng ny. Ch cn quan st kin ang xy t th cc bn s thy iu .

Thng minh

Cc bn c bit rng qua vic sn nh ra mt s mi v nht nh v bng ng tc chm vo nhau m kin c th ht trin mt h thng thng tin gia cc c th khc nhau trong x hi kin. Vngn tt c kin s bit c thng

sip

i h thng thng tin ny, ch mt thi gian tin xy ra u v phi cn lm ci g.

27

X hi kin dt t

ng ging nh hu ht cc loi kin khc, kin dt t cng sng thnh x hi trong c s phn cng r rng gia cc thnh vin khc nhau. Do

cng lm vic vi nhau mt cch gn gi, c k lut v t chc cht ch nn kin c th hon thnh rt nhiu cng vic. X hi kin bao gm t mt vi t n rt nhiu t v mt x hi kin cng c gi l mt by, n.

C

Trong mi by n, cc bn c th tm thy mt hoc nhiu kin cha trong mt t (ma kh) hoc trong nhiu t (ma ma). C th nhn din kin cha d dng do kin cha c kch thc ln nht trong t, c mu t xanh n nu vi bng to mang nhiu trng. Vo giai on u, kin cha cng c cnh ging nh kin c nhng sau khi bt cp, kin cha s rng cnh.

Kin cha Kin cha c cnh v kin c cng vi nhng kin th nh v ln

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Kin c

Kin c c kch thc rt nh so vi kin cha v c th c mu en. Kin c ch c nhim v duy nht l bt cp vi kin cha, sau khi bt cp, kin c s cht. Kin c ch sng trong mt thi gian ngn. Nui trong phng th nghim, hu ht kin c cht trong vng mt tun trong khi kin cha v kin th c th sng trong nhiu thng

Kin th nh

Kin th nh c nhim v ging nh v em. Kin th nh sng ch yu trong t v gi nhim v chm sc u trng.

Kin th ln

Nhm ny chim mt s rt ln trong n kin v gi rt nhiu nhim v nh canh gi t, ngn chn nhng k xm nhp, tm mi a v t nui c by n v xy t. Nhng khng phi ch c th. Cc bn c bao gi thy l khi t ca kin b quy ry kin th tha cc con kin non bng i ngm mnh m mang i n mt ni an ton hn khng? Ngoi ra trong mt s trng hp, kin th cng c th trng nh kin cha .

T tri sang phi: Kin cha c cnh, kin th ln, kin th nh v kin c. Kch thc c phng to hng trn v kch thc tht cc hnh hng di.

29

u v khi no c th tm thy kin cha?

rong iu kin t nhin, s lng c th trong by

kin c th gia tng rt nhanh iu ny ty thuc vo s hin din ca thc n v cy lm t. Cc bn s tm thy rt nhiu kin v rt nhiu t v ma ma v nu bn mun tm kin cha trong giai on ny cc bn s c nhiu may mn hn l tm kin cha trong ma kh. Ti vng BSCL chng hn, cc bn s c nhiu c hi tm thy kin cha vo ma ma t thng 7 n thng 10.

T

T ln c s hin din ca kin cha cng c th tm thy trn nhng cy thp, gn mt t nhng ch nhng ni yn tnh, khng b khuy ng

Do kin cha khng thch b quy ry trong khi ang trng v vy cc bn s c nhiu c hi hn khi tm kin cha nhng ni t b quy ry. Tht vy, trong trng hp m vn thng xuyn b khuy ng bi cc hot ng nh ti tiu, xn ta, thu hoch hoc phun thuc ti nc ln cy, kin cha ch trong nhng t trn nhng cy khng b quy ry trong vn hoc trn nhng cy chung quanh hoc bn cnh vn ca bn.

Kin cha ch yu c tm thy trn cc t c kch thc t trung bnh n ln, tuy nhin cc bn cn nh l cc l ca t thng phi cn ti v xanh v khi l ho, kh, n kin (trong c kin cha) thng chuyn sang t mi.

30

Cc bn c bit u trng Cc bn c bit u trng ca kin ging con g khng ? ca kin ging con g khng ?

in cha rt nhiu trng trong t, sau mt thi gian

ngn, trng s n ra u trng c hnh dng rt c bit. Trng rt nh, c hnh bu dc (0,5 x 1 mm), u trng mi n cng rt nh, u trng ln rt nhanh, vo giai on pht trin y , u trng c th to gp 5 n 15 ln kch thc ca trng (ty thuc u trng kin cha hoc kin th ln hoc kin th nh). Mc d vy, u trng cng thng d b lm ln vi trng v u trng khng nhng khng c chn, m cng khng quan st thy mt, ming nu khng s dng knh phng i quan st.

in cha rt nhiu trng trong t, sau mt thi gian

ngn, trng s n ra u trng c hnh dng rt c bit. Trng rt nh, c hnh bu dc (0,5 x 1 mm), u trng mi n cng rt nh, u trng ln rt nhanh, vo giai on pht trin y , u trng c th to gp 5 n 15 ln kch thc ca trng (ty thuc u trng kin cha hoc kin th ln hoc kin th nh). Mc d vy, u trng cng thng d b lm ln vi trng v u trng khng nhng khng c chn, m cng khng quan st thy mt, ming nu khng s dng knh phng i quan st.

K

Cc nh vn BSCL thng k l h hay s dng trng kin lm mi cu c nhng tht ra khng phi l trng m l u trng kin cha tui ln. Loi u trng ny thng xuyn c nui dng, cho n bi kin th nh.

Cc nh vn BSCL thng k l h hay s dng trng kin lm mi cu c nhng tht ra khng phi l trng m l u trng kin cha tui ln. Loi u trng ny thng xuyn c nui dng, cho n bi kin th nh.

u trng v nhng ca kin dt t. Nhng ln s tr thnh kin cha, nhng nh s tr thnh con c. Nu cc bn nhn k, cc bn s thy cc nhng ny c cnh.

u trng c hnh dng rt khc vi cha m ca chng, chng c lp da mt v trng nh sa v chng cng khng c chn v cnh. u trng c hnh dng rt khc vi cha m ca chng, chng c lp da mt v trng nh sa v chng cng khng c chn v cnh.

Trong qu trnh pht trin ln ln, u trng lt xc nhiu ln ging nh rn, sau khi pht trin y u trng ho nhng. Nhng rt ging thnh trng nhng c th nhng mm, trng, khng n v khng di chuyn, sau mt thi gian ngn, nhng ha thnh kin trng thnh.

Trong qu trnh pht trin ln ln, u trng lt xc nhiu ln ging nh rn, sau khi pht trin y u trng ho nhng. Nhng rt ging thnh trng nhng c th nhng mm, trng, khng n v khng di chuyn, sau mt thi gian ngn, nhng ha thnh kin trng thnh.

31

C bao gi cc bn quan st thy kin lm t khng ?

th ni vic xy t l mt cng trnh tp th. Nhng sinh vt b nh ny tm c cch xy dng nhng t ln (ging nh lu i dinh th i

vi con ngi) trong vi ngy nh chng cng nhau lm vic t lc mt tri ln cho n lc mt tri ln.

C

Quan st kin lm t qu thc l mt iu v cng l th. V xy t, cc kin th cng nhau ly ht sc ko cc l v mp l li vi nhau v trong lc chng gi cc l ny nhng v tr c nh th nhng con khc ni cc l li vi nhau pha bn trong t (ph bin) hoc mt phn bn ngoi t (him khi). Theo cc bn th ni cc l li vi nhau, kin phi dng kim v ch phi khng? Trong trng hp ny th cc bn c th ni nh sau: tht ra l kin s dng t do u trng (kin non) tit ra kt l li vi nhau v lm iu ny, kin th gi cht u trng trong hai hm trn v s dng u trng nh thoi dt.

u trng nh t lin tc kt mp l hoc l li vi nhau. Cc bn hy tng tng xem bit bao thi gian chng c a ti a lui hon thnh nhng mng t chc chn cho vic xy t.

Do vic xy t l mt cng vic i hi mt s sing nng, cn mn , kin tr thnh chuyn gia trong vic tm kim nhng l thch hp xy t.

Khi l cy nh nh cy nguyt qui, kin phi cn mt s lng t rt ln (xem hnh trong mc "...).

Nhng ch kin y nng lng ny khng nhng ch c nhim v xy t, chng cng phi thng xuyn sa cha t b h. Nu cc bn khng tin iu , cc bn hy t kim tra nh: hy tch nh mt l t t kin, cc bn s thy cc ch kin th nhanh nhn ra sao trong vic sa li t kin.

32

C bao gi cc bn quan st thy kin lm t khng ?

th ni vic xy t l mt cng trnh tp th. Nhng sinh vt b nh ny tm c cch xy dng nhng t ln (ging nh lu i dinh th i

vi con ngi) trong vi ngy nh chng cng nhau lm vic t lc mt tri ln cho n lc mt tri ln.

C

Quan st kin lm t qu thc l mt iu v cng l th. V xy t, cc kin th cng nhau ly ht sc ko cc l v mp l li vi nhau v trong lc chng gi cc l ny nhng v tr c nh th nhng con khc ni cc l li vi nhau pha bn trong t (ph bin) hoc mt phn bn ngoi t (him khi). Theo cc bn th ni cc l li vi nhau, kin phi dng kim v ch phi khng? Trong trng hp ny th cc bn c th ni nh sau: tht ra l kin s dng t do u trng (kin non) tit ra kt l li vi nhau v lm iu ny, kin th gi cht u trng trong hai hm trn v s dng u trng nh thoi dt.

u trng nh t lin tc kt mp l hoc l li vi nhau. Cc bn hy tng tng xem bit bao thi gian chng c a ti a lui hon thnh nhng mng t chc chn cho vic xy t.

Do vic xy t l mt cng vic i hi mt s sing nng, cn mn , kin tr thnh chuyn gia trong vic tm kim nhng l thch hp xy t.

Khi l cy nh nh cy nguyt qui, kin phi cn mt s lng t rt ln (xem hnh trong mc "...).

Nhng ch kin y nng lng ny khng nhng ch c nhim v xy t, chng cng phi thng xuyn sa cha t b h. Nu cc bn khng tin iu , cc bn hy t kim tra nh: hy tch nh mt l t t kin, cc bn s thy cc ch kin th nhanh nhn ra sao trong vic sa li t kin.

33

Kin dt t dng t do u trng to ra, kt l lm t Kin dt t dng t do u trng to ra, kt l lm t

34

34

C th tm thy bao nhiu t trong mt n kin ?

rong mt t kin ln, s lng kin thay i trung bnh t 4000-6000 c th v trong mt n c th c n 500.000 kin th. n kin c th

c xem nh mt gia nh pht trin vi quy m ln gm nhiu t m trong tt c cc c th u bit nhau v cng lm vic vi nhau trn cc a bn nht nh.

T

S lng t ca mt n m cc bn c th tm thy ty thuc rt nhiu yu t nh s hin din ca thc n, mc t b quy ry nhiu hay t, tuy nhin bn c th tm thy c trm t trong mt n. Nhng t ny c th c tm thy trn 15 cy trn mt a bn rng hn 1000 m2.

Mt n kin gm nhiu t kin, sng chung rt hnh phc vi nhau, khng nh nhau, s t kin thay i t vi t trn mt cy vo giai on u khi kin mi n nh c, cho n nhiu t phn b trn c vn , thm ch trn c vn ca ngi hng xm.

35

H thng bo ng tinh vi

h chng ta ghi nhn phn trc, kin th l nhng ngi bo v cho by n. Chng s bo ng cho nhng kin khc bit khi c s xm nhp ca mt k l vo t hoc lnh th ca chng. Hy th leo ln mt cy c

t kin hoc ch ng nh mt trong nhng t kin, cc bn s ngc nhin thy l ch trong mt thi gian ngn, c i qun t tp v sn sng ng chin vi cc bn .

N

Khi tm thy c con mi, kin th ln s dng mi v ca chng v chm vo nhng kin khc trong cng n by theo mt cch c bit bo cho nhng con ny bit kin tm c mi u v mi ln nh th no ? Trong lc mt vi con kin ghm cht k xm nhp th nhng con kin khc tip sc trong vic di chuyn con mi. iu tht khng th no tin ni!

Kin n g? hc n ca kin rt a dng, bao gm c hai nhm: cht m v cht ng. Tuy nhin khng ging nh nhng loi kin khc, kin dt t thch

cht m hn cht ng. Cht m c th c tm thy trong tht, c, g, chut v cht m cng hin din trong mt nhm i tng khc rt quan trng i vi chng ta, l cn trng.

T

Nh phn trn trnh by, kin tm kim thc n rt tch cc, kin thng em thc n v t n ng thi cung cp thc n cho u trng v nhng c th kin khc sng trong t.

36

Kin sn trc tip nhiu loi dch hi khc nhau. Ngay c cc loi ngi m, loi bm hot ng ch yu v ban m v ban ngay trn di l, cng thng b kin tn cng khi ri xung.

Kin dt t thng b sung thc n nhiu m vi cht ng nh mt tit ra t nhng loi cn trng chch ht hoc mt hoa. Kin thng khng tch cc tm kim cht ng m chng thng thch gi "ngun ng" gn t. Do cc bn thng s tm thy mt s loi cn trng nh ry mm, rp sp hoc rp sp gi sng gn t kin hoc i khi hin din ngay bn trong t kin!

Kin dt t c lm gia tng cc loi cn trng tit mt khng?

c d trn Cam qut, kin dt t thng b cho l nguyn nhn lm gia tng cc loi cn trng tit mt, nhng iu ny tht s tri li vi nhng g chng ti v nhiu nh vn c nhiu kinh nghim ghi

nhn c: s bc pht nhng loi cn trng chch ht tit mt khng bao gi xy ra nu cc bn chm sc tt kin dt t v trnh s dng thuc tr su. V khi s lng mt nhiu hn s lng kin cn, chng c th tiu dit mt s cn trng ny.

M

Nguyn nhn ca vic ng nhn ny l do kin dt t rt thch gi cc ngun ng ny gn bn nh (t) ca chng v iu ny rt d quan st thy. Khi mt t mi c thnh lp, kin dt t thng thch tm nhng l non b nhim rp sp (tit mt ngt) lm t v nh vy cha

Kin dt t gi rp sp trn cy bng bp gn bn vn, iu ny s lm gim nhu cu ca vic gi rp sp trn vn cy n tri ca bn

37

rp lun trong t. Rp s cung cp cht mt ngt cho kin v iu ny tht cn thit cho kin, v vo giai on u khi kin xy t kin rt cn nng lng. V vy, s rt tt nu cc bn trng thm mt t cy m rp sp a thch trong vn hoc chung quanh vn ca bn.

Nh chng ti trnh by phn trc, kin dt t khng phi l nhng sinh vt c ch duy nht hin din trong vn ca bn. Rt nhiu loi thin ch n mi v k sinh khc cng hin din trong vn ca cc bn v cc lc lng ny s km gi khng cho rp sp bc pht. Rp sp c th bc pht trong vn ca cc bn nhng s bc pht ny khng phi do kin dt t m do cc bn s dng nhng loi ha cht c hi v chnh nhng ho cht ny tiu dit thin ch v t lm cho dch hi bc pht. V d nu kin dt t c th hi phc sm nhng a s thin ch khc (khng mnh bng kin dt t) khng th hi phc v cc bn cn nh iu ny nh.

Kin dt t vi rp sp trn cy bng bp mc bn cnh vn ca bn. S bc pht rp sp ch xy ra khi bn s dng cc loi ho cht BVTV c hi

38

Lm sao chng ta c th gi kin dt t sut nm trong vn ?

c bn cn nh l kin dt t thch ng c rt tt vi cc s thay i v mi trng v chng lun lun c gng to nhng iu kin ti u nht

cho chng v thc n v nh . C

Ni l tng xy t phi c:

mi, c th c mt t cn trng tit mt

Cy vi l rng, mm do hoc c nhiu l nh

t b khuy ng bi con ngi

By gi, ti sao cc bn li ngh rng kin thng b t c xy t mi ni khc? ng, do l do ny hoc l do khc, iu kin sng khng cn l tng na: c th thc n tr nn khan him hoc t khng cn tt hoc kin b khuy ng trn mc chu ng v vy chng phi b t c xy t mi.

Chng c th xy t mi gn v tr t c ngay trn cng mt cy khi cc l ca t kin quyt nh chn t , thm ch di t sang m

V trn ngn u b b v n cnh s khuy n di t ln cao, nu tb

(c) b kh . Tuy vy, nhiu l do khc c lin quan khi trn cao hoc di thp hoc di t sang mt cy khct vn khc.

ma h trong nhng lc tri qu nng, tt c nhng t kin s xy t nhng vng thp hn trong vn. Bng thng xuyn do con ngi gy ra cng lm cho ki

rng hp xu nht xy ra, c n kin di sang cc vn khc. V nh cc n bit, y l iu m cc bn cn trnh.

39

Kin dt t c a thch loi cy no lm t hay khng?

h chng ti lu cc bn phn trn, xy t, kin thng thch nhng cy c l rng, mm do ho

chui, u v mt s cy thuc h c dloi cy trng c cc c im nu trn. nhiu cy c th tri l trong ma kh hoc

N

thng c rp sp (cho mt ).

Kin thch lm t trn nhng cy cao nh cy cc. Do nhiu loi cy thng rng l vo ma nng v vy cn trng xen nhiu loi cy.

c c nhiu l nh. Ngoi tr cy a, cc bn c th thy c rt nhiu Tuy nhin cc bn cng cn nh l trong ma ng.

Ti vng ng bng sng Cu Long, trnh b quy ry, kin thng thch lm t trn nhng cy cao nh cy cc (Spondias dulcis) hoc trn cy xoi. Khi khng b quy ry, kin cng thch lm t trn nhng cy nh v vy cc bn cng c th thy kin lm t trn cy bnh bt (Annona glabra) dc theo b mng hoc ngay c trn cy bng bp

trong vn nh ca cc bn. Cy bng bp cng l mt cy m kin rt a thch v l to v trn cy

Nhng cy bi cy nh nh Nguyt qui cng l ni kin thch lm t, nu khng b quy ry, do bng Nguyt qui c th cung cp mt cho kin.

40

Phn 3

Lm sao qun l tt Kin dt t?

Phn 3

41

Cch nui kin: c kh hc khng? i vi kin cng nh i vi nhng sinh vt khc, chng ta cng cn tm hiu cch i x vi chng mt cch tt nht, nu chng ta mun kin tr

thnh bn ca chng ta. By gi th cc bn bit kin sng ra sao cng nh bit cc hnh vi ca kin, bn ang trn mt chng ng rt tt hon thnh nhng hiu bit ny. V nhng hiu bit ny s gip cc bn rt nhiu trong vic a ra nhng quyt nh sao cho vic nui kin c tt nht trong nhng tnh hung khc nhau.

Trong phn tip theo y cc bn s tm hiu mt s vn c bn c lin quan n vic nui kin dt t mt cch tt nht v cc bn s thy y l nhng vic m cc bn s hc c d dng.

Hy ch ti tng ch di y v iu s gip cc bn gia tng t l thnh cng. Nhng ch ny bao gm:

1. Phi chun v vn ra sao, trc khi a kin dt t vo vn?

2. Lm sao loi b nhng loi kin khc?

3. Khi no v lm sao chn t kin thit lp mt n kin mi trong vn?

4. Trong trng hp khng ly c t kin no a vo vn th phi lm sao?

5. Phng php a t kin mi vo vn?

6. Lm sao chm sc cc t kin va mi c du nhp vo vn ?

7. Cch kin c th phn b u trn vn?

8. Lm sao cho cc kin thuc cc by n khc nhau, khng nh nhau.?

9. C cn phi cho kin n khng?

10. iu g s xy ra nu chng ta phun nc hay cc ha cht bo v thc vt ln cy?

11. Lm sao cho kin bt hoc khng cn?

42

Trc khi a kin dt t vo vn, phi chun b vn ra sao ?

c bn chc vn cn nh l Kin dt t rt thch lm t nhng ni khng b quy ry v c nhiu l tt, thch hp. Nu cc bn mun

chuyn rung la hay cc vn rau mu ca cc bn sang vn cy n tri, chc chn cc bn s phi p ng cc yu cu ny. C hai tnh hung c th xy ra:

C

Nu cc bn c sn mt s loi cy mc chung quanh rung hoc vn ca bn, cc bn ng n b nhng cy ny nh v y l ch tr n tt nht ca kin dt t. Nhng cy lu nm ny c th bo m cho n kin nh c nhanh hn.

Nu cc bn khng c sn nhng cy mc lu nm quanh vn, cc bn nn trng ngay mt s loi cy khc (gm c cc loi cy bi) trong hay chung quanh vn ca bn cng sm cng tt kin nh c. Cc bn hy nh l nhng cy nh chui, u v sa b thng khng thch hp. Cc bn cng c th trng cc loi cy khc nu cc bn c kinh nghim.

Hy gi nhng loi cy cao nh cy xoi trong hoc quanh vn ca bn to ni tr n cho kin

43

Lm sao loi b nhng loi kin khc?

o cc loi kin khc loi v ngay c trong cng mt loi nhng nu khc n, kin cng nh nhau, v vy trc khi a t kin t cc ni khc

vo vn, iu v cng quan trng l cc bn phi loi b nhng loi kin c sn trc trong vn.

D

Loi kin cnh tranh mnh vi kin dt t l kin hi (Dolichodorus thoracicus), kin hi rt c hiu qu trong vic bo v tri sa b i vi s gy hi nhng trn cam qut, kin hi li b xem l dch hi do kin hi thng lm sng tri.

Qua kinh nghim nhiu nm trong vic khng ch kin hi ti Ging Trm, Bn Tre, ng Nguyn Vn Cung xut hai chin lc kim sot kin hi, ty theo ma, c hai chin lc ny u da trn nhng nghin cu v hnh vi ca kin. Ch cn theo di cu chuyn trn trang tip theo y cc bn s r.

Ngay chnh cc bn, c th cc bn cng c nhiu phng php khc, ph hp vi chin lc qun l tng hp dch hi (IPM). Sau khi lm gim hu ht cc loi kin khc, c hi nh c c kin dt t trong vn ca bn s gia tng.

44

Cho anh Kim, do anh l ngi c nhiu kinh nghim v kin dt t, xin anh cho bit lm sao loi b kin hi trong vn ca anh, trnh vic kin hi nh nhau vi kin dt t.

Khi mt s kin hi tr nn qu cao trong ma kh ti s x nh mt con c thi v ri trn t (khong m2) c s hp dn kin hi, sau ti s git kin hi

i! Anh rt l sng to. Trong ma ma anh cng phng tr kin hi ging nh vy sao?

Khng, khng hon ton nh vy v trong ma ma, kin hi thng di chuyn n nhng ch kh lm t. Bng cch treo mt b l kh hay c trn cy, kin hi s tp trung li , sau ti s di b cc b l ny, em i t.

45

Khi no v lm sao chn t kin thit lp mt n kin mi trong vn?

rn nguyn tc th cc bn c th ly t vo bt c thi gian no trong nm, mc d thi gian tt nht l t thng 7 n thng 10. Ti sao nh

vy? Nh cc bn thy cc phn trc, vo thi gian ny c rt nhiu kin cha hin din trong t v cc bn cng bit rng, khng c kin cha, qun th kin trong t mi s bin mt rt nhanh.

T

V bn cng cn bit l cng a nhiu t vo trong vn, bn li cng c nhiu c may nh c c kin. D nhin l cc t kin m bn a vo phi cng mt n nu khng chng s nh nhau v t kin c th b tiu dit. V vy, tt nht l ly nhiu t trn cng mt cy hoc l trn nhng cy k cn v tt hn na l ly t ti nh

D nhin l cc bn cng khng mun ly nhng t c t kin bn trong. Tt nht l cc bn hy chn nhng t c kch thc t trung bnh n ln, cc t ny phi cn nhiu l cn ti. Khi cc l ny kh, kin s b t. Ban c th s dng mt phng php rt n gin l dng mt ci que nh nh vo t: cc bn s bit ngay l c nhiu kin trong t hay khng. Nu cc bn khng mun b kin tn cng, tt hn l phi ch cho kin bt hung hn, lng du xung tr li trc khi ct t v t vo trong ti.

ng v tr khng b quy ry.

p nh ln t kin s cho cc bn bit t cn c kin hay khng

46

Trng hp khng c t kin a vo vn th phi lm sao?

o din tch thc vt trong t nhin b gim mt cch ng k ti nhiu ni bi p lc ca s trng trt, v vy kh c th tm c t kin ngoi

t nhin. Bn cnh , nhiu nh vn cng khng mun cho ngi khc cc t kin trong vn ca mnh v h s n kin trong vn ca h s b yu i.

D Nu trng hp nh vy xy ra, th phi lm sao? Rt n gin, nu ngi hng xm ca bn c n kin tt, hy xin php h cho bn c ni lin tn cy trong vn ca h vi cc cy trong vn ca bn. Kin c th di chuyn d dng n vn ca bn v sau s t xy t trn cy trong vn ca bn. Kin c th m rng lnh th ln hn tm mi v iu lm cho n kin tr nn mnh hn. V nh vy khng ch cc bn m c ngi hng xm cng c li!

Ngay lc u, hp dn kin sang vn, cc bn nn mt t thc n vo cui ng dn.

47

Lm sao a t kin mi vo vn?

t

c c tro n nh c nh

M

B p c u i v v ng th

t ln na, cc bn c th ng dng rt nhiu thng tin m cc bn bit khi tm hiu v hnh vi v cch sng ca kin. Chng hn nh b

khi no bn mun a t kin mi vo vn ca bn (trong vn mi hong cc im khc nhau ca vn) th iu quan trng nht l t trng cy c l non. Nu c th, bn cng c th t trn nhng cy cao iu l mm.

y gi, cc bn s hi: nn t trn ngn, gia vm cy hay pha di tha vm cy? Mt ln na, vic quan st cn thn s cho cc bn bit nhiu. Trong ma kh, kin khng thch qu cao trn cy v tri rt nng y vo thi gian ny, cc bn nn t trong gia vm cy, v iu ny cc hin tng t nh vy trong giai on ma nhiu.

Nu vn cn mt t kin hi trong vn ca bn, cc bn c th hc kinh nghim ca ng Cung. Vi nhiu nm kinh nghim, ng Cung

pht trin c mt chin thut rt hay da t kin dt t vo trong cc vn c kin hi , iu ny c m t hnh 2.

Khi bn a t kin dt t vo mt cy c kin hi sng, iu ny s khng tt. V t kin dt t thng cha u trng (ging nh nhng a b), v lc ny kin th trong t khng c thc n v chng cn phi sn sc u trng, v vy kin dt t s nh khng li kin hi. Tt hn l hp dn nhng kin th kho mnh ra khi t bng cch mt si dy t nhng cy c t kin ti mt khay (khay) c thc n ( tm, c) chng hn (hnh 2a).

Khi khay y nhng kin th kho mnh, bn hy khay vo trong mt ci ti v mang n ni m bn mun thit lp qun th mi. Khi n a im m bn chn, bn hy leo cao ln cy v sau th kin ra (hnh 2b). Bin php ny bo m cho nhiu thnh cng hn l bin php bn kin bt c ni no trn cy.

48

Sau khi kin hi b nh bi th mi a t kin vo (hnh 2c). Thi gian tt nht lm iu ny l u ma ma v vo lc ny kin hot ng rt tch cc. Thng kin hon thnh vic lm t trong mt thi gian rt ngn, c khi khng n mt gi ng h, v kin mun t bo v chng trc khi ma n

49Hnh 2. a mt t kin dt t mi ln mt cy c kin hi ang sng i hi mt chin lc c bit. Chin lc ny bao gm vic nh kin th ln (a), loi b kin hi (b), v cui cng l a t kin dt t vo (c). Xem phn gii thch y phn trn

Lm sao chm sc cc t kin mi a vo vn?

gay t lc bn a cc t kin vo mt ni mi v kin thch mi trng sng mi ny, bn s thy kin bt u lm t rt sm. Hy tng

tng xem bn cm thy nh th no khi bn ang xy nh mi, c phi l bn s rt thch nu c ai gip bn v cung cp thc n cho bn khng?. Cng tng t nh kin vy, khi thc n sn trn cy trong tun u tin, kin s thch li ni nhiu hn ni khc.

N

Tuy nhin thc n khng phi l iu duy nht trong cuc sng ! nu bn lm xo trn ni nh c mi ca kin nh lm c, phun, xn ta cnh hoc nhng ci g khc na, kin s di chuyn nhanh sang nhng ni yn tnh hn.

Hy trung thc vi chnh mnh, ngay bn thn cc bn, cc bn cng thch sng trong mt vng yn tnh, phi khng.

Cung cp mt t thc n nh rut g, vt l mt bin php ph bin lm gia tng s thnh cng trong vic thit lp qun th kin dt t mi trong vn.

50

Lm sao cho Kin phn b u khp trn vn?

ing nh con ngi, kin cng thch gi cho chn c kh ro. V vy, v ma kh, cc bn thy kin b trn mt t nhng khi tri bt u

ma, vn m t, kin li thch di chuyn trn cnh. G Khi cy cn non, cc cnh cha giao nhau, hy gip kin di chuyn bng cch s dng cc cy tre nh hoc si dy nylon ni lin cc cnh cy. Khi cy ln, cc cnh giao nhau v kin c th di chuyn t do t cy ny sang cy khc.

Tuy nhin, cn nh l c mt trng hp bn khng nn to s tip xc t cy ny sang cy khc, l trng hp nhng cy nm trong ranh gii vng t khng ngi hoc c th l vng t khng kin, nm gia lnh a ca hai qun th kin. Ti vng ny, bn c th xn ta bt mt s cnh giao nhau tch ring hai qun th nu bn thy chin tranh gia hai qun th kin sp xy ra. C mt nh vn cn k vi chng ti l trong trng hp nh vy, h thng phun nc ln cy h nhit kin.

ng Trn Vn Bu M Khnh - Cn Th s dng nhng cnh tre to phng tin cho kin di chuyn trong vn

51

Lm sao cho kin thuc cc qun th khc nhau khng nh nhau?

c bit l khi cc bn mun a cc t kin mi vo vn, iu quan trng cn phi nh l cc c th kin thuc cc qun th kin khc nhau u khng a nhau. Khi ly t kin a vo vn, cc bn cn chc chn

rng cc t ny u thuc cng mt qun th, nh chng ti trnh by trong phn trc .

Khi kin thuc cc qun th khc nhau gp nhau, chng s nh nhau v s gy cht rt nhiu cho c hai pha. C mt cch rt tt phn bit hai qun th kin khc nhau trong vn l quan st vng t gia cc t, vng khng c s hin din ca kin dt t, "vng t khng kin".

Thng c th c nhiu qun th kin ngay trong mt vn v nu cc bn khng mun vn ca cc bn tr thnh bi chin trng ca cc cuc giao tranh gia cc qun th kin, cc bn phi tch cc qun th ny ra xa nhau v khng cc t thuc cc qun th khc nhau vo chung vi nhau. Cc bn c th th tch ring hai qun th khc nhau ra bng cch xn cc cnh ca cc cy m kin ca qun th ny c th b sang tip xc vi qun th khc. Mt s nh vn thng s dng nc phun ln nhng cy ny lm h tnh hiu chin ca kin lc .

Khi cc qun th kin nh nhau, cc bn s quan st thy nhiu kin cht trong vn v mt s cnh cy c th s b cht kh do tc ng ca mt s lng ln acid formic do kin tit ra trong khi nh nhau.

Cnh cht do tc ng ca mt s lng ln axt formic do kin tit ra trong qu trnh nh nhau gia hai qun th kin.

52

Nu cho kin n, kin s lm bing?

ht vy, ti sao kin li phi c gng sn mi khi cc bn cho kin n nhiu? V l kt cc m cc bn mun kin lm, phi khng? Ni

chung, mt ngi canh gc m lm bing th khng phi l mt ngi canh gc gii!

T Vic quan st kin trong vn ca cc bn l mt vic quan trng v khi quan st nh vy, cc bn s thy l trong mt s thi gian v ma nng, thc n c th tr nn khan him. Vo lc , trnh cho kin phi di i ni khc v gim mt s, s rt tt nu cc bn cung cp thm thc n cho kin. Ch cn cung cp thc n 2-3 ln trong nm cng , ng cung cp qu nhiu thc n.

a s cc nh vn tn dng cc thc n d tha lm thc n cho kin nh rut g, vt hoc mt vi con c cht, nh, nh vy cng khng hao tn g ng k. Ngoi ra cc bn cng cn nh l cho kin phn b v di chuyn u trong vn, cc bn nn thc n cc a im khc nhau trong vn.

Cung cp mt t thc n trong ma nng, lc con mi trong vn thiu, s gip kin khng di chuyn sang vn khc. Tuy nhin, khng nn cho thc n nhiu v kin s lm bing, khng sn mi.

53

iu g s xy ra nu chng ta phun ha cht hoc nc ln cc cy c mi ca chng ta?

u tin v nh chng ti cp trc , kin dt t khng thch b quy ry. V vy d l lm ci g, cc bn cng cn phi nh l iu c

th s nh hng n hot ng ca kin dt t. c bit l khi thit lp vn mi v khi va mi a mt vi t kin mi vo vn, cc bn tuyt i phi trnh phun ha cht bo v thc vt, thuc iu ha sinh trng v ngay c nc thng, t nht l trong thng u tin khi a kin vo trong vn. Nu khng kin s di tt c n i ni khc v nh vy tt c cc c gng ca cc bn trong vic nhm thit lp qun th kin dt t mi k nh khng.

iu th hai cc bn cng cn nh, kin dt t khng phi l nhng ngi bn duy nht hin din nh vn chng ta. Trong cc vn m cc qun th kin sng n nh, kin dt t c th hi phc sau khi vn b phun thuc, nhng nhng sinh vt c ch khc th c th s khng hi phc c nh vy. V vy ch nhng loi thuc t c, chn lc cao, thch hp vi qui trnh IPM mi c s dng trong trng hp tht cn thit. Tuyt i khng s dng cc loi thuc gc ln hu c v cc loi thuc thuc nhm cc tng hp Pyrethroids. iu ny cng tt hn cho chnh sc kho ca cc bn. Hy khai thc nhng cch phng tr dch hi m khng lm thng tn n kin.

Th ba, t kin cng l nh ca kin, ni kin nui cc con nh, v vy cn phi trnh phun thuc trc tip ln cc cy c t kin bt c lc no.

Tt hn ht l trnh phun cc loi ho cht, ngoi tr nhng loi ph hp vi qun l dch hi tng hp IPM

54

Lm sao gim s tn cng (cn) ca kin i vi chng ta?

ho n gi, chng ta ch ni n nhng im tt ca kin dt t, mc d khng phi tt c nhng im tt ny c nhiu b con bit n.

Nhng nu kin dt t tt nh th th ti sao c mt s ngi li khng s dng kin dt t?

C Tht vy, Kin dt t khng ch sn mi tch cc v lm trnh xa nhng cn trng gy hi cho cy trng ca chng ta m kin dt t li thng cn nhng ai n gn t kin hoc n gn cc ng i ca kin. i vi nhiu ngi, c bit l nhng ngi khng bit n nhng c im hu ch ca kin, th y l mt vn lm cho ngi ta khng thch tip xc hoc s dng kin dt t. Tht ra, vt cn khng gy au nhiu v s au do kin cn qua i rt nhanh. Nhng b con c kinh nghim vi kin dt t thng t gp kh khn vi vn kin cn, h c th lm gim hoc trnh c kin cn khi h vo vn thu hoch hoc chm sc, xn ta cnh.

C th s dng mt s phng php hn ch tm thi s lng kin khi cn thit nh g b tt c cc cu ni (gip kin di chuyn) trong vn vo lc sng sm. Hoc c th nh cho kin ra xa bng cch thc n vo mt v tr khc trong vn, ni m chng ta khng n lm vic trong lc . c bit l trong lc thu hoch, b con thng di t kin t cy b con sp thu hoch sang nhng cy trng khc hoc cy tp chung quanh vn.

Ti Gabon, Chu Phi, chng ti cng c kin dt t, mi ln leo ln cy, chng ti thng ly tro ci ch ln bn tay v cnh tay khng b kin cn.

55

Rt nhiu nh vn cn s dng tro bp ri trn nhng cy m h s leo ln thu hoch tri. Kin khi chy trn cnh gp tro bp s ri xung v nh vy kin s gp kh khn khi tm ng tr li. Mt iu l th l c mt k thut c truyn c pht trin mt cch c lp bi hai dn tc Vit Nam v Gabon nh ch tro bp vo cnh tay v bn tay kin khng cn.

Nh vy l cc bn thy, vn kin cn ch l mt vic nh so vi nhng li ch m kin em li cho chng ta. Vy ti sao chng ta khng th gi kin dt t trong cc vn cy c mi ca chng ta?

56

Kin dt t ci thin i sng ca chng ta ra sao?

Phn 4

57

c mt mi trng sng sch hn hi s dng tt kin dt t, cc bn s t cn n thuc tr su, nhng loi thuc ny s lm nhim khng kh v t cng nh gy hi n tm,c

trong nc. Vn cy c mi ca cc bn s hi ha hn vi thin nhin: chim chc v ong s b hp dn n vn ca cc bn v nhng loi thin ch khc nh cc loi ong, rui k sinh s bay n gip cc bn bo v vn cy ca cc bn.

K

Tit kim c chi ph i vng ng bng sng Cu Long, nhiu nghin cu cho thy trn nhng vn cam qut c nui kin dt t, chi ph cho vic s dng thuc

bo v thc vt gim 25-50% so vi nhng vn khng s dng kin dt t, trong khi nng xut tri khng thay i, t lm tng thu nhp (hnh 3). Hy tng tng xem nhng g cc bn c th lm vi tt c s tin tit kim c!

T

Kin dt t khng nhng c s dng rt c li trn cc vn cy n tri, ti c, cht lng v nng sut cy iu cng cao hn trn nhng vn c kin hin din v khng s dng ha cht bo v thc vt, so vi nhng vn s dng thuc bo v thc vt phng tr dch hi.

Hnh 3. Thu nhp rng bnh qun ca ngi trng qut Tiu ti BSCL, Vit Nam, 1997-1998.

4,700

4,800

4,900

5,000

5,100

5,200

5,300

5,400

ants abundant ants not abundant

Net income (US$/ha/year)

C nui kin Khng nui kin

Thu nhp rng (US$/ha/nm)

60

Sn xut tri cy hu c

Bi thu cam qut c cht lng vi s h tr ca kin dt t

n phm tri cy hu c hin ang c a chung v c gi cao trn th trng. Trong trng hp cha c c s ti ch, cc bn c th bt

u ci thin kinh nghim trong vic sn xut cc loi tri cy canh tc theo hng hu c c cht lng cao. Trong mt tng lai gn th cc loi tri cy c sn xut theo hng hu c s c nhng th trng ring v s c dn nhn thng hiu.

S

Trong cng lc ny, l d nhin, cc bn c th khai thc lm sao th trng ni a tip cn vi cc sn phm tri cy m cc bn sn xut c trn nhng vn cy c nui kin. Cc bn ch cn mt tm bng c ghi ch: "Sn phm sn xut t vn nui kin vng (kin dt t). Nh vy mi ngi c th thy r l cc loi tri cam qut sn xut t nhng vn c nui kin dt t c cht lng cao hn, bng hn, ngt hn v an ton hn so vi nhng vn khng nui kin dt t, phi s dng nhiu thuc tr su.

61

Hy chia s kinh nghim ca cc bn vi mi ngi. c bn c thy l tht l th khi bit nhng nhng iu c trnh by trong quyn sch ny khng? By gi cc bn khng nhng ch bit

nhng li ch khi nui kin dt t trong cc vn cy c mi cng nh bit v cc tp qan sinh sng ca kin dt t m cc bn cn c bit cch lm sao s dng kin dt t mt cch tt nht. Khi bit tt c cc iu ny, cc bn c th bt u quan st hot ng ca kin dt t cng nh nhng sinh vt c ch khc trong vn ca cc bn vi nim thch th v c gng cao hn. Cc bn cng c th ghi nhn nhng quan st ca cc bn trong cun s ghi ch ring.

C

Cc bn hy vui lng nh l cc kinh nghim v cc quan st ca cc bn s cc k c ch cho cc nh khoa hc cng nh nhng ngi khc trong vng m cc bn ang sinh sng. Nu chng ta cng hp tc vi nhau quan st xem phn ng ca kin dt t v nhng sinh vt c ch khc i vi mt s k thut canh tc, cng nh i vi s thay i v thi tit, chng ta c th s gia tng kin thc v nh vy s ci thin c i sng nhanh hn. Trong nhng nm qua, nhiu c gng c thc hin trong vic hc tp ln nhau v trong chia s kinh nghim, v iu ny a n nhng kt qa rt ln lao v a ra c nhng hiu bit su sc mi. Tuy nhin, y mnh k thut s dng kin dt t trn vn cy c mi v s hiu bit ca cc nh vn v cc vn c lin quan n h thng sinh thi nng nghip trong vn ca h, cn c s h tr v kinh ph ca a phng cng nh quc t. Tuy nhin, ng ch i cc h tr t bn ngoi. Hy khai thc, hp tc vi nhng ai hin ang sng trn cng a bn, nhng ngi quan tm n vic hp sc y mnh vic s dng mn qu tng qu gi m thin nhin ban cho chng ta.

Truyn thng i chng truyn b kinh nghim ca b con nng dn n vi nhiu ngi

Cc nh khoa hc v nh vn trao i kinh nghim v hc tp ln nhau

62

Ti liu ngh c thm

63

Ti liu ngh tham kho

Cc ti liu sau y c lin quan n kin dt t ti chu Phi v Chu . Phn ln tm lc ca cc ti liu ny c sn trn CAB Abstracts

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Van Mele, P. and Truyen, V. T. 2002. Observations and farmer experimentation with predatory ants. LEISA, 18(1), 28-29. http://www.ileia.org/2/18-1/28-29.PDF

Way, M. J., 1963. Mutualism between ants and honeydew producing Homoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 8, 307-344.

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Way, M. J. and Khoo, K. C., 1991. Colony dispersion and nesting habits of the ants, Dolichoderus thoracicus and Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in relation to their success as biological control agents on cocoa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 81, 341-350.

Way, M. J. and Khoo, K. C., 1992. Role of ants in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology, 37, 479-503.

Way, M. J., Cammell, M. E., Bolton, B. and Kanagaratnam, P. 1989. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as egg predators of coconut pests, especially in relation to biological control of the coconut caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae), in Sri Lanka. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 79(2), 219-233.

Yang, P. 1984. The application of Oecophylla smaragdina Fabr. in South Fujian. Fujian Agricultural Science and Technology, 5, 23-25. (in Chinese)

Yang, P. 2002. Historical perspective of the red tree ant, Oecophylla smaragdina and its utilization against citrus insect pests. Chinese Journal of Biological Control. 2002, 18: 1, 28-32. (in Chinese)

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