CCIEPreparing Ior the CCIE Routing and Switching LabVersion 2.1 Student Guide Copyright 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved.Cisco Systems has more than 200 oIIices in the Iollowing countries and regions. Addresses, phone numbers, and Iax numbers are listed on the Cisco Web site at www.cisco.com/go/oIIices.Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China PRC Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Dubai, UAE Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong SAR HungaryIndia Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Malaysia Mexico The Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Scotland Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South AIrica Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam ZimbabweCopyright 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 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(0203R)CCIE e-Prep - Preparing for the CCIE Routing and Switching LabMODULE 1: COURSE INTRODUCTION OverviewObjectives 1-11-1MODULE 2: PACKET SWITCHED TECHNOLOGIESOverview 2-1Outline 2-1LESSON 1: FRAME RELAY CONFIGURATION 2-3Overview 2-3mportance 2-3Outline 2-4Physical nterface Configuration 2-5Subinterface Configuration 2-11Lesson Summary 2-16Next Steps 2-16LESSON 2: TROUBLESHOOTING FRAME RELAY 2-19Overview 2-19mportance 2-19Outline 2-20Verifying Frame Relay Operation (Layer 1 and 2) 2-21Verifying Frame Relay Operation (Layer 3) 2-29Lesson Summary 2-35Next Steps 2-35LESSON 3: ATM CONFIGURATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING 2-37Overview 2-37mportance 2-37Outline 2-38ATM Fundamentals 2-39ATM Virtual Connections Routing Over ATM Configuring the AAL and Encapsulation Type Configuring PVC Traffic Parameters Troubleshooting ATM 2-402-492-512-562-61Lesson Summary 2-67Next Steps 2-67MODULE 3: ISDN TECHNOLOGIES Overview 3-1Outline 3-1LESSON 1: ISDN CONFIGURATION 3-3Overview 3-3mportance 3-3Outline 3-4Network Diagram 3-5Basic ConfigurationDial-on-Demand Routing (DDR) Dialer Profiles 3-63-73-14Lesson Summary 3-21Next Steps 3-21LESSON 2: PPP FEATURES 3-25Overview 3-25mportance 3-25Outline 3-26PAP 3-27CHAP 3-32PPP Multilink 3-40PPP Callback Caller dentification 3-433-46Lesson Summary 3-47Next Steps 3-47LESSON 3: USING ISDN AS A BACKUP CONNECTION 3-49Overview 3-49mportance 3-49Outline 3-50Floating Static Routes 3-51Backup nterface 3-52Backup Delay 3-53Dialer Watch Configuration Characteristics of the Backup Methods 3-563-59Lesson Summary 3-61Next Steps 3-61LESSON 4: TROUBLESHOOTING 3-65Overview 3-65mportance 3-65Outline 3-66Show Commands 3-67Debug Commands 3-74Lesson Summary 3-83Next Steps 3-83MODULE 4 - CATALYST 3550 SWITCHING Overview 4-1Outline 4-1LESSON 1: CATALYST 3550 BASIC CONFIGURATION 4-3Overview 4-3mportance 4-3Outline 4-4Management nterface Configuration 4-5VTP ConfigurationVLAN Configuration Troubleshooting VTP and VLANs 4-74-134-16Lesson Summary 4-18Next Steps 4-18LESSON 2: CATALYST 3550 INTERFACE CONFIGURATION 4-21Overview 4-21mportance 4-21Outline 4-22Overview of Switch Ports Access Port Configuration Trunk Port Configuration Tunnel Port Configuration Layer 3 nterfaces General nterface Commands EtherChannel4-234-254-264-304-414-434-49Lesson Summary 4-59Next Steps 4-59LESSON 3: CATALYST 3550 ADVANCED CONFIGURATION 4-63Overview 4-63mportance 4-63Outline 4-64Spanning Tree Operation Monitoring and Analyzing Traffic Fallback Bridging 4-654-894-98Lesson Summary 4-102Next Steps 4-102MODULE 5: DISTANCE-VECTOR ROUTING PROTOCOLS Overview 5-1Outline 5-1LESSON 1: ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP) 5-3Overview 5-3mportance 5-3Outline 5-4RPRP Version 2 (RPv2) 5-55-7Optional RP Configuration Tasks 5-10Trouble Shooting 5-12Lesson Summary 5-14LESSON 2: ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL (EIGRP)5-17Overview 5-17mportance 5-17Outline 5-18What is EGRP? 5-19Configuring EGRPEGRP Route Summarization Load Balancing with EGRP EGRP Split Horizon Verifying EGRP Operation 5-215-255-295-325-34Lesson Summary 5-39MODULE 6: LINK-STATE ROUTING PROTOCOLS Overview 6-1Outline 6-1LESSON 1: CONFIGURING OSPF IN A SINGLE AREA 6-3Overview 6-3mportance 6-3Outline 6-4OSPF Configuration in a Broadcast Multi-Access Topology 6-5Controlling the DR/BDR Election 6-7OSPF Operation in an NBMA Topology 6-13Lesson Summary 6-21LESSON 2: MULTI-AREA OSPF ENVIRONMENTS 6-25Overview 6-25mportance 6-25Outline 6-26Configuring OSPF in a Multi-area Environment 6-27Route Summarization 6-34Lesson Summary 6-38LESSON 3: ADVANCED OSPF FEATURES 6-41Overview 6-41mportance 6-41Outline 6-42Virtual Links Overview 6-43OSPF Authentication 6-46OSPF Demand Circuits 6-49Lesson Summary 6-52LESSON 4: TROUBLESHOOTING OSPF 6-57Overview 6-57mportance 6-57Outline 6-58Verifying OSPF Operation 6-59Troubleshooting a Flapping OSPF Demand Circuit over SDN 6-65Lesson Summary 6-71MODULE 7: BGP TECHNOLOGIES Overview 7-1Outline 7-1LESSON 1: IBGP CONFIGURATION 7-3Overview 7-3mportance 7-3Outline 7-4BGP Functions 7-5Terminology 7-6BGP Path Selection 7-7Components 7-8iBGP Basic Configuration 7-9iBGP Advanced Configuration Rule of Synchronization 7-15Lesson Summary 7-32LESSON 2: EBGP CONFIGURATION 7-35Overview 7-35mportance 7-35Outline 7-36eBGP Basic Configuration 7-37eBGP Advanced Configuration 7-39Advanced Configuration Options 7-43Communities 7-47Lesson Summary 7-50LESSON 3: ADVERTISING NETWORKS 7-53Overview 7-53mportance 7-53Outline 7-54Advertising Methods 7-55Redistributing Static Routes 7-56Redistributing Dynamic Routes 7-58Using the Network Command 7-60Lesson Summary 7-61LESSON 4: BGP ADVANCED OPTIONS 7-65Overview 7-65mportance 7-65Outline 7-66Using Private AS Numbers 7-67Dampening 7-69Route Aggregation 7-73Conditional Advertisement and Route Filtering 7-85Peer Groups 7-123Lesson Summary 7-126LESSON 5: TROUBLESHOOTING 7-129Overview 7-129mportance 7-129Outline 7-130Show Commands 7-131Debug Commands 7-149Lesson Summary 7-158MODULE 8: ADVANCED ROUTING TECHNIQUES Overview 8-1Outline 8-1LESSON 1: STATIC AND DEFAULT ROUTING 8-3Overview 8-3mportance 8-3Outline 8-4Static and Floating Routing 8-5Default Routing 8-7The Route 0.0.0.0 8-9Lesson Summary 8-13LESSON 2: ROUTE REDISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL 8-15Overview 8-15mportance 8-15Outline 8-16Redistribution Review 8-17Default Metric 8-18VLSM to FLSM Redistribution 8-21Summarization 8-23Filtering 8-25Lesson Summary 8-32LESSON 3: AUTHENTICATION 8-35Overview 8-35mportance 8-35Outline 8-36Authentication Concepts 8-37OSPF Authentication 8-40RPv2 Authentication 8-42S-S Authentication 8-44EGRP Authentication 8-46BGP Authentication 8-47Lesson Summary 8-48MODULE 9: BRIDGING AND DLSW+ Overview 9-1Outline 9-1LESSON 1: BRIDGING CONCEPTS 9-3Overview 9-3mportance 9-3Outline 9-4Bridging Overview 9-5Transparent Bridging 9-7ntegrated Routing and Bridging 9-13ntegrated Routing and Bridging Configuration 9-14Lesson Summary 9-15LESSON 2: DATA LINK SWITCHING PLUS CONCEPTS 9-17Overview 9-17mportance 9-17Outline 9-18DLSw+ Basic Configuration 9-19DLSw+ Basic Configuration 9-20Multiple Encapsulation Options 9-26DLSw+ Scalability Features 9-34Enhanced Availability Features 9-52Lesson Summary 9-59LESSON 3: DLSW+ TROUBLESHOOTING 9-63Overview 9-63mportance 9-63Outline 9-64Show Commands 9-65Debug Commands 9-76Lesson Summary 9-78MODULE 10: MULTICASTING AND IP SERVICES Overview 10-1Outline 10-1LESSON 1: MULTICASTING CONFIGURATION 10-3Overview 10-3mportance 10-3Outline 10-4Router Configuration 10-5Multicast Routing Protocols 10-11Lesson Summary 10-21LESSON 2: NETWORK TIME PROTOCOL 10-25Overview 10-25mportance 10-25Outline 10-26Network Time Protocol Concepts 10-27Basic Configuration 10-28Authentication Configuration 10-34Timezones 10-36Lesson Summary 10-37LESSON 3: NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION 10-41Overview 10-41mportance 10-41Outline 10-42Technology 10-43Static Translations 10-45Dynamic Translations 10-47NAT Overload 10-49Troubleshooting 10-51Lesson Summary 10-52LESSON 4: HOT STANDBY ROUTING PROTOCOL 10-55Overview 10-55mportance 10-55Outline 10-56HSRP Concepts 10-57HSRP Authentication 10-66Lesson Summary 10-72LESSON 5: DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL 10-75Overview 10-75mportance 10-75Outline 10-76DHCP Concepts 10-77DHCP Commands 10-78DHCP Service 10-80DHCP Show and Debug 10-82Lesson Summary 10-83MODULE 11: SECURITY, VOIP, AND QOS Overview 11-1Outline 11-1LESSON 1: SECURITY CONCEPTS 11-3Overview 11-3mportance 11-3Outline 11-4Controlling Access to a Cisco Router 11-5Configuring Privilege Levels 11-10Privilege Level Configuration Examples 11-14Access Control Lists 11-17Context-Based Access Control (CBAC) 11-47PSec 11-71Lesson Summary 11-76LESSON 2: VOICE OVER IP CONCEPTS 11-79Overview 11-79mportance 11-79Outline 11-80Voice over P Configuration 11-81Advanced VoP Features 11-86Lesson Summary 11-94LESSON 3: QUALITY OF SERVICE CONCEPTS 11-97Overview 11-97mportance 11-97Outline 11-98Congestion Management 11-99Traffic Shaping 11-108Policing 11-113Congestion Avoidance 11-116QoS Verification 11-119Lesson Summary 11-1221Course Introduction OverviewThe Cisco CertiIied Internetworking Expert (CCIE) Prep course helps qualiIied CCIE candidates prepare Ior the Hands-on Lab Exam. Maior topics covered include Frame Relay, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), Asynchronous TransIer Mode (ATM), Layer 2 Switching, Routing Protocols, Desktop Protocols, Multicasting, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Quality oI Service (QoS), and Security. OutIineThe Course Introduction includes these topics: Course Obiectives Cisco`s CertiIication Track Learner Skills and Knowledge Learner Responsibilities General Administration Course Roadmap Icons and Symbols Learner Introductions Lab Registration What to Expect the Day oI the Lab 1-2 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ncCourse Objectives This section lists the course obiectives. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-4Course ObjectivesUpon compIeting this course, you wiII have: An in-depth knowIedge of the Cisco IOS A foundation to prepare for the CCIE hands-on Iab exam The skiIIs to quickIy diagnose and troubIeshootprobIems in a network environmentUpon completing this course, you will have: An in-depth knowledge oI the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) A Ioundation to prepare Ior the CCIE hands-on lab examThe skills to quickly diagnose and troubleshoot problems in a network environmentCopyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc Course ntroduction 1-3Cisco's Certification Track This section lists the certiIication requirements oI this course. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-5Network Engineering and DesignExpertProfessionaIAssociate CCNA(Cisco Certified Network Associate) Routing and Switching SupportCCDA(Cisco Certified Design Associate) Routing and Switching DesignCCDP(Cisco Certified Design ProfessionaI) Routing and Switching DesignCCNP(Cisco Certified Network ProfessionaI) Routing and Switching SupportCCIP(Cisco Certified Internetwork ProfessionaI) Service ProviderCCIE(Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert) Routing and Switching Security Communications and ServicesThe CCIE program helps individuals, companies, industries, and countries succeed in the networked world by distinguishing the top echelon oI internetworking experts. The program identiIies leaders with a proven commitment to their career, the industry, and the process oI ongoing learning. While individuals inevitably gain extensive product knowledge on their way to certiIication, product training is not the CCIE program obiective. Rather, the Iocus is on identiIying those experts capable oI understanding and navigating the subtleties, intricacies and potential pitIalls inherent to end-to-end networking regardless oI technology or product brand. 1-4 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ncLearner SkiIIs and KnowIedge This section lists the course prerequisites. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-6Prerequisite Learner SkiIIsand KnowIedgeCCNACCNPMinimum twoyears hands-onexperience Cisco CCIE PrepPassed theCCIE writtenquaIificationexamTo Iully beneIit Irom this course, you must have these prerequisite skills and knowledge: Cisco CertiIied Network ProIessional (CCNP) Minimum two years hands-on experience Passed the CCIE written qualiIication examCopyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc Course ntroduction 1-5Learner ResponsibiIities This section discusses the responsibilities oI the learners. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-7Learner ResponsibiIities CompIete prerequisites Introduce yourseIf Ask questionsTo take Iull advantage oI the inIormation presented in this course, you must have completed the prerequisite requirements.In class, you are expected to participate in all lesson exercises and assessments.In addition, you are encouraged to ask any questions relevant to the course materials.II you have pertinent inIormation or questions concerning Iuture Cisco product releases and product Ieatures, please discuss these topics during breaks or aIter class. The instructor will answer your questions or direct you to an appropriate inIormation source. 1-6 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ncGeneraI Administration This section lists the administrative issues Ior the course. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-8GeneraI AdministrationCIass-ReIated Sign-in sheet Length and times Break and Iunch roomIocations AttireFaciIities-ReIated Course materiaIs Site emergencyprocedures Rest rooms TeIephones/faxesThe instructor will discuss the administrative issues noted here so you know exactly what to expect Irom the class.Sign-in process Starting and anticipated ending times oI each class dayClass breaks and lunch Iacilities Appropriate attire during class Materials you can expect to receive during class What to do in the event oI an emergencyLocation oI the rest roomsHow to send and receive telephone and Iax messagesCopyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc Course ntroduction 1-7Course Roadmap This section covers the suggested Ilow oI the course materials. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-9Course RoadmapCourseIntroductionFrame ReIayTechnoIogiesATMTechnoIogiesSecurity,VoIP,And QoSLunchSwitchingTechnoIogiesMuIticastingAndIP ServicesAMPMDistance-VectorRoutingProtocoIsDay 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4ISDNTechnoIogiesDesktopProtocoIsLink-StateRoutingProtocoIsBGPTechnoIogiesAdvancedRoutingTechniquesThe schedule reIlects the recommended structure Ior this course. This structure allows enough time Ior the instructor to present the course inIormation and Ior you to work through the laboratory exercises. The exact timing oI the subiect materials and labs depends on the pace oI your speciIic class.1-8 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ncIcons and SymboIs This section shows the Cisco icons and symbols used in this course. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-10Cisco Icons and SymboIsRouterATMSwitchWorkgroupSwitchTokenRingToken RingLine: SeriaILine: EthernetLine: Circuit-SwitchedMuItiIayerSwitchBridgeAccessServerSNAHostRoute/SwitchProcessorSwitchProcessor 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-11Cisco Icons and SymboIs (Cont.)PhoneMedium BuiIdingFiIeServerPCPC withSoftwarePrinterIBM Mainframewith FEPCopyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc Course ntroduction 1-9Learner Introductions This is the point in the course where you introduce yourselI. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-12Learner Introductions Your name Your company SkiIIs and knowIedge Brief history ObjectivePrepare to share the Iollowing inIormation:Your nameYour companyA proIile oI your experience What is your lab date? Are there any subiect areas you would like to concentrate on?1-10 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ncLab Registration This section covers lab registration. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-13Lab RegistrationYou can now register Ior the CCIE exam through an on-line system accessible through the Internet. To register Ior the CCIE Routing and Switching Lab Exam go to: http://tools.cisco.com/CCIE/ScheduleLab/isp/login.ispThe registration utility will ask you Ior your candidate ID, which is usually your Social Security Number, the date you would like to take the exam, and the score you received on yourwritten test.Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc Course ntroduction 1-11What to Expect the Day of the Lab This section covers what you can expect on the day oI the lab. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-14What to Expect the Day of the Lab Arrive at Ieast 15 minutes before the Iab starttime The totaI duration of the Iab is 8 hours There wiII be a 30 minute Iunch break around11:30am An overview of the Iab and the time scheduIefor the day wiII be presentedThe lab proctor will escort all lab participants into the lab a Iew minutes beIore the start time to give everyone an overview oI the lab. II you are not present at this time, the proctor may later deny you entry into the lab Iacilities. The lab personnel will give you an overview oI the lab Iacilities and the time schedule Ior the day. Cisco should email the lab results to you the Iollowing business day.1-12 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-15The "UItimate Test" Tests are in protective binder sIeeves No writing on the actuaI test Three network diagrams wiII be suppIied DLCI assignments IP Address assignment Routing ProtocoI Areas Passing score is 80 pointsThe Lab scenario will be in a loose-leaI notebook. There is no writing on the actual exam.However, scratch paper is available Ior additional drawings and notes. The proctor will track the number oI pieces oI scratch paper. Failure to return any pieces oI paper will result in automatic Iailure oI the lab exam. The lab includes three network diagrams with the Iollowing inIormation: Frame Relay Data-Link Connection IdentiIier (DLCI) assignments, Internet Protocol (IP) address assignments, and a map oI the routing protocols you are to conIigure. II you need to, you may want to make your own network drawing using the scratch paper provided.You must score at least 80 points out a possible 100 points to pass the CCIE Lab Exam.Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc Course ntroduction 1-13 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-16Starting the Test Review the drawings Read through the test Keep track of your time CompIete the higher point vaIue questions first The proctor is your friendWhen you start your test, review the drawings and read the test at least once. This will let youknow the subiect matters covered on your particular exam. It will also help you to determinewhich questions to answer Iirst. Reading through the test also allows you to conIigure yourdevices appropriately based on any Iuture requirements. Requirements at the end oI the lab mayaIIect your conIiguration at the beginning. This is an 'issue spotting test. As you are reading the questions, think about what is involved in conIiguring the particular scenario and what the implications might be. The lab tests your knowledge oI routing protocol interaction.When conIiguring a particular question, work methodically. Work based on the Open SystemsInterconnection (OSI) model Irom Layer 1 up. II possible, test each possible answer beIore proceeding. For example, make sure your Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) neighbors are adiacent and exchanging routing updates beIore modiIying timers or adding authentication. This will allow Ior easier troubleshooting. Remember you only want to conIigure a scenario once.Keep track oI your time. II you do not know an answer, move on. Work on the higher point values Iirst. II you are not sure how to answer a question, ask the proctor. Have alternatives available. For instance, tell them 'there are two ways to answer this question, method A` or method `B`, which would you preIer. II you suspect a hardware problem, notiIy the proctor immediately. Be able to substantiate your claim. The proctors are there as a resource, they are not there to help you answer the questions. Make sure you answer all parts to a question. Allow 30 minutes to one hour beIore the end oI your exam to review your conIigurations.1-14 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe1-17After the Test Exam ResuIts Dispute ResoIution Retaking ExamCisco typically e-mails lab results to you sometime the next business day. II you suspect an error with your test grade, a review procedure is available. There is a Iee oI $250.00 Ior this service. II the review results in a passing grade or a diIIerence oI 20 points or greater, Cisco will reIund the Iee. II your overall exam score is less than 20 points, you must wait at least six months beIore retaking the exam. Otherwise, you may reschedule as soon as you would like. Again, you must score at least 80 out oI a possible 100 points to pass. When you pass your lab you will be in a select group oI people in the world who have obtained this prestigious certiIication. Good luck! Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc Course ntroduction 1-152Packet Switched Technologies OverviewBecause oI their high speed and eIIiciency, most modern networks employ some type oI packet switched technology in their Wide Area Network (WAN) inIrastructure. Understanding the concepts and conIiguration oI Frame Relay and Autonomous TransIer Mode (ATM) networks are critical to your success in the Cisco CertiIied Internetwork Expert (CCIE) lab. Upon completing this module, you will be able to: Describe Frame Relay concepts such as Data-Link Connection IdentiIiers (DLCI), Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), and Local Management InterIace (LMI) ConIigure Frame Relay on the various interIace types: physical, point-to-multipoint subinterIaces, and point-to-point subinterIaces ConIigure remote Layer 3-to-DLCI address mappings, using the Iollowing: Inverse ARP, Frame Relay map statements, and speciIically assigning a DLCI to a point-to-point subinterIaceVeriIy your Frame Relay conIiguration in a layered approach, using the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reIerence model, with various and commands ConIigure Permanent Virtual Connections (PVCs) on a Cisco router ConIigure ATM quality oI service settings Troubleshoot ATM conIigurations on a Cisco router OutIineThe module contains these lessons: Frame Relay ConIiguration Troubleshooting Frame RelayATM ConIiguration and Troubleshooting 2-2 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ncFrame Relay ConIiguration OverviewFrame Relay can be conIigured in various topologies and across multiple interIace types. This lesson will examine the conIiguration oI Frame Relay on Cisco routers as it relates to the Cisco CertiIied Internetwork Expert (CCIE) lab. Importance Frame Relay is the core Wide Area Network (WAN) technology in the CCIE lab. As a CCIE candidate, you must thoroughly understand the diIIerences between the conIiguration oI Frame Relay on physical interIaces, point-to-multipoint subinterIaces, and point-to-point subinterIaces.ObjectivesUpon completing this lesson, you will be able to: ConIigure Frame Relay on a physical interIace ConIigure Frame Relay on a point-to-multipoint subinterIace ConIigure Frame Relay on a point-to-point subinterIace IdentiIy the diIIerences between the frame-relay map and frame-relay interface-dlcicommands Learner SkiIIs and KnowIedge To Iully beneIit Irom this lesson, you must have these prerequisite skills and knowledge: Passed the CCIE written qualiIication examCompleted the Building Cisco Remote Access Networks (BCRAN) course or have the equivalent knowledge OutIineThis lesson includes these sections: OverviewPhysical InterIace ConIiguration SubinterIace ConIigurationSummaryLesson Assessment (Quiz) 2-4 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.PhysicaI Interface Configuration Frame Relay can be conIigured on either the physical interIace or a subinterIace. This section will discuss the process oI conIiguring Frame Relay on the physical interIace. This includes how address mappings are conIigured on a physical interIace and the advantages and disadvantages oI using a physical interIace Ior Frame Relay. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-18Basic Interface ConfigurationR?(config)= interface serial 0/0R?(config-if)= ip address 172.16.23.2 255.255.255.0R?(config-if)= encapsulation frame~relayR?(config-if)= frame~relay lmi~type cisco Perform this configuration on the physicaI interfaceR2R3 R2R4 R1103 403304301302 203172.16.23.0/24.1 .4.3172.16.134.0/24.3.2R3A basic Frame Relay conIiguration assumes that you want to conIigure Frame Relay on the physical interIace oI the router. PerIorm the Iollowing steps to enable Frame Relay on a physical interIace: Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-5TabIe 2-1:Step Command DescriptionStep 1: interface serial 0/0 Selects the interface and enters interface configuration mode. Step 2: ip address 172.16.23.2 255.255.255.0Configures a network-layer address, for example, an P address. Step 3: encapsulation frame~relay (cisco | ietf1 Selects the encapsulation type used to encapsulate data traffic end-to-end on the Permanent Virtual Connection (PVC), wherecisco is the default. Use the default if you are connecting to another Cisco router. Select ietf ifyou are connecting to a non-Cisco router. Step 4: frame~relay lmi~type {ansi | cisco | q933i} f using Cisco OS Release 11.1 or earlier, specify the LM type used by the Frame Relayswitch, where cisco is the default. Withnternetwork Operating System (OS) Release 11.2 or later, the LM type is autosensed and no configuration is needed. 2-6 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-19R2Inverse ARP Inverse ARP shouId be disabIed in partiaI mesh (hub and spoke) Frame ReIay topoIogies Inverse ARP shouId be disabIed before bringing up the Frame ReIay interfaceR1R2R4 R1103 403304301302 203172.16.23.0/24.1 .4.3172.16.134.0/24.3.2R?(config-if)= no frame~relay inverse~arpR?(config-if)= no shutdownR3Once the interIace is brought up with the no shutdown command, the Frame Relay switch will use Local Management InterIace (LMI) to communicate the Data-Link Connection IdentiIier (DLCI) inIormation to the router. Once the DLCIs have attained an active state, meaning that both sides oI the connection are up and the Frame Relay switch has the correct Frame Relayroute statements, Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is perIormed to map the remoteLayer 3 addresses to local DLCIs. Inverse ARP entries are noted in the Frame Relay address mapping table with the keyword dynamic. You can view this table by entering the show frame-relay map command.Inverse ARP works very well in a Iull mesh Frame Relay topology. However, Inverse ARP has many shortcomings. Inverse ARP will not provide a complete mapping solution in a partial mesh (hub and spoke) topology. Also, Inverse ARP will resolve the Internet Protocol (IP) address oI the next-hop router`s physical interIace even iI this IP address is not part oI the sameIP subnet. This can cause problems in the CCIE Lab and in the real world. It is recommended that Inverse ARP be disabled on all oI your Frame Relay routers in the CCIE Lab. It is also recommended that you disable Inverse ARP beIore actually bringing up your Frame Relay interIaces with the no shutdown command. II Inverse ARP is not disabled beIore bringing up the interIace, you will have to manually clear the Inverse ARP mappingsusing the clear frame-relay-inarp command once your static mappings are in place. Someversions oI the Internetwork Operating System (IOS) will actually require a reload to clear the Inverse ARP entries out oI the Frame Relay address mapping table, even aIter entering this command.Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-7TabIe 2-2: Step Command DescriptionStep 1: no frame~relay inverse~arp Disables the sending of nverse ARP requests on the physical interface. Step 2: no arp frame~relay Prevents the router from responding to nverse ARP requests on an interface. Step 3: no shutdown Brings up the physical interface. 2-8 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-8Static MappingsR4(config-if)= frame~relay map ip 172.16.134.3 403 broadcastR4(config-if)= frame~relay map ip 172.16.134.1 403 broadcast Use static maps for next-hop Layer 3 address-to-IocaI DLCImappings in hub and spoke environmentsR2R4 R1103 403304301302 203172.16.23.0/24.1.4.3172.16.134.0/24.3 .2R3In a hub and spoke topology in which the spoke routers are using physical interIaces, static maps must be used in order Ior communication between the spokes to occur. A static map links a speciIied next hop Layer 3 protocol address to a speciIic DLCI. Static mapping removes the need Ior Inverse ARP requests. When you supply a static map, Inverse ARP is automaticallydisabled Ior the speciIied protocol on that DLCI.TabIe 2-3:Command Purposeframe~relay mapprotocol protocol-address dlci(broadcast) (ietf)(cisco)Maps a next hop protocol address to a local DLC. Theencapsulation type [ cisco | ietf ] can be set on a per-PVC basis using the keywords here protocol Selects the protocol type. Supported protocols are: appletalk, clns, decent, ip, ipx, xns, and vines protocol-address Specifies the protocol address (not specified for bridged or Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) connections) dlci Specifies the DLC number used to connect to the specified protocol address on the interface broadcast (Optional) Specifies that broadcasts/multicasts (routing updates) should be forwarded across this PVC ietf (Optional) Enables nternet Engineering Task Force (ETF)encapsulation on this PVC cisco (Optional) Enables Cisco encapsulation on this PVC Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-9Note You can greatly simplify the configuration for Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) by adding the optional broadcast keyword when configuring your Frame Relay map statements. For more information on this see Module 7: Link State Routing Protocols. 2-10 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.Subinterface Configuration SubinterIaces are used to simpliIy Frame Relay conIigurations and resolve reachability issues. Two types oI subinterIaces are available, point-to-point and point-to-multipoint. This section will discuss the conIiguration oI both and when to use one type versus the other. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-9Why use Subinterfaces? Subinterfaces aIIow muItipIeconfigurations on a singIe physicaIinterface Use subinterfaces to avoid spIithorizon issuesS0/0.134S0/0.23R2R4103 403304301302 203172.16.23.0/24.1 .4.3172.16.134.0/24.3.2R1R3Point-to-muItipointPoint-to-pointSubinterIaces provide a mechanism Ior supporting partially meshed Frame Relay networks. Most protocols assume transitivity on a logical network: that is, iI R4 can talk to R3, and R3 can talk to R1, then R4 should be able to talk to R1 directly. Transitivity is true on Local Area Networks (LANs), but not on Frame Relay networks, unless R4 is directly connected to R1. SubinterIaces address the limitations oI Frame Relay networks by providing a way to subdivide a partially meshed Frame Relay network into a number oI smaller, Iully meshed (or point-to-point) subnetworks. Each subnetwork is assigned its own address space and appears to upper layer protocols as iI it is reachable through a separate interIace.ConIiguring Frame Relay subinterIaces ensures that a single physical interIace is treated as multiple virtual interIaces, which also allows you to overcome the split horizon rule. Packets received on one virtual interIace can be Iorwarded to another virtual interIace, even iI they are conIigured on the same physical interIace. Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-11 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-22PhysicaI Interface ConfigurationR(config)= interface serial 0/0R(config-if)= encapsulation frame~relayR(config-if)= no ip addressR(config-if)= no frame~relay inverse~arpR(config-if)= no shutdown The major physicaI interface must be configured for FrameReIay prior to the configuration of subinterfacesR2R4103 403304301302 203172.16.23.0/24.1 .4.3172.16.134.0/24.3.2R1R3SubinterIaces are typically used at the hub router to resolve reachability issues or simpliIyFrame Relay conIiguration. BeIore we conIigure subinterIaces, there are some basic conIiguration steps that must be perIormed on the physical interIace.TabIe 2-4:Step Command DescriptionStep 1: interface serial 0/0 Selects the physical interface that the subinterface will reside under and enters interface configuration mode. Step 2: encapsulation frame~relay (cisco | ietf1Enables Frame Relay encapsulation on the physical interface. Frame Relay encapsulation is required for subinterfaces. Step 3: no ip address Makes sure there is no Layer 3 address assigned to the physical interface.Step 4: no frame~relay inverse~arp Disables nverse ARP on the physical interface. Step 5: no shutdown Brings up the physical interface. 2-12 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-23Point-to-MuItipoint SubinterfaceConfigurationR(config)= interface serial 0/0.134 multipointR(config-subif)= ip address 172.16.134.3 255.255.255.0R(config-subif)= frame~relay map ip 172.16.134.4 304 broadcastR(config-subif)= frame~relay map ip 172.16.134.1 301 broadcast Configure point-to-muItipoint subinterfaces with staticaddress mappingsPoint-to-muItipoint R4 R1103 403304301302 203172.16.23.0/24.1 .4.3172.16.134.0/24.3.2R3 R2A point-to-multipoint subinterIace Iunctions very much like a physical Frame Relay interIace. Point-to-multipoint subinterIaces are used to connect spoke routers that reside on the same IP subnet. Frame Relay map statements are used to conIigure address mappings on point-to-multipoint subinterIaces. TabIe 2-5:Step Command DescriptionStep 1: interface serial 0/0.134 multipointConfigures a point-to-multipoint subinterface. Step 2: ip address 172.16.134.3 255.255.255.0Configures a network-layeraddress, for example, an P address.Step 3: frame~relay map ip 172.16.134.4 304 broadcastConfigures Layer 3-to-DLC mappings for remote routers. Step 4: frame~relay map ip 172.16.134.1301 broadcast Configures Layer 3-to-DLC mappings for remote routers. Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-13 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-24Point-to-Point SubinterfaceConfigurationR(config)= interface serial 0/0.23 point~to~pointR(config-subif)= ip address 172.16.23.3 255.255.255.0Point-to-muItipoint R4 R1103 403304301302 203172.16.23.0/24.1 .4.3172.16.134.0/24.3.2Point-to-pointR3 R2 Each point-to-point subinterface is treated as a separatesubnetPoint-to-point subinterIaces allow a Cisco router to treat each Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) as a separate IP subnet. By doing this, the Non-Broadcast Multi-Access (NBMA) characteristics oI a Frame Relay network can be avoided. Point-to-point subinterIaces are also used to resolve split horizon issues. By deIault, split horizon is disabled on all physicalinterIaces and point-to-multipoint subinterIaces conIigured Ior Frame Relay.This is normally required, as routing updates may need to be received Irom one spoke router and sent to another on the same interIace. This solution has limitations and drawbacks. The limitations are that split horizon can only be disabled Ior IP and Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX). One oI the drawbacks is that disabling split horizon increases the chances oI routing loops in the network when dealing with distance vector routing protocols such as Routing InIormation Protocol (RIP). To avoid the problems that come with disabling split horizon, you can use point-to-point subinterIaces. Point-to-point subinterIaces allow routing updates to be received on and sent out the same physical interIace, as the router treats each point-to-point subinterIace as a separate logical interIace. The router actually thinks that the routing updates are coming in on one interIace and being sent out a separate interIace. Table 2-6: Command Descriptioninterface serial 0/0.23 point~to~pointConfigures a point-to-point subinterface. ip address 172.16.23.3 255.255.255.0Configures a network layer address; for example, an P or PX address.2-14 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-25Assigning DLCIs to SubinterfacesR(config-subif)= frame~relay interface~dlci 302 On point-to-point interfaces use the interface-dIci commandPoint-to-muItipoint R4 R1103 403304301302 203172.16.23.0/24.1 .4.3172.16.134.0/24.3.2Point-to-pointR3 R2There is no actual remote Layer 3 address-to-DLCI mapping that needs to be conIigured on a point-to-point subinterIace. However, by deIault, the Frame Relay switch assigns all DLCIs to the physical interIace oI the Frame Relay Data Terminal Equipment (DTE). Since each point-to-point subinterIace is actually a separate PVC, all you need to do is assign the correct DLCIs to the correct subinterIaces. Only one DLCI can be assigned to a particular point-to-point subinterIace. The subinterIace will then in turn send all Frame Relay traIIic down the speciIied DLCI.TabIe 2-7:Command Descriptionframe~relay interface~dlci dlciAssociates the selected point-to-point subinterface with a DLC Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-15SummaryThis section summarizes the key points discussed in this lesson. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-26Frame ReIay Configuration: SummaryThis Iesson presented these key points: Frame ReIay configuration on a physicaI interface Frame ReIay configuration on a point-to-muItipointsubinterface Frame ReIay configuration on a point-to-point subinterface When to use the frame-reIay map command When to use the frame-reIay interface-dIci command DefauIt behavior of spIit horizon on the various interfacetypesNext StepsAIter completing this lesson, go to: Troubleshooting Frame RelayReferencesFor additional inIormation, reIer to these resources: Building Cisco Remote Access Networks (BCRAN) Module 11 ConIiguring Frame Relay - http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/soItware/ios121/121cgcr/wanc/wcdIrely.htm2-16 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.Lesson Assessment (Quiz) Q1) What command is used to clear dynamic Frame Relay mappings learned via Inverse ARP?Q2) The frame-relay map command is used on which oI the Iollowing interIace types?A) PhysicalB) Point-to-multipoint subinterIace C) Point-to-point subinterIace Q3) The frame-relay interface-dlci command is used on which oI the Iollowing interIace types?A) PhysicalB) Point-to-multipoint subinterIace C) Point-to-point subinterIace Q4) What does the optional broadcast keyword on the frame-relay map command do? Q5) Split horizon Ior IP is disabled on which oI the Iollowing interIace types by deIault in a Frame Relay topology?A) PhysicalB) Point-to-multipoint subinterIace C) Point-to-point subinterIace Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-172-18 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.Troubleshooting Frame Relay OverviewGood troubleshooting skills are necessary Ior any network engineer. This lesson will teach you about the various show and debug commands that are available to test and veriIy Frame Relay conIigurations.Importance Being able to diagnose and quickly troubleshoot problems is a key element oI the Cisco CertiIied Internetwork Expert (CCIE) lab. ObjectivesUpon completing this lesson, you will be able to: VeriIy the status oI Layer 1 and Layer 2 using the show interface command VeriIy Layer 2 connectivity with the show cdp neighbors command Use various show and debug commands to troubleshoot problems in a Frame Relay networkVeriIy remote Layer 3 address-to-DLCI mappings with the debug frame packet command VeriIy LMI Status messages with the show frame-relay lmi and debug frame-relay lmicommands Learner SkiIIs and KnowIedge To Iully beneIit Irom this lesson, you must have these prerequisite skills and knowledge: Passed the CCIE written qualiIication examCompleted the Building Cisco Remote Access Networks (BCRAN) course or have the equivalent knowledge OutIineThis lesson includes these sections: OverviewVeriIying Frame Relay Operation (Layer 1 and 2) VeriIying Frame Relay Operation (Layer 3) SummaryLesson Assessment (Quiz) 2-20 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.Verifying Frame ReIay Operation (Layer 1 and 2) This section highlights the various show and debug commands that are available to veriIy the operation oI Frame Relay at the Physical (Layer 1) and Data-Link Layers (Layer 2) oI the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-32Verifying Interface StatusR?= show ip interface briefInterface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolSerial 0/0 II?.I8.?.? YES manual up upR?= show interface serial 0/0Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is upHardware is DSCC4 SerialInternet address is II?.I8.?.?/?4MTU IS00 bytes, BW ?048 Kbit, DLY ?0000 usec,reliability ?SS/?SS, txload I/?SS, rxload I/?SSEncapsulation FRAME-RELAY, loopback not setKeepalive set (I0 sec)LMI enq sent 8I, LMI stat recvd 88, LMI upd recvd 0, DTE LMI upLMI enq recvd 0, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0LMI DLCI I0? LMI type is CISCO frame relay DTEFR SVC disabled, LAPF state downBroadcast queue 0/84, broadcasts sent/dropped ?/0, interface broadcasts ?I0Last input 00.00.0S, output 00.00.0S, output hang neverLast clearing of "show interface" counters 04.??.08Input queue. 0/IS/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes), Total output drops. 0Queueing strategy. weighted fair

The Iirst thing to check when troubleshooting any type oI connectivity problem is the status oI the interIace. A brieI summary oI all interIaces (including subinterIaces) can be obtained byissuing the show ip interface brief command.TabIe 2-8: < show ip interface brief > Command Command Descriptionshow ip interface brief Displays a brief summary of the Layer 1 and Layer 2 status of all P interfaces on the router To get detailed inIormation about a speciIic interIace, use the show interface command.TabIe 2-9: < show interface > Commands Command Descriptionshow interface ( type 1 ( number 1 Displays detailed statistics about the specified interface, including Layer 1 and 2 status, encapsulation type, and LM information The items to pay particular attention to in the output oI this command are:Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-21Make sure that the encapsulation is set to Frame Relay.II the router is the Data Communication Equipment (DCE) device, make sure you are providing clocking. II you are using the Local Management InterIace (LMI) type oI Cisco, Data-Link Connection IdentiIier (DLCI) 1023 should be assigned to the physical interIace. 2-22 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-33TroubIeshooting Layer 1 ProbIemsR?= show controllers serial 0/0MKS unit 0, NIM slot I, NIM type code I, NIM version Iidb 0x8IS0, driver structure at 0x4A8I8, regaddr 0x8I0000IB at 0x804SS00. mode0x0I08, local_addr0, remote_addr0NIIS?4, N?I, scalerI00, TII000, T?000, TPIbuffer size IS?4DCE no clock definedR= show controllers serial 0/0MKS unit 0, NIM slot I, NIM type code I, NIM version Iidb 0x8IS0, driver structure at 0x4A8I8, regaddr 0x8I0000IB at 0x804SS00. mode0x0I08, local_addr0, remote_addr0NIIS?4, N?I, scalerI00, TII000, T?000, TPIbuffer size IS?4No cable attachedA Layer 1 problem can be determined by the Iollowing output Irom the show interfacescommand.Serial0/0 is down, line protocol is down Layer 1 problems can usually be tracked down to one oI the Iollowing: the cable not being plugged in, wrong type oI cable, bad cabling, or an interIace hardware malIunction.Most oI these problems can be veriIied using the show controllers command.Note f you suspect hardware or cabling problems of any kind in the actual CCE Lab, you should notify your proctor right away.Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-23 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-34TroubIeshooting Layer 2 ProbIemsR?= show interface serial 0/0Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is downHardware is DSCC4 SerialInternet address is II?.I8.?.?/?4MTU IS00 bytes, BW ?048 Kbit, DLY ?0000 usec,reliability ?SS/?SS, txload I/?SS, rxload I/?SSEncapsulation FRAME-RELAY, loopback not setKeepalive set (I0 sec)LMI enq sent ?4, LMI stat recvd II, LMI upd recvd 0, DTE LMI downLMI enq recvd 0, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0LMI DLCI 0 LMI type is ANSI Annex D frame relay DTEFR SVC disabled, LAPF state downBroadcast queue 0/84, broadcasts sent/dropped ?/0, interfacebroadcasts ?I0Last input 00.?.?, output 00.00.0, output hang neverLast clearing of "show interface" counters 0S.0I.8Input queue. 0/IS/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes), Total output drops.0Queueing strategy. weighted fair

Layer 2 problems are indicated by the Iollowing output in the show interfaces command:Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is down This usually indicates one oI the Iollowing: an encapsulation mismatch, no clocking on the link, or when dealing with Frame Relay speciIically, it could indicate that LMI is not being received Irom the Frame Relay switch. 2-24 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-35Verifying Layer 2 Connectivity withCDPR?> show cdp neighbors detail~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Device ID. REntry address(es).IP address. II?.I8.?.Platform. cisco ?8I0, Capabilities. RouterInterface. Serial0/0, Port ID (outgoing port). Serial0/0Holdtime . IIS secVersion .Cisco Internetwork Operating System SoftwareIOS (tm) C?800 Software (C?800-JS-M), Version I?.0(I), RELEASESOFTWARE (fcI)Copyright (c) I988-?000 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 08-Sep-00 0?.40 by lindaR?> show cdp neighborsCapability Codes. R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route BridgeS - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - RepeaterDevice ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port IDR Ser 0/0 IS R ?8I0 Ser 0/0R8 Eth 0/0 IS? R ?8I0 Eth 0/0Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a media and protocol independent protocol that runs on all Cisco-manuIactured equipment including routers and switches. Using CDP, you can view inIormation about directly attached devices. CDP runs on all media that supports Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP), including Frame Relay. Since CDP works at Layer 2, the Iollowing command can be used to veriIy Layer 2 connectivity to directly connected neighbors. TabIe 2-10: Command Command Descriptionshow cdp neighbors Displays CDP information about directly connected neighbors CDP can also be used to determine or veriIy the Layer 3 address oI a directly connected neighbor using the Iollowing command:TabIe 2-11: Command Command Descriptionshow cdp neighbors detailDisplays detailed information about a neighbor (or neighbors) including network addresses, enabled protocols, hold time, and software versions This command can be useIul when troubleshooting remote Layer 3 address-to-DLCImappings.Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-25 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-36Verifying LMIR?= show frame~relay lmiLMI Statistics for interface Serial0/0 (Frame Relay DTE) LMI TYPE CISCOInvalid Unnumbered info 0 Invalid Prot Disc 0Invalid dummy Call Ref 0 Invalid Msg Type 0Invalid Status Message 0 Invalid Lock Shift 0Invalid Information ID 0 Invalid Report IE Len 0Invalid Report Request 0 Invalid Keep IE Len 0Num Status Enq. Sent 40I Num Status msgs Rcvd I89Num Update Status Rcvd 0 Num Status Timeouts ??IR?= show frame~relay lmiLMI Statistics for interface Serial0/0 (Frame Relay DTE) LMI TYPE CISCOInvalid Unnumbered info 0 Invalid Prot Disc 0Invalid dummy Call Ref 0 Invalid Msg Type 0Invalid Status Message 0 Invalid Lock Shift 0Invalid Information ID 0 Invalid Report IE Len 0Invalid Report Request 0 Invalid Keep IE Len 0Num Status Enq. Sent 90 Num Status msgs Rcvd 90Num Update Status Rcvd 8I Num Status Timeouts 0II you are unable to veriIy Layer 2 connectivity to another router on the same Frame Relaynetwork with the show cdp neighbors command, the next step is to veriIy that the router is communicating with and receiving Local Management InterIace (LMI) inIormation Irom the Frame Relay switch. To do this, enter the Iollowing command:TabIe 2-12: < show frame-reIay Imi [type number] > Command Command Descriptionshow frame~relay lmi (type numberDisplays LM statistics type nterface type (Optional) number nterface number (Optional) II the router and Frame Relay switch are communicating correctly via LMI, the number oI status inquiries sent should match the number oI status messages received. Also, the last line in the output oI the command (number status timeouts) should be 0 when LMI is Iunctioning correctly.2-26 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-37Debugging LMILMIExchangeFuII LMIStatusMessageR?= debug frame~relay lmiDisplaying all Frame Relay LMI data0S.4.08. Serial0/0(out). StEnq, myseq ??, yourseen ??I, DTE up0S.4.08. datagramstart 0xCEEI4, datagramsize I0S.4.08. FR encap 0xFCFI0090S.4.08. 00 IS 0I 0I 0I 0 0? DF DD0S.4.08.0S.4.08. Serial0/0(in). Status, myseq ??0S.4.08. RT IE I, length I, type I0S.4.08. KA IE , length ?, yourseq ???, myseq ??R?=0S.4.I8. Serial0/0(out). StEnq, myseq ??4, yourseen ???, DTE up0S.4.I8. datagramstart 0xCEEI4, datagramsize I0S.4.I8. FR encap 0xFCFI0090S.4.I8. 00 IS 0I 0I 00 0 0? E0 DE0S.4.I8.0S.4.I8. Serial0/0(in). Status, myseq ??40S.4.I8. RT IE I, length I, type 00S.4.I8. KA IE , length ?, yourseq ??, myseq ??40S.4.I8. PVC IE 0xI , length 0x8 , dlci ?0, status 0x? , bw 0II you notice that Layer 2 is not up on a Frame Relay interIace and the number oI status enquires sent is not incrementing with the number oI status messages received, you should use the Iollowing command to determine why:TabIe 2-13: < debug frame-reIay Imi > Command Command Descriptiondebug frame~relay lmi Displays information on the Local Management nterface (LM) packets exchanged between the router and the Frame RelayswitchThe (out) status Iield is an LMI status enquiry sent by the router. The (in) status is a reply Iromthe Frame Relay switch. The type 1 Iield is a keepalive message sent by the router to the Frame Relay switch approximately every 10 seconds. The purpose oI the keepalive message is to veriIy that the Frame Relay switch is still active. The type 0 Iield represents Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) messages exchanged by the routers every 60 seconds. The dlci 203, status 0x2 Iield indicates that the status oI Data-Link Connection IdentiIier (DLCI) 203 is active. The possible values oI the status Iield are as Iollows: 0x0 (Inactive) - The switch has this DLCI programmed, but Ior some reason (such as the other end oI the PVC is down) it is not usable. 0x2 (Active) - The switch has the DLCI programmed and everything is operational. You can start sending traIIic with this DLCI in the header. Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-270x4 (Deleted) The switch does not have this DLCI programmed Ior the router. However, it was programmed at some point in the past. This could also be caused by the DLCIs being reversed on the router, or by the Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC) being deleted by the telco in the Frame Relay cloud. Note This debug command is relatively safe to use because full LM exchanges are onlygenerated every 60 seconds. 2-28 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.Verifying Frame ReIay Operation (Layer 3) This section highlights the various show and debug commands that are available to veriIy the operation oI Frame Relay at the Network Layer (Layer 3) oI the OSI model. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-38Verifying PVC StatusIndicates PVC statusIndicates theinterface on whichthe PVC was IearnedIndicates the DLCInumber associatedwith the PVCR?= show frame~relay pvcPVC Statistics for interface Serial0/0 (Frame Relay DTE)Active Inactive Deleted StaticLocal I 0 0Switched 0 0 0 0Unused 0 0 0 0DLCI ?0, DLCI USAGE LOCAL, PVC STATUS ACTIVE, INTERFACE Serial0/0input pkts 4S output pkts 0 in bytes I?0out bytes 0 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0out bcast pkts 0 out bcast bytes 0pvc create time 0I.48.9, last time pvc status changed 00.S0.I9To veriIy the status oI PVCs on the router, enter the Iollowing command:TabIe 2-14: Command Command Descriptionshow frame~relay pvc (dlci1 Displays PVC status This command also displays parameters dealing with the number oI dropped packets, packets marked as Discard Eligible (DE), the number oI Backward Explicit Congestion NotiIications (BECNs) and Forward Explicit Congestion NotiIications (FECNs) received. These items are helpIul in veriIying the conIiguration oI Frame Relay TraIIic Shaping (FRTS). FRTS is covered in Module 12: VoIP, QoS, and Security. Under normal conditions, all PVCs should have a status oI 'Active. Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-29TabIe 2-15: PVC Status ProbIem DescriptionActive Both sides of the PVC are up and configured properly. The Frame Relay switch also has the correct Frame Relay route statements. nactive This status indicates that the PVC associated with the corresponding DLC number is being offered by the Frame Relay switch, but not being used by the router. Deleted This status indicates that the router has been configured with a DLC number that is not offered by the Frame Relay switch. As a result, the PVC cannot be created and therefore is "deleted". II you receive a PVC status oI 'Inactive or 'Deleted, double check the DLCI numbering and make certain that the router is conIigured with the correct DLCIs. DLCI numbers are conIigured with either the frame-relay map command Ior physical interIaces/multipointsubinterIaces or the frame-relay interface-dlci command Ior point-to-point subinterIaces. A common mistake is the accidental reversal oI DLCI numbering. For instance, iI the DLCI number that is supposedly assigned to the spoke router shows up as "Inactive" on the hub, there is a good chance that the DLCI numbers are reversed. 2-30 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-39Verifying Address MappingsR?= show frame~relay mapSerial0/0 (up). ip II?.I8.?. dlci ?0(0xCB,0x0B0), static,broadcast,CISCO, status defined, activeR= show frame~relay mapSerial0/0.I4 (up). ip II?.I8.I4.I dlci 0I(0xI?D,0x48D0), static,broadcast,CISCO, status defined, activeSerial0/0.I4 (up). ip II?.I8.I4.4 dlci 04(0xI0,0x4C00), static,broadcast,CISCO, status defined, activeSerial0/0.? (up). point-to-point dlci, dlci 0?(0xI?E,0x48E0), broadcaststatus defined, activeOnce you are certain the router is conIigured with the correct PVCs, you should veriIy the remote Layer 3 address-to-DLCI mappings. To view the address mapping table on a Cisco router, use the Iollowing command:TabIe 2-16: < show frame-reIay map > Command Command Descriptionshow frame~relay map Displays the current address mapping entries Mappings in this table will either be marked as static or dynamic. Static means that they were statically conIigured using the frame-relay map command. Dynamic indicates that they were learned via Inverse ARP. Point-to-point subinterIaces do not use address mappings and will show up as a point-to-point dlci in the show frame relay map command.II you are not using Inverse ARP and you notice dynamic mappings in the output oI the showframe-relay map command, you should clear them with the Iollowing command:TabIe 2-17: < cIear frame-reIay-inarp > Command Command Descriptionclear frame~relay~inarp Clears dynamically created Frame Relay maps, which are created by the use of nverse ARP Note Some versions of the OS will actually require a reload of the router to clear nverse ARP entries, even after this command has been entered. Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-31 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-28Debugging IP TrafficR(config)= access~list 101 permit ip host 172.16.134.3 host 172.16.134.1R= debug ip packet 101R= ping 172.16.134.4Type escape sequence to abort.Sending S, I00-byte ICMP Echos to II?.I8.I4.4, timeout is ? seconds.!!!!!Success rate is I00 percent (S/S), round-trip min/avg/max S8/SI/80 msR= ping 172.16.134.1Type escape sequence to abort.Sending S, I00-byte ICMP Echos to II?.I8.I4.I, timeout is ? seconds.!!!!!Success rate is I00 percent (S/S), round-trip min/avg/max S8/S8/80 msR=08.?S.SI. IP. sII?.I8.I4. (local), dII?.I8.I4.I (Serial0/0.I4), len I00, sending08.?S.SI. IP. sII?.I8.I4. (local), dII?.I8.I4.I (Serial0/0.I4), len I00, sending08.?S.SI. IP. sII?.I8.I4. (local), dII?.I8.I4.I (Serial0/0.I4), len I00, sending08.?S.SI. IP. sII?.I8.I4. (local), dII?.I8.I4.I (Serial0/0.I4), len I00, sending08.?S.SI. IP. sII?.I8.I4. (local), dII?.I8.I4.I (Serial0/0.I4), len I00, sendingII everything looks good up to this point, you are probably dealing with a Layer 3 or remoteLayer 3 address-to-DLCI mapping issue. You can pinpoint this by using the Iollowing command:TabIe 2-18: < debug ip packet [ access-Iist number ] > Command Command Descriptiondebug ip packet( accesslist number 1 Displays general P debugging information accesslist number P access list that you can specify. f the datagram is not permitted by that access list, the related debugging output is suppressed.II you see the Iollowing output in the debug ip packet command when trying to ping a remoteFrame Relay router, you are dealing with a Layer 2 or remote Layer 3 address-to-DLCI mapping issue. IP. sII?.I8.I. (local), dII?.I8.I.I (Serial0), len I00 sending IP. sII?.I8.I. (local), dII?.I8.I.I (Serial0), len I00, encapsulation failed. Note The debug ip packet command generates a significant amount of output. Use it only whentraffic on the P network is low, so that other activity on the router is not adversely affected. t is also highly recommend that you use an access list with this command to filter out traffic that you are not interested in debugging.2-32 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-29Debugging Frame-ReIay TrafficR4= show frame~relay mapSerial0/I (up). ip II?.I8.I4. dlci 40(0xI9,0x840), static,broadcast,CISCO, status defined, activeR4= debug frame~relay packetR4= ping 172.16.134.3Type escape sequence to abort.Sending S, I00-byte ICMP Echos to II?.I8.I4., timeout is ? seconds.!!!!!Success rate is I00 percent (S/S), round-trip min/avg/max S8/S8/80 ms08.40.8. Serial0/I(o). dlci 40(0x84I), pkt type 0x800(IP), datagramsize I0408.40.8. Serial0/I(i). dlci 40(0x84I), pkt type 0x800, datagramsize I04

R4= ping II?.I8.I4.IType escape sequence to abort.Sending S, I00-byte ICMP Echos to II?.I8.I4.I, timeout is ? seconds.08.4I.S8. Serial0/I.Encaps failed--no map entry link I(IP).08.4?.00. Serial0/I.Encaps failed--no map entry link I(IP).08.4?.0?. Serial0/I.Encaps failed--no map entry link I(IP).08.4?.04. Serial0/I.Encaps failed--no map entry link I(IP).08.4?.08. Serial0/I.Encaps failed--no map entry link I(IP).Success rate is 0 percent (0/S)To see what is happening at the packet level oI a Frame Relay packet in real-time use the Iollowing command:TabIe 2-19: < debug frame-reIay packet [interface [dIci vaIue]] > Command Command Descriptiondebug frame~relay packet (interface(dlci value11 Displays information on packets that have been sent and received on a Frame Relay interface This command allows you to analyze packets that are sent across a Frame Relay interIace. Due to the Iact that the debug frame-relay packet command generates large amounts oI output, use it only when traIIic on the Frame Relay network is less than 25 packets per second. Additionally, you should use the optional keywords to limit the debugging output to a speciIic DLCI or interIace. This command is very useIul in veriIying the conIiguration oI remote Layer 3 address-to-DLCI mappings.The Iollowing line in the output oI the command indicates that no address mapping exists Ior the destination IP address. Serial0:Fncaps failed~no map entry link 7(IP) Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-33TabIe 2-20:FieId Descriptions - debug frame-reIaypacketDescriptionserial0: nterface that has been sent to the Frame Relay packet broadcast = 1 Destination of the packet. Possible values include the following:broadcast = 1Broadcast addressbroadcast = 0Particular destinationbroadcast searchSearches all Frame Relay map entries for this particular protocol that include the keyword broadcastlink 809B Link type, as documented in the debug frame-reIaycommandaddr 172.16.1.1 Destination protocol address for this packet. n this case, it is an P address. Serial0(o): (o) indicated that this is an output event DLC 500 Decimal value of the DLC type 809B Packet type, as documented in the debug frame-reIaycommandsize 24 Size of this packet (in bytes)2-34 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.SummaryThis section summarizes the key points discussed in this lesson. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 2-42TroubIeshooting: SummaryThis Iesson presented these key points: Verifying the status of Layer 1 and Layer 2 using the showinterface command Verifying Layer 2 connectivity with the show cdpneighbors command Use of various show and debug commands totroubIeshoot probIems in a Frame ReIay network Verifying the existence of remote Layer 3 address-to-DLCImappings with the debug frame-reIay packet commandNext StepsAIter completing this lesson, go to: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Technologies ReferencesFor additional inIormation, reIer to these resources: Troubleshooting Frame Relay Connections - http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/itgv1/tr1918.htmCopyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-35Lesson Assessment (Quiz) Q1) Which oI the Iollowing indicates a Layer 2 problem?A) Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is down B) Serial0/0 is down, line protocol is down C) Serial0/0 is administratively down, line protocol is down D) Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Q2) Which oI the Iollowing indicates a Layer 1 problem?A) Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is down B) Serial0/0 is down, line protocol is down C) Serial0/0 is administratively down, line protocol is down D) Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Q3) What command is used to veriIy Layer 2 connectivity to a directly connected neighbor?Q4) Which debug command is used to veriIy the existence oI a Frame Relay map statementwhen sending pings to a particular next-hop Layer 3 address? 2-36 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.ATM ConIiguration and Troubleshooting OverviewThis lesson provides an overview oI Autonomous TransIer Mode (ATM) the methods used to conIigure an ATM Permanent Virtual Connection (PVC). You can use this inIormation to conIigure ATM connections in the Cisco CertiIied Internetwork Expert (CCIE) lab and allow routing protocol data to transmit across the link. In addition, this lesson describes the conIiguration oI ATM traIIic shaping by using the predeIined service classes. Importance ATM is a Wide Area Network (WAN) technology tested in the CCIE lab. As a CCIE candidate, you should be able to demonstrate the ability to conIigure ATM PVCs, conIigure routing protocols over ATM, and conIigure QoS on an ATM virtual circuit. ObjectivesUpon completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe what ATM is and why it is a reliable solution Ior data transmission across the WANConIigure ATM PVCs and PVC auto-discovery Allow routing traIIic to pass over ATM circuits ConIigure ATM Quality oI Service (QoS) Learner SkiIIs and KnowIedge To Iully beneIit Irom this lesson, you must have these prerequisite skills and knowledge: Passed the CCIE written qualiIication examHave a Iirm understanding oI WAN technologies, such as Frame RelayOutIineThis lesson includes these sections: OverviewATM FundamentalsATM Virtual Connections Routing over ATM ConIiguring the AAL and Encapsulation TypeConIiguring PVC TraIIic ParametersTroubleshooting ATM SummaryAssessment (Quiz): ATM ConIiguration 2-38 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.ATM FundamentaIs This section provides an overview oI Autonomous TransIer Mode (ATM) concepts and components. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-6What is ATM?VoiceTo WANRouterATMSwitchDataVideoPrivate ATM NetworkPubIic ATM NetworkAsynchronous TransIer Mode (ATM) is an International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) standard Ior cell relay wherein routers convey inIormation Ior multiple service types, such as voice, video, or data, in small, Iixed-size cells. ATM networks are connection oriented.ATM is a cell-switching and multiplexing technology that combines the beneIits oI circuit switching (guaranteed capacity and constant transmission delay) with those oI packet switching (Ilexibility and eIIiciency Ior intermittent traIIic). It provides scalable bandwidth Irom a Iew Megabits per second (Mbps) to many Gigabits per second (Gbps). Because oI its asynchronousnature, ATM is more eIIicient than synchronous technologies, such as Time-DivisionMultiplexing (TDM).With TDM, the router assigns each user to a time slot, and no other station can send in that timeslot. II a station has large amounts oI data to send, it can send only when its time slot comes up, even iI all other time slots are empty. II, however, a station has nothing to transmit when its time slot comes up, the router sends an empty time slot, wasting network bandwidth. Because ATM is asynchronous, time slots are available on demand with inIormation identiIying the source oI the transmission contained in the header oI each ATM cell. Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-39ATM VirtuaI Connections This section discusses ATM virtual connections and their importance to network communication. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-12ATM VirtuaI Connections: Paths,ChanneIs, PVCs, SVCs VP-VirtuaI Path VC-VirtuaI ChanneIATM PhysicaI Linke.g., OC-3, E3OC-12VirtuaI Path (VP)VirtuaI Path (VP) VirtuaI ChanneIs (VCs)VirtuaI ChanneIs (VCs)Three types oI ATM services exist: Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs), Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs), and connectionless service (which is similar to SMDS). A PVC allows direct connectivity between sites. In this way, a PVC is similar to a leased line. Among its advantages, a PVC guarantees availability oI a connection and does not require call setup procedures between switches. Disadvantages oI PVCs include static connectivity and manual setup. An SVC is created and released dynamically and remains in use only as long as the router is sending data. In this sense, it is similar to a telephone call. Dynamic call control requires a signaling protocol between the ATM endpoint and the ATM switch. The advantages oI SVCs include connection Ilexibility and call setup handled automatically by a networking device. Disadvantages include the extra time and overhead required to set up the connection. ATM networks are Iundamentally connection oriented, which means that the router must set up a Virtual Channel (VC) across the ATM network prior to any data transIer. (A virtual channel is roughly equivalent to a virtual circuit.) Two types oI ATM connections exist: virtual paths, identiIied by Virtual Path IdentiIiers (VPIs), and virtual channels, identiIied by the combination oI a VPI and a Virtual Channel IdentiIier (VCI). 2-40 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Routing and Switching e-Prep v2.1-ModuIe 1-6Configuring PVCs: Required andOptionaI TasksRequired Tasks Creating a PVC Mapping a ProtocoI Address to a PVCOptionaI Tasks Configuring the AAL and EncapsuIation Type Configuring PVC Traffic Parameters Configuring PVC DiscoveryTo conIigure a PVC, perIorm the Iollowing tasks. The Iirst two tasks are required: the other tasks are optional:Creating a PVC (Required)Mapping a Protocol Address to a PVC (Required)ConIiguring the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) and Encapsulation Type (Optional)ConIiguring PVC TraIIic Parameters (Optional)ConIiguring PVC Discovery (Optional)Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-41 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Routing and Switching e-Prep v2.1-ModuIe 1-7Configuring PVCs: OptionaI Tasks(Cont.)OptionaI Tasks (Continued) EnabIing Inverse ARP Configure a PVC to pass broadcast traffic(routing updates) Assigning a VC CIass to a PVCOptional tasks (continued): Enabling Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) (Optional): Allows Ior dynamicprotocol mapping between an ATM PVC and a network address. The router learns the network address dynamically because oI the exchange oI ATM Inverse ARP packets.ConIiguring a PVC to pass broadcast traIIic (routing updates) (Optional): Allows you to send duplicate broadcast packets Ior all protocols conIigured on a PVC, using the broadcast keyword in interIace-ATM-VC conIiguration mode.Assigning a VC Class to a PVC (Optional): By creating a VC class, you can preconIigure a set oI deIault parameters that you may apply to a PVC. 2-42 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-25Creating a PVC 10.1.1.110.1.1.2R1110.1.1.3R10ATMR7R7# conf tFnter configuration commands, one per line. Fnd with CNTL/ZRI(config)= int atm 1/0RI(config-if)= pvc CCIF 11/40RI(config-if-atm-vc)=To create a PVC on the ATM interIace, use the Iollowing command:pvc (name vpi/vci (ilmi | qsaal | smdsAs soon as you enter this command, you will be in ATM VC interIace conIiguration mode,where you can speciIy the parameters oI the PVC. Take a closer look at the general Iorm oI the pvc command:Step 1 The mandatory elements oI the command are the keyword pvc and the vpi/vcivalues.Step 2 The optional |name| parameter allows you to give the PVC a name, which can be used as a handle Ior Iurther reIerence or Iurther conIiguration: once you speciIy a name Ior a PVC, you can reenter the interIace-ATM-VC conIiguration mode bysimply entering pvc name.Step 3 The key-word ilmi creates the Integrated Local Management InterIace (ILMI) PVC with the Virtual Channel IdentiIier (VCI) value oI 16 needed iI you want to conIigure SVCs. The ILMI PVC is used Ior ILMI (Integrated Local ManagementInterIace) messages between the end user and the nearest ATM switch. Step 4 The key-word qsaal creates the signaling PVC with the VCI value oI 5 needed in an SVC environment.Step 5 The key-word smds allows the intended PVC to handle Switched Multimegabit Data Services (SMDS) over your ATM network. Note Whenever a PVC is created, the router automatically assigns it a number, designated as VCD = Virtual Circuit Descriptor. n the output from show commands, if you name the PVC, you will see its name; if you do not name it, you will see its VCD. Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-43 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-26Mapping a ProtocoI Address to a PVC10.1.1.110.1.1.2R1110.1.1.3R10ATMR7RI(config)= interface atm 1/0RI(config-if)= pvc CCIFRI(config-if-atm-vc)= protocol ip 10.1.1.2 broadcastRI(config-if-atm-vc)=The second required task Ior the PVC setup is mapping a Layer 3 protocol address to the PVC. You are actually using a static scheme that identiIies the network address oI the destination host(s).In (conIig-iI-atm-vc) mode, you will use the Iollowing command:protocol protocol protocoladdress ( (no broadcastSpeciIy the broadcast keyword iI you are planning to run any type oI routing protocol across this PVC. 2-44 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-27Verifying the PVCDefauIt vaIues with the required PVC setup tasks: The PVC wiII be UBR The encapsuIation wiII be aaI5snap PCR equaIs the interface bandwidthR7# show atm mapMap list CCIF_ATM1/0 : PFRMANFNTip 10.1.1.2 maps to VC 4, VPI 11, VCI 40, ATM1/0, broadcast10.1.1.110.1.1.2R1110.1.1.3R10ATMR7II you stop aIter conIiguring the two required tasks described above and check your PVC, youwill have created an UnspeciIied Bit Rate (UBR) PVC whose peak is the physical capacity oI the interIace, with the Subnet Access Protocol (SNAP) encapsulation type. UBR, the peak physical capacity, and aal5snap are deIaults. To illustrate this, use the Iollowing showcommands:show atm vc (interface slot/module/portshow atm pvc (interface slot/module/port (vpi/vci | vci | nameA shorter Iorm oI the second command is: show atm pvc nameTo veriIy the second task, mapping a protocol address to a PVC, you will use the command:show atm map The output will look like this: RI= show atm mapMap list CCIE_ATMI/0 . PERMANENT ip I0.I.I.? maps to VC 4, VPI II, VCI 40, ATMI/0 , broadcast The router reIers to the PVC as VC 4, when it says 'ip 10.1.1.2 maps to VC 4: it has automatically assigned the PVC a Virtual Circuit Descriptor (VCD) number oI 4. Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-45Other inIormation you acquire concerns the Virtual Path IdentiIier/Virtual Channel IdentiIier (VPI/VCI) values, the interIace, and the 'broadcast Ieature. It also tells you this is a permanentmapping.2-46 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-30ATM PVC Auto-Discovery on EndRoutersRI(config)= interface atm 1/0RI(config-if)= ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0RI(config-if)= pvc ILMI 0/16 ilmiRI(config-if-atm-vc)= exitRI(config-if)= atm ilmi~pvc~discoveryRI(config-if)= endRI= show atm vcVCD / Peak Avg/Min BurstInterface Name VPI VCI Type Encaps SC Kbps Kbps Cells StsI/0 ILMI 0 I8 PVC ILMI UBR ISS000 UPI/0 ? I I0 PVC-D SNAP UBR ISS000 UP ILMI uses the VPI/VCI pair of 0/16 Inverse ARP is enabIed by defauIt when you create aPVC using the pvc command or when a PVC is auto-discovered using the command aboveYou can use Integrated Local Management InterIace (ILMI) to discover and conIigure the PVCs. ILMI uses what it gets Irom the adiacent switch. The router discovers the PVCs conIigured on the switch and conIigures the PVCs and their traIIic parameters on the ATM main interIace or subinterIace that you speciIy.In order to use this Ieature, Iirst conIigure the PVC that ILMI will use, with the Iollowing commands in interIace conIiguration mode:pvc (name 0/16 ilmiatm ilmi~pvc~discovery (subinterface1Inverse ARP is enabled by deIault when you create a PVC using the pvc command or when a router auto-discovers a PVC by using the previous syntax. As a result, a conIigured protocol mapping between an ATM PVC and the router learns a network address dynamically because oI the exchange oI ATM Inverse ARP packets. In this example, the service provider has reserved the VPI/VCI values oI 7/70 Ior your PVC. The router will automatically discover these values using ILMI. Examine the output shown below:RI(config)= interface atm 1/0RI(config-if)= ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0RI(config-if)= pvc ILMI 0/16 ilmiRI(config-if-atm-vc)= exitRI(config-if)= atm ilmi~pvc~discoveryRI(config-if)= endCopyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-47RI= show atm vcVCD / Peak Avg/Min Burst Interface Name VPI VCI Type Encaps SC Kbps Kbps Cells Sts I/0 ILMI 0 I8 PVC ILMI UBR ISS000 UP 1/0 2 7 70 PVC~D SNAP UBR 155000 UP RI= ping 10.1.1.2Type escape sequence to abort. Sending S, I00-byte ICMP Echos to I0.I.I.?, timeout is ? seconds. !!!!!Success rate is I00 percent (S/S), round-trip min/avg/max 4/4/4 ms 2-48 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.Routing Over ATM ATM is a non-broadcast multi-access topology. ThereIore, many oI the same issues involved with routing over Frame Relay also apply here. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-54Routing Over ATMRI(config)= interface atm 1/0RI(config-if)= pvc CCIFRI(config-if-atm-vc)= protocol ip 10.1.1.2 broadcastRI(config-if-atm-vc)=10.1.1.110.1.1.2R1110.1.1.3R10ATMR7RI= conf tFnter configuration commands, one per line. Fnd with CNTL/ZRI(config)= int atm 1/0RI(config-if)= pvc CCIF 11/40RI(config-if-atm-vc)= broadcastIn order Ior a PVC or SVC to pass routing updates, you must conIigure the PVC or SVC to pass broadcast traIIic. You can do this either per destination on the PVC or SVC by using the broadcast keyword at the end oI an ATM mapping statement, or globally Ior the entire PVC or SVC using the broadcast command.Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-49 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-55Neighbor CommandRI(config)= router ospf 1RI(config-router)= network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0RI(config-router)= neighbor 10.1.1.2RI(config-router)= neighbor 10.1.1.310.1.1.110.1.1.2R1110.1.1.3R10ATMR7Routing protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Enhanced Interior GatewayRouting Protocol (EIGRP) will require you to statically deIine neighbors in a non-broadcast environment. OSPF will consider ATM a non-broadcast environment by deIault. You can override this with the use oI the ip ospf network command. You can statically deIine neighbors using the neighbor command within (conIig-router) mode Ior the respective routing protocol.2-50 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc.Configuring the AAL and EncapsuIation Type This section covers conIiguring the AAL and encapsulation type options. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-17ATM Adaptation Layers AAL1 : voice and video, uncompressed AAL2 : voice and video, compressed AAL3/4 : SMDS packets AAL5 : data AAL5 : SEAL-Simple and Efficient AdaptationLayerATM Adaptation Layers: AAL1 AAL1, a connection-oriented service, is suitable Ior handling circuit-emulation applications, such as voice and video conIerencing. Circuit-emulation service also accommodates the attachment oI equipment currently using leased lines to an ATM backbone network. AAL1 requires timing synchronization between the source and destination.ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL2 AAL2 is suitable Ior conveying packetized voice and video traIIic. ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL3/4 AAL3/4 supports both connection-oriented and connectionless data. AAL3/4 works primarilyIor network service providers and aligns closely with Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS). You can use AAL3/4 to transmit SMDS packets over an ATM network. ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL5 AAL5 is the primary AAL Ior data and supports both connection-oriented and connectionless data. You can use it to transIer most non-Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) data, such as classical IP over ATM and Local Area Network Emulation (LANE). Some technicians reIer to AAL5 as the simple and eIIicient adaptation layer (SEAL), because the Segmentationand Reassembly (SAR) sublayer simply accepts the Convergence Sublayer Packet Data Unit (CS-PDU) and segments it into 48-octet SAR-PDUs without adding any additional Iields.Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-51AAL5 prepares a cell Ior transmission in three steps. First, the Carrier Selection (CS) sublayerappends a variable-length pad and an 8-byte trailer to a Irame. The pad ensures that the resulting PDU Ialls on the 48-byte boundary oI an ATM cell. The trailer includes the length oI the Irame and a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) computed across the entire PDU. This allows the AAL5 receiving process to detect bit errors, lost cells, or cells that are out oI sequence. Second, the SAR sublayer segments the CS-PDU into 48-byte blocks. The router does not add a header and trailer (as is in AAL3/4), so the router cannot interleave messages.Finally, the ATM layer places each block into the Payload Iield oI an ATM cell. For all cells except the last, the ATM network sets a bit in the Payload Type (PT) Iield to zero to indicate that the cell is not the last cell in a series that represents a single Irame. For the last cell, the ATM network sets the bit in the PT Iield to one. 2-52 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-56Configuring the AAL andEncapsuIation TypeRI(config-if-atm-vc)= encapsulation ?aal5ciscoppp Cisco PPP over AAL5 Fncapsulationaal5mux AAL5+MUX Fncapsulationaal5nlpid AAL5+NLPID Fncapsulationaal5snap AAL5+LLC/SNAP Fncapsulation10.1.1.110.1.1.2R1110.1.1.3R10ATMR7Use the aal5mux encapsulation option to dedicate the speciIied virtual circuit to a single protocol: use the aal5snap encapsulation option to multiplex two or more protocols over the same virtual circuit. Whether you select aal5mux or aal5snap encapsulation might depend on practical considerations, such as the type oI network and the pricing oIIered by the network. II the network pricing depends on the number oI virtual circuits, aal5snap might be the appropriate choice. II pricing depends on the number oI bytes transmitted, aal5mux might be the appropriate choice, because it has slightly less overhead.ConIigure the ATM adaptation layer (AAL) and encapsulation type with the commandbeginning in interIace-ATM-VC conIiguration mode:encapsulation aal5encapThe options Ior encap are:RI(config-if-atm-vc)= encapsulation ?aal5ciscoppp: Cisco Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over AAL5 Encapsulation aal5mux: AAL5Multiplex (MUX) Encapsulation aal5nlpid: AL5 Network Layer Protocol ID (NLPID) Encapsulation aal5snap: AAL5Logical Link Control/Subnetwork Access Protocol (LLC/SNAP) EncapsulationCopyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-53ciscoppp: For Cisco Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over ATM. Supported on ATM PVCs only.nlpid: Allows ATM interIaces to interoperate with High-Speed Serial InterIaces (HSSIs) that are using an ATM data service unit (ADSU) and running ATM-Data Exchange InterIace (DXI). Supported on ATM PVCs only.snap: The only encapsulation supported Ior Inverse ARP. Logical Link Control/Subnetwork Access Protocol (LLC/SNAP) precedes the protocol datagram.When mux is speciIied, a protocol is required: RI(config-if-atm-vc)= encapsulation aal5mux ?apollo: Apollo Domainappletalk: AppleTalkdecnet: DECnetip: IPipx: Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) ppp: VC MUX PPP over AAL5 Encapsulation vines: Banyan Virtual Integrated Network Service (VINES) xns: Xerox Network Services2-54 Cisco CCE e-Prep v2.1 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-57Configuring the AAL andEncapsuIation Type (ExampIe)RI(config)= int atm 1/0RI(config-if)= pvc CCIFRI(config-if-atm-vc)= encapsulation aal5mux ipRI(config-if-atm-vc)= endRI= show atm vcVCD / Peak Avg/Min BurstInterface Name VPI VCI Type Encaps SC Kbps Kbps Cells StsI/0 I 0 S PVC SAAL UBR ISS000 UPI/0 ? 0 I8 PVC ILMI UBR ISS000 UPI/0 cisco I 40 PVC SNAP CBR IS000 UPI/0 CCIE II 40 PVC MUX UBR ISS000 UPI/0 S I? 44 PVC SNAP UBR ISS000 UPYou can change the deIault aal5snap AAL and encapsulation conIiguration oI the CCIE PVC, as seen in this example:RI(config)= int atm 1/0RI(config-if)= pvc CCIFRI(config-if-atm-vc)= encapsulation aal5mux ip RI(config-if-atm-vc)= endRI= show atm vcVCD / Peak Avg/Min Burst Interface Name VPI VCI Type Encaps SC Kbps Kbps Cells Sts I/0 I 0 S PVC SAAL UBR ISS000 UP I/0 ? 0 I8 PVC ILMI UBR ISS000 UP I/0 cisco I 40 PVC SNAP CBR IS000 UP 1/0 CCIF 11 40 PVC MUX UBR 155000 UP I/0 S I? 44 PVC SNAP UBR ISS000 UP Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, nc. Packet Switched Technologies 2-55Configuring PVC Traffic Parameters This section covers conIiguring the various PVC traIIic parameters. 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. AII rights reserved. Cisco CCIE Prep v1.0-ModuIe 4-16Service Categories CBR-Constant Bit Rate Traffic parameters: PCR; CDVT QoS: Iow toIerance for ceII Ioss and ceII deIay VBR-RT-VariabIe Bit Rate, ReaI Time Traffic parameters: PCR; SCR; MBS; CDVT QoS: Iow toIerance for ceII Ioss and ceII deIay VBR-NRT-VariabIe Bit Rate, Non-ReaI Time Traffic parameters: PCR; SCR; MBS; CDVT QoS: Iow toIerance for ceII Ioss; high toIerance for ceII deIay ABR-AvaiIabIe Bit Rate Traffic parameters: PCR; MCR; CDVT QoS: Iow toIerance for ceII Ioss; high toIerance for ceII deIay UBR-Unspecified Bit Rate Traffic parameters: PCR; CDVT QoS: high toIerance for ceII Ioss and ceII deIay UBR+-(a Cisco extension to UBR) UBR with a non-zero MCR Traffic parameters: PCR; MCR > 0; CDVT QoS: high toIerance for ceII Ioss and ceII deIayOne oI the main beneIits oI ATM is to provide distinct classes oI service Ior the varyingbandwidth, loss, and latency requirements oI diIIerent applications. Some applications require constant bandwidth, while others can adapt to the available bandwidth, perhaps with some loss oI quality. Still others can make use oI whatever bandwidth is available and use dramaticallydiIIerent amounts Irom one instant to the next. ATM provides Iive standard service categories that meet these requirements by deIining individual perIormance characteristics, ranging Irom best eIIort (UnspeciIied Bit Rate |UBR|)to highly controlled, Iull-t