KONVERZIJA ZAJMA - Promjena ugovorenih uslova zajma (kamatne stope, roka i) ili modaliteta otplate/ koja se svodi na inicijativu dužnika da izdejstvuje srazmjerno povoljnije uslove na tržištu kapitala.

o v e r d r a f t f i n a n c i n g

Overdraft financing is provided when businesses make payments from their business current account exceeding the available cash balance.  An overdraft facility enables businesses to obtain short-term funding - although in theory the amount loaned is repayable on demand by the bank.

There are several important factors to consider when assessing the appropriateness of an overdraft as a source of funding for SME's:

- The amount borrowed should not exceed the agreed limit ("facility").  The amount of the facility made available is a matter for negotiation with the bank;

- Interest is charged on the amount overdrawn - at a rate that is above the Bank Base Rate.  The bank may also charge an overdraft facility fee;

- Overdrafts are generally meant to cover short-term financing requirements - they are not generally meant to provide a permanent source of finance

- Depending on the size of the overdraft facility, the bank may require the SME to provide some security - for example by securing the overdraft against tangible fixed assets, or against personal guarantees provided by the directors

The amount of an overdraft at any one time will depend on the cash flows of the business, the timing of receipts and payments, seasonal trends in the sales and so on.   This can be illustrated using the data below.  In the example cash flow statement given below, the SME generates a positive overall cash flow in a full year.  However, due to the timing of sales receipts compared with supplier payments, the business needs to fund a temporary overdraft during the year:

In the example above, the business requires a maximum overdraft facility of £75,000 in July. Thereafter, the overdraft balance reduces as sales receipts exceed cash payments.

If the business finds that an overdraft facility appears to be becoming a long-term feature of the business, the bank may suggest converting the overdraft into a medium-term loan.

Comparison of Bank Overdrafts and Bank Loans

The key advantages of overdrafts and loans in certain business situations:

Advantages of an overdraft over a loan

Customer only pays interest when overdrawn

Bank has flexibility to review and adjust the level of the overdraft facility, perhaps on a short-term basis

Overdraft can be effectively be used as a medium-term loan – the facility is simply renewed each time the bank comes to review it

Being part of short-term debt, the overdraft balance is not normally included in calculations of the business’ financial gearing

Advantages of a loan over an overdraft

Business and bank know precisely what the repayments of the loan will be and how much interest is payable and when. This makes cash flow planning more predictable

The loan is committed – the business does not have to worry about the loan being withdrawn whilst it complies with the terms of the loan

Accounting Glossary - Key Terms

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Importance of Cash

Managing Business Cash Flows - An Introduction

Introduction to Raising Business Finance

Sources of Finance for SMEs

Overdraft Financing

Business Angels

Introduction to Venture Capital

Grants and Subsidies

Sources of Equity Finance

Rights Issues

New Share Issues & Flotations

Flotation Pricing

Intoduction to Leasing

Leasing - Advantages & Disadvantages