l ekt'kkL= fo Hkkx ] - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42272/1/thesis_vinod.pdf · ea ^^vu l f pr tk f r vk jS f ' k { k k ** y[k u Å f o' of o|k y; vk j m ll

$Page 1: l ekt'kkL= fo Hkkx ] - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42272/1/thesis_vinod.pdf · ea ^^vu l f pr tk f r vk jS f ' k { k k ** y[k u Å f o' of o|k y; vk j m ll$

lekt'kkL= foHkkx]

y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ

funsZ'kd izek.k i=

izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd fouksn Hkkjrh us lekt'kkL= foHkkx] y[kuÅ

fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ ls ^MkWDVj vkWQ fQyklQh* dh mikf/k gsrq esjs funsZ'ku

esa ^^vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj f'k{kk** y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; vkSj

mlls lEc) egkfo|ky; dk ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u** 'kh"kZd

ij 'kks/k izcU/k izLrqr fd;k gSA

'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk izLrqr ;g 'kks/k izcU/k muds }kjk ladfyr rF;ksa ij

vk/k`r] LorU= ,oa iw.kZr;k ekSfyd gSA ,rnFkZ 'kks/kkFkhZ ds mTtoy Hkfo"; dh

dkeuk djrs gq, izLrqr 'kks/k izcU/k dks mDr mikf/k dh lEijh{kk gsrq viuh

laLrqfr lfgr vxzlkfjr djrk gw¡A

funsZ'kd

¼izks0 jkf'kn vyh½ ¼lsokfuo`Ÿk½ lekt'kkL= foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ

i

vkHkkj

fdlh Hkh iwoZ fu;ksftr ,oa mn~ns';iw.kZ dk;Z dks okLrfod ,oa ldkjkRed

Lo:i iznku djus ds fy;s Lo;a dh fu"Bk] yxu] vkRefo'okl ,oa iw.kZ:is.k

leiZ.k ds lkFk gh lkFk vusd O;fDr;ksa dh izsj.kk ,oa lg;ksx dh egrh

vko';drk gksrh gSA

esjs }kjk izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z dh U;wukf/kd lkFkZd ifj.kfr esa vusd

fo}rtuksa] ofj"B lg;ksfx;ksa] ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa ,oa fe=ksa dh izsj.kk] vk'khokZn]

ekxZn'kZu ,oa lg;ksx us vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA vr% bu lHkh ds izfr —rKrk

Kkfir djuk eSa viuk uSfrd ,oa iquhr drZO; le>rk gw¡A

loZizFke eSa loZfgrdkjh vkSj fo}Ùkk dh xfjek ls lEiUu izks0 jkts'k feJk

foHkkxk/;{k] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ ds izfr iz.kfr

iqjLlj ÑrKrk Kkfir djrk gw¡] ftUgksaus eq>s u dsoy 'kks/k dk;Z djus dh

vuqefr iznku dh] vfirq xq.koRrk;qDr vuqla/kku dk;Z ds fy;s Hkh izsfjr fd;k]

ftlds QyLo:i gh izLrqr 'kks/kdk;Z iw.kZ gks ldkA

eSa vius 'kks/k funsZ'kd vknj.kh; izks0 jkf'kn vyh ds izfr ÑrKrk Kkfir

djrk gw¡] ftUgksaus 'kks/kdk;Z dh iw.kZrk esa dq'ky ekxZn'kZu iznku fd;kA

eSa foHkkx ds izks0 ,0ds0 JhokLro] izks0 jke x.ks'k ;kno] MkW0 Mh0vkj0

lkgw] MkW0 ,l0ds0 pkS/kjh ,oa foHkkx mu lHkh xq#tuksa rFkk fo}ku

lekt&oSKkfudksa ds izfr gkfnZd vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gw¡] ftuds jpukRed lq>koksa

,oa vewY; fopkjksa ls 'kks/kdk;Z ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vfoLe.kjh; lg;ksx izkIr

gqvk gSA

iwT; ekrk Jherh firEcjk nsoh ,oa firkJh Jh lq[kjkt izlkn dk eSa

ân; ls _.kh gw¡ ftUgksaus 'kks/kdk;Z ds izkjEHk ls vUr rd LoLFk okrkoj.k]

i;kZIr le; ,oa leqfpr lqfo/kk;sa miyC/k djkus ds lkFk&lkFk lnk mRlkgo/kZu

gh fd;kA eSa viuh cgu Jherh jhuk ,oa cguksbZ Jh vkse izdk'k rFkk vuqt

ii

/kesZUnz Hkkjrh dk vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksaus foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh eq>esa vk'kk ,oa

uo ÅtkZ dk lapkj fd;kA eSa fo'ks"k :i ls vkHkkjh gw¡ viuh v/kkZafxuh Jherh

vukfedk dk] ftUgksaus gj fo"ke ifjfLFkfr esa izksRlkfgr djrs gq, 'kks/kdk;Z ds

fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vfoLe.kjh; lg;ksx iznku fd;k gSA

eSa vius fe= MkW0 vk'kh"k flag] MkW0 jke falg] vkuUn dqekj ,oa eukst

dqekj ds izfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gw¡ ftUgksaus izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus esa

vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku fn;kA

'kks/k dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus ds fy;s VSxksj iqLrdky; y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;

y[kuÅ] vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso iqLrdky; y[kuÅ] veh#n~nkSyk iqLrdky; y[kuÅ]

ek¡ 'kkjnk nsoh iqLrdky; jke—".k eB y[kuÅ] mRrj izns'k laL—r laLFkku

y[kuÅ rFkk lwpuk ,oa tulEidZ foHkkx] y[kuÅ ds foHkkxh; vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa

deZpkfj;ksa ds izfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gw¡] ftUgksaus egRoiw.kZ izklafxd 'kks/k lkexzh

dks miyC/k djkus esa viwoZ lgk;rk dhA

var esa eSa dEI;wVj Vad.k ds dk;Z ds fy, Jh vej lpku dh Hkh vkHkkjh

gw¡] ftUgksaus iwjh yXu vkSj dM+h esgur ls bl 'kks/k izcU/k dks iw.kZ fd;kA

mÙkjnkrkvksa ds lg;ksx ds fcuk dksbZ vkuqHkkfod 'kks/k iw.kZ ugha gks ldrk]

vr% eSa y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ rFkk blls lEc) p;fur egkfo|ky;ksa

ds lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk muds ;FkklEHko lg;ksx ds fy, vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gw¡A

vUr esa vknj.kh; fo}kuksa ds lsokFkZ ;g 'kks/k&izcU/k izLrqr djrs gq, eSa

viuk lkSHkkX; le>rk gw¡ vkSj muls fouez vuqjks/k djrk gw¡ fd 'kks/k&izcU/k esa

fn[kkbZ nsus okyh =qfV;ksa ds fy, 'kks/kkFkhZ dks {kek iznku djus dh egrh Ñik

djsaA

'kks/kkFkhZ

fnukad % 28 uoEcj 2012 fouksn Hkkjrh lekt'kkL= foHkkx y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ

iii

izkDdFku

lH;rkvksa ds mn~Hko dky ls f'k{kk dk vfLrRo jgk gSA f'k{kk ds mís'; esa

^fo|k;k foeqDr;s* vFkkZr fo|k eqfDr dk ekxZ gS] dh voèkkj.kk jgh gSA ;g ekuo

thou dk izeq[k vax gSA f'k{kk euq"; dh tUetkr 'kfDr;ksa ds LokHkkfod vkSj

lkeatL;iw.kZ fodkl esa ;ksx nsrh gSA mlds O;fDrRo dk iw.kZ fodkl djrh gSA

mls vius okrkoj.k ls lkeatL; LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk nsrh gSA mls thou

vkSj ukxfjdrk ds drZO;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa ds fy, rS;kj djrh gS vkSj mlds

O;ogkj] fopkj vkSj n`f"Vdks.k esa ,slk ifjorZu djrh gS tks lekt] ns'k vkSj

fo'o ds fy, fgrdj gksrk gSA

fdlh Hkh O;fDr] lekt vFkok jk"Vª ds fy, f'k{kk dk cM+k egRo gS]

mldh cM+h vko';drk gS] blds vHkko esa u dksbZ O;fDr fodkl dj ldrk gS]

u dksbZ lekt fodkl dj ldrk gS vkSj u dksbZ jk"Vª fodkl dj ldrk gSA

nq%[k dh ckr ;g gS fd gekjs ns'k esa ,d oxZ ,slk gS ftls gtkjksa o"kksZa rd

f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr j[kk x;k vkSj ifj.kker% mls vkfFkZd fodkl ls

oafpr j[kk x;k vkSj bu nksuksa ds vHkko esa mls lekt esa fuEu LFkku fn;k x;kA

Hkkjrh; ijEijkxr o.kZ&lekt esa nfyr xSj&ukxfjd Fks vkSj buds f'k{kk

izkIr djus ds vf/kdkj ij yxk izfrca/k lcls dBksj ,oa dkjxj FkkA vaxzsth

'kklu dky ds nkSjku nfyrksa dh f'k{kk izkfIr ij yxs izfrcU/k dks fczfV'k

ljdkj us lu~ 1857 esa gh dkuwuh rkSj ij mBk fy;k FkkA rc ls nfyr lekt

dh fLFkfr dqN cnyuh izkjEHk gqbZA

Lora=rk izkfIr ds le; ls gh Hkkjr esa f'k{kk lacaèkh uhfr;ksa] f'k{kk dh

lajpuk] f'k{k.k i)fr;ksa] 'kSf{kd iz'kklu vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa esa lqèkkj rFkk fodkl

ds fy, vusdksa lkFkZd iz;kl djus ij cy fn;k x;k gSA 'kSf{kd vlekurk,a

vkSj 'kSf{kd fiNM+siu dks nwj djus ds fy, fucZy vkSj fiNM+s oxks± ds fy, fo'ks"k

laoSèkkfud ,oa dkuwuh O;oLFkkvksa dk fuèkkZj.k dj mudks veyhtkek igukus ds

fy, dne Hkh mBk, x, gSaA ;|fi detksj rcdksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj dh n`f"V

iv

ls lafo/kku vkSj vuqxkeh fo/kkuksa ds }kjk mudh 'kkL=h; fu;ksZX;rkvksa dks nwj

fd;k x;k ,oa mUgsa fofo/k izdkj ds laj{k.k vkSj lqfo/kk;sa iznku dh xbZa fdUrq

iznŸk vf/kdkjksa] fj;k;rksa] lqj{kkik;ksa dk dksbZ mYys[kuh; ykHk bu oxksZa dks

blfy, ugha fey ik;k D;ksafd budks vkfFkZd n'kk vkSj lkekftd o 'kSf{kd

fLFkfr cgqr [kjkc FkhA vkjfEHkd iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa fodkl dk;ZØeksa dk ykHk

Hkh fuEure oxksZa rd vf/kd ugha igq¡p ik;kA

orZeku ifjn`'; ;g gS fd ,d vksj rks dsUnz o jkT; ljdkj nkos ds

lkFk dgrh gSa fd mUgksaus vuqlwfpr tkfr dh mPp f'k{kk ds fy, vusdksa

;kstuk,¡ pyk j[kh gSaA bu ;kstukvksa ds QyLo:i vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa mPp

f'k{kk dk O;kid :i ls izpkj gqvk gS] ogha nwljh vksj ljdkj mPp f'k{kk esa gh

viuk dqy fuos'k de dj jgh gS rFkk futh fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus ij rqyh gS]

rks ,slh fLFkfr esa detksj vkSj fucZy oxZ ds yksxksa ds fy, mPp f'k{kk dh

lEHkkouk gh fdruh cprh gSA futh f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa ls 95 izfr'kr dkyst

lo.kZ tkfr ds yksxksa }kjk lapkfyr gks jgs gSa] tgk¡ ljdkjh xzk.V o vuqlwfpr

tkfr dh Nk=o`fŸk dks gM+ius ds fy, bu yksxksa ds QthZ nkf[kys fn[kk;s tk jgs

gSaA lHkh Lrjksa ij futh 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa dk QSyko xjhcksa dks ewyHkwr f'k{kk dks

xaHkhjrk ls iznku djus ,oa mldh xq.koÙkk vkSj la[;k dh ns[kjs[k dh vksj jkT;

dh c<+rh v#fp dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA bu cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd izxfr esa ljdkjh vkSj futh

{ks= dh Hkwfedk vkSj mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa leL;kvksa dk rF;ijd fo'ys"k.kkRed

v/;;u dh furkUr vko';drk gSA

bUgha rF;ksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, 'kks/kkFkhZ us vius 'kks/k v/;;u dk

'kh"kZd ^^vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj f'k{kk** y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; vkSj mlls lEc)

egkfo|ky; dk ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u* pquk vkSj orZeku esa vuqlwfpr tkfr

dh 'kSf{kd izxfr] f'k{kk ds fodkl esa ljdkjh vkSj futh {ks= dh Hkwfedk rFkk

mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh miyfC/k;ksa vkSj leL;kvksa dk

rF;kRed fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA

v

v/;;u dh lqfo/kk dh n`f"V ls izLrqr 'kks/k&izcU/k dks vkB v/;k;ksa esa

foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/k izcU/k ds vUr esa lgk;d lUnHkZ xzUFkksa dh lwph

o.kZØe ls nh x;h gSA

'kks/k&izcU/k ds izFke v/;k; esa îzLrkouk* ds vUrxZr Hkkjr esa tkfr

O;oLFkk ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh lkekftd&'kSf{kd fLFkfr dk ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe

ds vk/kkj ij lekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk

dh fodklkRed ;k=k dk o.kZu djrs gq, orZeku esa mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

f}rh; v/;k; esa ^lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k* 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr 'kks/k

fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr iwoZ esa fd;s x;s v/;;uksa dh 'kks/k izfof/k ,oa fu"d"kksZa dk

fo'ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

r`rh; v/;k; ^vuqla/kku izjpuk ,oa fof/krU=* ls lacaf/kr gS ftlesa

v/;;u ds mn~ns'; ,oa ifjdYiuk,¡] v/;;u dh izÑfr] v/;;u {ks=] bdkb;ksa

dk p;u RkFkk mu izfof/k;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] ftuds ek/;e ls izLrqr 'kks/k

lEiUu fd;k x;k gSA

prqFkZ v/;k; esa ^mRrjnkrkvksa dk ik'oZfp=* 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr v/;;u

gsrq p;fur mRrjnkrkvksa dh oS;fDrd] 'kSf{kd] ikfjokfjd rFkk vkfFkZd i`"BHkwfe

dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

iape v/;k; îkfjokfjd&lkekftd izfLFkfr ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k* ls

lEcfU/kr gS] ftles mRrjnkrkvksa dk ikfjokfjd&lkekftd o jktuhfrd ifjos'k

rFkk orZeku ifjn`'; ds fofHkUu igyqvksa tSls& ifjokfjd fLFkfr] 'kSf{kd ekgkSy]

vkfFkZd fLFkfr] fyaxHksn] jktuSfrd lEc)rk] fookg lEcU/kh /kkj.kk,¡] lkekftd

ewY;ksa esa fo'okl] vkj{k.k dh fLFkfr] tkfrxr lkekftd HksnHkko] Nk=kokl dh

vi

miyC/krk] Nk=la?k dk vkSfpR; vkfn ij muds n`f"Vdks.k dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k

x;k gSA

"k"B v/;k; esa ^'kSf{kd&vkfFkZd izfLFkfr ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k* 'kh"kZd ds

vUrxZr mRrjnkrkvksa ds 'kSf{kd ,oa vkfFkZd ifjos'k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa tSls&

f'k{kk dk ek/;e] mPp f'k{kk esa izos'k ds le; esa vkj{k.k ds ekud] mPp f'k{kk

,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd leL;k,¡] tkfrxr HksnHkko] f'k{kdksa }kjk ekxZn'kZu

o lg;ksx ,oa lEcU/k] f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls lUrqf"V] 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe] vkfFkZd

lgk;rk dh fLFkfr vkfn ls lEcfU/kr ladfyr rF;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

lIre~ v/;k; esa îfjorZu ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k* 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr orZeku

'kSf{kd ifjn`'; esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa tSls& mPp f'k{kk dk Lrj vkSj xq.koŸkk]

ljdkjh uhfr;k¡] futhdj.k] vkj{k.k dh fLFkfr] vuq0 tkfr dh f'k{kk ds fodkl

gsrq lqfo/kkvksa dh fLFkfr] mPp f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; vkfn ij mRrjnkrkvksa ds

fopkjksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

v"Ve~ v/;k; fu"d"kZ o lq>ko gSA blds vUrxZr 'kks/k ls izkIr fu"d"kksZa

dk izfriknu djrs gq, mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh Hkkxhnkjh esa

o`f) ,oa muds 'kSf{kd fodkl gsrq mi;ksxh lq>ko izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA

fo"k;kuqØef.kdk

Øela[;k fo"k; i`"B la[;k

vkRe fuosnu i - ii

izkDdFku iii - vi

izFke v/;k; izLrkouk 01 & 97

f}rh; v/;k; lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k 98 & 121

r`rh; v/;k; vuqla/kku izjpuk ,oa fof/krU= 122 & 144

prqFkZ v/;k; mRrjnkrkvksa dk ik'oZfp= 145 & 189

iape v/;k; ikfjokfjd&lkekftd izfLFkfr ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k

190 & 208

"k"B v/;k; 'kSf{kd&vkfFkZd izfLFkfr ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k 209 & 228

lIre~ v/;k; ifjorZu ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k 229 & 250

v"Ve~ v/;k; fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko 251 &265

ifjf'k"V

lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph 266& 270

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph 271& 291

izFke v/;k;

izLrkouk

2

izFke v/;k;

izLrkouk

Tkkfr O;oLFkk fgUnw lkekftd lajpuk dk ,d izeq[k vk/kkj gS ftlus

fgUnqvksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lakLÑfrd ,oa jktuhfrd thou dks izHkkfor

fd;k gSA ;g ,d cgqr gh 'kfDr'kkyh dkjd gS tks euq"; dh thfodk] O;olk;

,oa izfr"Bk dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA tkfr ,d ,slk oxZ gS ftldh lnL;rk tUe

ls gh fuf'pr gksrh gS vFkkZr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr viuh ;ksX;rk vkfn c<+kdj viuh

tkfr ifjofrZr ugha dj ldrk gSA tkfr O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; lekt dh viuh rjg

dh ,d fofp= ,oa jkspd laLFkk gSA /keZ dh lhek ds ckgj fgUnqvksa dk tks dqN

Hkh viukiu gS] mldh vuks[kh vfHkO;fDr ;g tkfr&izFkk gSA fgUnw lekt esa

tkfr dsoy izfr"Bk dh gh ifjpk;d ugha gS] cfYd /kkfeZd izfr"Bk dh Hkh

ifjpk;d gSA1 Hkkjr esa tkfr dh O;kidrk ,oa egRo dks crkrs gq, MkW0 etwenkj

fy[krs gSa fd] ^^tkfr&O;oLFkk Hkkjr esa vuqie gSA lkekU;r% Hkkjr tkfr;ksa ,oa

lEiznk;ksa dh ijEijkRed LFkyh ekuk tkrk gSA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd ;gk¡ dh

gok esa Hkh tkfr ?kqyh gqbZ gS vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd eqlyeku rFkk bZlkbZ Hkh blls

ugha cps gSaA**2 tkfrizFkk ,d lkekftd lkezkT;okn gS] tks vkpkj ls iuik gS

vkSj ftldks /kkfeZd laj{k.k izkIr gSA3

tkfr tUe ij vk/kkfjr ,d ,slk lewg gS tks vius lnL;ksa ij fookg]

f'k{kk] O;olk;] /keZ] laLdkj rFkk lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd izfrcU/k yxkrk gSA

O;fDr ftl tkfr fo'ks"k esa tUe ysrk gS mlh tkfr }kjk fufnZ"V fuf'pr dk;Z

dks tUe ls gh xzg.k dj ysrk gSA tkfr iwjs lewg dk vUr%tkrh; vkSj oa'k

1- MkW0 ekrk izlkn] mŸkjkapy lfgr mŸkj izns'k dh nfyr tkfr;ksa dk nLrkost] lE;d izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2007] i`0 17

2- vkj0 ,u0 lDlsuk] Hkkjrh; lekt rFkk lkekftd laLFkk,a] i`0 45

3- ds0,e0 if.kDdj] dkLV ,aM MseksØslh] Hkwfedk ls

3

ijEijkxr mifoHkkx gS ,oa ,d nwljs foHkkxksa dh rqyuk esa bldh mPp ;k fuEu

lkekftd fLFkfr gksrh gSA bl O;oLFkk esa le;kuqlkj ifjorZu gksrs jgs gSaA

tkfr tSlh tfVy ,oa fofp= O;oLFkk dh mRifŸk dc vkSj dSls gqbZ] bl

ckr dks ysdj fo}kuksa esa erHksn ik;k tkrk gSA tkfr O;oLFkk dh ,sfrgkfldrk

dks le>us ds fy, bldh mRifŸk lEcU/kh izeq[k fl)kUrksa dk mYys[k djuk ;gk¡

vko';d gSA

?kq;sZ1 ekurs gSa fd o.kZ&/keZ vFkok fofHkUu o.kksZa dh vkpkj lafgrk dk

mRrjoSfnd dky esa ¼600 bZ0iw0&300 bZ0iw0½ cgqr foLrkj gqvkA ,e0,u0

Jhfuokl2 ds 'kCnksa esa ^^,slk tku iM+rk gS fd tkfr O;oLFkk dk o.kZ vkn'kZ

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds oSfnd ;qx esa Øe'k% fodflr gqvk] vkSj izkjfEHkd ckºe.k

ys[kdkas us mls mlh le; orZeku tkfr O;oLFkk ds LFkwy fooj.k ds :Ik esa

Lohdkj dj fy;kA Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk dk ewyk/kkj o.kZ&O;oLFkk gSA3

o.kZ&O;oLFkk dks ô.kZ&prq"V;* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA4

o.kZ dh mRifRr vR;Ur izkphu dky esa gh gks x;h Fkh ftldk loZizFke

mYys[k ^^_Xosn** esa izkIr gksrk gS]5 ftlds iq#"klwDr esa crk;k x;k gS fd

czkã.k dh mRifŸk fojkV~ iq#"k ¼vFkkZr~ czãk½ ds eq[k ls] jktU; dh ckgq ls] oS';

dh ta?kk ls rFkk 'kwnz dh iSjksa ls gqbZ gSA6 ;gh o.kZu dqN ifjorZu ds lkFk vU;

xzUFkksa esa Hkh feyrk gSA7 ml le; o.kZO;oLFkk oa'kkuqxr ij vk/kkfjr u gksdj

deZ ij vk/kkfjr FkhA ^^'kqØuhfr** ds vuqlkj tUe ls dksbZ czkºe.k] {kf=;] oS';

1- ?kq;sZ] th0,l0] dkLV] Dykl ,.M vkD;wis'ku] ikWiqyj cqd fMiks] ckEcs] 1961

2- Jhfuokl] ,e0,u0] lks'ky psat bu ekMuZ bf.M;k] jktdey izdk'ku izk0 fy0] ubZ fnYyh] 1966

3- ;kKoYD;Le`fr] 1-10 % czºe{kf=;foV~'kwnzk o.kkZLRok|kL=;ks f}tk%A fu"ksdk|k% 'e'kkukUrkLrs"kka oS eU=r% fØ;k%AA

4- Jhen~Hkxorxhrk] 18-41( czkºe.k{kf=;fo'kka 'kwnzk.kka p ijariA dekZf.k izfoHkDrkfu LoHkkoizHkoSxqZ.kS%AA

5- _Xosn] 2-12-4( ;susek fo'ok P;ouk Ñrkfu ;ks nkla o.kZe/kaja xqgkd%A

6- _Xosn] 10-90-12 % czkã.kks·L; eq[kkeklhr~ ckgq% jktU;% Ñr%A m#ŸknL; ;n~oS';% in~H;ka 'kwnzks·tk;r~AA

7- vFkoZ0] 19-66-6( okt0 la0] 30-11( iap0 czk0] 2-1-3-12

4

;k 'kwnz ugha gksrk] xq.k rFkk deZ ds vk/kkj ij gh mldk o.kZ fu/kkZfjr gks tkrk

gSA1 lw=dky esa o.kZ dks xq.k rFkk deZ ds LFkku ij tUe ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr

djuk vkjEHk gks x;k] ;|fi lw= lkfgR; esa dekZuqlkj o.kZ ifjorZu ds Hkh

mYys[k feyrs gSaA Le`frdky rd vkrs&vkrs o.kZ dk LFkku tkfr us ys fy;k vkSj

bldk fu/kkZj.k lkekU;r% tUe ds vk/kkj ij gksus yxkA euqLe`fr esas o.kZ ,oa

tkfr dks izk;% ,d gh vFkZ esa iz;qDr fd;k x;k gSA2

ekS;Zdky esa o.kZ&O;oLFkk dks ,d fuf'pr vk/kkj izkIr gks pqdk FkkA o.kZ

O;oLFkk dBksj gksdj tkfr ds :i esa cny xbZ] ftldk vk/kkj tUe Fkk] ijUrq

ckS) /keZ ds izlkj ds lkFk tkfr&O;oLFkk esa f'kfFkyrk vkrh xbZA tkfr&O;oLFkk

dk iqufoZdkl ,oa laxBu f}rh; 'krkCnh bZ0iw0 ls 'kaqx dky esa iqu% izkjEHk gqvkA

bl le; lekt esa ijEijkxr pkj o.kksZa ds vfrfjDr vU; cgqr lh tkfr;k¡

mRiUu gks xbZa FkhaA tkfr izFkk dh tfVyrk c<+ xbZA 'kqax] d.o] lkrokgu

dnEc] okdkVd] ifjozktd vkfn oa'kksa ds jktk czkã.k oa'k ds FksA3 bUgksaus o.kZ

vk/kkfjr lkekftd&jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks izJ; fn;k vkSj tkfr&O;oLFkk ds

dBksjre Lo:i dk izknqHkkZo gqvk] ftldk mŸkjksŸkj fodkl xqIrdky rFkk

xqIrksŸkj dky esa gqvkA xqIrksÙkj dkyhu lekt dh ,d egŸoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS

fd bl le; tkfr;ksa rFkk mitkfr;ksa dh la[;k esa vHkwriwoZ o`f) gks xbZA

ijEijkxr pkj o.kZ Hkh vusd tkfr;ksa eas fc[kj x;s rFkk dbZ ubZ tkfr;ksa dks

buds vUrxZr lekfgr fd;k x;k4] tks dekscs'k vusd :iksa esa vkt Hkh fo|eku

gSA

orZeku esa tkfr dk fu/kkZj.k iw.kZ :i ls mlds tUe ds vk/kkj ij gksrk

gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vius xq.kksa] lEifŸk ,oa f'k{kk esa o`f) djds ;k O;olk;

1- 'kqØuhfr] 1-38( u tkR;k czºe.k'pk= {kf=;ks oS'; ,o uA u 'kwnzks u p oS EysPNks Hksfnrk xq.kdeZfHk%AA

2- euqLe`fr] 10-24( O;fHkpkjs.k o.kkZukeos|kosnusu pA LodeZ.kka p R;kxsu tk;Urs o.kZladjk%AA

3- feJk] eerk] xqIr;qxhu lekt O;oLFkk] i`0 12

4- jk; cgknqj] egkegksik/;k; xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k] e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ¼600 bZ0&1200 bZ0½ r`rh; laLdj.k] i`0 34&35

5

ifjorZu djds tkfr ugha cny ldrk gSA O;fDr ftl tkfr esa tUe ysrk gS]

thoui;ZUr mlh dk lnL; cuk jgrk gSA tkfr ds tUe ds lkFk bl vVwV

lEcU/k ds dkj.k gh lEHkor% dwys us dgk gS fd] ^^tc rd oxZ iw.kZr%

vkuqoaf'kdrk ij vk/kkfjr gks] rks ge mls tkfr dgrs gSa]**1 rFkk etwenkj vkSj

enku us tkfr dks ,d cUn oxZ dgk gSA**2

dsrdj3 dk dguk gS fd ^^tkfr ,d lkekftd lewg gS ftldh nks

fo'ks"krk;sa gSa&

¼1½ tkfr dh lnL;rk mu O;fDr;ksa rd gh lhfer gS tks fd ml

tkfr&fo'ks"k ds lnL;ksa ls gh iSnk gq, gSa vkSj bl izdkj mRiUu gksus

okys lHkh O;fDr tkfr esa vkrs gSa]

¼2½ ftlds lnL; ,d vfofPNUu lkekftd fu;e ds }kjk vius lewg ds

ckgj fookg djus ls jksd fn;s x;s gSaA

Mweka vkSj iksdkd4 us tkfr&iz.kkyh dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj dh gS& ^^,d

lekt tkfr iz.kkyh ls izHkkfor gS] ;fn og lekt ijLij fojks/kh vusd lewgksa esa

c¡Vk gqvk gS tks oa'kkuqxr :Ik ls fo'ks"khÑr gS vkSj laLrj.k ds vk/kkj ij

Js.khc) gS& ;|fi fl)kUrr% iz.kkyh u u;s lnL;ksa dks Lohdkj djrh gS vkSj u

gh jDr&lfEeJ.k rFkk is'kksa esa ifjorZu dks ghA

,u0ds0 nRrk5 us tkfr&izFkk dh fuEufyf[kr N% fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k

fd;k gS&

¼1½ ,d tkfr ds lnL; tkfr ds ckgj fookg ugha dj ldrs]

¼2½ izR;sd tkfr esa nwljh tkfr;ksa ds lkFk [kkus ihus ds lEcU/k esa dqN u

dqN izfrcU/k gksrs gSa]

1- dwys] lh0,p0] lks'ky vkxZukbts'ku] i`0 11

2- etwenkj ,.M enku] ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw lks'ky ,UFkzksiksykWth] i`0 12

3- dsrdj] ,l0oh0] fgLVªh vkWQ dkLV bu bf.M;k] bFkkdk] U;w;kdZ] 1909

4- M~;weka] ,y0 ,.M iksdkWd] Mh0] daVªhC;w'ku Vw bf.M;u lksf'kykWth] ua0 2 ekmvu ,.M da0] isfjl] 1948

5- nRrk] ,u0ds0] vksfjftu ,.M xzksFk vkWQ dkLV bu bf.M;k] ok0 1] fn cqd da0] dydRrk] 1931

6

¼3½ vf/kdrj tkfr;ksa ds is'ks fuf'pr gSa]

¼4½ tkfr;ksa esa ,d Å¡p&uhp dk laLrj.k gS] ftlesa czkºe.k tkfr dh fLFkfr

loZekU; :Ik ls lcls Åij gS]

¼5½ tUe gh ,d O;fDr dh tkfr dks thoui;ZUr fuf'pr djrk gS] dsoy

tkfr ds fu;eksa dks rksM+us ij mls tkfr ls cfg"Ñr fd;k tk ldrk gS]

ugha rks ,d tkfr ls nwljh tkfr esa tkuk lEHko ugha gS]

¼6½ lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk czkºe.kksa dh izfr"Bk ij fuHkZj gSA

fuf'pr vFkZ esa Hkkjr tkfr&izFkk dk vkxkj gS vkSj ;gk¡ 'kk;n gh dksbZ

lkekftd lewg ,slk gks tks blds izHkko ls vius dks eqDr j[k ldk gksA

eqlyeku vkSj bZlkbZ rd Hkh blds iats esa Q¡l pqds gSa] pkgs mldk Lo:Ik Bhd

oSlk u gks] tSlk fgUnqvksa esa gSA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd izkjEHk esa tkfr izFkk bruh

tfVy u Fkh] ftruh fd ckn esa gqbZA le; ifjorZu ds lkFk bldk Lo:Ik Hkh

ifjofrZr gksrk x;k vkSj vUr esa ;g u dsoy tfVy cfYd fofp= Hkh gks x;hA

fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds tqM+us vkSj vyx gksus ls gtkjksa tkfr;k¡ vkSj mitkfr;k¡ cu

x;haA tkfr;ksa] mithfr;ksa esa nwjh c<+rh xbZA ,d&nwljs ls vius dks Å¡pk cuus

dh Hkkouk ls HksnHkko] ?k`.kk vkSj NqvkNwr dh Hkkouk iSnk gks xbZA1 vkt Hkkjro"kZ

esa yxHkx 3000 tkfr;ka vkSj mitkfr;ka gSa vkSj muds v/;;u ds fy;s tSlk fd

Jh gV~Vu2 dk dFku gS] ^^fo'ks"kKksa dh ,d lsuk dh vko';drk gksxhA**

vuqlwfpr tkfr& ns'k dh dqN [kkl tkfr;ksa dks vLi`';rk ,oa lkekftd

fu;ksZX;rkvksa ds dkj.k vuqPNsn 371 ds v/khu jk"Vªifr }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr

?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh ;g lwph ¼èkkjk&341 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr

rFkk /kkjk&342 esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr½ lafo/kku ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr½ vkns'k& 1950

ds vUrxZr foKfIr dh x;hA3 ;|fi ljdkj us vuqlwfpr tkfr dh dksbZ ifjHkk"kk

ugh nh gS ysfdu lafo/kku ds vUrxZr fu;qDr izkf/kdj.kksa dh laLrqfr ij dksbZ Hkh

1- MkW0 ekrk izlkn] mŸkjkapy lfgr mŸkj izns'k dh nfyr tkfr;ksa dk nLrkost] i`0 15

2- gV~Vu] ts0,p0] dkLV bu bf.M;k] vkDlQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl] yUnu] 1961

3- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku]

7

tkfr vuqlwfpr tkfr ?kksf"kr dh tk ldrh gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh orZeku

lwph esa dksbZ Hkh la'kks/ku lalnh; dkuwu }kjk gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr lekt'kkL=kh; dksfV;k¡ ugha gSa

cfYd {kfriwfrZ vFkok ldkjkRed HksnHkko ds fy, Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa igpkuh

xbZ tula[;k dh iz'kklfud dksfV;k¡ gaSA buesa mu yksxksa dks 'kkfey djus dh

ea'kk Fkh tks Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk esa ges'kk gh fupys ik;nku vFkok gkf'k;s

ij FksA vuqlwfpr tkfr us :f<+oknh lkekftd O;oLFkk eas fuEu lkekftd Lrj

,oa izFkkvksa dks Hkksxk gS ftlesa vNwr izFkk dk dyad Hkh 'kkfey gSA vuqlwfpr

tutkfr lkekftd vkSj HkkSxksfyd :i ls vyx jgh] vkSj mudk lkaLÑfrd

thou fganw lekt ls csgn fHkUu FkkA1

bl oxZ dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ij n`f"Vikr djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd

vNwr vkSj nfyr dgs tkus okys yksx vk;Z&iwoZ Hkkjrh;ksa ds oa'kt Fks] ftUgsa

vk;ksZÙkj o.kZ&O;oLFkk esa lEekuiw.kZ LFkku ugha fn;k x;kA2 izkphu o.kZ&O;oLFkk

esa lEekuiw.kZ LFkku u ikus okys oxZ dks ^'kwnz*] ^vLi`';*] ^vo.kZ*] ^vNwr*] ^vaR;t*

vFkok îape ¼o.kZ½* dgk tkus yxkA fczfV'k dky esa bls nfyr oxZ dgk x;kA

1931 dh tux.kuk esa bUgsa ^cfg"d`r oxZ* uke fn;k x;kA lkbeu deh'ku us

bl oxZ dks ^vuqlwfpr tkfr* dh laKk nhA blh vkèkkj ij Hkkjr ljdkj ds

vfèkfu;e 1935 dh èkkjk 279 eas ns'k dh 22 izfr'kr turk ¼7 izfr'kr vkfnoklh

vkSj 15 izfr'kr fuEu Js.kh dh tkfr;ksa½ dks 'kSf{kd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd

vkèkkj ij mRFkku fd;s tkus ;ksX; vuqlwfpr fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1933 esa ,d

êafnj&izos'k vkanksyu* ds nkSjku egkRek xkaèkh us bUgsa ^gfjtu* uke fn;kA nfyr

iSaFkj vkanksyu esa bUgsa ^nfyr* dh laKk nh xbZA3

1- xSysaVj] 1984

2- lsukVZ] ,fey] dkLV bu bf.M;k] i`0 83( voLFkh] 'kf'k] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 87&88

3- ifjizs{;] o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010] i`0 64&65

8

'kwnzksa dh mRifŸk ds lEcU/k esa izFke mYys[k _Xosn esa feyrk gS ftlds

vuqlkj 'kwnzksa dk tUe fojkV iq#"k ds iSjksa ls gqvkA1 'kwnzksa dh mRifŸk ds lEcU/k

esa jke'kj.k 'kekZ dk ekuuk gS fd vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd fo"kerkvksa ds dkj.k

vk;Z vkSj vk;sZrj nksuks ds vanj Jfed leqnk; dk mn; gqvk vkSj ;s Jfed gh

vkxs tkdj 'kwnz dgyk;sA2

;s yksx lekt ds lcls fuEu Lrj ds yksx le>s tkrs Fks] ij os vLi`';

Fks ;k ugha] bldk Li"V irk ugha pyrkA /keZ'kkL= ;qx esa vLi`';rk dh Hkkouk

lcls igys Li"V gqbZA euq ds ;qx esa bu vLi`';ksa dks u dsoy xk¡o ls fudky

fn;k x;k] cfYd mUgsa ,sls dk;ksZa vkSj dŸkZO;ksa dks lkSaik x;k] ftlls ;g Li"V

gks tk, fd os euq";&tkfr ds lcls v/ke uewus gSaA3

'kwnz 'kCn dh mRifŸk dk izFke iz;kl oknjk;.k ds osnkUrlw= esa fn[kykbZ

iM+rk gS] ftlesa bl 'kCn dks ^'kqd* vkSj ^nz* bu nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k

gSA bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS ^^tks 'kksd esa izkIr gks**A iqjk.kksa esa Hkh 'kwnz 'kCn dk

ewy ^^'kqp** gh ekuk x;k gS] rFkk of.kZr gS fd tks 'kksdkdqy gksdj b/kj&m/kj

nkSM+rk gS] fucZy ,oa fuLrst gS] ogh 'kwnz gSA4 ijorhZ xzaFkksa esa nh xbZ ;g mRifŸk

iwokZxzgh cqf) dh mit izrhr gksrh gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd buesa 'kwnzksa dh fLFkfr ij

rks foLr`r izdk'k iM+rk gS] fdUrq mudh mRifŸk ij de tksj fn;k x;k gSA 'kwnzksa

dh mRifŸk ds lanHkZ esa yqMfox dk ;g er vf/kd mi;qDr izrhr gksrk gS fd

izkjEHk esa ;g fdlh izeq[k vk;Z fojks/kh tkfr dk uke Fkk5] ftls vk;ksZa us ijkftr

fd;kA leku/kehZ gksus ds dkj.k lHkh foftr nkl ¼'k=q½ 'kwnz uke ls iqdkjs x,A

1- czkã.kks·L; eq[kkeklhr~ ckgq% jktU;% Ñr%A m#ŸknL; ;n~oS';% in~H;ka 'kwnzks·tk;r~AA _0] 10-90-12-

2- 'kekZ] jke'kj.k] 'kwnzksa dk izkphu bfrgkl] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] prqFkZ laLdj.k] 2003] i`0 38

3- johUn ukFk eqdthZ] Hkkjrh; lekt o laLÑfr] foosd izdk'ku] fnYyh] 2006] i`0 428

4- ok;qiqjk.k] 1] 8-158( 'kkspUr'p nzoUr'p ifjp;kZlq ;s jrk%A ftLrstlks vYioh;kZ'p 'kwnzkLrku~ czohRr pAA

5- yqMfox] VªkUlys'ku vkWo~ _Xosn] 3-212

9

lEHkor% oSfnd dky esa 'kwnz Ñf"knkl FksA1 c`gnkj.;d mifu"kn~ esa 'kwnz

dks îw"ku* ;k îks"kd* dgk x;k gSA2 'kwnz Hkwfe [kksndj Ñf"k ds fufeŸk Jenku

djrs Fks] blh dkj.k ;g o.kZ îw"ku* dgyk;kA3 osnksRrj dky esa 'kwnzksa dh fLFkfr

igys dh vis{kk vkSj fcxM+ xbZ FkhA bl dky esa 'kwnz dh fLFkfr nkl tSlh FkhA4

'kwnz dk viuk dksbZ Lora= vfLrRo ugha FkkA og mPpoxhZ; O;fDr dk lsod

gksrk FkkA egkHkkjr esa Hkh fy[kk gS fd vU; o.kksZa dh lsok&'kqJw"kk vkSj /ku dk

lap; u djuk 'kwnzksa ds fof'k"V dŸkZO; gSaA5 bl izdkj 'kwnzksa dks /ku laxzg djus

dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha Fkk] ;fn og fdlh izdkj /ku laxzg djds j[krk Hkh Fkk]

rks og mlds Lokeh ¼mPp o.kksZa½ dk gh ekuk tkrk FkkA6 egkHkkjr esa of.kZr gS

fd i'kqikyu] O;kikj vkSj m|ksx&/kU/kksa dks 'kwnz dj ldrs FksA7 xkSre dgrs gSa

fd 'kwnz ;kaf=d f'kYiksa dk lgkjk ysdj viuk thou&;kiu djrk FkkA8 cqudj]

c<+bZ ¼r{kd½] yksgkj ¼dEekj½] nUrdkj] dqEgkj ¼dqEHkdkj½] peZdkj vkfn fofHkUu

yksx 'kwnzh; oxZ ds FksA9 dkSfVY; us 'kwnz dk eq[; /keZ f}tkfr dh lsok djuk gh

ekuk g SA10

vLi`';kasa dh la[;k esa bl izpqj o`f) ds dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj ikuk

nq:g gSA vf/kdrj vLi`'; tkfr;ksa esa fiNM+s dchyksa ds tu lfEefyr FksA bu

yksxksa dks fgUnw lekt O;oLFkk esa czkã.khdj.k ds ek/;e ls ;k ckS) /keZ ds izpkj

ds QyLo:i lfEefyr fd;k x;k Fkk] czkã.kh; jpukvksa rFkk ckS)p;kZinksa ls

,slk iq"V gksrk gSA ckS)p;kZinksa esaa Mkseksa] fu"kknksa vkSj mudh fL=;ksa rFkk

1- oSfnd baMsDl] 2] i`0 389

2- c`gnk0 m0] 1-4-13] i`0 40-

3- eqdthZ] vkj0 ds0] ,saf'k,aV bf.M;u ,tqds'ku] i`0 158-

4- iztkifrfgZ o.kkZuka nkla 'kwnzedYi;r~A egkHkkjr] 'kkfUr0] 60-28

5- 'kkL=h] uhydaB] fn ,t vkWQ fn uankt ,.M ekS;kZt] i`0 116

6- xkS0 /k0 lw0] 2-1-65] i`0 106

7- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUr0] 294-4( okf.kT;a i'kqikY;a p rFkk f'kYiksithoue~A 'kwnzL;kfi fo/kh;Urs ;nk ofŸkuZ tk;rsAA

8- xkS0 /k0 lw0] 2-1-60

9- 'kekZ] vkj0 ,l0] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 91

10- vFkZ'kkL=] 1-3( 'kwnzL; f}tkfr'kqJw"kk okrkZ A

10

dkikfydksa dk mYys[k gqvk gSA buesa ls lHkh lkekU;r% xzkeksa ds ckgj Vhyksa ij

jgrs Fks vkSj czkã.kksa ds fy, vNwr FksA1 blls Li"V gksrk gS fd dqN dck;yh

yksxksa dks cgqr fiNM+s gksus ds dkj.k fgUnw lekt O;oLFkk esa iw.kZ :i ls lekfgr

ugha fd;k tk ldk] blfy, mUgsa vLi'kZ dh Js.kh esa Mky fn;k x;k FkkA pw¡fd

iwoZ&e/;dky esa czkã.khdj.k dh izfØ;k cgqr rhoz Lrj ij pyh Fkh] blfy,

bl dky esa vLi`L; tkfr;ksa dh la[;k esa Hkh vR;f/kd o`f) gqbZA iwoZdky eas

dqN izeq[k izdkj ds vgsfj;ksa rFkk f'kfYi;kas dks gh vLi`'; cuk fn;k x;k Fkk]

fdarq vc vusd [ksfrgj tkfr;ksa dks Hkh bl voLFkk esa izfo"V djk fn;k x;kA2

vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; lekt dbZ tkfr;ksa o mi&tkfr;ksa dh fofofèkrk okyk

lekt gSA MkW- vEcsMdj ds vuqlkj] fgUnw lekt dks tkfr ds vkèkkj ij bl gn

rd ckaV fn;k x;k gS fd vyx&vyx tkfr ds yksx u vkil esa ,d lkFk

fey cSB dj [kkrs gSa] u vkil esa ,d nwljs ls fookg djrs gSaA tUe] e`R;q]

fookg vkSj Hkkstu tSls lq[k&nq%[k ds egÙoiw.kZ ekSdksa ij muesa vkil esa dksbZ

lgHkkfxrk ugha gksrh gSA bl rjg] fgUnw èkeZ dk n'kZu gh cUèkqRo ds ewY; ds

foijhr gSA3

1991 dh x.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjro"kZ dh tula[;k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa

ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 13-82 djksM+ Fkh tks dqy tula[;k dh 16-48 FkhA ogha lu~

2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh vkcknh yxHkx

16-66 djksM+ ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh vkcknh yxHkx 8-36 djksM+ FkhA 2001

dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj mRrj izns'k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh la[;k

35]1487]377 ¼21-1%½ rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh la[;k 107]963 ¼0-1%½ FkhA

vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj tutkfr ds yksxksa ds lkFk vusdkusd HksnHkko ,oa

vekuoh;rk dk O;ogkj gksrs gq, lekt esa dgha&dgha vkt Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk

gSA gkyk¡fd ,slh ?kVukvksa esa èkhjs&èkhjs deh vk jgh gSA vke tula[;k o`f) nj

1- etwenkj] vrhUnz] n p;kZin~t] dydÙkk] 1967] i`0 101

2- 'kekZ] jke'kj.k] iwoZ&e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk lkeUrh lekt ,oa laLÑfr] i`0 176

3- vEcsMdj] ch0vkj0] MkW0 ckcklkgsc vEcsMdj jkbfVax ,.M Lihpst] okY;we&3] i`0 1&22

11

tgk¡ 2001 esa ?kVdj 2-3 izfr'kr jg xbZ] ogha vuqlwfpr tkfr dh o`f) nj esa

o`f) gqbZ tks yxHkx 3 izfr'kr ls Hkh vfèkd gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh vc rd

yxHkx 1052 tkfr;k¡ ,oa mitkfr;k¡ vuqlwphc) dh tk pqdh gaS rFkk vuqlwfpr

tutkfr;k¡ yxHkx 400 mitkfr;ksa esa vc rd lwphc) gks pqdh gSaA lHkh

vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡] tutkfr;k¡] Hkkjrh; lekt dh lcls fuEu lkekftd Lrj

okyh gSa] tks lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls fiNM+siu ds dkj.k vc rd

n;uh; n'kk esa gaSA

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh orZeku fLFkfr ds ckjs esa dksbZ ,d fuf'pr /kkj.kk

cukuk ljy ugha gS D;ksafd ,d rks {ks=h; fofo/krk O;kid iSekus ij ekStwn gS

vkSj nwljh vksj muesa vk jgh fLFkjrk vkSj ifjorZu ds chp vfuf'pr larqyu gSA

tgk¡ vrhr esa mudh ifjfLFkfr 'kq)rk vkSj iznw"k.k ls r; gksrh Fkh] vkt og

oksV dh jktuhfr&tfur tura= ls r; gks jgh gSA1 f'k{kk ds c<+rs Lrjksa ds

ckotwn vuqlwfpr tkfr dk orZeku lkekftd Lrj vkt Hkh xUnxh] vLi`';rk

ds lkekftd O;ogkj] nklrk ds lkekftd lacaèk bR;kfn ds caèku esa vVdk gqvk

gSA gkyk¡fd ns'k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa bl rjg ds O;ogkjksa dh rhozrk esa csgn

fofoèkrk gSA2

ikjaifjd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa] tkfr vkSj is'ks vkil esa bl

rjg ls xq¡Fks gq, Fks] ftlesa ?kfV;k ;k fuEu le>s tkus okys dk;Z vuqlwfpr

tkfr;ksa ds fgLls esa FksA tkfr vkSj is'ks ds chp dk og fudV lEcUèk èkhjs&èkhjs

<hyk gqvk gS] ysfdu iw.kZr% [kRe ugha gks ik;k gS vkSj vHkh Hkh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa

ds vfèkdka'k yksx fuEu is'kksa esa fyIr gSaA ikjaifjd rkSj ij ?kksf"kr tkfrc) is'kksa

dks NksM+dj nwljs is'kksa dks viukus dh dksf'k'ksa c<+h rks gSa vkSj ;s ifjorZu xk¡oksa

1- crsys] 2000] fn f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l% ,u bUVj&jhtuy ilZisfDVo] ,- csrsys ¼laikfnr½] tuZy vkWQ bafM;u Ldwy vkWQ ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] 12 ¼3 vkSj 4½% 367&80

2- vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds cPpksa dh leL;k,¡] jk"Vªh; Qksdl lewg dk vk/kkkj i=] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh] 2010] i`0 3

12

esa jkstxkj ds u, voljksa vkSj f'k{kk&vkèkkfjr is'kksa vkSj lkekftd Lrj ij cM+h

xR;kRedrk dh otg ls laHko gq, gSaA1

vkj{k.k uhfr us eè;e oxhZ Lrj viukus ,oa ml rd igq¡p dks laHko

cuk;k gS] ysfdu lfn;ksa ls 'kks"k.k ds na'k dks >syus okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

yksxksa dks vkj{k.k feyus dk le;≤ ij lo.kZ leqnk; }kjk fojks/k gksrk jgk

gSA Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; ds lo.kZ U;k;k/kh'k Hkh lkekftd U;k; dh O;k[;k

vius rjhds ls djds lafo/kku dh ewy Hkkouk ds fo#) fu.kZ; nsrs jgs gSaA lu

1992 esa U;k;ewfrZ ekdZ.Ms; dkVtw us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk Fkk fd 'kks/k] f'k{k.k]

fpfdRlk o bathfu;fjax esa ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij HkrhZ o fu;qfDr gksuh pkfg,]

vkj{k.k ds vk/kkj ij ugha]2 tcfd ;ksX;rk o n{krk mikftZr gksrs gSa] mfpr

[kkuk] mfpr f'k{kk] mfpr ekgkSy ls] ysfdu vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dks /kkfeZd

dkuwuksa }kjk gtkjksa lkyksa rd bUlku dk ntkZ gh ugha fn;k x;k] ewyHkwr

vko';drkvksa] mfpr lqfo/kkvksa vkSj dh ckr rks nwj gSA3

;qxksa&;qxksa ls 'kwnz [kkeks'kh ds lkFk] f'kdk;r ds ,d 'kCn ds fcuk

fujUrj e'khu dh rjg dke djds ns'k dh lkjh lEifŸk dk mRiknu djrs pys

vk jgs gSa vkSj lo.kZ tkfr;k¡ vius c`f) pkrq;Z ls muds ifjJe ds Qy dk

vf/kdka'k Hkkx Lo;a miHkksx djrh pyh vk jgh gSA vc 'kwnzksa esa bl 'kks"k.k

tfur rF; ds izfr tkx#drk vkbZ vkSj vc os laxfBr gksdj vius oS/k&oafpr

vf/kdkjksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, dej dl dj [kM+s gks x;s gSaA4 vkpk;Z jtuh'k

dk dguk gS fd ^^;g cgqr gh mfpr /kkj.kk gS fd lcdks xq.k ds vuqlkj lEeku

feyuk pkfg,] ysfdu ik¡p gtkj lky ls] ftudks fdrkcsa Hkh ugha Nwus nh xbZa]

ftudks fdlh rjg dh f'k{kk ugha nh xbZ] os czkºe.kksa vkSj oS';ksa ls dSls VDdj

1- jk"Vªh; Qksdl lewg dk vk/kkkj i=] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh] 2010] i`0 04

2- izks0 jkeukFk] ;ksX;rk] esjh twrh] xkSre cqd lsUVj] fnYyh] 2010] izkDdFku lsA

3- izks0 jkeukFk] ^;ksX;rk okrkoj.k ls vkrh gS*] ;ksX;rk] esjh twrh] i`0 12

4- MkW0 ekrk izlkn] mŸkjkapy lfgr mŸkj izns'k dh nfyr tkfr;ksa dk nLrkost] i`0 90

13

ys ik;saxsA muds cPps rks fiV tk;saxsA muds cPpksa dks rks fo'ks"k vkj{k.k feyuk

gh pkfg,A**1

1990 ds ckn dh Hkw&eaMyh; izfØ;kvksa ds vlj us vuqlwfpr tkfr esa

lcls xjhc dks cqjh rjg izHkkfor fd;k Fkk vkSj og vkSj Hkh T;knk xjhc gks

x,A vè;;uksa us xjhch ds QSyko] chekjh ,oa e`R;q vkSj xzkeh.k csjkstxkjh ds

c<+rs Lrj vkSj etnwjh esa 'kks"k.k@deh dh vksj b'kkjk fd;k gSA bUgksaus

vuqlwfpr tkfr esa okLrfod etnwjh miHkksDrk lk>hnkjh vkSj miHkksDrk ds izfr

O;fDr ekfld O;; ds Lrj esa Hkh fxjkoV dk nkok fd;k gSA2

Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dk fgLlk 15-75% gS]

ftlesa 84% xzkeh.k {ks=ksa rFkk 16% uxjh; {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrs gSaA buesa 28-5%

[ksfrgj] 69-6% Hkwfeghu] 49-1% Ñf"k Jfed] 72% vkdf:ed Jfed] 17-3%

vkS|ksfxd Jfed rFkk 58-7% cky Jfed gSaA3

f'k{kk &

^^,tqds'ku** 'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk dk 'kCn ^,tqdspj* ls O;qRiUu gS ftldk

vFkZ gS ikyu&iks"k.k djuk] ekxZ fn[kkukA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd O;fDr ds vUnj

tks xq.k fNik gqvk] vUrfuZfgr ;k vizdV :i esa gS mUgsa lkeus ykuk] Li"V

djukA ;g ,d thou i;ZUr izfØ;k gS tks pfj= vkSj vUrtkZr {kerkvksa dk

fodkl djds O;fDr dh izd`fr dks iw.kZrk dh vksj ys tkrh gSA f'k{kk ls O;fDr

1- vkpk;Z jtuh'k ds fopkj] MkW0 ekrk izlkn] mŸkjkapy lfgr mŸkj izns'k dh nfyr tkfr;ksa dk nLrkost] ls m)`r

2- VsyVqEcns] ,- 2000- ^baiSDV vkWQ U;w bdksukWfed fjQkeZl vkWu nfyr~l*] ih- th- tksxnaM ¼laiknd½] U;w bdksukWeh ikfylh ,aM nfyr~l] t;iqj% jkor ifCyds'kal] i`- la- 91&138( FkksjkV] ,l- vkSj vkj- ,l- ns'kikaMs] 2001- ^dkLV flLVe ,aM bdksukWfed bubDokfyVh % bdksukWfed F;ksjh ,aM ,foMsal*] th- 'kkg ¼laiknd½] ds nfyr vkbMsafVVh ,aM ikWfyfVDl % dYpjy lcksfMZus'ku ,aM n nfyr pSysat] [kaM 2] u;h fnYyh % lst] ifCyds'kal] i`- la- 44&73( uupjS;kg] th- 2000- U;w bdksukWfed ikWfylh ,.M bV~l bQsDV~l vkWu nfyr~l] tksxn.M] ih-th- ¼laikfnr½ U;w bdksukWfed ikWfylh ,.M nfyr~l] t;iqj % jkor ifCyds'kal] i`-la- 21&37

3- MkW0 ekrk izlkn] mŸkjkapy lfgr mŸkj izns'k dh nfyr tkfr;ksa dk nLrkost] layXud&2] ^vuqlwfpr tkfr dh lkekftd fLFkfr*

14

ds pfj= vkSj O;fDr dk fodkl gksrk gS rks mlls HkkSfrd dY;k.k dh vk'kk Hkh

dh tkrh gSA








fo'o ds fy, fgrdj gksrk gSA1

ladh.kZ vFkZ esa f'k{kk dk rkRi;Z iqLrdh; Kku vkSj fy[kus&i<+us ls fy;k

tkrk gSA O;kid n`f"V ls f'k{kk dk rkRi;Z lHkh izdkj ds Kku ds laxzg rFkk

ekuo ds pgq¡eq[kh fodkl ls fy;k tkrk gSA fQfYkIl dgrs gSa fd ^^f'k{kk og

laLFkk gS ftldk dsUnzh; rRo Kku dk laxzg gSA**2 IysVks us f'k{kk dks ,slk

HkkoukRed lk/ku ekuk gS ftlds }kjk 'kkld lejlrkiw.kZ jkT; dh LFkkiuk

djus gsrq ekuo izÑfr dks lgh fn'kk esa eksM+ ldrk gSA ;fn ukxfjdksa dks Hkh

lgh f'k{kk feys] rksa ukxfjd viuh dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk dj ldrs gSaA tc Hkh

ladV vk;sxk rks mlls os yksgk ysus esa leFkZ gksaxsA ;fn f'k{kk vPNh gks] rks

fdlh izdkj dk lq/kkj lekt esa lEHko gks ldrk gSA orZeku 'kSf{kd lektksa esa

f'k{kk] fo'ks"kdj mPp f'k{kk lekt ds lkekftd o vkfFkZd lajpuk dk ewy

vk/kkj gS] D;ksafd f'k{kk gh O;fDr ds in ,oa fLFkfr dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA dsoy

Kku ds fy;s gh ugha] cfYd lekt esa lkekftd o vkfFkZd izxfr ds fy, Hkh

f'k{kk vfuok;Z gSA f'k{kk rks ,d ,slk lk/ku gS tks vk/kqfud lektksa esa O;fDr ds

Kku ifjektZu rFkk O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k ds fy, mRrjnk;h gS vkSj izxfr'khy

1- vuqt dqekj] 21oha lnh esa mPp f'k{kk dh pqukSrh;k¡* Hkfo";ksaeq[kh n`f"V vkSj mPp f'k{kk] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk] tqykbZ 2010] i`0 75

2- fQfyIl] ch0,l0] lks'kykWth] LVªsDpj ,.M psat] i`0 305

15

lektksa esa rduhdh ,oa vkfFkZd izxfr dk ewyk/kkj gSA f'k{kk xfr'khyrk ds jkLrs

dks pkSM+k djrh gS1 vkSj vk/kqfudrk ds cUn njokts dks [kksyrh gS

2 rFkk lekt

dh vkfFkZd uhao dks lqn`<+ djrh gSA3 f'k{kk gekjs lekt ds ;kaf=d o rduhdh

fodkl ds fy, vko';d gS rFkk lekt ds xfr'khy oxksZa dks lkekftd Ja[kyk

ds v/kZlkekftd xfr'khyrk ds fy;s ;ksX;rk iznku djrh gSA blds lkFk&lkFk

mUgsa cqf)thoh fo'ks"kKksa rFkk rduhdh fo'ks"kKksa ds vfHktkr oxZ esa izos'k ikus gsrq

volj iznku djrh gSA4

f'k{kk lekt dh tfVy jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa dks le>us rFkk muesa

lgHkkfxrk djus ds fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd ;gh ,d lk/ku gS ftlds

O;fDr vius lkekftd] jktuSfrd i;kZoj.k dks le> ldrk gS rFkk vius dks

mlds vuqlkj lek;ksftr dj ldrk gSA f'k{kk dk vR;f/kd egRo gksus ds

dkj.k gh lekt ds yksx f'kf{kr gksus dh izcy egRokdka{kk j[krs gSa rFkk vius

gj lEHko lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx f'k{kk gsrq djrs gSaA5 vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd

f'k{kk vk/kqfud O;kolkf;d lajpuk dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gS rFkk ml lajpuk ls

O;fDr ds izdk;kZRed egRo dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA6

igys f'k{kk dk Lo:i fHkUu Fkk] enjlk] xq:dqyksa esa yksx f'k{kk izkIr

djrs FksA /khjs&/khjs i<+us tkus okyksa dh la[;k esa o`f) rks gqbZ ysfdu buesa

1- V~;wfeu] esfYou ,e0 ,.M vuksZYM] ,l0 QsMeSu] LVsV~l ilZisfDVo ,.M ,phoesUV % ,twds'kuy ,.M Dykl LVªDpj bu iksVZ fjdks] vesfjdu lksf'k;ksykftdy fjO;w] vxLr] 1956] i`0 470

2- ekDlZ] dkyZ] , daVªhC;w'ku Vw fØfVd vkWQ ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] vuq0 ,u0vkbZ0 LVksu f'kdkxks pkYlZ] ,l0 [ksj] i`0 181

3- DykdZ] cVZu vkj0] ,twdsfVax fn ,DliVZ lkslk;Vh] lsuÝkaflldks] dSysaMj] 1962] i`0 48

4- xksjs] ,e0,l0] le izkWCyEl vkWQ ,twdsVsM ;wFk bu bf.M;k] lks'ky ,.M ikWfyfVdy bD;qIesUV 1947&67] ,f'k;k ifCyds'ku gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 1968] i`0 79

5- ik.Ms;] ch0] bf.M;u ;wFk ,sV fn ØkWl jksM] ok.kh fcgkj izdk'ku] okjk.klh] 1975] i`0 119

6- xksjs] ,e0,l0] le izkWCyEl vkWQ ,twdsVsM ;wFk bu bf.M;k] lks'ky ,.M ikWfyfVdy bD;qIesUV 1947&67] ,f'k;k ifCyds'ku gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 1968] i`0 69

16

mPpoxhZ; Nk=ksa dk gh vuqikr c<+k tks fd iSls ds ekeys esa lEiUu FksA1 'ks"k

Hkkjr fuj{kjrk ds izdksi ls xzflr FkkA n`f"V foLrkj LFkkuh; laLÑfr ds ifjf/k

rd gh lhfer Fkh] ijEijk fuokZg gh mldh f'k{kk dk eq[; /;s; FkkA fdUrq

f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vktdy fof'k"V oxZ ds gh Nk= ugha gSa oju~ e/;e ,oa fuEu

oxhZ; Nk= Hkh vkxs vk;s gSaA O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk egRo Hkh fnu izfrfnu c<+rk

tk jgk gSA vkt f'k{kk O;fDr dks lekt esa thus ;ksX; gh ugha cuk jgh gS]

cfYd mls lekt ds ,sls fØ;kRed vax ds :i esa izLrqr dj jgh gS tks

lkekftd ifjorZu esa iw.kZ:i ls lgk;d gSA

f'k{kk'kkL=h Vh0 jse.V2 ¼1968½ us ^^f'k{kk dks fodkl dh ,d izfØ;k dgk

gS ftlesa euq"; cpiu ls izkS<+koLFkk rd vusd rjhdksa ls vius HkkSfrd]

lkekftd vkSj vk/;kfRed i;kZoj.k ls vuqdwyu djuk lh[krk gSA** tku Mh oh3

¼1963½ ds vuqlkj ^^f'k{kk O;fDr dh mu leLr 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl gS ftuesa

og vius okrkoj.k ij fu;U=.k j[k lds vkSj viuh lEHkkoukvksa dks iw.kZ dj

ldsA**

nq[khZe4 ¼1922½ ds vuqlkj ^^f'k{kk vf/kd vk;q ds yksxksa }kjk ,sls yksxksa ds

izfr dh tkus okyh fØ;k gS tks vHkh lkekftd thou esa izos'k djus ;ksX; ugha

gSaA bldk mn~ns'; f'k'kq esa mu ckSf)d] HkkSfrd ,oa uSfrd xq.kksa dk fodkl

djuk gS tks mlds fy;s lEiw.kZ lekt vkSj i;kZoj.k ls vuqdwyu djus ds fy;s

vko';d gSA**

cksxkMZl dk dguk gS fd lkaL—frd fojklr ,oa thou ds vFkZ dks izkIr

djuk gh f'k{kk gSA5 ogha lE;qvy ,ch f'k{kk dks leqnk; ;k leqnk; ds O;fDr;ksa

1- gYls] ,0,p0] fn psaftx QaD'kal vkWQ ;wuhoflZVh bu ,p0,p0 gYls] thu ¶ykm.M ,.M vuksZYM ¼laik0½ ,twds'ku] bdksukWeh ,.M lkslk;Vh ¼Xysudks&3½] Ýh izsl] 1961] i`0 158

2- jsekm.V] Vh0] ekMuZ ,twds'ku] ykWaxeSu xzhu ,.M dEiuh] yUnu] 1968

3- tkWu] Mh0oh0] MseksØslh ,.M ,.M ,twds'ku] CySd fgy ifCy'klZ] yUnu] 1963

4- nq[khZe] bekby] ,twds'ku ,.M lksf'kykWth foFk bUVªksMD'ku ckbZ ,l0Mh0 QkWDl ,.M QkWjoMsZM ckbZ Vh0 ilZal XysUdks] Ýh izsl] 1922

5- ckVkeksj] Vh0ch0] lks'kykWth] i`0 255

17

}kjk funsZf'kr ,d ,slh lkekftd izfØ;k ekurs gSa] tks lekt }kjk Loh—r ewY;ksa

dks izkIr djuk pkgrh gSA**1

foosdkuUn2 ¼1894½ us ^êuq"; dh vUrfuZfgr iw.kZrk dh vfHkO;fDr djus

dks gh f'k{kk ekuk gSA** ogha vjfoUnks3 ¼1949½ us ^^f'k{kk dks ckyd vkSj ekuo esa

iw.kZ:i ls 'kkjhfjd] ckSf)d rFkk vk/;kfRed cy dh lokZaxh.k mUufr ds fy,

vko';d ekuk gSA** ,l0lh0 nwcs4 ¼1988½ f'k{kk dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dk ,d

l'kDr lk/ku ekurs gSa] D;ksafd f'k{kk Kku dh o`f) djrh gS ,oa ewY;ksa rFkk

/kkj.kkvksa esa ifjorZu ykrh gS tks vk/kqfudhdj.k ds mn~ns'; rd igq¡pus ds fy;s

cgqr vko';d gSA

nq[khZe5 ¼1922½ us f'k{kk dk lcls izeq[k izdk;Z lekt ds fu;eksa o ewY;ksa

dks ifjofrZr djuk crk;k gSA lekt rHkh rd thfor jg ldrk gS tc rd fd

blds lnL;ksa ds e/; i;kZIr ,drk gks] f'k{kk bl ,drk dks iSnk djrh gS vkSj

bls LFkkfir Hkh djrh gSA nq[khZe dk ekuuk gS fd f'k{kk O;fDr vkSj lekt dks

ewY;ksa ,oa vkn'kksZa] leqnk; dh ijEijk ,oa fpUru ds ckjs esa crkdj mUgsa fl)kUr

ls ySl djrh gSA nwljs nq[khZe rdZ nsrs gSa fd fo|ky;ksa }kjk tks vkSipkfjd

f'k{kk nh tkrh gS og ifjokj o lewg }kjk ugha nh tk ldrh gSA fo|ky;ksa ds

fu;eksa dk lEeku ,oa ikyu djds cPpk lkekU; fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk lh[krk

gS lkFk gh og vkRefu;U=.k ,oa vkRela;e dh vknr fodflr djrk gSA nq[khZe

dk er gS fd vkSipkfjd f'k{k.k laLFkk;sa lkekU; ewY;ksa dks fl[kkus ds vfrfjDr

lkekftd mRrjthfork ds fy;s vko';d ,d:irk o fof'k"V dkS'kyksa dk izlkj

Hkh djrh gSa tks lkekftd lg;ksx ds fy;s vko';d fofo/krk iznku djrs gSaA

1- lSE;qoy] ,ch] ,u bUVªksMD'ku Vw osLVuZ flfoykbts'ku] i`0 659

2- vfouk'kh fyaxe] Vh0,l0] ,twds'ku vkWQ Lokeh foosdkuUn] jke Ñ".k eB ifCyds'ku fMohtu] ukxiqj] 1943

3- vjfoUnks] , flLVe vkWQ us'kuy ,twds'ku] vk;kZ ifCyf'kax gkml] dydRrk] 1948

4- nqcs] ,l0lh0] ekMukZbts'ku ,.M MsoyuesUV] foLrkj ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1988

5- nq[khZe] bekby] ,twds'ku ,.M lksf'kykWth foFk bUVªksMD'ku ckbZ ,l0Mh0 QkWDl ,.M QkWjoMsZM ckbZ VkWYdkWV ijlal] Xysudks Ýh izsl] 1992

18

f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; tSlk fd nq[khZe dgrs gSa] ^^cPpksa esa mu 'kkjhfjd] ckSf)d] ,oa

uSfrd Lrjksa dks tkxzr djuk gS tks muds LoHkko ds vuqlkj fodkl ds fy;s

fo'ks"k :i ls vko';d gSaA** nq[khZe ds bl dFku dks O;kid cukrs gq, cksVkseksj1

¼1978½ dgrs gSa fd f'k{kk dk dk;Z cPpksa dks fo'ks"k xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fo'ks"k :i

ls f'kf{kr djuk gSA bldk ijEijkxr vFkZ gS & lkekftd laLrj.k esa mls

fo'ks"k lewg dh lnL;rk ds fy;s rS;kj djukA

izdk;Zokfn;ksa dk er gS fd f'k{kk lekt esa n`<+rk cuk;s j[kus ,oa

ewY;&O;oLFkk esa ,derrk dk;e j[kus dk dk;Z djrh gSA ikjlUl2 fo|ky; dks

^lkekthdj.k dh dsUnzh; ,tsUlh* ekurs gSa tks ifjokj ,oa lekt ds chp dM+h

dk dk;Z djrh gSA fo|ky; cPpksa dks vius Hkkoh thou ds fy;s Hkwfedk p;u

djus esa Hkh ;ksx nsrk gSA Msfol ,oa ewj3 ¼1945½ f'k{kk dks lkekftd Lrjhdj.k

dh izfØ;k dk vax ekurs gSaA f'k{kk O;oLFkk gh lekt ds ;ksX; ,oa izfrHkkoku

O;fDr;ksa dks lekt ds egRoiw.kZ inksa dks /kkj.k djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA

dbZ izdk;Zoknh f'k{kk ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk ds izdk;kZRed lEcU/kksa dks izdV djrs gSaA

mudk er gS fd vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk ds foLrkj us vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dk

foLrkj fd;k gSA m|ksxksa esa n{k ,oa izf'kf{kr yksxksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS

ftldks f'k{kk laLFkk;sa tqVkrh gSaA Hkkjr esa izeq[k ekDlZoknh tSls & Mh0ih0

eq[kthZ4 ¼1957½ dk er gS fd f'k{kk O;oLFkk iwathoknh 'kkld oxZ ds fgrksa dh

iwfrZ ,oa j{kk djrh gS] muds fy;s izf'kf{kr Je rS;kj djrh gS ftlls os vf/kd

ykHk dek ldsaA iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa f'k{kk 'kkld oxZ dh fopkj/kkjk dk

gLrkUrj.k djrh gS tks iwathoknh O;oLFkk dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkrh gSA

1- ckVkseksj] Vh0ch0] lksf'kykWth % , xkbM Vw izkCye ,.M fyV~jspj] CySd ,.M lal] ckEcs] 1978

2- ijlal] Vh0] fn lks'ky flLVe] fn Ýh izsl vkWQ Xysudks] U;w;kdZ] 1951

3- Msfol] fdaXys ,.M foycVZ] ewj] le fizfUlfiYl vkWQ LVªsVhfQds'ku bu vkj&csafMDl ,.M ,l0,e0 fyilsV ¼,Mh0½ Dykl] LVsVl ,.M ikWoj] jkWVst ,.M dsxu ikWy] yanu] 1996

4- eq[kthZ] Mh0ih0] MkboflVhZt] ,f'k;k ifCyf'kax gkml] ckECks] 1957

19

,l0lh0 nwcs1 ¼1994½ us f'k{kk ds fuEufyf[kr izdk;Z crk;s gSa&

1- f'k{kk O;fDr;ksa ,oa muds lewgksa esa vf/kdre tkx:drk mRiUu djs] Kku

dk izlkj djs rFkk ,sls dkS'ky fn[kk;s] ftlls os viuk oS;fDrd rFkk

lkewfgd thou&;kiu djus ;ksX; cu ldsa vkSj mlesa xq.kkRed lq/kkj yk

ldsaA

2- lakL—frd rFkk vkfFkZd thou esa Hkkx ysus vkSj muesa viuk ;ksxnku

djus ds volj lHkh oxksZa ,oa Jsf.k;ksa ds ukxfjdksa dks lqyHk djk ldsA

3- lHkh laL—fr;ksa dks bldh Lora=rk gks ,oa i;kZIr volj fn;s tk;sa

ftlls fd os viuh fojklr dks le`) cuk ldsa] mldh vfHkO;fDr dj

ldsaA ekuo dh fu;fr ds lkekU; ,oa lkoZHkkSe Lo:i dks ns[krs gq,

fofHkUu laL—fr;ksa ,oa lektksa ds e/; ln~Hkko ds lsrq cuk;s tkus pkfg;s]

rkfd muds e/; lg&vfLrRo ,oa lg;ksx ds leFkZd izfreku LFkkfir

fd;s tk lds vkSj mUgsa n`<+ cuk;k tk ldsA bu lc dk;ksZa esa f'k{kk dh

Hkwfedk iz/kku gSA

4- ekuo tkfr dh thou vkSj izxfr lEcU/kh vko';drk;sa 'kSf{kd iz;klksa esa

lcls vkxs gksuh pkfg,A

cksVkseksj2 ¼1978½ dk er gS fd euq"; tUe ls vKkuh gS] tM+ cqf) ughaA

f'k{kk mls tM+ cqf) cukrh gSA vkt dh f'k{kk rdZ ,oa Kku ij vk/kkfjr gSA os

f'k{kk dks cPps ds izkjfEHkd lkekthdj.k dk lcls n`<+ vk/kkj ekurs gSaA 'kS{kf.kd

O;oLFkk va'kr% uSfrd fopkjksa dks Li"V djus vkSj va'kr% O;fDr dk ckSf)d

fodkl djds lkekftd fu;eu esa ;ksxnku djrh gSA f'k{kk ,d lekt ds lHkh

lnL;ksa esa leku fopkj] Hkkouk,a vkSj leku n`f"Vdks.k mRiUu djds muesa

,d:irk ykus dk izR;Ru djrh gS ;gh ,d:irk vkSj ,dhdj.k lkekftd

1- nqcs] ,l0lh0] ekMukZbts'ku ,.M bV~l ,MkfIVo fMek>M~l vkWQ bf.M;u lkslkbVh bu ,e0,l0 xksjs ¼laik0½ lksf'kykWth vkWQ ,twds'ku bu bf.M;k] foLrkj ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1986

2- ckVkseksj] Vh0ch0] lksf'kykWth % , xkbM Vw izkCye ,.M fyV~jspj] CySd ,.M lal] ckEcs] 1978

20

fu;U=.k dk okLrfod vk/kkj gS ftlds }kjk la?k"kZiw.kZ eukso`fRr dk lkekthdj.k

gksdj lg;ksxh lEcU/kksa dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

f'k{kk dk izeq[k mn~ns'; lkekftd ifjorZu ykuk gSA xqUukj feMZy1

¼1968½ us ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa fo'ks"kr;k fodkl'khy ns'kksa ij vius v/;;u ds vk/kkj

ij crk;k fd bu ns'kksa esa f'k{kk vk/kqfudhdj.k ykus ds fy, gSA vjukYM

Vk;uoh2 ¼1934½ us crk;k gS fd izR;sd lH;rk ,d pqukSrh nsrh gS tks nwljh

pqukSrh dks izR;qRrj :i esa iSnk djrh gS vkSj pqukSfr;kas dk ;g Øe lkekftd

ifjorZu ykrk gSA ,d ih<+h us tks dqN Hkh lh[kk gS og nwljh ih<+h dks

gLrkUrfjr djrh gSA ihf<+;ksa ds e/; ;g vknku&iznku f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gksrk

gSA f'k{kk ,d ,slk lk/ku gS tks ifjokj dks ifjofrZr djrk gS] tkfr O;oLFkk ds

lksiku dks fcxkM+rk gS] rFkk iznRr ,oa vftZr ifjfLFkfr ds vUrj dks detksj

dj nsrk gSA f'k{kk gh ;g tkx`fr mRiUu djrh gS] fd iznRr ifjfLFkfr rks dsoy

tSfodh; gSA

,e-,l- xksjs3 ¼1994½ dk ekuuk gS fd izkS|ksfxdh fo'ks"krk vftZr djuk]

mPp iz'kklfud in xzg.k djuk] u;s /kU/ks lh[kuk vkSj Js"Brk izkIr djuk dsoy

f'k{kk ls gh lEHko gSA ds0 vgen ¼1974½ dk er gS fd ^^vkSipkfjd f'k{kk yksxksa

dh vfHk#fp;ksa vkSj ewY;ksa esa Kku ds ifjorZu ds ek/;e ls oSpkfjd ifjorZu

djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrh gSA**4

bZ'oj HkfDr] /kkfeZdrk dh Hkkouk] pfj= fuekZ.k] O;fDrRo dk fodkl]

lkekftd drZO;ksa dk ikyu] lkekftd dq'kyrk dh mUufr ,oa jk"Vªh; laLÑfr

dks laj{k.k vkSj izlkj tSls f'k{kk ds pje y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, gekjs ns'k esa

1- ekjMsy] xquj] ,f'k;u Mªkek] fefMylsDl] isafXou] 1968 2- Vk;uch] vuksZYM ts0] , LVMh vkWQ fgLVªh] vkWDlQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl] U;w;kdZ] 1934 3- xksjs] ,e0,l0] bf.M;u ,twds'ku] LVªsDpj ,.M izkWlsl] jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqj] 1994 4- vgen] d#.kk] ^ôksesUl gk;j ,twds'ku] fjØwVesaV ,.M fjfyosal*8 bu vejhd flag ,.M

ih0th0 vycSd ¼laik0½ gk;j yfuZax bu bf.M;k] fodkl ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 1974

21

f'k{kk dk mn; oSfnddky ls gh gks x;k FkkA1 ml le; f'k{kk dk izeq[k

mn~ns'; euq"; dk vk/;kfRed fodkl djuk FkkA2 oSfnd dky esa f'k{kk dks

izdk'k vkSj 'kfDr dk lzksr le>k tkrk FkkA blds }kjk euq"; viuh cqf) iz[kj

dj thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa Bhd ekxZ dk vuqlj.k dj ldrk FkkA f'k{kk ds

}kjk izR;sd O;fDr viuh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] ckSf)d vkSj vk/;kfRed 'kfDr;kas

dk fodkl dj bl lalkj esa vkSj ijykssd esa thou ds okLrfod lq[k dks izkIr

dj ldrk FkkA3 f'k{kk dk vfHkizk; ml izdk'k ls Fkk ftlesa euq"; dk lokZaxh.k

fodkl gks lds vkSj og mPp thou O;rhr djrk gqvk eks{k dh izkfIr dj

ldsA4 izkjEHk esa xq:dqy ioZrksa ds fudV] ufn;ksa ds laxeLFky ,oa ouksa esa fLFkr

gksrs Fks] fdUrq ckn esa uxjksa ,oa xzkeksa esa Hkh fodflr gksus yxsA ;tqosZn esa

mfYyf[kr gS fd ioZrksa ds fudV ,oa ufn;ksa ds laxeLFky ij xq:vksa dh izKk

,oa fØ;kdq'kyrk }kjk izKk o fØ;kdq'kyrk ls ;qDr es/kkoh fo}ku rS;kj gksrs

gSA5 oSfnd dky esa f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djuk jkT; dk mŸkjnkf;Ro ugha Fkk]

ifj.kker% ml ij jkT; dk dksbZ fu;U=.k ugha FkkA6 f'k{kk dk lEiw.kZ dk;Z

O;fDr fo'ks"k ds gh gkFkksa esa gksrk FkkA xq:dqy esa izcU/ku dk dk;Z xq: Lo;a

djrk Fkk ikB~;Øe dk fu/kkZj.k Hkh og Lo;a djrk FkkA7 fo|kFkhZ f'k{kdksa ds ?kj

ij Bgj dj gh v/;;u fd;k djrs FksA os vius xq# ds ifjokj ds lnL; dh

gh rjg jgrs FksA bl izdkj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk;sa vius Lo:i esa vkoklh; gqvk

djrh FkhaA

1- jeu fcgkjh yky ,oa Ñ".kdkUr 'kekZ] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl ,oa leL;k,¡] vkj0 yky cqd fMiksa] esjB] 2012] i`0 03

2- jke'kdy ik.Ms; ,oa d#.kk 'kadj feJ] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh le&lkef;d leL;k,¡] vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk] prqFkZ laLdj.k] 2010&11] i`0 01

3- _Xosn] 10-717] xk;=h izdk'ku] eFkqjk] 1960-

4- jke'kdy ik.Ms; ,oa d#.kk 'kadj feJ] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 21-

5- ;tqosZn] Hkqouok.kh VªLV] y[kuÅ] 26-15

6- jeu fcgkjh yky vkSj Ñ".kdkUr 'kekZ] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 02

7- dqekj] Ñ".k ¼1999½] izkphu Hkkjr dh f'k{kk i)fr] ljLorh lnu] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 71

22

dkykUrj esa rhFkZLFkkuksa vkSj ckS) dsUnzksa ds lehi mPp f'k{kk dsUnzksa dh

LFkkiuk dh x;hA NBh 'krkCnh bZ0iw0 esa r{kf'kyk mPp f'k{kk dk eq[; dsUnz FkkA

ikf.kfu] dkSfVY;] pjd ;gk¡ ds Lukrd FksA f'k{kk ds dsUnz ds :i esa [;kfr izkIr

ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky; dh izcU/k O;oLFkk vk/kqfudre FkhA pkuh ;k=h ºosulkax us

bldh v/;kiu iz.kkyh] iqLrdky; vkfn dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k gSA1 ;gk¡ 10]000

fo|kFkhZ vkSj 1]510 vkpk;Z v/;;u&v/;kiu dk;Z esa yxs FksA2 ns'k ds fofHkUu

LFkkuksa ij] tSls& oYyHkh] dkaph3] ufn;k] mTtf;uh] foØef'kyk4 mPp f'k{kk ds

mYys[kuh; dsUnz FksA dk'kh vkSj iz;kx 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls Hkh Hkkjr ds egRoiw.kZ

uxj FksA5 ckS) fogkjksa dks fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa cnyrs ns[kdj cgqr ls fgUnw efUnjkas

us Hkh bl le; rd vkSipkfjd fo|ky;ksa dk :i xzg.k dj fy;k FkkA6 ^îzkphu

Hkkjr esa jktk rFkk mnkj nkunkrk fdlh xzke esa fo}ku czkã.kksa dks clk dj

fu%'kqYd v/;;u&v/;kiu dh O;oLFkk fd;k djrs FksA budk [kpZ iwjk djus gsrq

xk¡o dk jktLo yxk fn;k tkrk FkkA ,sls xk¡oksa dks vxzgkj dgrs FksA ;s mPp

f'k{kk ds dsUnz gks tkrs Fks D;ksafd ;gk¡ jgus okys fo}ku czkã.k viuk lkjk le;

fuf'PkUr gksdj Lok/;k; o v/;kiu esa yxk ikrs FksA ;gk¡ f'k{kk fu%'kqYd nh

tkrh FkhA7

11oha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr esa eqlyekuksa ds vkxeu ds QyLo:i f'k{kk ds

ikB~;Øe vkSj ek/;e esa ifjorZu gqvkA eqfLye 'kkldksa us bLykeh laLÑfr ,oa

bLykeh f'k{kk dk izpkj fd;k ftlls laLÑr ikB'kkykvksa ds lkFk&lkFk enjlksa

dh Hkh LFkkiuk gqbZ tgk¡ dqjku dh f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk xf.kr] Qkjlh] n'kZu

1- izlkn] dkes'oj] Vhp ;ksjlsYQ fgLVªh] vkjfEHkd dky ls 1206 bZ-] ¼prqFkZ laLdj.k½ Hkkjrh; Hkou] iVuk] 1981] i`"B 322-

2- okVlZ] Vh-] vku ;qoku PokaXl VªSosYl bu bf.M;k] Hkkx 2] yUnu] 1904&1905] i`"B 165-

3- okVlZ] Vh-] vku ;qoku PokaXl VªSosYl bu bf.M;k] Hkkx 2] yUnu] 1904&1905] i`"B 264-

4- tuZy vkWQ nh ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky] Hkkx 5] 1946] i`"B 7-

5- jke'kdy ik.Ms; ,oa d#.kk 'kadj feJ] iwoksZ)`r] Hkwfedk

6- vYrsdj] ,0,l0 ¼1980½] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k i)fr] euksgj izdk'ku] cukjl] i`0 57

7- feJ] vkRekuUn ¼1977½] f'k{kk dks'k] xzUFke] dkuiqj] i`0 16

23

vkfn dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA1 bl dky esa oSfnd f'k{kk iz.kkyh vkSj eqfLye

f'k{kk iz.kkyh nksuksa gh lekukUrj :i ls pyhaA2

tgk¡ rd vkèkqfud Hkkjr esa vkèkqfud izdkj dh f'k{kk ds fodkl dk iz'u

gS] bls lkekU;r% Lora=rk izkfIr ls iwoZ rFkk Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn vFkkZr nks

Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djds foosfpr fd;k tkrk gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ls iwoZ vaxzstksa us

Hkkjr esa vaxzsth iz.kkyh dk lw=ikr djds fu%lUnsg Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dks ,d ubZ

fn'kk iznku dhA fu"i{k :i ls fopkj djus ij bl rF; dh Hkh iqf"V gksrh gS

fd fczfV'k dky esa gh Hkkjr esa vkèkqfud f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA3

ijUrq tgk¡ rd Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr dh ckr gS]

bldh 'kq#vkr cgqr igys 1511 bZ0 esa iqrZxkyh bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa us dj nh FkhA

bUgksaus 1575 bZ0 esa xksvk esa tSlq,V dkyst dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj mlds ckn

1577 esa cEcbZ ds fudV ck¡nzk esa lsaV ,uh dkyst dh LFkkiuk dh bu dkystksa esa

ySfVu Hkk"kk] O;kdj.k] rdZ'kkL= vkSj laxhr dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ vkSj

lkFk gh lkFk bZlkbZ /keZ dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA4 blds ckn ;gk¡ 1613

bZ0 esa vaxzst bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa dk izos'k gqvkA mUgksaus ;gk¡ vk/kqfud vaxzsth f'k{kk

iz.kkyh dh uhao dks etcwr fd;kA buds lkFk&lkFk Ýkalhlh vkSj Msfu'k

fe'kufj;ksa us Hkh bl dk;Z dks vius&vius Lrj ij fd;kA gk¡] bldks xfr nsus

vkSj blesa fodkl djus dk dk;Z vUr esa vaxzst bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa vkSj bZLV

bf.M;k dEiuh us gh fd;kA5

ns'k esa Ldwyh f'k{kk lfgr mPp f'k{kk] vkèkqfud izdkj ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa

dh LFkkiuk] rduhdh rFkk O;olkf;d f'k{kk ds O;ofLFkr :i dh vk/kqfud

ladYiuk fczfV'k 'kkludky dh gh nsu gSA ;g dguk Hkh vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxk

1- jke'kdy ik.Ms; ,oa d#.kk 'kadj feJ] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 17

2- jeu fcgkjh yky ,oa Ñ".kdkUr 'kekZ] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 47

3- mes'k pUnz vxzoky] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk ds cnyrs vk;ke] Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk] o"kZ 24 vad 4 vizSy 2006] ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 16



24

fd fczfV'k 'kkludky esa Hkkjr esa 'kSf{kd fodkl ds fy, vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk

fodflr djus rFkk vkèkqfud izdkj dh f'k{kk iznku djus dk rks iz;kl fd;k

x;k Fkk] lkFk gh lkFk bls vaxzsth jax esa jaxus dk iz;kl Hkh fd;k x;kA1

1715 ls 1731 ds chp ratkSj] dydŸkk] dkuiqj] enzkl o cEcbZ esa nku

vkfJr fo|ky; [kksys x;s tgk¡ ,saXyksbf.M;Ul] vaxzstksa] dEiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa o

xjhc turk ds cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd f'k{kk feyrh FkhA 1765 ds ckn dEiuh us

fe'kufj;ksa dks /keZ izpkj ds fy, vkfFkZd lgk;rk o izksRlkgu nsuk cUn dj fn;k

vkSj f'k{kk ds {ks= esa rVLFkrk dh uhfr viukbZ tkus yxhA2 bl chp dEiuh dks

vius O;kikfjd vkSj 'kklu nksuksa {ks=ksa esa dfu"B inksa ij dk;Z djus ds fy,

vaxzsth i<+s&fy[ks Hkkjrh;ksa dh vkSj vf/kd vko';drk gqbZA vr% mlus viuh

f'k{kk uhfr esa FkksM+k ifjorZu fd;k vkSj mPp f'k{kk dh laLFkk,¡ [kksyuk 'kq#

fd;kA mlus 1781 esa dydŸkk enjlk] 1791 esa cukjl laLÑr dkyst vkSj

1800 esa QksVZ fofy;e dkyst dh LFkkiuk dhA3

1813 ds vkKk&i= us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds bfrgkl dks ,d ubZ fn'kk esa

eksM+kA bl vkKk&i= ls fe'kufj;ksa dks Hkkjr esa f'k{kk&izlkj dh Lora=rk feyh4]

ijUrq bl vkKk&i= esa f'k{kk ds Lo:i vkSj ek/;e ds fo"k; esa dksbZ ladsr ugha

FkkA lkFk gh bldh /kkjk 43 ds lEcU/k esa Hkh cgqr HkzkfUr FkhA vr% /kujkf'k ds

[kpZ djus dh fof/k ij fe'kufj;ksa ,oa dEiuh ds e/; vkSj f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds

fu/kkZj.k ij izkP; ,oa ik'pkR; f'k{kkfonksa esa fookn iSnk fd;kA5

bl fookn dks gy djus gsrq enzkl ds xouZj lj VkWel equjks ¼1822½]

cEcbZ ds xouZj ,fYQLVu ¼1924½] caxky esa lj fofy;e cSafVax ¼1835½ vkSj dqN

fons'kh fe'kufj;ksa }kjk rRdkyhu f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh tk¡p djkbZ xbZ] ftldk

mís'; Hkkjr ds fy, f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh ,d dk;Z ;kstuk lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk

1- mes'k pUnz vxzoky] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk ds cnyrs vk;ke] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 17





25

FkkA QyLo:i Hkkjr dh f'k{kk ds HkkX;foèkkrk dgs tkus okys fczfV'k xouZj

tujy dh dk;Zdkfj.kh ds rRdkyhu dkuwuh lykgdkj ykMZ eSdkys }kjk

izkfrikfnr fuLiUnu fl)kUr ¼MkmuoMZ fQYVªs'ku F;ksjh½ ij viuk è;ku dsafnzr

dj lekt ds mPp oxZ ds fy, vaxzsth dh f'k{kk izkjaHk dh xbZA ykMZ eSdkys ds

vuqlkj fuLiUnu fl)kar gh Hkkjr esa ,d ,slk oxZ fufeZr dj ldrk gS tks :i

jax esa Hkkjrh; gks] fdUrq vkpkj&fopkj ls vaxzst gksA1

2 Qjojh 1835 dks xouZj tujy cSafVd dks eSdkys dk fooj.k i= izkIr

gqvkA ykMZ cSafVd us 7 ekpZ 1835 dks mldh eq[; flQkfj'kksa dks Lohdkj djrs

gq, fczfV'k ljdkj dh ubZ f'k{kk uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i

Hkkjr esa vaxzsth ek/;e dh vaxzsth f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA2 eSdkys ds

lq>koksa ds vk/kkj ij ftl f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks ykxw fd;k x;k] mlesa vaxzsth f'k{kk

ds izlkj ij vf/kd tksj fn;k x;k] ogha izkP; fo|ky;ksa dks Hkh iwoZ dh Hkk¡fr gh

lapkfyr fd;k tkrk jgkA3

fczfV'k dkyhu Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds leqfpr fodkl gsrq lq>ko izkIr djus ds

fy, dbZ vk;ksxksa o lfefr;ksa dk xBu Hkh fd;k x;k] ftuesa ykMZ eSdkys dk

fooj.k i= 1835] oqM dk ?kks"k.kk i= 1854] g.Vj vk;ksx 1882] Hkkjrh;

fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx 1902] lSMyj deh'ku 1917] gVk±x lfefr 1929] ,oV&oqM

lfefr 1937] lkts±V deh'ku 1949 vkfn fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA lfefr;ksa

vkSj vk;ksxksa ds lq>koksa ds QyLo:i ns'k esa f'k{kk uhfr 1913 dk fuèkkZj.k

fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk] ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk gsrq fo'ks"k O;oLFkk] futh

{ks= ds fo|ky;ksa dks vuqnku dh O;oLFkk] Ñf"k dkWystksa dh LFkkiuk] f'k{kd

izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk ns'k esa dsanzh; Lrj ij



3- MkW0 jke'kdy ik.Ms;] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh lelkef;d leL;k,¡] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 24&25-

26

f'k{kk ea=ky; dh LFkkiuk] Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk tSls vusd dne

mBk, x,A1

oqM ds ?kks"k.kk i= esa igyh ckj f'k{kk dks jkT; dk mŸkjnkf;Ro Lohdkj

fd;k x;k rFkk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk fu;U=.k iw.kZ :i ls fczfV'k 'kklu ds gkFkksa esa

vk x;kA bl ?kks"k.kk i= esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; vk/kqfud ifjizs{; esa

fuf'pr fd;s x;s FksA lkFk gh tu f'k{kk] L=h f'k{kk] O;kolkf;d f'k{kk vkSj

f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, Hkh leqfpr izko/kku fd;s x;sA2 ;gk¡ ij ;g dguk Hkh

vuqi;qDr ugha gksxk fd ns'k esa 'kSf{kd fodkl ds fy, vaxzstksa }kjk rS;kj fd,

x, èkjkry rFkk muds }kjk izfrikfnr dh xbZ dk;Ziz.kkyh dks vkèkkj cukdj gh

ge orZeku Lo:i dks izkIr dj ik, gSaA vaxzstksa }kjk vius 'kklu dky esa

'kSf{kd lqèkkjksa rFkk fodkl ds fy, ftl izdkj ds dne mBk, tkrs jgs] yxHkx

mUgha dk vuqlj.k ge vkt Hkh dj jgs gSa] tSls fofHkUu vk;ksxksa vkSj lfefr;ksa

dh LFkkiuk] fofHkUu Lrjksa ij fu;ked laxBuksa dk xBu] fofHkUu oxks± vkSj {ks=h;

vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i f'k{kk dh loZlqyHkrk gsrq fof'k"V ;kstukvksa vkSj

dk;ZØeksa ds lapkyu dh O;oLFkk vkfn&vkfnA

Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu

gq, gSa vkSj f'k{kk dk {ks= O;kid rFkk cgqvk;keh gks x;k gSA f'k{kk dh lajpuk]

f'k{kk i)fr;ksa] ewY;kadu izfØ;k vkfn {ks=ksa esa fodkl ds fy, vusdksa iz;kl fd,

x, gSaA bu iz;klksa ds QyLo:Ik ns'k esa Ldwyh f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk mPp f'k{kk]

rduhdh vkSj O;olkf;d f'k{kk ds {ks=ksa esa Hkh Ik;kZIr o`f) gqbZ gSA3 ns'k esa fczfV'k

f'k{kk dk izpyu nh?kZdky rd jgkA blds ifj.kkeLo:i ik'pkR; Kku ,oa

foKku ls lEidZ] Hkkjrh; lekt dk iqu#RFkku ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k] oSKkfud

mUufr] jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dk fodkl] lkekftd foHksn] :f<+;ksa o vU/k&fo'oklksa dk

1- mes'k pUnz vxzoky] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk ds cnyrs vk;ke] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 17&18


3- mes'k pUnz vxzoky] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk ds cnyrs vk;ke] Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk] o"kZ 24 vad 4 vizSy 2006] ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 16

27

neu gqvkA1 ;fn fu"i{k n`f"V ls ns[kk tk;s rks gekjs ns'k esa Lora= gksus ds ckn

tks dqN Hkh 'kSf{kd fpUru gqvk gS] mldk ewy vk/kkj fczfV'kdkyhu ;kstukdkjksa

dh uhfr;k¡ gh FkhaA2

cnyrs vkfFkZd&lkekftd rFkk jktuSfrd ifjizs{; esa f'k{kk dh

O;ogkfjdrk vkSj mikns;rk dks lqfuf'pr djus gsrq lq>koksa dks izkIr djus ds

fy, le;≤ ij fofHkUu vk;ksxksa vkSj lfefr;ksa dk xBu] budh flQkfj'kksa

ds vkèkkj ij f'k{kk lacaèkh uhfr;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k] fofHkUu Lrjksa ij f'k{kk esa

xq.kkRed vfHko`f) ds fy, fof'k"V laLFkkuksa vkSj fo'ks"kK laxBuksa dh LFkkiuk]

fofHkUu oxks± ,oa {ks=ksa dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i fof'k"V dk;ZØeksa vkSj

;kstukvksa dk fuèkkZj.k vkSj mudk dk;kZUo;u lqfuf'pr djus ds iz;kl Hkh fd,

x, gSaA Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn ns'k esa lHkh Lrjksa ij f'k{kk ds leqfpr fodkl

ns'kokfl;ksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa ds vuq:i f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk rFkk

'kSf{kd lqèkkjksa dks leqfpr xfr iznku djus gsrq geus vius lafoèkku esa 'kSf{kd

{ks= dks fn'kk nsus ds fy, fofHkUu O;oLFkkvksa dks Hkh fuèkkZfjr fd;k gS ftUgsa ns'k]

dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj vkèkqfud Lo:i iznku djus gsrq leqfpr :i

ls le;≤ ij la'kksfèkr vkSj ifjof)Zr Hkh fd;k tkrk jgk gSA3

Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn vHkh rd ns'k esa rhu izeq[k f'k{kk vk;ksxksa dk

xBu fd;k x;k gSA jkèkkÑ".ku vk;ksx ¼1948&49½ ftls fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk

vk;ksx Hkh dgk tkrk gS] Mk0 loZiYyh jkèkkÑ".ku dh vè;{krk esa mPp f'k{kk ds

fodkl gsrq xfBr fd;k x;k FkkA bl vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr dk mn~ns'; ns'k dh

rRdkyhu rFkk Hkkoh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i mi;qDr mPp f'k{kk ds fuekZ.k ,oa

foLrkj ds lEcU/k esa lq>ko nsuk FkkA4 bl vk;ksx }kjk vusd lq>ko fn, x,

ftuesa fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kdksa ds osruØeksa esa lqèkkj] xzkeh.k fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh





28

LFkkiuk] f'k{kk dk ekè;e {ks=h; Hkk"kk,a] ijh{kk iz.kkyh esa O;kid lqèkkj] Lukrd

ikB~;Øe dh vofèk rhu o"kZ] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk vkfn

izeq[k gSaA bUgha lq>koksa ds vkèkkj ij 1953 esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx rFkk

o"kZ 1954 esa xzkeh.k mPprj f'k{kk lfefr dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh xbZA

nwljk izeq[k jk"Vªh; vk;ksx eqnkfy;j vk;ksx ¼1952&53½ ds uke ls xfBr

fd;k x;k ftlesa ekè;fed Lrj dh f'k{kk esa lqèkkj ykus gsrq Ldwyksa dh 12oha

d{kk dks fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds lkFk tksM+dj rhu o"khZ; Lukrd ikB~;Øe ykxw

djuk] cgqn~ns';h; fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuk] fo|ky;ksa esa dsfj;j ekLVlZ dh

fu;qfDr;ka djuk] dksj fo"k;ksa dks vko';d fd;k tkuk rFkk vf[ky Hkkjrh;

ekè;fed f'k{kk ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk fd;k tkuk tSls vusd egRoiw.kZ lq>ko fn,

x,A blds lq>koksa ds QyLo:i gh vf[ky Hkkjrh; ekè;fed f'k{kk ifj"kn dk

xBu gqvk ftls 1961 esa jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn

¼,ulhbZvkjVh½ ds :i esa iquxZfBr dj blds {ks= dks O;kid fd;k x;kA blh

izdkj dksBkjh vk;ksx ¼1964&66½ us f'k{kk ds izR;sd Lrj ij foLr`r vè;;u

fd;k vkSj 10$2$3 f'k{kk iz.kkyh] dfEizgsfUlo Ldwy] f=Hkk"kk lw=] i=kpkj

ikB~;Øe] ijh{kk iz.kkyh esa lqèkkj f'k{kdksa gsrq fjÝs'kj ikB~;Øe] lk;adkyhu

fo|ky; vkSj dkWyst] rduhdh gkbZLdwy dh O;oLFkk fd, tkus gsrq fofoèk

lq>ko fn,A blds egRoiw.kZ lq>koksa ds vkèkkj ij gh Lora= Hkkjr dh igyh

f'k{kk uhfr cukbZ xbZ ftls jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1968 dgk x;kA1 bl uhfr esa

f'k{kk ra= ds vkewy ifjorZu o lHkh Lrjksa ij bldh xq.koŸkk lq/kkjus dh

vko';drk ij cy fn;k x;k rFkk uSfrd ewY;ksa ds fodkl] foKku o izkS|ksfxdh

ds v/;;u&v/;kiu o yksxksa ds thou vkSj f'k{kk ds e/; fudVLFk lEcU/kksa ij

vf/kd /;ku fn;k x;k FkkA2 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1968 esa ok;ns rks cgqr vPNs

fd;s x;s Fks] ijUrq mu ok;nksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, u rks iwjh ;kstuk rS;kj dh

x;h Fkh vkSj u gh mlds fy, i;kZIr /kujkf'k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ FkhA lalk/kuksa



29

ds vHkko esa bl uhfr dk bZekunkjh ls ikyu ugha fd;k tk ldkA fQj Hkh ;g

uhfr ns'k ds vuqdwy FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986 esa blh

uhfr dk leFkZu fd;k x;kA1

fofHkUu vk;ksxksa ds xBu ds vfrfjDr f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vU; igyqvksa dk

ckjhdh ls vè;;u djus vkSj rRlacaèkh lq>ko izLrqr djus vkSj muds fØ;kUo;u

gsrq fofHkUu lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k tkrk jgk gSA bu lfefr;ksa esa ekè;fed

f'k{kk esa lqèkkj ykus gsrq vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso lfefr ¼1948½] yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk ds

fofHkUu i{kksa ds vè;;u gsrq nqxkZckbZ ns'keq[k lfefr ¼1957&59½] f'k{kk }kjk

jk"Vªh; ,drk dks izksRlkfgr djus gsrq lq>koksa ds fy, Mk0 laiw.kkZuan lfefr

¼1961½] lHkh Lrjksa ij yM+fd;ksa ds ikB~;Øe fuèkkZj.k gsrq lq>ko nsus ds fy,

galk esgrk lfefr ¼1964½] 15 o"khZ; Lukrd ikB~;Øe dh ubZ 'kSf{kd lajpuk dks

ykxw djus gsrq jk"Vªh; lfefr ¼1973½] ekè;fed Lrj ds ikB~;Øe vkSj

ikB~;iqLrdksa ds iqujh{k.k gsrq bZ'oj HkkbZ iVsy lfefr ¼1977½] Ldwy Lrj dh

f'k{kk ds O;olk;hdj.k gsrq vkfn ls'kS;k lfefr ¼1977&78½] vfèkxe dh xq.koÙkk

cuk, j[krs gq, Ldwyh cPpksa ds 'kSf{kd cks> dks de djus gsrq izks- ;'kiky

lfefr ¼1992&93½] 'kSf{kd izcaèku esa LFkkuh; yksxksa dk lg;ksx izkIr djus gsrq

'kSf{kd fodsanzhdj.k ij lq>ko nsus gsrq ohjIik eksbyh lfefr ¼1993&94½] o"kZ

2005 dh ns'k dh 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk gsrq

O;ogkfjd lq>ko izLrqr djus gsrq xfBr fcM+yk&vEckuh lfefr ¼2000½ rFkk

orZeku vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i jk"Vªh; <k¡pk ikB~;Øe rS;kj djus gsrq MkW-

;'kiky dh vè;{krk esa xfBr jk"Vªh; ikB~;Øe lapkyu lfefr ¼2005½ fo'ks"k

:i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA2

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986

ljdkj }kjk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr&1986 ?kksf"r djus ls igys vxLr 1985

esa f'k{kk dh pqukSrh % uhfr lEcU/kh ifjizs{; uked nLrkost izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA



30

bl nLrkost ls ns'kO;kih cgl dk lw=ikr gqvkA fHkUu {ks=ksa ls feys fopkjksa vkSj

lq>koksa dk lko/kkuhiwoZd v/;;u djus ds ckn ebZ 1986 esa ljdkj us ubZ f'k{kk

uhfr dk izk:i izLrqr fd;k1 vkSj blds lQy dk;kZUo;u gsrq 1986 esa izksxzke

vkWQ ,D'ku }kjk f'k{kk esa O;kid lqèkkj ykus dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;k x;kA bl

f'k{kk uhfr esa f'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; vk; ds 2-5% O;; dks c<+kdj 6% djus dh ckr

dks nksgjk;k x;kA laiw.kZ ns'k esa ikB~;Øeksa@'kSf{kd Lrjksa dks ,d:irk vkSj

le:irk iznku djus gsrq jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh vFkkZr dksj ikB~;Øe dh

ladYiuk] dksj ,yhesaV~l dk fuèkkZj.k] ijh{kk iz.kkyh esa O;kid lqèkkj] rduhdh

vkSj O;olkf;d f'k{kk dks fo'ks"k egRo] fo'ofo|ky;h; Lrj ds f'k{kdksa dks

izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk] vf[ky Hkkjrh; f'k{kk lsok dh LFkkiuk] jk"Vªh; ,drk dks

c<+kok rFkk xzkeh.k cPpksa dks xq.kkRed f'k{kk iznku djus gsrq uoksn; fo|ky;ksa

dh LFkkiuk] efgykvksa vkSj fiNM+s oxks± dh f'k{kk gsrq fo'ks"k iz;kl] ewY; vkèkkfjr

f'k{kk] tula[;k f'k{kk vkSj izkS<+ f'k{kk dh mfpr O;oLFkk djuk bl f'k{kk uhfr

ds izeq[k rRo gSa ftudks fØ;kRed Lo:i iznku djus gsrq izksxzke vkWQ ,D'ku]

1986 esa fofHkUu fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dk fooj.k izLrqr fd;k x;kA2

ubZ f'k{kk uhfr 1986 esa rRdkyhu le; esa ikbZ tkus okyh 'kSf{kd

vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus rFkk leku voljksa ls oafpr O;fDr;ksa dh fof'k"V

vko';drkvksa dh vksj /;ku nsdj leku 'kSf{kd volj miyC/k djkus ij /;ku

fn;k x;kA3

ubZ f'k{kk uhfr ds lq>koksa ds vkèkkj ij 1988 ls 36 ,dsMsfed dkWystksa ds

ekè;e ls fo'ofo|kyh; Lrj ds f'k{kdksa dks lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k dh Hkh O;oLFkk

dh xbZ gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls Ldwyh f'k{kk iznku djus gsrq 1989 esa

jk"Vªh; vksiu Ldwy ftls o"kZ 2002 esa us'kuy bULVhV~;wV vkWQ vksiu Ldwfyax ds

:i esa fodflr dj fy;k x;k gS] LFkkfir fd;k x;kA fo'ofo|kyh; Lrj gsrq




31

1985&86 esa bfUnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk Hkh uohu

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dh gh ifj.kfr gSA bldh lQyrk ls izsfjr gksdj fofHkUu

jkT;ksa esa fujarj vksiu fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk jgh gSA1

ubZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr esa ;g izkoèkku Hkh fd;k x;k fd izR;sd 5 o"kZ esa

bl f'k{kk uhfr ds dk;k±o;u ls lacafèkr fofHkUu eqn~nksa dh leh{kk dh tk,A blh

ds vuqikyu esa dsanz ljdkj }kjk ebZ] 1990 esa vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ dh vè;{krk esa

17 lnL;h; jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr fjO;w desVh dk xBu fd;k x;kAlfefr us viuh

fjiksVZ izcq) ,oa ekuoh; lekt dh vksj 'kh"kZd ls 26 fnlEcj 1990 dks izLrqr

dhA bl lfefr dh fjiksVZ ds izkjEHk esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd 1986 ds ckn

ns'k dh fLFkfr vf/kd [kjkc gqbZ gS] lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa esa vkSj vf/kd gzkl gqvk gS]

lkekftd lerk ds LFkku ij oxZ Hksn c<+k gS] /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ds LFkku ij

/kkfeZd mUekn c<+k gS vkSj 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk ds LFkku ij 'kSf{kd

voljksa esa vlekurk c<+h gSA2 ;g fjiksVZ 09 tuojh] 1991 dks laln esa is'k dh

xbZA 8 o 9 ekpZ] 1991 dks dsanzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksMZ dh ,d vU; desVh

}kjk bUgsa vuqeksfnr djk fy;k x;kA

1992 esa f'k{kk uhfr ij vey ds dk;ZØe dh leh{kk ds fy, vkUèkz izns'k

ds eq[;ea=h] tks f'k{kk ea=h Hkh Fks] Jh tuknZu jsM~Mh dh vè;{krk esa dsc desVh

dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlds }kjk izLrqr lq>koksa dks la'kksfèkr f'k{kk uhfr] 1992

Hkh dgk x;k gSA bldk lq>ko Fkk fd vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr o

vU; 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s oxksZa dh f'k{kk ds dk;ZØeksa ds izcU/ku gsrq izR;sd

jkT; esa ,d dsUnzh; vfHkdj.k dh igpku dh tk;A3 lekt dh vko';drkvksa

ds vuq:i fufeZr ikB~;Øe ds vkèkkj ij uscjgqM fo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ks"k fo|ky;ksa

ds LFkku ij dkWeu Ldwyksa dh LFkkiuk dks egRo fn;k tk,A vukSipkfjd f'k{kk

gsrq iSjk Ldwyksa dh ladYiuk nh ftlesa vkSipkfjd fo|ky;ksa dks izkr% vkSj




32

lk;adkyhu fo|ky;ksa ds :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tk,A vkWijs'ku CySd cksMZ vkSj

Ldwy dkWEIySDl ;kstukvksa dks vkxs rd pyrs jgus dk lq>ko fn;k x;kA

O;olkf;d f'k{kk dks $2 Lrj ds vykok ukSoha vkSj nloha d{kk esa Hkh izkjEHk

djus gsrq vius fopkj izLrqr fd,A1 bl fjiksVZ esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd mPp

f'k{kk ds fu;ksftr fodkl gsrq jkT; mPp f'k{kk ifj"knksa dks LFkkfir o dk;Z'khy

fd;k tkuk pkfg,] Lrjghu vkSj fuEuLrjh; egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dks

fu;af=r djus gsrq jk"Vªh; Lrj ij fof/kd izfØ;k dh vko';drk ugha gSA2

fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks vius foÙkh; lalkèku fodflr djus] izR;sd Lrj ds f'k{kdksa]

izèkkuksa gsrq i;kZIr izf'k{k.k dh leqfpr O;oLFkk djus ij cy nsus dh ckr dgh

xbZA

'kSf{kd fodkl gsrq uohu iz;kl& ;ksa rks Lora=rk izkfIr ds le; ls gh f'k{kk ds

{ks= esa rhoz fodkl gsrq vusd iz;kl fd, tkrs jgs gSa ysfdu bDdhloha 'krkCnh

ds izkjEHk ls gh bu iz;klksa dh xfr dks vkSj Hkh rhoz djus dh dksf'k'ksa dh xbZ

gSaA bu iz;klksa esa ns'k esa o"kZ 2010 rd lHkh 14 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dks vkBosa Lrj

rd dh f'k{kk iw.kZ djus dks lqfuf'pr djus gsrq loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku ds uke ls

,d o`gn dk;ZØe izkjEHk fd;k x;k gSA

blds vfrfjDr f'k{kk xkjUVh ;kstuk o oSdfYid ,oa vfHkuo f'k{kk

dk;ZØe] jk"Vªh; ckfydk f'k{kk dk;ZØe] xgu {ks=h; vkSj enjlk vkèkqfudhdj.k

dk;ZØe] la'kksfèkr ikB~;Øe ÝseodZ lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ;kstuk tSls u,&u,

dk;ZØeksa ds lapkyu ds lkFk&lkFk 86oka lafoèkku la'kksèku fcy ikl fd;k x;k

gSA gky gh esa ,MqlSV uke ls ,d 'kSf{kd mixzg dk iz{ksi.k Hkh lQyrkiwoZd

lEiUu gks x;k gSA3

lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 45 ds vuqikyu esa ljdkj }kjk 6 ls 14 vk;qoxZ ds

cPpksa dh izkFkfed f'k{kk dh vfuok;Z ,oa fu%'kqYd O;oLFkk djus gsrq fujUrj




33

iz;Ru'khy gSA1 6 ls 14 vk;qoxZ ds ,sls cPpksa ds fy, tks fdUgha dkj.kksa ls

vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ls ckgj jgs gSa] ds fy, vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds uke ls

o"kZ 1979&80 esa lapkfyr fd;k x;kA vukSipkfjd f'k{kk ;kstuk ds LFkku ij

mls O;ogkfjd Lo:i nsrs gq, f'k{kk xkjaVh ;kstuk rFkk oSdfYid ,oa vfHkuo

f'k{kk ds uke ls bl u, dk;ZØe dks 1 vizSy] 2001 ls ns'k Hkj esa lapkfyr

fd;k x;k gSA bl ;kstuk dks loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku dk ,d ?kVd cuk fn;k x;k

gSA ;g la'kksfèkr ;kstuk ns'k ds ,sls Hkkxksa esa pykbZ tk jgh gS tgk¡ ,d

fdyksehVj ds nk;js esa dksbZ vkSipkfjd fo|ky; miyCèk ugha gSA bl ;kstuk ds

[kpks± dks dsanz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk 75 % 25 ds vuqikr esa ogu fd;k tk jgk

gSA gky gh esa ns'k ds ekè;fed Lrj ds fo|ky;ksa esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh f'k{kk

iznku fd, tkus dh vko';drk dk vuqHko fd;k x;k gSA bl mís'; dh iwfrZ

gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ns'k esa lsds.Mªh Lrj lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh f'k{kk nsus gsrq

o"kZ 2001 esa fo|kokfguh ;kstuk ds uke ls vkSj o"kZ 2005 esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh

;kstuk ds uke ls ,d ;kstuk izkjEHk dh xbZA blls ekè;fed Lrj ij o`gn :i

ls lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh fofèkor f'k{kk izkjEHk gqbZ gSA o"kZ 2005 o 2006 esa vU;

;kstuk,a Hkh lapkfyr dh xb± gSaA2

lafo/kku ds 86osa la'kks/ku&2002 esa dgk x;k fd Hkkjr ds izR;sd ukxfjd

dk ;g drZO; gS fd og ekrk&firk vFkok vfHkHkkod ds :i esa 6 ls 14 o"kZ

vk;qoxZ ds cPpksa vFkok vkfJrksa dks f'k{kk ds volj iznku djsA lHkh dks f'k{kk

iznku djus gsrq lcls egRoiw.kZ dne f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e&2009 ikl

djds fd;k x;kA bl vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj 6 ls 14 o"kZ vk;qoxZ ds cPpksa dks

d{kk&1 ls d{kk&8 rd dh fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk izkIr djus dk ewy

vf/kdkj gSA3




34

ns'k esa f'k{kk ds izlkj dks O;kid cukus] mls vfèkd O;ogkfjd o mi;ksxh

cukus rFkk mlesa xq.kkRed lqèkkj ykus ds lacaèk esa lq>ko izkIr djus ds fy,

dsanzh; ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=ky; }kjk ekpZ] 2005 esa f'k{kk ls lacafèkr ,d

jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vk;ksx&2005 ds xBu dk izLrko Hkh fd;k x;k gSA bl vk;ksx

ds xBu ds ekè;e ls ns'k esa xr nks n'kdksa ls 'kSf{kd {ks= esa gq, O;kid

ifjorZuksa vkSj muds vuq:i mlesa visf{kr lqèkkjksa dk tk;tk fy;k tkuk lEHko

gks ldsxkA 2 vxLr] 2005 dks jk"Vªh; Kku vk;ksx&2005 dk xBu fd;k x;k

gS ftldk izeq[k mís'; ns'k dks 21oha lnh esa Kku ds {ks= esa vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa

dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy,] Ñf"k ,oa m|ksx ds {ks= esa Kku ds Hkyh&Hkkafr

mi;ksx djus ds fy, ,d O;ogkfjd dk;Z;kstuk izLrkfor djuk gSA bl vk;ksx

ds vè;{k Hkkjr esa nwjlapkj Økafr ds vkfdZVsDV dgs tkus okys lSe fi=ksnk cuk,

x, gaSA1

f'k{kk fdlh Hkh O;fDr vkSj lekt ds fy, fodkl dh /kqjh gS vkSj ;g

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh izk.kok;q gSA f'k{kk ds fcuk lHkh ckrsa v/kwjh lkfcr gksrh gSaA

f'k{kk dk lEcU/k flQZ lk{kjrk ls gh ugha] cfYd psruk vkSj mŸkjnkf;Rokas dh

Hkkouk dks tkx`r djus okyk vkStkj Hkh gSA fdlh jk"Vª dk Hkfo"; mlds }kjk

gkfly fd;s x;s 'kSf{kd Lrj ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA izR;sd jk"Vª ds fy, f'k{kk

og igyh lh<+h gS] ftls lQyrkiwoZd ikj djds gh dksbZ jk"Vª vius vfHk"V

y{; rd igq¡prk gSA jk"Vªh; thou ds lkFk ftruk ?kfu"B lEcU/k gS mruk gh

O;fDrxr thou ls Hkh gS D;ksafd f'k{kk dk lEcU/k fdlh oxZ ;k O;fDr ls ugha

cfYd lEiw.kZ tula[;k ls gSA vr% bldh mis{kk djuk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fy,

iru dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA MkW0 ,0,l0 vYrsdj dk dguk gS fd ^^f'k{kk

dks izdk'k vkSj 'kfDr dk ,slk lzksr ekuk tkrk gS tks gekjh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld]


35

HkkSfrd vkSj v/;kfRed 'kfDr;ksa rFkk {kerkvksa dk fujUrj ,oa lkeatL;iw.kZ

fodkl djds] gekjs LoHkko dks ifjofrZr djrh gS vkSj mls mRd`"V cukrh gSA**1

f'k{kk og izdk'k iqat gS tks lEiw.kZ lekt dks vius izdk'k ls izdkf'kr

djrk gSA f'k{kk ds fcuk thou va/ksjk gSA lekt o jk"Vª dh igpku f'k{kk ls gh

gksrh gSA f'k{kk va/kfo'okl] dqjhfr;ksa rFkk fiNM+siu :ih va/kdkj dks nwj Hkxkrh

gS vkSj LoPN lekt dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA lekt L=h rFkk iq#"k nksuksa ls

feydj fufeZr gksrk gS vr% fodkl Hkh bu nksuksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls gh lEHko gSA

Hkkjr dh yxHkx vk/kh vkcknh efgykvksa dh gS ftls f'kf{kr gksuk vfuok;Z gS

D;ksafd ;g dVq lR; gS fd ,d iq#"k f'kf{kr gksdj ,d ifjf/k rd Kku lhfer

j[krk gS tcfd ,d efgyk f'kf{kr gksdj Lo;a ds lkFk nks ifjokjksa rFkk ns'k ds

Hkfo"; dks f'kf{kr djrh gSA lu~ 2001 esa Hkkjr dh dqy lk{kjrk 68-11% Fkh2

ftlesa iq#"k lk{kjrk dk izfr'kr efgykvksa ls djhc Ms<+ xquk vf/kd FkkA ,sls esa

bruh cM+h la[;k dks NksM+dj lekos'kh fodkl ds y{; dks izkIr djuk vlEHko

gS blds fy, efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr djus rFkk fodkl esa Hkkxhnkjh cukdj gh

y{; dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

f}rh; iapo"khZ ;kstuk esa dgk x;k Fkk& ^^vkfFkZd izxfr ftl rsth ls dh

tk ldrh gS vkSj mlls tks ykHk mBk;s tk ldrs gSa mudks fuf'pr djus esa

f'k{kk i)fr dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA vkfFkZd fodkl dk lEHkor% ekuo

lalk/kuksa dh vf/kdkf/kd gh ek¡x djrk gS vkSj turkaf=d O;oLFkk esa ;g ,sls

ewY; ,oa vfHko`fŸk;ksa dh ek¡x djrk gS ftudk fuekZ.k djus esa f'k{kk ,d

vko';d rRo gSA**3

lqn`<+ lekt ds fuekZ.k esa f'k{kk gh etcwr uhao dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

blfy, fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh lektksa vkSj dky[k.Mksa esa f'k{kk dk egRo cjkcj

jgk gSA f'k{kk D;k gS\ bldk mÙkj gekjs osnksa esa Hkh gS] tgka fy[kk gS& ^^^Kkue~

1- ikBd] ih0Mh0] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ,oa mldh leL;k;sa] fouksn iqLrd efUnj] vkxjk] i`0 4

2- Hkkjr dh tux.kuk& 2001

3- nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk] i`0 468

36

r`rh;e euqtL; us=e~* vFkkZr~ Kku euq"; dk r`rh; us= gSA1 ^lw>* fodflr

djus ds fy, ^Kku* vko';d gS vkSj Kku izkfIr dk izFke midj.k ^fuj{kjrk

'kwU;rk* gSA** lkFk gh f'k{kk dk izFke dk;Z êqDr djuk* gS] ;Fkk& ^lk fo|k ;k

foeqDr;sA* êqfDr* ls ;gka vk'k; gS fd reke tfVy caèkuksa] vaèkfo'oklksa ,oa

dqjhfr;ksa ls eqfDr ikuk vkSj uohu lw> cw> ds lkFk uohu n`f"V dks Lo;a esa

vkRelkr djukA bl :i esa f'k{kk ,d lrr pyus okyh izfØ;k gS ftldk u

dksbZ vkfn gS u dksbZ varA f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls gh O;fDr ds lEiw.kZ O;fDrRo dk

fodkl laHko gks ikrk gS] vkf[kjdkj ;g f'k{kk gh gS tks ,d vke O;fDr dks

lekt esa vyx ,d fof'k"V LFkku fnyokus dh lkeF;Z j[krh gSA

f'k{kk gh fodkl dk vkèkkjewyd lR; gSA blh f'k{kk :ih lkèku ls

fodkl :ih lkè; dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA izfl) vFkZ'kkL=h izks- veR;Z

lsu] f'k{kkfon~ izks- ;'kiky rFkk izfl) oSKkfud rFkk iwoZ jk"Vªifr MkW- ,-ih-ts-

vCnqy dyke tSls yksxksa us Lohdkj fd;k gS fd Hkkjr ds fodkl dh lcls cM+h

leL;k ^f'k{kk* gSA f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa rFkk egRo ij Lokeh foosdkuUn dk dFku

gS& ^îzR;sd O;fDr ds Hkhrj tks ekSfyd lÙkk fo|eku gS mudk iw.kZ izLiqQVu

djuk gh f'k{kk dk y{; gS] blds vHkko esa dksjk Kku ftlesa n;k vkSj izse dk

vHkko gks jk{klh izo`fÙk dks tUe nsrk gSA f'k{kk dk ekSfyd mn~ns'; fMfxz;ka izkIr

djuk gh ugha vfirq 'kkjhfjd] ckSf)d] HkkoukRed uSfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed

'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl djuk gSA lkFk gh O;fDrRo dk ,slk fuekZ.k djuk tks

vkRelEeku rFkk nwljksa dks lEeku nsus okyk gksA**2

;g lqfopkfjr er gS fd euq"; ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy, f'k{kk

vfr&vko';d gS D;ksafd f'k{kk euq"; ds efLr"d dk fodkl djrh gS] mls

ik[k.M ls eqfDr fnykrh gS vkSj thou ds gj {ks= esa l{ke cukrh gSA f'k{kk

lRrk izkIr djus dk lk/ku rks gS gh] lkFk gh lkFk lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa

1- dq#{ks= if=dk] ctjax Hkw"k.k] ys[k& xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh tfVy leL;k&fuj{kjrk] flrEcj&2006] i`0 47

2- dq#{ks= if=dk] jhuk flag] ys[k& jk"Vª fodkl ds fy, ukjh f'k{kk dh vy[k] flrEcj& 2006] i`0 48

37

jktuhfrd fodkl dh dq¡th Hkh gSA f'k{kk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, Ýkalhlh

lekt'kkL=h bekby MdZgkbe us dgk gS fd] ^^f'k{kk ,slh xfrfof/k gS ftls

iqjkuh ihf<+;k¡ mu yksxksa ds lkFk djrh gSa tks lkekftd thou ds fy, vHkh

rS;kj ugha gq, gksrs gSaA bldk mn~ns'; gS& cPpksa esa mu 'kkjhfjd] ckSf)d vkSj

uSfrd gkykr dks txkuk vkSj fodflr djuk ftldh ek¡x dqy feykdj lekt

vkSj og okrkoj.k ftlesa [kkldj mudk jguk r; gS] ;s nksuksa muls djrs gSaa**A1

;g lR; gS fd Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn fo'ks"k :i ls ns'k esa izkFkfed]

ekè;fed] izkS<+ rFkk mPp f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk rduhdh vkSj O;olkf;d f'k{kk

vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa esa i;kZIr:i ls vfHko`f) gqbZ gS vkSj vkt ns'k esa ikWyhVsfDud

laLFkkvksa] fMxzh ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj dh bathfu;fjax laLFkkvksa] izcaèku laLFkkvksa]

fo'ofo|ky;ksa] egkfo|ky;ksa vkfn lHkh Lrjksa dh laLFkkvksa dh la[;k] buesa i<+k,

tkus okys ikB~;Øeksa] f'k{kdksa dh la[;k rFkk buesa i<+us okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

la[;k esa Hkh mYys[kuh; o`f) gqbZ gS ysfdu lkFk&gh&lkFk ;g Hkh lp gS fd

eq[; :i ls fo'ofo|ky;ksa] egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj rduhdh ,oa O;olkf;d f'k{k.k

laLFkkvksa ls izfro"kZ fudyus okys yk[kksa f'kf{kr ,oa izf'kf{kr ;qokvksa dks leqfpr

jkstxkj eqgS;k djkuk Hkh lEHko ugha gks jgk gSA2

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa f'k{kk dh fLFkfr&

,sfrgkfld i"BHkwfe& fdlh Hkh O;fDr] lekt vFkok jk"Vª ds fy, f'k{kk dk

cM+k egRo gS] mldh cM+h vko';drk gSA blds vHkko esa u dksbZ O;fDr fodkl

dj ldrk gS] u dksbZ lekt fodkl dj ldrk gS vkSj u dksbZ jk"Vª fodkl dj

ldrk gSA nq%[k dh ckr ;g gS fd gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kk lkekftd :i ls lekos'kh

u gksus ds fy, dq[;kr jgh gS3 rFkk ,d oxZ ,slk gS ftls gtkjksa o"kksZa rd f'k{kk

1- MdZgkbe] bekby % ,stqds'kuy lksf'k;ksykWth] isfjl 1922 2- mes'k pUnz vxzoky] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk ds cnyrs vk;ke] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 38&39

3- ^Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj*] fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z cky f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e& 2009] vkyksd lDlsuk] iqLrd lnu izdk'ku] bykgkckn] 2011] i`0 01

38

ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr j[kk x;k vkSj ifj.kker% mls vkfFkZd fodkl ls oafpr

j[kk x;k vkSj bu nksuksa ds vHkko esa mls lekt esa fuEu LFkku fn;k x;kA1

oSfnd ;qx esa f'k{kk dh ik=rk ds lEcU/k esa o.kZ&xr HksnHkko dk vHkko

FkkA2 'kwnz o.kZ ds yksxksa dks bfrgkl] vFkoZosn] liZfo|k vkSj nsotu fo|k fl[kkbZ

tkrh FkhA3 ijUrq oSfnd dky ds vUr esa 'kwnzkas dks miu;u rFkk v/;;u ls

oafpr j[kus dh /kkj.kk py iM+hA bl laLdkj dks lEiUu djus ds i'pkr~ gh

ckyd xq# ds lehi tkdj fo|kH;kl ds fy, mldk f'k"; curk FkkA euqLe`fr

ds vuqlkj bl laLdkj ds u djus ij euq"; lekt ls ifrr ,oa cfg"Ñr le>k

tkrk FkkA4 'kwnzkas dks miu;u laLdkj dh vuqefr ugha nh x;h Fkh] vr,o mUgsa

*,dtkfr* vFkkZr~ ,d tUe okyk dgk x;k gSA5

euqLe`fr esa dgk x;k gS fd

f}t dk igyk tUe viuh ek¡ ls gksrk gS] fdUrq nwljk tUe e¡wt ds

esa[kyklw=ca/ku ls]6 blhfy, ;fn dksbZ f}t] tks osn u i<+dj nwljs O;olk;kas esa

yx tkrk gS] og 'kwnz le>k tkrk gSA7 ckS/kk;u vkSj xkSre dk dFku gS fd ;fn

osn ikB djrs le; 'kwnz [kkldj pk.Mky vk tk, rks osnikB can dj nsuk

pkfg,A8 blds vfrfjDr 'kwnzksa ds fy, oSfnd ea=ksa dk mPpkj.k djus] mudk

Jo.k djus vkSj mudks daBLFk dj ysus ij dBksj n.M dk izkfo/kku fd;k x;k

FkkA euq dk fo/kku gS fd 'kwnz dks i<+kus okys czkã.k dks Jk) esa vkeaf=r ugha

fd;k tkuk pkfg,A9

mi;qZDr foospu ls Kkr gksrk gS fd mŸkj oSfnd dky vkSj czkã.k&lw=

dky esa o.kZ O;oLFkk ds deZ vk/kkfjr gksus ds LFkku ij tUe vk/kkfjr gks tkus


2- 'kriFk czkã.k] 12-7-2-11] 13-4-3-7&13-

3- NkanksX; mifu"kn~ 7-1-1-

4- euqLe`fr] 2-169&70-

5- vkiLrEc /keZlw=] 1-1-1-6

6- euqLe`fr] 2-169&70

7- euqLe`fr] 2-168-

8- ckS/kk;u /keZlw=] 1-1-21-15] okjk.klh] 1994(xkSre /keZlw=] 1-6-19-

9- euqLe`fr] 3-156

39

ds dkj.k 'kwnzksa dks f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr dj fn;k x;k vkSj f'k{kk ds

vHkko esa bl o.kZ ds yksx vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd] nksuksa n`f"V ls fiNM+rs pys

x;sA1 fQj Hkh vusd o`ŸkkUr ,sls Hkh gSa tks crkrs gSa fd ml dky esa Hkh dqN

fo}ku 'kwnzksa us viuh ;ksX;rk ls lekt esa mPp LFkku izkIr fd;k FkkA NkanksX;

mifu"kn~ ls gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd tkuJqfr] ftls jSDo us izk.k vkSj ok;q dk Kku

djk;k Fkk] og 'kwnz FkkA2 v/;kid x.k ls ftu nl izdkj ds yksxksa dks f'k{kk

fey ldrh Fkh] muesa ^'kqJw"kq* dk uke vk;k gS] ftldk vFkZ dqYywd us ukSdj

¼ifjpkjd½ ekuk gS]3 ftlls lEHkor% 'kwnz dk funsZ'k gksrk gSA

egkHkkjr ds 'kkfUrioZ esa pkjksa o.kksZa ds yksxksa dks osn lquus dk vf/kdkj

fn;k x;k gS]4 lkFk gh ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd 'kwnz ls Hkh Kku izkIr djuk

pkfg,A5 okLro esa 'kwnzksa dks ukV~;'kkL=] ;ksx] lka[; n'kZu rFkk O;kdj.k tSls

fo"k;ksa dk Kku izkIr djus dh vuqefr izkIr FkhA6 'kwnz o.kZ ds yksxksa dks mudh

#fp ds vuqlkj fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ Fkh] tSls& fpfdRlk

foKku] d`f"k deZ] jFk cukuk] c<+bZfxfj] fp=dkjh] lqukjh] jaxlkth] okLrqfo|k]

r{k.k fo|k] xf.kr] ukSdk&fuekZ.k] ty 'kks/k&fo|k] [kfut foKku] /kkrq foKku]

fofHkUu /kkrqvksa ds Lo:i ,oa jax dk Kku vkfn fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA7

otzlwph esa ,sls 'kwnzksa dk mYys[k gS tks osn] O;kdj.k] ehekalk] lka[;] oS'ksf"kd]

T;ksfr"k vkfn 'kkL=ksa ds Kkrk FksA8 oLrqr% f'k{kk ds {ks= esa 'kwnzksa dks ml izdkj

dh f'k{kk ls loZFkk oafpr dj fn;k x;k Fkk] ftl izdkj dh f'k{kk ds vf/kdkjh


2- NkanksX; mifu"kn~] 4-1-1&8] 3-1&4-

3- euqLe`fr] 2-109 ( vkpk;Ziq=% 'kqJw"kKkZunks /kkfeZd% 'kqfp%A vkIr% 'kDrks·FkZn% lk/kq% Loks·/;kI;k n'k /keZr%AA

4- egkHkkjr] 'kkafrioZ] 328-49] xksj[kiqj] lEor~ 2030-

5- ogh] 319-87-

6- Hkkxor iqjk.k] 1-4-25] 29( Hkfo";iqjk.k] 1] 1-72-

7- dhFk] ,0 ch0] fn lka[; flLVe] iz0 57]100( vkWDlQksMZ] 1919(tk;loky] ds0 ih0 euq ,saM ;kKoYD;] iz0 241] dydRrk] 1930-

8- otzlwph] i`0 7-

40

f}tkfr FksA f'k{kk thou dk vko';d vax gksus ds dkj.k lEHkor% 'kwnzksa dks

dykRed ,oa f'kYi fo"k;d f'k{kk dks izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj ns fn;k x;k FkkA

bl izdkj 'kwnz o.kZ ds lnL;kas dks 'kS{kf.kd lqfo/kk;sa iw.kZ:is.k izkIr ugha

FkhaA o.kZO;oLFkk ds vUrxZr miu;u laLdkj ekSfyd /kkfeZd dR; ekuk tkrk

FkkA euq"; dh izfr"Bk vkSj O;fDrxr vf/kdkj miu;u laLdkj ij voyfEcr

gksrs FksA bl /kkfeZd d`R; ds fu"ks/khdj.k }kjk 'kwnzksa ds fy;s Kku] gfFk;kj vkSj

lEifRr ds }kj fcYdqy cUn dj fn;sA1 ,sls esa 'kS{kf.kd O;oLFkk dsoy f}tksa

rd gh lhfer FkhA fuEu tkfr;ksa ds yksx ,oa 'kwnz ¼vNwr½ fo'ks"k :i ls f'k{kk

izkIr djus ls oftZr FksA2 mls vk;Z lekt essa lHkh lnL;ksa ds fy;s ykxw ugha

fd;k x;k FkkA ;gha ls cgqr ls yksxksa dk nqHkkZX; izkjEHk gksrk gS ftUgsa Hkkoh

izfØ;k esa vNwrksa dk ntkZ feykA 'kwnzksa ds izfr vusd izdkj ds fu"ks/kksa us vU;

cgqr ls yksxksa dks vNwr cuk fn;kA vU; 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd U;k;@

n.M&fo/kku ,oa f'k{kk dh lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk dks deZ fl)kUr ds lkFk tksM+k x;k]

ftldk Qy ;g gqvk fd rFkkdfFkr uhp deZ djus okyksas dks vusd izdkj ds

vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[kk x;kA f'k{kk ls rks mUgsa fcYdqy gh nwj j[kk x;k]

lEHkor% ,slk blfy;s fd;k x;k fd dgha muesa Kku ds dkj.k fonzksg dh

Hkkouk;sa u HkM+d mBsaA

ckS) f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa lHkh tkfr ds cPpksa dks izos'k dk vf/kdkj fn;k

x;k Fkk] ijUrq bl ;qx ds vkrs&vkrs 'kwnz lkekftd o vkfFkZd n`f"V ls bruk

fiNM+ pqds Fks fd os bldk ykHk ugha mBk ldsA bl izdkj bl ;qx esa Hkh bl

oxZ ds yksxksa dh f'k{kk dk leqfpr izcU/k ugha gks ldkA dekscs'k ;gh fLFkfr

eqxydky rd cuh jghA3



1- vEcsMdj] ch0 vkj0] gw oj n 'kwnzkt] ubZ fnYyh] 1948] i`0 199-

2- ^Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj*] vkyksd lDlsuk] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 01


41



dh fLFkfr dqN cnyuh izkjEHk gqbZA1

lu~ 1882 esa Hkkjr ds ok;ljk; ykMZ fjiu }kjk fu;qDr g.Vj deh'ku us

viuh fjiksVZ esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy nsus dh flQkfj'k dh

FkhA blds fy, deh'ku us lq>ko fn;k fd fe'kufj;ksa dks detksj oxZ dh f'k{kk

ls u jksdk tk;] vuqlwfpr tkfr ds cPpksa ds fy, [kksys x;s Ldwyksa dks fo'ks"k

vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku dh tk; rFkk mUgsa mudh ekr` Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk nh tk;A

ijUrq iwjs fczfV'k dky esa lkekU; O;fDr;ksa ds fy, gh f'k{kk dh mfpr O;oLFkk

ugha dh x;h] vuqlwfpr tkfr dh f'k{kk dh ckr gh D;k gSA vkWdM+s crkrs gSa fd

1947 esa gekjs ns'k esa dsoy 14 izfr'kr O;fDr lk{kj Fks vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa

,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds dsoy 1 izfr'kr O;fDr gh lk{kj FksA2

okLro esa vaxzsth lŸkk dh LFkkiuk dk lcls cM+k ykHk nfyrksa ds fy,

f'k{kk izkIr djus dh lqfo/kk jgh gSA blls nfyr leqnk; ds fy, f'k{kk dk }kj

[kqy x;kA lkFk gh dqN nfyr fpUrdksa ,oa lekt lq/kkjdksa us budh f'k{kk gsrq

egRoiw.kZ iz;kl fd;sA lu~ 1872 esa T;ksfrck Qqys us ^xqykefxjh* iqLrd esa Hkkjr

esa lcls vf/kd ihfM+r] 'kksf"kr oxZ 'kwnzksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk mn~?kks"k fd;kA egkjk"Vª

esa MkW0 vEcsMdj dk nfyrksa ds elhgk ds :i esa mn; gqvkA Lokeh vNwrkuUn us

nfyrksa dks ^^vkfn fgUnw** crkdj 'kwnzksa ds fy, cuk;s x;s /kkfeZd dkuwuksa dk

fojks/k fd;kA blh rjg vusd nfyr fpUrdksa us vius vius {ks=ksa esa 'kwnzksa dh

f'k{kk gsrq egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA3

LorU=rk ds i'pkr~ bl fn'kk esa vkSj vf/kd /;ku fn;k x;k vkSj nks

izdkj dh f'k{kk uhfr cuk;h x;hA igyh rks ;g fd bfrgkl esa tks oxZ f'k{kk ls

oafpr jgs gSa] mUgsa vkj{k.k ds ek/;e ls eq[;/kkjk esa vkus dk volj fn;k x;k

1- uoHkkjr VkbEl] 5 vDVwcj] 2005


3- MkW0 ekrk izlkn] mŸkjkapy lfgr mŸkj izns'k dh nfyr tkfr;ksa dk nLrkost] i`0 128-

42

tcfd nwljh uhfr ds rgr xjhc vkSj ihNs NwVs gq, yksxksa ds fy, Nk=o`fRr]

fdrkcsa vkSj vU; :iksa esa vkfFkZd enn tSlh O;oLFkk dh xbZA blds ckotwn Hkh

ge ns[krs gSa fd f'k{kk dk xzkQ rsth ls Åij rks x;k gS] ijUrq tula[;k ds

vuqikr ls ns[ksa rks vHkh Hkh nfyrksa dk lk{kjrk izfr'kr vkSjksa dh vis{kk de gSA

;fn ge mPp&f'k{kk esa n`f"Vikr djsa rks nfyrksa ds ogk¡ igq¡pus esa dbZ xquk izxfr

gqbZ gS ijUrq] dbZ rjg dh lqfo/kkvksa ds gksus ds ckotwn Hkh vkbZ0vkbZ0Vh0 vkSj

vkbZ0vkbZ0,e0 ;k mPp&f'k{kk esa mudk izfrfuf/kRo mruk ugha gS] ftruk fd

gksuk pkfg, FkkA bldh otg xjhch] lkekftd foHksn] vkfFkZd pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj ?kj

dk ekgkSy gS] ftlds dkj.k vU; oxksZa dh rqyuk esa bl oxZ ls ,d NksVk lk

rcdk gh mPp&f'k{kk esa tk ikrk gS tcfd mPp&oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh T;knk

rknkn blfy, gS D;ksafd mUgsa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk ugha

djuk iM+rk gSA bldh ,d ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe gS ftldk mUgsa ykHk feyrk

vk;k gSA 1

1970 ds eè; esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd izxfr vkSj

leL;kvksa ij fd, losZ{k.k ls irk pyk gS fd dqN fodkl rks t:j gqvk gSA

ijUrq 'ksSf{kd fodkl ds lacaèk esa vHkh Hkh cgqr dqN djuk ckdh gSA2

2003 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds rsbZl fefy;u yM+ds] yM+fd;k¡ d{kk&1 ls 5

rd esa] vkB fefy;u d{kk 6 ls 8 rd esa vkSj pkj fefy;u d{kk 9 ls 12 esa

ukekafdr gq,A mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj ij ;g ukekadu fxj dj ,d fefy;u jg

x;kA3

vuqlwfpr tkfr dks vukSipkfjd Je cktkjksa us vo'kksf"kr dj fn;k gS

vkSj ftlds dkj.k og lelkef;d vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k izfØ;kvksa ds vlekuqikrh cqjs

izHkkoksa dks >sy jgs gSa vkSj /kzqoh; oxZ jpuk ds ry eas LFkku ikdj] Hk;adj xjhch]

1- ;w0th0lh0 v/;{k lq[knso FkksjkV dh ^^f'k{kk O;oLFkk vkSj nfyr lekt** fo"k; ij ikf.kuh vkuUn ls ckrphr ds va'k] ch0ch0lh0 fgUnh MkWVdkWe A

2- fpVful] ,l- 1981- , ykSax os Vw xks] eqacbZ%,ykbM ifCy'klZ izk- fyfeVsM

3- okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2005&06] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyh

43

foLFkkiu vkSj thfodk dh [kkst esa tcju iz;kl dh fLFkfr esa jg jgs gSaA bl

rjg ds cnyrs oxZ lacaèkksa dk vFkZ gS] ,d ,slh /kq¡èkyh oxZ okLrfodrk ftlesa

f'k{kk ds fy, cgqr FkksM+h izsj.kk gSA HksnHkko vkSj vyxko ds ,sls

lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd O;ogkj] ftudh tM+sa tkfr] oxZ] fyax vkSj jk"Vªoknh gSa]

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vfLrRo dks yxkrkj ifjHkkf"kr dj jgs gSaA f'k{kk dks udkjus

esa] tkfr oxZ lacaèkksa vkSj lkaLÑfrd neu Js.khc) ewY;ksa dh vfr egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk jgh gSA1

tkfrokn vkSj lkekftd lacaèkksa esa HksnHkko vkRe&lEeku esa deh ykrk gS

fo'ks"k :i ls jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd :i ls detksj vuqlwfpr tkfr lewgksa esaA

vuqlwfpr tkfr esa ml izHkqlÙkkoknh lkaLÑfrd èkjksgj dk Hkh vHkko gS ftldh

ekax fo|ky; djrk gS vkSj ftudk lacaèk Å¡ph tkfr@oxks± ds tu ,oa dkS'kyksa

ls gSA mudh viuh lkaLÑfrd /kjksgj dks ikB~;p;kZ fuekZrkvksa] iz'kkldksa] f'k{kdksa

vkSj uhfr;ksa }kjk ewY;foghu eku fy;k tkrk gSA bl rjg oxZ ds lkFk tkfr

vkSj vU; vYila[;d uLyrk] lkekftd fo"kerk vkSj vyxko ds ewyHkwr dkjd

gSaA lewg] ifjokj] laLÑfr vkSj vkn'kks± dks fofHkUu rjg ls bl izdkj ls

iqufuZfeZr fd;k tkrk gS fd mudk fo|ky;ksa ds fy, fo'ks"k egÙo gksA2

f'k{kk dk izlkj jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd izfØ;k gSA mifuosf'kd dky esa f'k{kk

dk fodkl bl ckr dk i;kZIr lcwr nsrk gSA mifuos'k ds ckn ds 'kSf{kd izlkj

ds izkjafHkd bfrgkl dh fo'ks"krk gS fo|ky;ksa dk loZO;kih vleku folj.k vkSj

izkoèkkuA Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ dkQh n'kdksa rd nwj&njkt ds xkaoksa vkSj

tutkrh; vkoklkas lfgr cgqr ls {ks=ksa esa 'kSf{kd lqfoèkk,¡ eqgS;k ugha djkbZ xbZ

FkhaA bldk dkj.k u, jk"Vª&jkT; ds ikl lalkèkuksa dh deh crk;k x;kA

gkyk¡fd jktuhfrd dkjd Hkh leku :i ls nks"kh Fks ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i


2- osykldj] 2004ch- LVªDpjy bubDokfyfVt+ ,aM ,tqds'kuy bubDokfyfVt% n dsl vkWQ n nfyr~l bu egkjk"Vª] VwokMZl DokfyVh ,tqds'ku QkWj vkWy% b';wt ,aM pSyastsl fo;kaM 80ok¡ vesaMesaV ij izLrqr i= bafM;k baVjus'kuy lsaVj] ubZ fnYyh esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA vk;kstd % lh-,l-Mh- u;h fnYyh] vDVwcj 7&8] 2004

44

lkoZtfud lqyHkrk ds fy, vko';d iSekus ij foLrkj vkSj okLrfod izkoèkkuksa

ds chp fo'kky varj iSnk gks x;k FkkA blds vfrfjDr Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds

izcaèk vkSj izlkj us tkfr] oxZ] tutkfr vkSj fyax LrjhÑr lkekftd lajpuk

vkSj blds Øekuqlkj n'kZu dks gh izfrfcafcr fd;kA èkhjs&èkhjs ifjfLFkfr esa lqèkkj

rks gqvk gSA gkyk¡fd v-tk-@v-t-tk- ds ckydksa dh 'kSf{kd Hkkxhnkjh ds fujarj

ewy ck/kd xq.kkRed ,oa la[;kRed nksuksa :i esa vi;kZIr izkoèkku gSaA1

tkfr] oxZ] tutkfr vkSj fyax vkèkkfjr HksnHkko ,d vksj tgk¡ 'kkyk

vf/kdkfj;ksa] f'k{kdksa] Å¡ph tkfr ds cPpksa ds chp ds lkekftd lacaèkksa dh

fo'ks"krk dks n'kkZrk gS ogha nwljh vksj d{kkvksa vkSj fo|ky; eas vuqlwfpr tkfr

vkSj vU;ksa ds lEcUèkksa dks Hkh crkrk gSA fo|ky; esa lkekftd HksnHkko vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds izfr ?kfV;k 'kSf{kd izkoèkku vkSj lS)kfUrd :i ls izkèkkU; ikB~;p;kZ ds

:i esa eksVs rkSj ij gks jgs vU;k; dks gh u dsoy l?ku djrk gS cfYd

laokn&izfØ;k ls cPpksa dk lekthdj.k djds mUgsa dyafdr igpku okyksa ds

:i esa Hkh fodflr djrk gSA2






fy, dne Hkh mBk, x, gSaA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&351 ds vuqlkj jk"VªHkk"kk

fgUnh ds fodkl ij cy nsuk ,oa vuqPNsn&15 ¼1 o 2½ esa èkeZ] tkfr o ySafxd

vkèkkj ij foHksn djus ij jksd yxkbZ xbZ gSA ogha lkekftd vkSj 'kSf{kd :i ls

1- vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds cPpksa dh leL;k,¡] jk"Vªh; Qksdl lewg dk vk/kkkj i=] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh] 2010] i`0 13&14

2- vfrZl] bZ-] lh- nwcs ,aM ds- fy;kWUl] 2003- bdksukWfed] lks'ky ,aM dYpjy jkbV~l QkWj nfyr~l bu bafM;k % dsl LVMh vku izkbejh ,tqds'ku bu xqtjkr] fizlVu ;wfuoflZVh esa tuojh 2003( dqekj] vkj- 2004- ,tqds'kuy fMizkbos'ku vkWQ n ekftZuykbTM& n dsl vkWQ eqlgj dE;qfuVh bu fcgkj] dkmafly QkWj lks'ky MsoyiesaV] ubZ fnYyh }kjk 7&8 vDVwcj 2004-

45

fiNM+s oxks± vkSj@vFkok vuqlwfpr tkfr ds i{k esa ldkjkRed HksnHkko dh jkT;ksa

dh izfrc)rk dks /kkjk 15¼4½ esa crk;k x;k gSA /kkjk 45 esa dgk x;k gS fd

jkT; 14 o"kZ rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks eq¶r vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk nsA1 lafoèkku ds

vuqPNsn&46 esa f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls vfr fiNM+s gq, lekt ds detksj oxks± gsrq

ljdkj }kjk f'k{kk dh fo'ks"k O;oLFkk djus ds izkoèkku j[ks x, gSa rkfd bu oxks±

dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh f'k{kk ds vfèkdkj ls oafpr u

fd;k tk ldsA2

o"kZ 1976 rd f'k{kk lafoèkku dh jkT; lwph esa lfEefyr Fkh vFkkZr f'k{kk

ds lacaèk esa jkT; ljdkjsa gh dkuwu cukus ds fy, l{ke Fkha ijarq o"kZ 1976 esa

lafoèkku esa fd, x, 42osa la'kksèku ds eqrkfcd f'k{kk dks leorhZ lwph esa

LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;k3 ftlds vuqlkj bl lacaèk esa dsanz rFkk jkT; ljdkjsa

nksuksa gh dkuwu cuk ldrs gSa ijarq ;fn dsanz rFkk jkT; ljdkj }kjk cuk, x,

dkuwuksa esa varj gksrk gS rks dsanz dk dkuwu oSèk ekuk tkrk gS vkSj jkT; dk

dkuwu vizHkkoh gks tkrk gSA lkekftd&vkfFkZd vlqfoèkk dh {kfriwfrZ ds vius

iz;klksa esa Hkkjrh; jkT; us l{ke cukus okys izko/kkuksa dh ,d ,slh Ükà[kyk rS;kj

dh gS] tks vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds ckydksa dh fo|ky;h igq¡p

vkSj ekè;fed ,oa mPp fo|ky; Lrj ij buds Bgjko dks c<+kok nsxhA jkT;

vkSj dsanz nksuksa gh ljdkjksa us fo'ks"k 'kSf{kd izko/kkuksa dks cukus dh ftEesnkjh

mBkbZ gSA4

;|fi detksj rcdksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj dh n`f"V ls lafo/kku vkSj

vuqxkeh fo/kkuksa ds }kjk mudh 'kkL=h; fu;ksZX;rkvksa dks nwj fd;k x;k ,oa mUgsa

fofo/k izdkj ds laj{k.k vkSj lqfo/kk;sa iznku dh xbZa fdUrq iznŸk vf/kdkjksa]

fj;k;rksa] lqj{kkik;ksa dk dksbZ mYys[kuh; ykHk bu oxksZa dks blfy, ugha fey

1- MkW0 jke'kdy ik.Ms; vkSj d#.kk 'kadj feJ] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 35




46

ik;k D;ksafd budks vkfFkZd n'kk vkSj lkekftd o 'kSf{kd fLFkfr cgqr [kjkc FkhA

vkjfEHkd iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa fodkl dk;ZØeksa dk ykHk Hkh fuEure oxksZa rd

vf/kd ugha igq¡p ik;kA1 :f<+oknh okrkoj.k ds dkj.k vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk nj esa deh okys ftyksa ds fy, dsanz ljdkj us fofHkUu mik;ksa

okyh ,d ;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr vuqlwfpr tkfr dh yM+fd;ksa ds fy, dh gSA

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vkj{k.k uhfr dk leFkZu djrs

gq, vusd f'k{kk'kkL=h ,oa lekt'kkfL=;ksa us vius fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSaA MkW0

in~ek osyLdj us vius ys[k ^nfyrksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; izfrc)rk* esa dgk

gS fd lekt ds nfyr&oafpr leqnk; ds cPpksa dks 'kSf{kd voljksa dks lqfuf'pr

djrs le; muds fy, ^fo'ks"k voljksa* dk izko/kku vo'; djuk pkfg,A2

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼,u0ih0bZ0½] 1986 rFkk O;kid fopkj&foe'kZ] ijke'kZ

vkSj erSD; ds ifj.kkeLo:i rS;kj dh xbZ bldh dk;Z ;kstuk ¼ih0vks0,0½ dh

1992 esa leh{kk dh xbZ vkSj mls v|ru cuk;k x;kA dk;Z ;kstuk esa ,slk lkspk

x;k gS fd jk"Vª esa ekStwn vR;fèkd fofoèkrk dks ns[krs gq, csgrj gksxk fd ;fn

izR;sd jkT; vkSj la?k 'kkflr {ks= vius gkykr dh vko';drkvksa dks è;ku eas

j[krs gq, vkSj lkFk gh dk;Z ;kstuk] 1992 ds vuq:i ,d dk;Z ;kstuk rS;kj

djsaA 1992 eas v|ru cukbZ xbZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼,u0ih0bZ0½ 1986 eas

rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk lfgr lHkh {ks=ksa esa f'k{kk esa lqèkkj vkSj mlds

foLrkj] 'kSf{kd lqfoèkkvksa dh lqyHkrk ls tqM+h fo"kerkvksa ds mUewyu vkSj

izkFkfed ls ysdj mPprj f'k{kk ds lHkh Lrjksa ij f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk vkSj

izklafxdrk esa lqèkkj yus ij cy fn;k x;k gSA lkFk gh blesa bl ckr ij Hhk

cy fn;k x;k gS fd f'k{kk dks lkekftd vkSj {ks=h; vlarqyuksa dks lgh djus]

efgykvksa dks lkeF;Zoku cukus vkSj Hkk"kk;h lewgksa rFkk vYila[;dksa dks

1- MkW0 jkexksiky flag] lkekftd U;k; ,oa nfyr la?k"kZ] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2006] i`0 44

2- gfjds'k flag] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk lE;d fnXn'kZu] i`0 227

47

U;k;ksfpr LFkku fnykus esa ,d mi;ksxh rFkk gLr{ksi.kh; Hkwfedk vo'; fuHkkuh

gksxhA1

mYys[kuh; gS fd fofHkUu laoSèkkfud izkoèkkuksa ds varxZr dh xbZ

O;oLFkkvksa dks lqfuf'pr djus ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk ds lHkh Lrjksa ij ek=kRed

,oa xq.kkRed vfHko`f) lqfuf'pr djus gsrq ljdkj }kjk le;≤ ij dbZ

vk;ksxksa] laxBuksa o laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk vusdksa ;kstukvksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa ds

lapkyu ds ekè;e ls vusd iz;kl fd, tkrs jgs gSaA2

mPp f'k{kk&

mPp f'k{kk dk egRo& mPp f'k{kk fdlh Hkh ns'k dh le`f) rFkk lEiUurk dh

|ksrd gSA ;g jk"Vª ds fodkl dk egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA ;g ,sls ekuo fodkl dks

izksRlkgu nsrk gS tks vkfFkZd] lkekftd] uSfrd] vk/;kfRed o ckSf)d lHkh {ks=ksa

esa izxfr djrk gqvk ,d fodflr ,oa fØ;k'khy lekt dk fuekZ.k dj ldsA

mPp f'k{kk mPp Kku dh izkfIr vkSj uohu Kku dh [kkst] jk"Vª ds fy, fo'ks"kKksa

dh rS;kjh] ;qodksa esa foLr`r n`f"Vdks.k ds fodkl vkSj jk"Vª ds cgqeq[kh fodkl

dk lk/ku gSA3

mPp f'k{kk dk ekuoh; lalk/kuksa ds fodkl dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ LFkku

gSA mPp f'k{kk lkekftd] jktuSfrd rFkk vkfFkZd ifjorZu dk ,d 'kfDr'kkyh

ek/;e gS vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa blds egRo dks pkgs og u;s Kku ds lzksr

ds :Ik esa gks ;k fQj vuqla/kku dk;ksZa esa ;ksxnku djuk vFkok ekuo 'kfDr ds

laokgd ds :Ik esa gks] udkjk ugha tk ldrkA ;|fi f'k{kk ds lHkh Lrj ekuo

lalk/ku ds fodkl ds egRoiw.kZ vo;o gS ijUrq ;g mPp f'k{kk gh gS tks ns'k ds

vkfFkZd fodkl ds tfj;s tu&lk/kkj.k ds thou dh xq.koRrk esa ;ksxnku nsrh

gSA bl lUnHkZ esa mPp f'k{kk dks vkSj vf/kd lksn~ns';iw.kZ rFkk lkekftd] vkfFkZd

1- okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2005&06] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 34


3- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986

48

vkSj jktuhfrd ifjorZuksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dks vkRelkr~ djus okyh cuk;k tkuk

pkfg;sA

MkW0 Mh0,l0 dksBkjh us viuh fjiksVZ esa f'k{kk egRo dks Lohdkj djrs gq,

dgk gS fd ^^f'k{kk dh eq[; Hkwfedk lkekftd o jk"Vªh; ,drk dh izkfIr esa gSA

Hkkjrh; lekt lksikuc) gS] blfy, blesa ,d Lrjh; xfr'khyrk dh deh gSA

fofHkUu oxks± esa lkekftd nwjh dkQh yach gSA ;s nwfj;k¡ vehj ,oa xjhc ds chp]

f'kf{kr ,oa vf'kf{kr ds chp gS rFkk bu nwfj;ksa dh vkSj yach gksus dh izo`fÙk Hkh

gSA**1

bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; ds nh{kkar Hkk"k.k ¼1947½ esa ia0 tokgj yky

usg: us mPp f'k{kk dk jk"Vªh; thou esa Hkwfedk ij vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq,

dgk Fkk2] ^^fo'ofo|ky; dk vfLrRo ekuookn ds fy;s lfg".kqrk vkSj foosd ds

fy;s vkSj fopkjxr lkgl rFkk lR; dh [kkst ds fy;s gksrk gSA mldk y{; gS

fd ekuo lekt fujUrj mPprj mn~ns';ksa dh vksj dne c<+k;sA jk"Vª vkSj

turk dh HkykbZ blh esa gS fd fo'ofo|ky; vius nkf;Ro dk lewfpr fuokZg

djrs jgsA**

mPp f'k{kk dk okLrfod vFkZ gS& mPp izfrHkk ds O;fDr;ksa dh mPp

f'k{kk] ,d ,slh f'k{kk ftlds }kjk lekt vFkok jk"Vª ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds fy,

fo'ks"kK rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA mPp f'k{kk }kjk ;qodksa dks viuh #fp] #>ku]

;ksX;rk vkSj {kerk ds vuqlkj fdlh dk;Z dks dq'kyrkiwoZd djus ;ksX; cuk;k

tkrk gSA mPp f'k{kk O;fDr esa foLr`r n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djrh gSA3

mPp f'k{kk ds mn~ns';&

dksBkjh vk;ksx us mPp f'k{kk ds fuEufyf[kr mn~ns'; crk;s gSa4&

1- nkSyr flag dksBkjh dk f'k{kk n'kZu] nsosUnz flag] ifjizs{;] o"kZ 15] vad 3] fnlacj 2008] i`0 127

2- Mk0 ekyrh lkjLor] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk fodkl ,oa lkekf;d leL;k;sa] i`0 240


4- MkW0 ,y0 oh0 cktis;h] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk fodkl ,oa lkekftd izo`fRr;k¡] i`0 241

49

1- lR; ds ifjis{; esa uohu Kku dh [kkst djuk iqjkus Kku vkSj iqjkus

fo'oklksa dh ubZ vko';drkvksa vkSj [kkstksa ds izdkj esa O;k[;k djukA

2- thou ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa lgh usr`Ro iznku djukA

3- —f"k&dyk] fpfdRlk] foKku f'kYi rFkk vU; O;olk;ksa esa izf'kf{kr O;fDr

lekt dks nsuk] ftuesa lkekftd nkf;Ro dh Hkkouk gksA

4- lekurk vkSj lkekftd U;k; dks izksRlkfgr djukA

5- v/;kidksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vPNs thou ds fy, vko';d vfHko`fRr;ksa

vkSj ewY;ksa dk iks"k.k djukA

6- lkekftd rFkk lakL—frd fo"kerkvksa dks de djukA

7- jk"Vªh; psruk ds fodkl ds fy;s dk;Z djukA

8- izkS<+ f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dk fodkl djukA

Hkkjr ljdkj us 4 uoEcj 1948 dks MkW0 loZiYyh jk/kk—".ku dh

v/;{krk esa ,d fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx1 fu;qDr fd;kA vk;ksx dk mn~ns';

ns'k esa orZeku ,oa Hkkoh vko';drkvksa ds mi;qDr mPp f'k{kk ds fuekZ.k ,oa

foLrkj ij lq>ko nsuk FkkA vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ 25 vxLr 1949 dks Hkkjr

ljdkj ds le{k izLrqr fd;kA vk;ksx us fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk ds fuEufyf[kr

mn~ns'; lq>k;s2&

1- tura= dks lQy cukus okys ukxfjdksa dk fuekZ.k djukA

2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lokZaxh.k fodkl djukA

3- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fo'ocU/kqRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA

4- U;k;] lekurk] Lora=rk rFkk cU/kqRo ds vkn'kksZa dk laj{k.k rFkk lao/kZuA

5- Kku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa dk leUo;A

6- lkekftd ifjorZu esa lgk;d xq.kksa dk fodklA

ogha 11oha ;kstuk ds n`f"V i= esa fy[kk gS fd Hkkjr dh f'k{kk ds lkeus

lcls cM+h pqukSrh oSf'od cktkj ds fy, dq'ky dkjhxjksa dh QkSt rS;kj djuk

1- ih0 Mh0 ikBd] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vkSj mldh leL;k,¡] i`0 142&43

2- Mk0 ekyrh lkjLor] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk fodkl ,oa lkekf;d leL;k;sa] i`0 240&41

50

gSA bldk eryc gS fd lafo/kku ,oa dksBkjh vk;ksx vuqlkj f'k{kk ds tfj,]

yksdrkaf=d] lektoknh] lerkewyd o /keZfujis{k Hkkjr ds fy, lpsr ukxfjdrk

fuekZ.k dk mn~ns'; oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx ds Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa dks eatwj ugha gSA

buds fy, f'k{kk dk izeq[k mn~ns'; oSf'od cktkj dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djuk

vkSj vf/kdre equkQk dekuk jgsxkA blds pyrs lerkewyd lkekftd fodkl

vkSj jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds mn~ns';ksa dh cfy nsus dh iwjh rS;kjh gks pqdh gSA1

Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk dk fodkl&

fo'ofo|ky; vFkok mPp f'k{kk dh ifjdYiuk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ijEijk esa

Ik;kZIr izkphu gSA ukyUnk] r{kf'kyk] ikVyhiq= vkfn fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh

,sfrgkfldrk lk{;k/kkfjr gSA2 ijUrq vk/kqfud mPp f'k{kk Lo:Ik dk fu/kkZj.k dk

vkjEHk vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds mRrjk)Z ls ekuk tk ldrk gSA fiNyh nks

'krkfCn;ksa esa mPp f'k{kk ds Lo:Ik esa vusd ifjorZu gq, gS] fQj Hkh] muds

ewyHkwr izfreku esa dksbZ mYys[kuh; vUrj ugha gSA3

bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1600 bZ0 esa gqbZ FkhA izkjEHk esa bZLV

bf.M;k dEiuh dk y{; O;kolkf;d Fkk] fo'ks"k :i ls vius O;olk; dk

foLrkj ,oa vkfFkZd ykHk izkIr djuk gh mudk pje mÌs'; Fkk] bl dkj.k

dEiuh us izkjEHk esa turk dh f'k{kk esa dksbZ #fp ugha yhA dfri; mRlkgh tuksa

us izkP; Hkk"kkvksa ds f'k{k.k gsrq vusd laLFkk,¡ LFkkfir dj f'k{kk izlkj ds dk;Z

dks vkxs c<+k;kA o"kZ 1784 esa lqizfl) fof/k Kkrk ,oa Hkk"kkfon~ lj fofy;e

tksUl }kjk caxky esa jk;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh dh LFkkiuk dh x;h] bldk

vfHkizk; ,f'k;k ds izkphu vo'ks"kksa] bfrgkl] dyk] foKku ,oa lkfgR; ds {ks= esas

1- vfuy ln~xksiky] uo mnkjokn vkSj f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj] ifjizs{;] o"kZ 15] vad 2] vxLr 2008] i`0 14

2- ifdZu] gSjkYM] fgLVªh vkQ ;wuhoflZVht] bu QkWjsLV] tsEl ts0,Q0 ,.M vYcSd] ih] ¼,Mh0½] b.Vjus'kuy gS.Mcqd vkQ gk;j ,twds'ku] fLizaxj] MsVªkV] uhnjyS.M] 2006] i`0 186&87-

3- vnkoy lqoks/k vkSj mfu;ky ek/kosUnz] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh leL;k;sa rFkk izo`fRr;k¡] mRrj izns'k fgUnh xzUFk vkdneh] y[kuÅ] 1974] i`0 278&79

51

[kkst djuk FkkA1 ykMZ dkuZokfyl ds jkT;dky esa okjk.klh fLFkr jktdh;

vf/kdkjh tksukFku Madu us 1791 esa okjk.klh esa izkP; fo|k ds fy, izFke f'k{k.k

laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA bl izdkj dh lEiw.kZ vaxzsth lkezkT; esa ;g nwljh laLFkk

FkhA2 blh izdkj lu~ 1823 esa vkxjk ds laL—r dkyst dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA

1823 esa gh tulk/kkj.k ds fy, f'k{kk lfefr ^tujy desVh vkWQ ifCyd

baLVªD'ku* dh fu;qfDr gqbZA3

dkykUrj esas f'k{kk lfefr izkP;osŸkk ,oa vaxzsthosŸkk uked Hkkxksa esas foHkDr

gks x;hA izkP;osŸkk izkphu mPp lkfgR; ds KkuktZu ds Ik{k esa Fks] budk fopkj

Fkk fd vjch ,oa laL—r Hkk"kk,¡ gh ns'k ds ckSf)d Lrj ds mRFkku ds Js"B lk/ku

gSaA vaxzsthosŸkk f'k{kk vaxzsth ek/;e ls ik'pkR; <ax ij nsus ds i{k esa Fks budh

;g /kkj.kk Fkh fd bl izdkj vftZr Kku mPPk oxksZa ds }kjk tu leqnk; esa

izfo"V gksxkA vaxzsthosŸkkvksa us bldk leFkZu fof'k"V :i ls fd;k] bl izdkj

uohu f'k{kk fl)kUr dk izfriknu gqvk] tks fuLianu fl)kUr ¼Infilteration

Theory½ ds uke ls izfl) gqvkA4 eSdkys ds Lej.k i= ls 1835 esa f'k{kk lfefr

}kjk ;g fo"k; 'kklu ds le{k izLrqr fd;k x;k] mudk rdZ Fkk fd vaxzsth

'kkld oxZ dh cksypky dh Hkk"kk gS rFkk O;kikj ds fy, Hkh blds Kku dh

vko';drk gSA5 ik'pkR; f'k{kk ds i{k esa eSdkys ds izcy ,oa izHkko'kkyh leFkZu

esa rRdkyhu Hkkjr ds xouZj tujy ykMZ fofy;e cSfVad dk lg;ksx Hkh izkIr

1- vyh] ,0 ;wlqQ] ^, dYpjy fgLVªh vkWQ bafM;k*] ,0 ,e0 ,l0 iszl] U;w;kdZ] 1976] i`0 36&38

2- fudksyl] tktZ] fgLVªh vkWQ n laL—r dkyst cukjl*] dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl dSyhQksfuZ;k 2002] i`0 1

3- vkseys] ,y0 ,e0 ,l0] ekMuZ bafM;k ,.M fn osLV] vkDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] U;w;kdZ] 1941] i`0 61

4- 'kkiZ] MCyw0 ,p0] lysD'ku Ýke ,tqds'kuy fjdkMZ] ikVZ I, 1781&1839] fizaVsM ,sV dydŸkk lqifjUVsUMsUV xouZesaV vkQ bafM;k] 1920] i`0 53&57

5- cqMjks] ,p0] êSdkys feuV~l vku ,tqds'ku bu bafM;k*] osfIVLV fe'ku izsl] U;w;kdZ] 1862] i`0 79

52

gqvk vkSj 7 ekpZ] 1835 esa ykMZ cSfVad us vaxzsth dks jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;kA1 bl

izdkj eSdkys us Hkkjr esa f'k{k.k i)fr dk vaxzsthdj.k dj vaxzsth f'k{kk dh

vk/kkjf'kyk j[khA mlus Lo;a gh ;g fopkj O;Dr fd;s Fks fd mldk eq[; y{;

^^jDr ,oa jax esa Hkkjrh; yksxksa dk ,d ,slk oxZ cukuk gS] tks izo`fŸk] fopkj]

Hkk"kk ,oa cqf) esa vaxzstksa tSlk gksA**2 vaxzsth jktHkk"kk ds :i esa izLrqr gksus ds

QyLo:i vaxzsth f'k{kk iznku djus ds fy, vusd f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ LFkkfir gks

x;hA 1837 esa ljdkj us vaxzsth f'k{kk ds fy, cjsyh esa ,d fo|ky; LFkkfir

fd;kA3

Hkkjrh;ksa dks Hk; Fkk fd vaxzsth f'k{kk mUgsa bZlkbZ cukus ds y{; ls nh tk

jgh gS] bl Hk; dks nwj djus dh n`f"V ls ykMZ cSfVad us n`<+ /kkfeZd rVLFkrk

dh uhfr viukbZ vkSj f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k /kkfeZd f'k{kk

fuf"k) dj nhA4 vaxzsth f'k{kk dks yksdfiz; cukus ds fy, vusd iz;Ru gksrs jgs]

fdUrq ;s iz;Ru lekt ds dqN fof'k"V lnL;ksa rd gh lhfer jgsA tu leqnk;

esa vKku ,oa va/k fo'okl izpqj ek=k esa fo|eku FkkA izkP;osŸkkvksa us lHkh

miyC/k jkT; /ku vaxzsth f'k{kk izlkj esa O;; djus dk ?kksj fojks/k fd;kA foo'k

gks ykMZ vkdyS.M us viuh 'kSf{kd uhfr ifjofrZr dj 1839 esa 25]000 #i;k dk

vuqnku izkP; f'k{kk laLFkkvksa ds lapkyu gsrq iqu% Loh—r fd;kA5

lu~ 1857 bZ0 rd Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ugha gqbZ

FkhA ml le; rd mPp f'k{kk ds fy, ek= dqN egkfo|ky; LFkkfir FksA lu~

1854 ds oqM ds ?kks"k.kk i= ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk mÌs'; dyk] foKku] n'kZu'kkL=

1- feJ] nqxkZ'kadj] ^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl*] izdk'kd dsUnz U;w fcfYMaXl] vehukckn] y[kuÅ] 1962] i`0 172

2- vkseys] ,y0 ,l0] ^fgLVªh vkWQ caxky] fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk v.Mj fczfV'k :y*] caxky lsdsVªsV cqd fMiks] dydŸkk] 1925] i`0 149

3- feJ] dqekjh ek/koh] ^mŸkj izns'k esa f'k{kk ¼1858&1900½] euksgj izdk'ku] y[kuÅ] 1972] i`0 17

4- 1948&1949] fjiksVZ vkWQ fn ;wfuoflZVh ,tqds'ku deh'ku] OkkY;we I, ifCyf'kM ckbZ fn eSustj xouZesUV vkWQ bafM;k izsl] f'keyk] 1949] i`0 12&13

5- jkor] I;kjs yky] ^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl*] jke izlkn ,.M lal] vkxjk] 1963] i`0 170

53

,oa lkfgR; dk fodkl ,oa izlkj Fkk] blesa izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ls ysdj

fo'ofo|ky; rd dh f'k{kk ds ,d lokZaxiw.kZ ,oa lqO;ofLFkr ;kstuk dk fu:i.k

gqvk FkkA1 pkYlZ oqM }kjk ^^Hkkjrh;ksa ds fopkjksa esa mnkjrk dk fodkl djus ds

fy;s mnkj f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk mPp Lrj ij djus dh odkyr** djus ds

QyLo:i lu~ 1857 esa ,d ^^fo'ofo|ky; vf/kfu;e** ikfjr fd;k x;kA

rnuqqlkj dydRrk] cEcbZ vkSj enzkl egkuxjksa esa fo'ofo|ky; Lrjh; laLFkkuksa

dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA2 mUuhloha lnh ds vUr rd Hkkjr esa ik¡p fo'ofo|ky;

rFkk 68 egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk pqdh FkhA3

vaxzsth 'kklu ds nkSjku fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk iw.kZr% ljdkj ds

v/khu FkhA LorU=rk izkfIr ls iwoZ vusd yksdksidkjh yksxksa] /kkfeZd izo`fŸk ds

O;fDr;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa us Hkh vk/;kfedrk] vkRelEeku vkSj lexzrk dks izksRlkgu

nsus ds fy, mPprj f'k{kk ds dsUnz LFkkfir fd;sA ml le; bl futh igy dk

mn~ns'; lkekftd :ikUrj.k ykuk vkSj usr`Ro iznku djuk Fkk] u fd ykHk

dekukA4 fons'kh fe'kufj;ksa }kjk Hkh Lora=rk&iwoZ vusdksa laLFkk,a LFkkfir dh xbZ]

ftuesa ls dqN laLFkk,a vkt Hkh dk;Z dj jgh gSaA bu fe'kufj;ksa dk izeq[k

mn~ns'; lkekftd lq/kkj ds lkFk&lkFk bZlkbZ /keZ dks c<+kok nsuk Hkh FkkA5

Hkkjr ljdkj dh fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk ds ek/;e esa ifjorZu djuk pkgrh

Fkha] fdUrq mudh xfr /kheh Fkh vkSj gekjs ns'k esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k vU;

1- fjps] ts0 ,0] ^C;wjks vkWQ ,tqds'ku bu bafM;k lysD'ku Ýke ,tqds'kuy fjdkMZ] ikVZ II, 1840&1859] ifCyf'kM ckbZ us'kuy vkjdkbZc vkWQ bafM;k ckbZ fn eSustj vkWQ ifCyds'ku xouZesUV vkWQ bafM;k] fnYyh] 1965] i`0 228

2- vk'kk xqIrk] mPprj f'k{kk ds cnyrs vk;ke] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh] 2011] i`0123

3- vnkoy lqoks/k vkSj mfu;ky ek/kosUnz] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh leL;k;sa rFkk izo`fRr;k¡] mRrj izns'k fgUnh xzUFk vkdneh] y[kuÅ] 1974] i`0 279

4- vgen] uoh] izkbosVkbts'ku vkWQ gk;j ,twds'ku % ,u ,izkbty] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt %41 ¼07½ % 4&12] ubZ fnYyh] Qjojh 17&23] 2003] i`0 4-

5- vukZYM] MsfoM] Xykscykbts'ku vkWQ gk;j ,twds'ku % OgkV bV ehUl QkWj bf.M;k] ,lksf'k;s'ku vkWQ bf.M;u ;wfuoflZVht] eSlwj] 26&28 Qjojh] 2001] i`0 7

54

ns'kksa ds fo'ofo|ky; dh la[;k ds vuqikr esa cgqr gh de FkhA blh deh dk

vuqHko lu~ 1944 esa lktsZ.V fjiksVZ esa Hkh fd;k x;k FkkA1

o"kZ 1902 esa lj Fkkel jSys dh v/;{krk esa Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx

dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA bl vk;ksx esa Mk0 xq#nkl cuthZ o lS¸;n glu fcyxzkeh

nks Hkkjrh; lnL; Hkh FksA Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ esa

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds iquxZBu ds LFkku ij mudh lhusV rFkk flaMhdsV ds iquxZBu

ij cy fn;k rFkk ;g Hkh dgk fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fo/kku esa la'kks/ku djds

mUgsa f'k{k.k ds fy, lqfo/kk;sa nsuk pkfg,A lkFk gh fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk lEc)

egkfo|ky;ksa dk dBksj fujh{k.k ,oa ikB~;Øe rFkk ijh{kk iz.kkyh esa mfpr

la'kks/ku djus ij tksj fn;kA2 ykMZ dtZu us 11 ekpZ] 1904 dks f'k{kk uhfr

lEcU/kh ljdkjh izLrko izdkf'kr fd;k] ftlesa dgk x;k fd fo'ofo|ky;h f'k{kk

izkIr djus dk ,d ek= mÌs'; ukSdjh djuk gh jg x;k vr% f'k{kk dk {ks=

vR;Ur ladh.kZ gks x;k gS rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ckSf)d fodkl ij cgqr gh de

/;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA3 vr% lu~ 1904 esa cus ^^Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; vf/kfu;e**

esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk dk;Z&{ks= ijh{kk&O;oLFkk ls c<+kdj fu;fer

f'k{k.k&O;oLFkk rd dj fn;k x;kA4 dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; dh voLFkk o

mldh vko';drkvksa dh tkap gsrq lu~ 1917 esa Mk0 ekbdsy lSMyj dh

v/;{krk esa dydŸkk fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx xfBr fd;k x;kA vk;ksx us

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds vkUrfjd iz'kklu o laxBu esa lq/kkj dh vko';drk rFkk

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds v/;kidksa dks vf/kdkj] v/;kidksa dh fu;qfDr] osru vkfn ij

1- Mk0 lj;w izlkn pkScs] LorU=rk ds ckn f'k{kk dh izxfr] i`0 284

2- 1902] fjiksVZ vkWQ bafM;u ;wfuoflZVh deh'ku] f'keyk] fizaVsM ,sV fn xouZesaV lsUVªy fizafVx vkfQl] 1902] i`0 1

3- jksukYMsl vkQ ,yZ] fn ykbQ vkWQ ykMZ dtZu* okY;we II] yanu ,uZLV ,y0Vh0Mh0 ckcsjh gkml] 1930] i`0 417

4- vxzoky] ts0 lh0] ^yS.Mekd~Zl bu fn fgLVªh vkQ ekMuZ bafM;u ,tqds'ku*] fodkl ifCyf'kax gkml] ih0oh0Vh0] ,y0Vh0Mh0] bykgkckn] 2000] i`0 28

55

cy fn;k x;kA1 bu iz;klksa ds QyLo:i lu~ 1916 ls 1920 rd fo'ofo|ky;ksa

dh la[;k 12 gks x;h vkSj lu~ 1946 rd c<+dj iwjs ns'k esa 21 gks x;hA mRrj

izns'k esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh ;g la[;k dqy 5 jgh] tcfd ml le; mPpf'k{kk

gsrq izns'k esa ek= 16 egkfo|ky; lapkfyr FksA2

lu~ 1927 esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh fLFkfr dh tkap djus ds xfBr gVksZx

lfefr us o"kZ 1929 esa viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr dhA bl fjiksVZ esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa

izos'k ds fu;eksa dks dBksj cukus rFkk dsoy mPp f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh ;ksX;rk

okys Nk=ksa dks izos'k nsus dh ckr dgh xbZA lkFk gh lkFk fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kk

Lrj dk mUu;u djus ,oa iqLrdky;ksa o iz;ksx'kkykvksa dh leqfpr O;oLFkk

djus ij cy fn;k x;kA ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vkS|ksfxd f'k{kk

ds ,sls ikB~;Øe izkjEHk fd;s tkus pkfg,] ftlls csjkstxkjh lekIr gksA3

lu~ 1934 bZ0 esa la;qDr izkar ljdkj us i<+s&fy[kksa dh ekStwnk csdkjh dks

nwj djus gsrq lj rst cgknqj lizw dh v/;{krk esa ,d lfefr xfBr dhA4 lizw

lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa ek/;fed f'k{kk vkSj mPp f'k{kk ds fu;a=.k ds fy,

vyx&vyx cksMZ rFkk ;wfuoflZVh ds nkf[kys dk fu;a=.k vkSj f'k{kk dk

lehdj.k djus ds fy, ,d baVj ;wfuoflZVh cksMZ LFkkfir djus dh odkyr

dhA5 Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksMZ us ;q)ksijkUr 'kSf{kd fodkl ds

lEcU/k esa ,d foLr`r fjiksVZ rS;kj dh] ftls Hkkjr ljdkj ds rRdkyhu f'k{kk

1- 1917&19] dydŸkk ;wfuoflZVh deh'ku OkkY;we II, fizaVsM ,V dydŸkk lqifjUVsUMsUV xouZesUV izsl bafM;k] 1919] i`0 190

2- mRrj izns'k esa f'k{kk dh izxfr] 1985&86] f'k{kk funs'kky;] mRrj izns'k] bykgkckn] i`0 51ls 53

3- 25 flrEcj 1929] gkVksZx desVh fjiksVZ] bafM;u LVSV~;wjh desVh deh'ku varfje fjiksVZ vkWu fn bafM;u LVSV~;wjh deh'ku] ifCyds'ku xouZesUV vkWQ bafM;k] lsUVªy ifCyds'ku czkUp] 1929] i`0 155

4- 1935] ^lizw desVh*] fjiksVZ vkWQ fn vubEIYkk;esUV desVh ;wukbVsM izksfoUl] ifCyf'kM ckbZ lqifjUVsUMsUV fizafVax ,.M LVs'kujh ;wukbVsM izksfolst] bykgkckn] 1936] ikVZ&I, i`0 1

5- 1939] izkjfEHkd vkSj ek/;fed f'k{kk ds uohu laxBu dh desVh] la;qDr izkar dh fjiksVZ ¼vuqoknd& eksgEen guhQ lkgc xouZesUV VªkalysVj½ izdk'kd&lqifjUVsUMsUV fizafVx o LVs'kujh] la;qDr izkar ds izca/k ls Nik] lu~&1939] i`0 2

56

lykgdkj lj tkWu lktsZUV ds uke ij lktsZUV ;kstuk uke iM+kA bl fjiksVZ esa

iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ls ysdj mPp f'k{kk ds fodkl dks izksRlkfgr fd;k x;k gSA1

l= 1946&47 esa izns'k esa dqy ik¡p fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa v/;;u djus okys

Nk=ksa dh la[;k dqy 10]518 Fkh] tcfd v/;kidksa dh la[;k dqy 895 FkhA bl

le; mPp f'k{kk gsrq lapkfyr 16 egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr Nk=ksa dh la[;k

dqy 22]343 Fkh ,oa buds v/;kiukFkZ dk;Zjr izk/;kid la[;k dqy 478 FkhA2

1947 ds iwoZ Hkkjr esa dqy 21 fo'ofo|ky; FksA ns'k ds foHkktu ds QyLo:Ik

02 fo'ofo|ky; ikfdLrku esa pys tkus ds dkj.k budh la[;k 19 jg xbZA3

mPp f'k{kk ds izlkj ij Hkkjr ljdkj us Ik;kZIr /;ku fn;kA4 1955 esa Hkkjrh;

fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k c<+dj 33 vkSj dyk rFkk foKku dkystksa dh la[;k

651 gks xbZA buds vfrfjDr 242 O;olkf;d vkSj 80 fof'k"V dkyst Hkh 1954 esa

LFkkfir fd, tk pqds FksA —f"k {ks= esa mPprj f'k{kk ds fy, lu~ 1958 esa ubZ

fnYyh esa fLFkr bafM;u ,xzhdYpj fjlpZ bULVhV~;wV dks ;wuhoflZVh xzkUV

deh'ku ,sDV ds lsD'ku ¼3½ ds vuqlkj fo'ofo|ky; ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;kA5

o"kZ 1980 esa Hkkjr esa 132 fo'ofo|ky; vkSj 4738 egkfo|ky; FksA

o"kZ 2003&04 esa ns'k esa dqy feykdj 335 fo'ofo|ky; Fks ftuesa ls 215

jkT; fo'ofo|ky;] 20 dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] 100 fo'ofo|ky;or~ fo'ofo|ky;

Fksa] tks jkT; foèkku vfèkfu;eksa ds vUrxZr LFkkfir ikap laLFkkuksa vkSj dsUnzh;

foèkku }kjk LFkkfir jk"Vªh; egÙo ds 13 laLFkkuksa vkSj 1849 efgyk dkystksa

lfgr yxHkx 17]625 dkystksa ds vykok gSaA bl o"kZ ns'k esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa

egkfo|ky;ksa esa vè;;ujr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 99-54 yk[k rFkk f'k{kdksa dh

1- vDVwcj 1952&twu 1953] fjiksVZ vkWQ fn lsds.Mjh ,tqds'ku deh'ku*] fizaVsM& fefuLVªh vkWQ ,tqds'ku] xouZesUV vkWQ bafM;k] fgUn ;wfu;u izsl] ubZ fnYYkh] i`0 15

2- f'kopju yky 'kekZ] f'k{kk lafgrk mRrj izns'k] i`0 82&83

3- fjiksVZ vkQ n lsaVj ,Mokbtjh cksMZ vkQ ,twds'ku desVh vku vkVksukWeh vkQ gk;j ,twds'ku bULVhV~;w'Ul] xouZesaV vkQ bf.M;k] twu] 2005-

4- Mk0 lj;w izlkn pkScs] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl rFkk mldh leL;k;sa vkSj ijh{k.k] i`0 279

5- Mk0 lj;w izlkn pkScs] LorU=rk ds ckn f'k{kk dh izxfr] i`0 283

57

la[;k yxHkx 4-5 yk[k ds djhc igq¡p xbZA mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus okys dqy

fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa efgykvksa dh la[;k 38-1 yk[k rd igq¡p xbZ] tks mPp f'k{kk esa

ukekadu dk dqy 40% ds djhc FkhA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd mPp f'k{kk ds {ks=

esa efgyk,a rsth ls vkdf"kZr gks jgha gSa ftls ns'k ds lefUor fodkl esa 'kqHk

ladsrksa dk lwpd dgk tk ldrk gSA1

fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ns'k esa o"kZ

2004&05 esa mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa 4]72]000 f'k{kd dk;Zjr Fks] ftuesa 77]000

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa rFkk 3]95]000 f'k{kd fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls

lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa esa f'k{k.k dk;Z dj jgs FksA2

'kSf{kd o"kZ 2005&06 ds izkjaHk esa] fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj dkystksa esa

vkSipkfjd f'k{kk i)fr esa nkf[ky Nk=ksa dh dqy la[;k 104-81 yk[k Fkh ftuesa

ls 13-88 yk[k ¼13-25 izfr'kr½ fo'ofo|ky; foHkkxksa esa vkSj 90-93 yk[k ¼86-75

izfr'kr½ lEc) dkystksa esa FksA3 lu~ 2006 rd ;gk¡ 367 fo'ofo|ky;] 18064

egkfo|ky;] 4]88]000 f'k{kd vkSj 1-12 djksM+ Nk= la[;k gks x;hA4 ogha

31&03&2008 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k 408 gks xbZ] ftlesa

25 dsUnzh;] 242 jkT; rFkk 103 MhEM fo'ofo|ky; 'kkfey Fks] jkT; foèkku ds

varxZr LFkkfir 5 laLFkku] jk"Vª egRo ds 33 laLFkku gSa vkSj mPp f'k{kk {ks= esa

22]064 dkWyst gSaA 242 jkT; fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ls 75 jkT; fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk

jkT; foèkku ds ekè;e ls LFkkfir 5 laLFkkuksa esa ls 2 laLFkkuksa dks le;≤

ij la'kksfèkr fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx vfèkfu;e 1956 dh èkkjk 12¼ch½ ds

varxZr dsUnzh; lgk;rk izkIr djus ds fy, ik= ?kksf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA o"kZ

2007&08 ds nkSjku fo-v-vk- vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 2 ,Q ds varxZr 13 u;s jkT;

fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks ekU;rk nh xbZ vkSj 5 dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks ekU;rk nh


2- okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2004&05] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 39

3- okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2005&06] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 19

4- ;w-th-lh- fjiksVZ] 2007

58

xbZ lkFk gh 5 dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk 11 MhEM fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks vfèklwfpr

fd;k x;k rFkk fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa 1304 u, dkWyst LFkkfir fd, x,A1

'kSf{kd l= o"kZ 2007&08 ds nkSjku fu;fer fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds leLr

ikB~;Øeksa vkSj Lrjksa ij dqy ukekadu 123-77 yk[k Fkk ftlesa 50-25 yk[k

efgyk Nk= Fkha tksfd dqy ukekadu dk 40-60 izfr'kr gSA egkjk"Vª jkT; 16-91

yk[k Nk= ukekaduksa ds lkFk lcls Åij Fkk vkSj mlds ckn mÙkj izns'k dk

tgk¡ ukekadu 16-08 yk[k FkkA lcls de ukekadu 5543 flfDde eas FkkA dqy

ukekadu dh rqyuk eas izfr'krrk dh #i esa ukekadu 61-16 izfr'kr lcls vfèkd

dsjy esa Fkk] mlds ckn 56-33 izfr'kr xksok esa vkSj iatkc esa 51-93 izfr'kr Fkk

vkSj lcls de efgyk ukekadu 24-58 izfr'kr fcgkj jkT; esa FkkA2

1950&51 ls 2004&05 ds e/; lkekU; f'k{kk] O;olkf;d f'k{kk gsrq dkWystksa vkSj

fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa of)

o"kZ lkekU; f'k{kk gsrq dkWyst

O;olkf;d f'k{kk gsrq dkWyst

fo'ofo|ky;@MhEM fo'ofo|ky; @jk"Vªh;

egRo dh laLFkk,a 1950-51 370 208 27 1965-66 1536 770 64 1970-71 2285 992 82 1975-76 3367 3276 101 1980-81 3421 3542 110 1985-86 4067 1533 126 1990-91 4862 886 184 1995-96 6569 1354 226 2000-01 7929 2223 254 2004-05 10377 3201 364 2010-11

o"kZ 2010&2011 esa fo’ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k c<+dj 523 rFkk 43 dsUnzh;]

130 lefo’ofo|ky; ,oa 345 jkT; fo’ofo|ky; ,oa 5 laLFkkvksa dks 'kkfey

vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa ¼egkfo|ky;ksa½ dh la[;k c<+dj 33023 gks xbZ vkSj bl izdkj

1- okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2007&2008] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] cgknqj'kkg t+Qj ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 03

2- okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2007&2008] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] i`0 04

59

fo’ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k esa 44 izfr’kr dh o`f) gqbZ rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k

esa 56 izfr’kr dh o`f) gqbZA o"kZ 2010&2011 ds nkSjku 1211 u;s egkfo|ky;ksa

dks LFkkfir fd;k x;kA1

foRr o"kZ 2010&2011 ds vUr rd fo’ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx

vf/kfu;e] 1956 dh /kkjk 2 ¼p½ ds vUrxZr ekU;rk izkIr egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k

7802 Fkh] ftldh rqyuk esa fiNys lky ;g la[;k 7802 FkhA bu 7802

egkfo|ky;ksa esa ls 1385 egkfo|ky; ,sls gSa tks fd fo’ofo|ky; vuqnku

vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 1956 dh /kkjk 12 ¼[k½ ds vUrxZr dsUnzh; foRrh; lgk;rk

izkIr djus ds ik= ugha gSaA2

'kSf{kd o"kZ 2010&2011 ds nkSjku leLr fo’ofo|ky;ksa rFkk mPp f’k{k.k

laLFkkuksa esa egkfo|ky;ksa esa fofHkUu ikB~;Øeksa ds fy,] fofHkUu Lrjksa ij 169-75

yk[k vaufre Nk=ksa dh HkrhZ gqbZ tSlk fd rqyuk esa fiNys o"kZ ;g HkrhZ 156-35

yk[k Fkh & bl izdkj 8-6 izfr’kr o`f) ntZ dh xbZ gSA3

'kSf{kd o"kZ 2010&2011 ds nkSjku ukekadu fLFkfr ls irk pyrk gS fd

mPp f’k{kk iz.kkyh esa Lukrd iwoZ Lrj ij fofo/k izdkj ds ikB~;Øeksa esa

vf/kla[; Nk=ksa dk ukekadu gksrk gSA dkyst rFkk fo’ofo|ky;ksa nksuksa esa

feykdj] vLFkk;h rkSj ij ml Lrj ij 86-00 izfr’kr Nk= ukekfadr gksrs gSAa

,sls Nk= ftUgkuas LukrdksÙkj Lrj ikB~;Øeksa esa izos’k fy;k gqvk gS] mudh

izfr’krrk 12-00 izfr’kr jgh tcfd 'kks/k gsrq izos’k izkIr Nk=ksa dh izfr’krrk

cgqr gh U;wu jgh vFkkZr 0- 80 izfr’kr bl izdkj][email protected]= ikB~;Øeksa

ds fy, dqy Nk=ksa esa ls ek= 1-00 izfr’kr us gh izos’k fy;kA4

mPp f’k{kk iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr Nk=ksa dk lokZf/kd ukekadu lac)

egkfo|ky;ksa esa gqvk FkkA iwoZ&Lukrd Nk=ksa esa ls yxHkx 90-00 izfr’kr vkSj

1- okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2010&11] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 52-




60

LukrdksRrj Nk=ksa esa ls 71-00 izfr’kr Nk= lac) egkfo|ky;ksa ¼egkfo|ky;ksa½ esa

ukekafdr fd;s x, tcfd 'ks"k Nk= fo’ofo|ky;ksa ,oa muds la?kVd

egkfo|ky;ksa ¼egkfo|ky;ksa½ esa Fks A blds foijhr 83-00 izfr’kr 'kks/k

Nk=fo’ofo|ky;ksa ls FksA [email protected] i= ikB~;Øeksa esa ukekadu ds ekeys esa

fo’ofo|ky; foHkkxksa@fo’ofo|ky; egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k] lac) egkfo|ky;ksa

dh la[;k ls Åij gh FkhA1

Nk=ksa ds dqy ukekadu ¼169-75 yk[k½ esa ls 36-05 izfr’kr Nk= dyk

ladk; esas Fks] 18-57 izfr’kr blds ckn foKku esa 19-97 izfr’kr] okf.kT;@izca/k

foKku esa 72-00 izfr’kr Nk= FksA bl izdkj] dqy ukekadu esa ls 28 izfr’kr

Nk=] dyk&foKku ,oa okf.kT;@izca/k foKku ladk;ksa esa Fks] tcfd 'ks"k 16-74

izfr’kr O;olkf;d ladk;ksa esa Fks] ftuesa ls bathfu;fjax@izkS|ksfxdh esa izfr’krrk

lokZf/kd Fkh vkSj mlds ckn fpfdRlk ¼3-84 izfr’kr½ vkfn ikB~;Øe esa FkhA

Hkkjr tsls ns’k esa tgk¡ ij eq[; O;olk; Ñf"k ¼0-55½ izfr’kr rFkk mlls tqM+s

O;olk; gSa&ogk¡ ij Ñf"k ikB~;Øeksa esa ukekadu dsoy ¼0-16 izfr’kr½ vkSj i’kq

ikyu foKku esa ;g ux.; :i esa jgk gSA2

ns'k esa rduhdh f'k{kk i)fr ds vUrxZr] bathfu;jh] izkS|ksfxdh] izcaèku]

okLrqdyk] uxj vk;kstu] QkesZlh] vuqiz;qDr dyk vkSj f'kYidyk esa ikB~;Øe

vkSj dk;ZØe 'kkfey gSaA ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=ky;] fMIyksek] voj&Lukrd]

LukrdksÙkj vkSj vuqlaèkku Lrjksa ij dk;ZØeksa dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA3

fo'o esa mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa f}rh; LFkku ij gksus ds ckotwn Hkkjro"kZ

esa 17 ls 24 o"kZ ds vk;q&oxZ okys ;qokvksa dk ek= 6 izfr'kr gh mPp f'k{kk dk

ykHk mBk ik jgk gS] tcfd Ýkal esa 50 izfr'kr] vesfjdk esa 81 izfr'kr rFkk

dukMk esa 99-8 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ mPp f'k{kk dk ykHk mBk jgs gSaA4 bl rF; dks



3- okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2005&06] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] i`0 21

4- e`nqyk HknkSfj;k] Hkkjrh; mPp f'k{kk dk fn'kk fu/kkZj.k] i`0 53 ls 56

61

jk"Vªh; Kku vk;ksx 2006&09 us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA jk"Vªh; Kku vk;ksx ds

vuqlkj ns'k esa yxHkx 1500 fo'ofo|ky; gksus pkfg,] ftlesa mPpre Lrj dh

f'k{kk ns ldus ;ksX; 50 jk"Vªh; fo'ofo|ky; gksus pkfg,A1

orZeku esa mPp f'k{kk es yxHkx 40 izfr'kr ukekadu fuEu

lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ls ,oa yxHkx 35 izfr'kr efgykvksa ds gks jgs gSaA2

fofHkUu losZ fjiksVksZa ds vuqlkj lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh n`f"V ls mPp f'k{kk esa

ukekadu fuEuor~ gS&

lkfj.kh la0&1-1

lkekftd Lrj ds vuqlkj mPp f'k{kk esa ukekadu izfr'kr3 Gross Enrolment ratio (GER) Net enrolment

ratio (NER) Enrolment of Eligible

Ratio (EER) Source/Year SES

2006-07 Census 2001

NSS 2003

NSS 2003

NSS 2003

All 9.7 13.8 13.2 13.2 59.0 Gender Male 11.1 17.1 15.3 12.3 62.9 Female 7.9 10.2 11.0 5.7 54.1 Caste Schedule Tribes 4.6 7.5 5.0 4.0 57.4 Schedule Castes 7.0 8.4 7.5 5.9 56.4 OBC 11.34 Others 24.39

o"kZ 2003&04 esa Hkkjr dk ldy izos'k vuqikr ¼GER½ lHkh Lrjksa ij

yxHkx 13-33 izfr'kr Fkk] ysfdu fofHkUu lkekftd Lrjksa esa i;kZIr vUrj Fkk]

tSls vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa vfr fiNM+s oxZ dk ldy izos'k

vuqikr lo.kZ oxZ ls cgqr de Fkk ¼Øe'k% 5 izfr'kr] 7-51 izfr'kr] 11-34

izfr'kr ,oa 24-89 izfr'kr½A bl izdkj lo.kZ oxZ dk ldy izos'k vuqikr

vuqlwfpr tutkfr ls ik¡p xquk vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr ls rhu xquk vf/kd FkkA4


2- fryd] 2004

3- ps;jeSu ;wthlh] usg: eseksfj;y ysDpj] ;wuhoflZVhZ vkWQ eqEcbZ] uoEcj 24] 2006-

4- bf.M;k dUVªh lejh] fefuLVªh vkWQ º;wesu fjlkslZ MsoyiesaV] Hkkjr ljdkj] 2008

62

o"kZ 1948 esa fu;qDr ^^fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx** ds lq>ko ds vuqlkj

lu~ 1953 bZ0 esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx1 dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA lu~ 1956

esa laln ds vf/kfu;e }kjk bls oS/kkfud laLFkk Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA bl

vk;ksx ds eq[; dk;Z fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk esa lq/kkj djus ,oa f'k{k.k Lrj dks mPp

cukus ds fy;s fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk ,d fo'ks"kK&laLFkk ds :i esa Hkkjr ljdkj

dks ijke'kZ nsuk] fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks vius dks"k ls nh tkus okyh /kujkf'k dk

forj.k djuk rFkk bl lEcU/k esa viuh uhfr fu/kkZj.k djuk] fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh

vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa dh tk¡p djuk vkSj dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk mudks lgk;rk

vuqnku esa nh tkus okyh /kujkf'k ds lEcU/k esa lq>ko nsuk gSA bu dk;ksZa ds

vfrfjDr vk;ksx fofHkUu Nk=koklksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk Nk=o`fRr;k¡ ,oa QSyksf'ki

vkfn dh Hkh O;oLFkk djrk FkkA

dk;Z ;kstuk2&1992 esa mPp f'k{kk ds lesdu ,oa foLrkj gsrq mPp f'k{kk

ds leqfpr vk;kstu rFkk fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, lkafof/kd fudk;ksa

ds :i esa jkT; mPp f'k{kk ifj"knsa LFkkfir djus dh flQkfj'k dh x;h vkSj dgk

x;k fd jkT; mPp f'k{kk ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk gksus rd izR;sd jkT; ljdkj dks

fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dh lgHkkfxrk ds lkFk jkT; esa mPp f'k{kk ds fy,

ekStwnk lqfo/kkvksa dk ,d losZ{k.k djuk pkfg, vkSj lu~ 2000 bZ0 rd mudh

fdruh vko';drk gS] mldk irk yxk;k tk;A bl losZ{k.k esa ,d= dh xbZ

lwpuk dk mi;ksx lu~ 1993&94 rd lax.kd izcU/k lwpuk i)fr ¼CMIS½

fodflr djus ds fy, fd;k tk; rkfd jkT; ds ml {ks= dk irk yxk;k tk

lds ftlesa ekStwnk fo'ofo|ky;ksa@dkystkas@laLFkkvksa }kjk mfpr lqfo/kk,¡ iznku

ugha dh tk ldh gSa tgk¡ rd tula[;k cgqr gS vkSj lqfo/kkvksa dh deh gSA

1- mRrj izns'k jkT; fo'o fo|ky; v/;kns'k] 1973 Hkh n`"VO;] v/;kns'k la0 1973] ljdkjh xtV] mRrj izns'k vlk/kkj.k y[kuÅ] 12 twu 1975

2- ih0 Mh0 ikBd] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vkSj mldh leL;k;sa] i`0 346&347

63

Hkkjr ljdkj us tuojh 1985 esa ns'k ds fy, ,d u;h f'k{kk uhfr rS;kj

djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh ftls jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr1 dgk x;kA blds fy, orZeku

'kSf{kd ifjn`'; dk O;kid ,oa lexz ewY;kadu fd;k x;k vkSj mlds ckn ml

ij ns'k esa cgl gqbZA ns'k dh laln esa Hkh uhfr ij cgl gqbZA bl lEcU/k esa

fofHkUu fopkjksa o lq>koksa dks xgjk;h ls v/;;u fd;k x;kA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr

1986 us f'k{kk ds 23 fofHkUUk igyqvksa& izkjfEHkd f'k{kk] ek/;fed f'k{kk] izkS<+

f'k{kk] mPp f'k{kk] rduhdh o izca/k f'k{kk vkSj lapkjkRed f'k{kk] izkS|ksfxdh]

f'k{kd o mudk izf'k{k.k ewY;kadu i)fr o fodkl vkfn ij viuh vuq'kalk,a

iznku dhA

mPprj f'k{kk ns'k ds fy, vfr egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g 21oha lnh ds

Kku vkèkkfjr lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ,d 'kfDr'kkyh midj.k gSA2 mPp f'k{kk

fdlh Hkh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl rFkk lqlaLÑr lekt dh LFkkiuk dk vk/kkjHkwr

fcUnq gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª tks fo'o esa viuh vyx igpku cukuk pkgrk gS o

vU; ns'kksa ds fodkl ds lkFk dne ls dne feykdj pyuk pkgrk gS] muds

ikl f'k{kk ij fuos'k djus ds vfrfjDr nwljk dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa

yEcs le; ls f'k{kk ,d lkekftd rFkk yksd fgrdkjh lsok ds :i esa tkuh

tkrh jgh gSA Hkkjr o"kZ dh mPp f'k{kk dh xkSjo'kkyh ijEijk esa r{kf'kyk]

ukyUnk rFkk foØef'kyk tSls fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk uke tqM+k gqvk gS] tgk¡ iwjs fo'o

ls fo|kFkhZ f'k{kk xzg.k djus vk;k djrs gSaA3

mŸkj izns'k esa mPp f'k{kk dh fLFkfr& izns'k ds pg¡qeq[kh ,oa

fu;ksftr fodkl ds fy, mPp f'k{kk dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA mPp f'k{kk dk fodkl

orZeku esas fo|eku vko';drkvksa ,oa Hkfo"; dh laHkkoukvksa rFkk lkekftd

vis{kkvksa ds vkyksd esa fd;k tkuk gSA orZeku esa mPp f'k{kk ek= lh[kus o

tkuus dk miØe vFkok euq"; ds ekufld vkSj ckSf)d /kjkry ij gksus okyh

1- ikBd ,oa R;kxh] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds vk;ksx ,oa lfefr;k¡] fouksn izdk'ku efUnj] vkxjk 2 vkfFkZd leh{kk] 2010&11] ;kstuk foHkkx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 311


64

tkudkfj;ksa&lwpukvksas ds vknku&iznku rd gh lhfer ugha gS] oju~ lq;ksX;

lqlaLÑr ,oa mRÑ"B pfj=/kkjh izcq) ihf<+;ksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh mPp f'k{kk dk izeq[k

nkf;Ro gSA Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa lerk] lejlrk] lkekftd ljksdkj ds fo"k;ksa esa

;qokvksa dh layXurk] /keZfujis{k] ij&dY;k.k] jk"VªfuekZ.k] oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k

rFkk euq";ksa ds mPpkn'kksZa ds fodkl ds fy, lqfu;ksftr mPp&f'k{kk vko';d

gSA1

mÙkj izns'k esa mPp f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk fczfV'k dky ls gh dh xbZ FkhA

izns'k esa Lora=rk ls iwoZ mPp f'k{kk gsrq 5 fo'ofo|ky; Fks] ysfdu Lora=rk

izkfIr ds mijkUr izns'k esa mPp f'k{kk dk izlkj rhoz xfr ls gqvkA ifj.kkeLo:i

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k esa mYYks[kuh; o`f) gqbZA izns'k esa o"kZ

1887 esa bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA mPp f'k{kk ds mUu;u

gsrq ljdkj }kjk fujUrj iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA 11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk

¼2007&2012½ esa mPp f'k{kk ds fy, Øe'k% 918-72 djksM+ # dk ifjO;; LohÑr

fd;k x;k gSA ftlesa ls o"kZ 2007&08 esa mDr en ij 135-71 djksM+ #0 ,oa o"kZ

2008&09 esa 82-31 djksM+ #0 O;; fd;s x;sA2

izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vof/k esa dsoy rhu jktdh; egkfo|ky; Fks]

ftudh la[;k o"kZ 2007&08 esa 125 gks x;h gSA izns'k esa mPp f'k{kk Lrj dh

f'k{kk lqyHk djkus gsrq o"kZ 2007&08 rd dqy 38 fo'ofo|ky; Fks] ftlesa ls

lkekU; f'k{kk ds 12 fo'ofo|ky;] 04 dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] 01 eqDr

fo'ofo|ky;] 03 Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky;] 01 fpfdRlk fo'ofo|ky;] 01 rduhdh

fo'ofo|ky;] 01 Ik'kq fpfdRlk fo'ofo|ky;] 07 futh fo'ofo|ky; o 08 MhEM

fo'ofo|ky; gSa rFkk 125 jktdh; dkyst] 345 'kkldh; lgk;rk izkIr dkyst

,oa 1580 LofoRr iksf"kr dkyst lapkfyr gSSaA mi;qZDr laLFkkvksa esa vuqekur%

1818595 fo|kFkhZ iathÑr Fkk rFkk mPp f'k{kk dk dk;Z 15493 v/;kidksa ds

ek/;e ls fd;k tk jgk Fkk] ftuesa vukuqnkfur@LofoRr iksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa ds

1- mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] foHkkxh; osclkbV ¼gkseist½ 2- mÙkj izns'k esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lsok,a] fu;kstu foHkkx] m0 iz0] i`0 22

65

f'k{kdksa dh la[;k lfEefyr ugh gSA mPp f'k{kk ds vUrxZr uoha iapo"khZ;

;kstuk esa :0 13846-91 yk[k O;; fd;k x;k FkkA nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds

vUrxZr bl en esa :0 16818-00 yk[k ifjO;; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA mPpf'k{kk

foHkkx mRrj izns'k ds fu;a=.kk/khu izns'k ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa dh

la[;k] Nk=@Nk=k la[;k ,oa f'k{kdksa dh la[;k dk fooj.k fuEuor gS&

mPpf'k{kk foHkkx mRrj izns'k ds fu;a=.kk/khu izns'k ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k] Nk=@Nk=k la[;k ,oa

f'k{kdksa dh la[;k1

Ø0 la0

f'k{k.k laLFkk;sa] Nk=@Nk=k;sa ,oa v/;kidksa dh la[;k

2006 & 2007

2007 & 2008

2008 & 2009

2009 & 2010

fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k 1- ¼v½jkT; fo'ofo|ky; ¼c½eqDr fo'ofo|ky; ¼l½futh fo'ofo|ky;

12 01 04

12 01 04

12 01 06

12 01 07

2- MhEM fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k 04 04 06 07 3-

egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k

¼v½ lg f'k{kk ¼c½ efgyk

1551 341

1694 356

1844 392

2343 446

4- ¼v½'kkldh; egkfo|ky; ¼c½v'kkldh; egkfo|ky; ¼l½bykgkckn dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky; ds la?kVd egkfo|ky;

124 1758 10

125 1915 10

125 2236 10

134 2655 10

5- vuqnku lwph ij v'kkldh; egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k

335 335 335 331

6- vukuqnfur@LofoRriksf'kr v'kkldh; egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k

1423 1580 1901 2324

7-

egkfo|ky;ksa dh Nk= la[;k

¼v½ Nk= ¼c½ Nk=k;sa

1060905 622163

1168528 650067

1148377 755263

1199312 795765

8- egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;kid la[;k ¼v½ iq#"k

¼c½ efgyk 11672 3655

11798 3695

11828 3711

11935 3731

1- mPpf'k{kk foHkkx] dk;ZiwfrZ fnXnf'kZdk 2010&11

66

izns'k esa Lukrd vkSj ijkLukrd Lrj f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

la[;k dk fooj.k fuEuor~ gS&

mÙkj izns'k esa fo'ofo|ky;] egkfo|ky; ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k esa of)1&

Ø0 la0

o"kZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh la0

egkfo|ky;ksa dh la0 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la0

1 1950&51 6 40 51000 2 1960&61 9 128 102000 3 1970&71 14 304 330000 4 1980&81 19 384 452000 5 1990&91 25 418 729000 6 2000&01 27 676 1110000 7 2010&11 30 2789 2054000*

* blesa fo'ofOk|ky; Nk= la[;k 'kkfey ugha gSaA

mÙkj izns'k esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk fodkl mÙkjksÙkj gqvk ftleas

'kklu dh Hkwfedk ds lkFk&lkFk futh {ks= dh Hkwfedk Hkh ljkguh; jgh gSA

1950&51 esa izns'k esa dqy 6 fo'ofo|ky; rFkk 40 egkfo|ky; FksA ysfdu

/khjs&/khjs izns'k esa fo'of|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k esa rhoz o`f) gqbZ gSA

o"kZ 2009&10 rd izns'k esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k c<+dj 30 gks xbZ rFkk

egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k 2789 gks xbZ ftlesa dqy 2054000 fo|kFkhZ v/;;ujr

gSA

izns'k esa 'kklu }kjk cnyrss gq, ifjos'k esa lekt ds larqfyr ,oa mlds

fofHkUUk vaxks ds e/; ikjLifjd lkeatL; dh fLFkfr dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,

'kSf{kd laLFkkvkas ds xq.kkRed fodkl ij cy fn;k tk jgk gS] rkfd jk"VªfuekZ.k

ds y{; dh csgrj flf) gks lds rFkk lafo/kku Hkkx&4 esa fufgr y{;ksa dh izkfIr

gks ldsA blds fy, 'kklu }kjk bl ij cy fn;k tk jgk gS fd izns'k esa mPp

f'k{kk ds fy, vk/kqfud laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk;] ftlls izns'k dk mPp

1- jkT; fu;kstu laLFkku] lkaf[;dh if=dk 2011&12 ¼ekuo fodkl izfrosnu] mÙkj izns'k½

67

f'kf{kr ;qok oxZ LokoyEch cu lds vkSj izns'k vkSj ns'k lae`f) ,oa mUufr esa

viuk vewY; ;ksxnku ns ldsA1

vk/kkjHkwr ljapuk dh loZlqyHkrk fdlh Hkh ns'k izns'k ds lokaZxh.k fodkl

dks js[kkafdr djrh gS ijUrq vk/kjHkwr lajpukvksa esa ;fn ^^f'k{kk** uked ewyHkwr

rRo dks misf{kr fd;k tkrk gS] rks lkekftd lerk] iaFk fujis{krk ij vk/kkfjr

l'kDr jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k ugha gks ldrk gSA

dq'ky ekuo lalk/ku ds fuekZ.k ds fy, 'kklu }kjk fujUrj iz;Ru fd;k

tk jgk gS ftlesa ,d mPp Lrjh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh vko';d gksrh gS ftls

izns'k ljdkj }kjk LFkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA mÙkj izns'k esas fofHkUUk

Lrjh; f'k{kk ij fd;s x;s lkoZtfud O;; dk fooj.k fuEu rkfydk esa fd;k

tkrk gSA

mÙkj izns'k esas fofHkUUk izdkj dh f'k{kk ij fd;k x;k jktLo O;;2&

Ø0la0 f'k{kk 2008&09 2009&10 2010&11 1 izkFkfed f'k{kk 809536 1105984 1267797 2 ek/;fed f'k{kk 350556 489700 624672 3 mPp f'k{kk 80664 114112 187429 4 vU; 24063 30129 35936 ;ksx 1264819 1739925 2115834

mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd mÙkj izns'k esa f'k{kk ij fd;s x;s dqy

O;; dk lokZf/kd va'k izkFkfed vFkok cqfu;knh f'k{kk ij fd;k x;k gSA izns'k esa

f'k{kk ij fd;s x;s dqy O;; esa ls 75 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa ds osru ij vkSj yxHkx

10 izfr'kr f'k{k.ksÙkj deZpkfj;ksa ds osru ij [kpZ fd;k tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k 15

izfr'kr Ldwyh Hkouksa dh ns[kjs[k] midj.kksa] QuhZpj] iqLrdky; vkSj vU;

vko';d enksa ij [kpZ fd;k tkrk gSA izns'k esa 10oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk

¼2002&2007½ esa f'k{kk ij 4302-81 djksM+ # dk O;; fd;k x;k vkSj X;kjgoha

1- osclkbV] mPp f'k{kk fnekx] mÙkj izns'k 2- mÙkj izns'k vk;&O;;d dh :ijs[kk] 2010&2011

68

iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼2007&2012½ essa f'k{kk ij 18850-83 djksM+ #0 O;; dk izko/kku

fd;k x;kA1

izkfof/kd f'k{kk& 10oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼2002&07½ esa izkoSf/kd f'k{kk gsrq

988-97 djksM+ #i;s dk ifjO;; Lohd`r fd;k x;k Fkk ftlds le{k mDr en

ij o"kZ 2002&03 esa 11-15 djksM+ #i;s] o"kZ 2003&04 esa 8-75 djksM+ #i;s] o"kZ

2004&05 esa 55-77 djksM+ #i;s] o"kZ 2005&06 esa 22-65 djksM+ #i;s ,oa o"kZ

2006&07 esa 102-03 djksM+ #i;s O;; fd;s x;sA 11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk

¼2007&12½ esa izkoSf/kd f'k{kk gsrq 1992-00 djksM+ #i;s dk ifjO;; Lohd`r fd;k

x;k gS ftlds lkis{k o"kZ 2007&08 esa bl en ij 89-27 djksM+ #i;s O;; fd;s

x;sA2

fdlh ns'k dh okLrfod izxfr dk vkadyu ogk¡ dh f'k{kk] rduhdh

fodkl ,oa vkfFkZd Lrj ls gksrk gSA vr% jkT; ljdkj }kjk izns'k esa LFkkfir

m|ksxksa] vk/kqfud d`f"k rduhdh ,oa muls lEcfU/kr dk;kZsa dks lqpk: :i ls

pykus gsrq izkoSf/kd f'k{kk ds fodkl ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA m|ksxksa

gsrq dq'ky deZpkfj;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s izns'k esa izkoSf/kd f'k{kk lqyHk djkus gsrq

fMxzh] fMIyksek rFkk izek.k&i= Lrj dh f=Lrjh; f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA

o"kZ 2008&09 rd mRrj izns'k esa fMxzh Lrj ds 7 bathfu;fjax dkyst rFkk 93

fMIyksek Lrjh; laLFkku ,oa 258 jktdh; vkS|ksfxd izf'k{k.k laLFkku miyC/k

FksA3

mPp f'k{kk dh foŸk&O;oLFkk&

izkphu Hkkjr dh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds fo"k; esa ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd pkgs

fdlh Hkh izdkj dh laLFkk gks f'k{kk fu%'kqYd FkhA lkFk gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fuokl]

Hkkstu vkfn dk O;; Hkh laLFkk }kjk gh ogu fd;k tkrk FkkA f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds

mi;qZDr O;;ksa gsrq Nk=ksa ls fdlh izdkj dk 'kqYd ugha fy;k tkrk FkkA

1- mÙkj izns'k lkaf[dh; Mk;jh] 2009&10] i`0 40

2- mŸkj izns'k dh vkfFkZd leh{kk] 2008&09] i`0 80 3- izns'k dh vkfFkZd leh{kk] 2009&10] i`0 81

69

fo".kqLe`fr esa osru ysdj v/;kiu djus dh fuUnk dh x;h gS rFkk mldh x.kuk

miikrdksa esa gSA1 r{kf'kyk tSls izfl) f'k{kkdsUnzksa ds v/;kid Hkh vius ?kj ij

gh Nk=ksa ds Hkkstu vkSj vkokl dh O;oLFkk djrs FksA ,slh fLFkfr esa Nk=ksa ij

gksus okys O;; dks xq: }kjk gh ogu fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g O;oLFkk vU; izfl)

f'k{kk dsUnzksa tSls dk'kh] mTtSu vkfn esa Hkh izpfyr FkhA2

;|fi izkphu dky esa f'k{kk fu%'kqYd Fkh fdUrq izkphu xzUFkksa esa f'k"; dk

;g mRrjnkf;Ro crk;k x;k gS fd og xq: dks v/;;uksijkUr xq:nf{k.kk iznku

djsA3 nf{k.kk ds :i esa f'k{kd dh vk; ds lkFk&lkFk ifjorhZ dky esa xq:dqyksa

dk foLrkj gks tkus ij ckS) f'k{kk dsUnzksa ls izHkkfor efUnj fo|ky;ksa ds

v/;kidksa dks Hkh osru dh vko';drk gksus yxhA blh fy, efUnj fo|ky;ksa dh

izca/k lfefr }kjk v/;kidksa dks izfrekl fuf'pr /kujkf'k osru ds :i esa nh

tkrh FkhA4

lekt ds /kuh O;fDr ikB'kkykvksa dks /ku vkfn nku nsus ds vfrfjDr

Nk=ksa ds Hkkstu ds fy, izk;% fu%'kqYd Hkkstuky;ksa dks Hkh pykrs FksA vius fdlh

fnoaxr dh Le`fr esa f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds Hkou Hkh cuok fn;k djrs FksA dHkh&dHkh

xzke lHkk,a vkSj fuxe O;kikfj;ksa ds la?k vkfn Hkh fo|ky; [kksydj mlds fy,

/ku dh O;oLFkk djrs FksA5 f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks le;≤ ij jktdh; lgk;rk

Hkh feyrh jgrh Fkh] ij 'kkldksa }kjk ;k lekt ds le`) O;fDr;ksa }kjk

O;fDrxr Lrj ij fn;k x;k ;g vkfFkZd nku fdlh O;fDrxr ykHk ds fy,

ugha] cfYd viuh dhfrZ o`f)] /kkfeZd Hkkouk vkSj lekt ds fgr ds fy, fd;k

tkrk FkkA6 ysfdu /khjs&/khjs blesa ifjorZu vkrk x;kA 'kqYd ds :i esa Nk=ksa ls

1- fo".kq Le`fr] 17-18&19] 26

2- vYrsdj] ,0,l0 ¼1980½] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k i)fr] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 61

3- xkSre /keZlw=] 2-54&55( euqLe`fr] pkS[kEck laLÑr izfr"Bku] cukjl] 2-2-246( ;kKoYD; Le`fr] 1-34

4- frokjh] lqHkk"k pUnz ¼1999½] o.kkZJe f'k{kk O;oLFkk rFkk vk/kqfud ;qx esa mldh mi;ksfxrk] lEiw.kkZuUn laLÑr fo'ofo|ky;] cukjl] i`0 164&65

5- vYrsdj] ,0,l0 ¼1980½] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k i)fr] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 74&75

6- xkSre /keZlw=] 2-1-9( 2-1-12( vkiLrEc /keZlw=] okY;we&2] cukjl] 2-25-1

70

/ku fy;k tkus yxk tks f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds O;; dk vkaf'kd Hkkj ogu djrk Fkk

vkSj 1954 ds ckn ls mPp f'k{kk iw.kZr% vaxzsth 'kklu ds vk/khu gks x;hA bl

le; fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds foÙkh; lalk/ku tqVkus dh ftEesnkjh ljdkj ij FkhA

Lora=rk izkfIr ds mijkar ns'k esa iztkra=kRed 'kklu O;oLFkk ykxw gqbZ

vkSj jk"Vª ds iqufuZekZ.k esa f'k{kk ds O;kid egRo dks Lohdkj djrs gq, f'k{kk dk

nkf;Ro ljdkj ij Mkyk x;kA fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx ¼1948½ us jkT; }kjk

mPp f'k{kk dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djus ds vius mÙkjnkf;Ro dks ogu djus

dh flQkfj'k dhA fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx us mPp f'k{kk ds foLrkj o fodkl

dks mi;qDr fn'kk iznku djus ds fy, fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ¼;w-th-lh-½

dh LFkkiuk dk Hkh lq>ko fn;k1 ftls o"kZ 1956 esa Hkkjrh; laln us ,d

vf/kfu;e cukdj ewrZ:i iznku fd;kA bldk eq[; mn~ns'; mPp f'k{kk esa

xq.koRrk dks cuk;s j[kuk vkSj mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dks vuqnku iznku djuk FkkA

f'k{kk vk;ksx ¼1964&66½ us Hkh mPp f'k{kk dh foÙkh; O;oLFkk dk Hkkj

ljdkj ij Mkyk vkSj dgk ;fn f'k{kk dk fodkl vkSj jk"Vª dh izxfr dh tkuh

gS rks mPp f'k{kk ij vf/kd /ku O;; djuk gksxkA ¼f'k{kk ij O;; fd;s tkus

okys /ku dks O;; djus ds laca/k esa f'k{kk vk;ksx us /kujkf'k dk 2@3 Hkkx

fo|ky; f'k{kk ij vkSj 1@3 Hkkx mPp f'k{kk ij O;; djus dk lq>ko fn;k

Fkk½A Mk0 dksBkjh dk er Fkk fd /ku dh O;oLFkk djuk jkT;ksa dk dÙkZO; gS ij

D;ksafd jkT; bl dk;Z dks vdsys ugha dj ldrs gS blfy, mUgksaus f'k{kk dj

yxkus dk lq>ko Hkh fn;kA f'k{kk vk;ksx us Hkh fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dks

vf/kd l'kDr cukus vkSj mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks vuqnku nsus ds lkFk&lkFk

muesa xq.koÙkk cuk;s j[kus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro nsus dk lq>ko fn;kA2

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ vkSj izksxzke vkWQ ,D'ku ¼1992½ esa Hkh mPp

f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds foLrkj] Nk= 'kqYd dk iqujh{k.k] vkSj Nk=o`fÙk nsus dk izko/kku

fd;k x;kA

1- jk/kkd`".ku~] loZiYyh ¼1949½ % fjiksVZ vkWu ;wfuoflZVh ,tqds'ku

2- f'k{kk vk;ksx] 1966

71

oSf'od Lrj ij lu~ 1991 esa mnkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k rst gqbZ vkSj u;h

vkfFkZd uhfr ls izHkkfor gksdj Hkkjrh; ljdkj us Hkh mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa

futhdj.k dks c<+kok nsuk izkjaHk fd;kA vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ljdkj us

dgk fd ijEijkxr fo'ofo|ky; o egkfo|ky; u [kksys tk;A cfYd mUgksaus

Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvksa vkSj O;fDrxr Lrj ij mPp 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa dks f'k{kk dh

xq.koÙkk dks izHkkfor fd;s fcuk [kksyus dk lq>ko fn;kA1

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ us Hkh 'kSf{kd lalk/kuksa ds tqVkus esa fofHkUu

izdkj ds lzksrksa }kjk vFkZ tqVkus dh vksj ladsr fd;k Fkk] ^^tgka rd laHko gks]

bu fofHkUu rjhdksa ls lk/ku tqVk;s tk;sa] tSls& pank bDV~Bk djuk] bekjrksa dh

j[k&j[kko rFkk jkstejkZ ds dke esa vkus okyh oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ esa LFkkuh; yksxksa

dh enn ysuk] mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij Qhl c<+kuk rFkk miyC/k lk/kuksa dk csgrj

iz;ksx djukA**2 fo'o cSad }kjk izdkf'kr fjiksVZ ^fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa f'k{kk ij

O;;* ¼1994½ esa Hkh vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dh deh dks ns[krs gq, f'k{kk ij vkus okys

[kpZ dk ,d cM+k Hkkx vfHkHkkodksa ds Åij Mkyus dh uhfr viukus dk lq>ko

fn;k x;kA3

fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx }kjk vuq'kaflr f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj

djus rFkk mPp f'k{kk dks ubZ lwpuk rduhdh }kjk mUur'khy cukus ds fy,

ftl fo'kky /kujkf'k dh vko';drk Fkh] mls tqVk ikus esa ljdkj dh vleFkZrk

tkfgj djrs gq, vU; lzksrksa ls lalk/ku tqVkus dk rdZ fn;kA mlh nkSjku [kkM+h

ladV ds cgkus fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us mPp f'k{kk ds ctV esa 35

izfr'kr dh dVkSrh dj nh vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks funsZ'k fn;k fd os vius

lalk/ku Lo;a tqVk;saA

1- vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1992&97½] ;kstuk vk;ksx] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyh

2- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986] 11-2

3- vxzoky] mes'kpUnz ¼2002½ % futhdj.k dh vksj vxzlj mPp f'k{kk] ;kstuk] flrEcj] 2005] i`0 21

72

dasnz ljdkj ds funsZ'k ij fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us 1992 esa

U;k;ewfrZ ds- iqUuS;k dh v/;{krk esa ,d mPp Lrjh; lfefr dk xBu fd;kA

lfefr us fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks vius foÙkh; lalk/ku tqVkus dk lq>ko fn;k rFkk

mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa futhdj.k dh laLrqfr dhA1

;wusLdks dh fjiksVZ esa Hkh dgk x;k fd mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks jk"Vªh;

ctV dk cks> de djus ds fy, vius lalk/ku Lo;a tqVkus pkfg,A2 lu~ 1997

esa mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ,d vkSj dqBkjk?kkr gqvkA ljdkjh vuqnkuksa ds laca/k esa

fopkj djrs gq, f'k{kk dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;kA mPp f'k{kk dks ûku esfjV xqM*

;k ^vykHkdj oLrq* vkSj izkFkfed f'k{kk dks êsfjV xqM* ;k ykHkdj oLrq dh {ks.kh

esa j[kk x;kA3 ifj.kke Lo:i Hkkjr ljdkj us mPp f'k{kk ij ls lfClMh de

djuh 'kq: dj nh bl fooknkLin rF; ds leFkZu esa dgk x;k fd mPp f'k{kk

O;fDr dks ykHk igqapkrh gS u fd lekt dksA blfy, lq>ko fn;k x;k fd mPp

f'k{kk dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk ds fy, O;fDrxr gkFkksa esa lkSai nsuk pkfg,A

lu~ 1999 esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us vyhx<+ eqfLye

fo'ofo|ky; ds dqyifr egeqnjZgeku dh v/;{krk esa dsanzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds

'kS{kf.kd <kaps dh leh{kk gsrq ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;kA lkFk gh fnYyh

fo'ofo|ky; ds laca) egkfo|ky;ksa dh foÙkh; leh{kk ds fy, vUuknqjS

fo'ofo|ky; ds iwoZ dqyifr izks0 vkuUnÑ".k dh v/;{krk esa nwljh lfefr dk

xBu fd;k x;kA bu nksuksa lfefr;ksa us c<+h gqbZ Qhl dk ,d u;k <kapk rS;kj

fd;k A blds vuqlkj f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks dqy ctV dk 7 izfr'kr Qhl tqVkuk

gksxk] ftls izfr o"kZ 1 izfr'kr c<+kdj 15 izfr'kr rd djuk gksxkA

egeqnjZgeku lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd Hkfo"; esa ,d Nk= ij gksus okys iwjs

1- iquS¸;k] tfLVl ds dfeVh ¼1994½ % ;w-th-lh- QafMax vkWQ bfULV~;wV'ku vkWQ gk;j ,tqds'ku ¼fjiksVZ½ ubZ fnYyh

2- ;wusLdks dh fjiksVZ ^yfu±x n Vsªtj fofnu % Lisd] 1996

3- 'kSytk flag] mPp f'k{kk dk foÙkh; izca/ku] ifjizs{;] o"kZ 15] vad 3] fnlEcj 2008] i`0 120

73

'kS{kf.kd O;; dks f'k{k.k 'kqYd ds :i esa Nk=ksa ls fy;k tkuk pkfg,A mUgksaus

f'k{k.k 'kqYd dks rhu xquk c<+kus dh laLrqfr dhA

Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; la?k ds ,d v/;;u ds vuqlkj 30 izfr'kr ls Hkh

de Nk= c<+h gqbZ Qhl ns ldrs gSaA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd mPp f'k{kk izkIr

djus okys vk;qoxZ ds ;qod o ;qofr;ksa esa ek= 9-35 izfr'kr gh mPp f'k{k.k

laLFkkvksa esa izos'k ikrs gSaA bl c<+h gqbZ Qhl dk ifj.kke gksxk fd fuEu ,oa fuEu

e/;e oxZ ds rFkk xzkeh.k {ks= ds vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZ mPp f'k{kk xzg.k djus ls

oafpr jg tk;sxsaA1

LokehukFku lfefr us O;olkf;d f'k{kk ds laca/k esa oSdfYid vkfFkZd

lzksrksa dh [kkst djus dk lq>ko fn;kA 1997 esa bathfu;fjax ,oa esfMdy dkystksa

dh Qhl esa 10 izfr'kr ls 80 izfr'kr rd dh o`f) dh x;h FkhA bldk

nq"ifj.kke Nk=ksa dh lkekftd lajpuk ij fn[kkbZ nsus yxk gSA o"kZ 2008 esa vkbZ-

vkbZ-,e-] vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- vkSj fVªiy vkbZ-Vh- us viuh Qhlksa esa Hkkjh btkQk fd;k gS

dgha dgha rks Qhl lk<+s pkj yk[k ls c<+kdj 11&12 yk[k dj nh x;h gSA2

egaxs izksQs'kuy dkslZ lekt esa reke folaxfr;ksa dks ysdj vk;s gSa] ftlds

nwjxkeh ifj.kke lekt ds fy, vfgrdj gksaxsA

futh mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh eqfge dks rst djus ds fy, rFkk ekuo

lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; o fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dh lkspuh; vkfFkZd

fLFkfr dk Qk;nk mBkrs gq, m|ksxifr;ksa us bl {ks= esa viuh igq¡p cukuh 'kq:

dj nhA lu~ 2000 esa iz/kkuea=h dh vkfFkZd lykgdkj ifj"kn ds nks lnL;ksa

eqds'k vEckuh vkSj vkfnR; fcjyk }kjk iz/kkuea=h dks lkSaih x;h fjiksVZ esa mPp

f'k{kk dks futh gkFkksa esa lkSaius dk lq>ko fn;k x;kA bl fjiksVZ dh vU; izeq[k

laLrqfr;ksa esa Hkkjrh; mPp f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk cktkjhdj.k] fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds

vuqnku lekIr djuk] foÙkh; laLFkkvksa dh Hkk¡fr mPp 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa dk Hkh

1- 'kSytk flag] mPp f'k{kk dk foÙkh; izca/ku] i`0 120&121

2- jk"Vªh; lgkjk] nSfud lekpkj i=] 12 flrEcj 2008

74

cktkj esa ewY;kadu djuk vkSj tks laLFkk,a blesa [kjh ugha mrjrha mUgsa can djuk

tk,] Nk=ksa dh Qhl c<+kuk vkfn lfEefyr gSaA1

fcM+yk&vEckuh fjiksVZ us ns'k dh mPp f'k{kk dks equkQs ds lkSns ds nk;js

esa ykdj [kM+k dj fn;k gSA mPp f'k{kk bu m|ksxifr;ksa dks ,d cktkj ds :i

esa fn[kk;h iM+ jgk gS tgk¡ f'k{kk dks ,d mRikn ds :i esa cspdj ;s equkQk

dekuk pkgrs gSaA tgk¡ mPp f'k{kk dh cgqr lh nqdkusa ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa

[kqy pqdh gSa vkSj buds ekfyd [kqysvke mPp f'k{kk dk O;kikj dj jgs gSa]

ik'pkR; laiUu ,oa fodflr ns'kksa ls mPp f'k{kk ds izk:i vkSj <kapksa dks mBkdj

Hkkjr ds ifjos'k esa Fkksiuk bu m|ksxifr;ksa ds fy, QS'ku cu x;kA ijUrq ;s bu

laiUu ns'kksa dh izca/k rduhd ,oa 'kks/k uhfr vkfn dks vius m|ksxksa esa ykxw ls

drjkrs gSaA ysfdu okLrfodrk dk tk;tk fy, fcuk mu izk#iksa ds dsoy pan

igyqvksa dks ;s Hkkjr dh turk ij Fkksiuk pkgrs gSaA ¼pkS/kjh&2006½

nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh vof/k esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx }kjk

mPp f'k{kk izcU/k dks dkjxj] dq'ky ,oa lkekftd vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa ds izfr

mÙkjnk;h cukus ds fy, fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk lalk/ku tqVkus dh eqfge 1995 esa

'kq: dh x;h FkhA blds mís'; dk o.kZu djrs gq, fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx

us dgk fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks vius fodkl esa lekt dh lgHkkfxrk }kjk

lalk/ku tqVkus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fodkl ds fy,

lekt ls izkIr gksus okys lalk/kuksa ds izokg dks izksRlkfgr djuk gSA2

X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds izkjaHk esa viuh izkFkfedrk,a fu/kkZfjr djrs

gq, fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us mPp f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk ij cy nsrs gq, ik¡p

y{.kksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k ftlds varxZr o`gÙkj o`f)] leku o`f)] xq.koÙkk vkSj

Js"Brk] izklafxdrk rFkk ewY;ksa ij vk/kfjr f'k{kk tSls y{; lfEefyr gSaA3

1- fjiksVZ vku ikWfylh Ýse odZ QkWj fjQkeZ bu ,twds'ku] 24 vizSy 2000-

2- okf"kZd fjiksZV] ;w-th-lh-] 2004&05

3- ;w-th-lh-] FkzLV ,.M izk;fjVªht M~;wfjax bysoUFk Iyku ihfj;M] 2007

75

11oha ;kstuk ds nkSjku Thursts rFkk izkFkfedrk1&

• mPp f'k{kk esa U;k; laxr lq/kkj gksuk vko';d gS blfy, xjhc yM+fd;ksa

vkSj lkekftd :i ls ghu leqnk; dks fu%'kqYd f'k{kk miyC/k djokbZ

tkuh pkfg,A

• ekuo dh ;ksX;rkvksa esa o`f) djus rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks l`tukRed vkSj

ifjorZudkjh cukus gsrq mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj djuk vko';d

gSA

• mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj djuk vko';d gSA

• mPp f'k{kk dks izklafxd cukus ds fy, vko';d gS fd ns'k ds vkfFkZd]

lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd fodkl ds fy, ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dh Hkkafr dk;Z

djuk pkfg,A

• ewY;ks/kkfjr f'k{kk gsrq ;qokoxZ esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dh o`f) djuk vko';d gSA

o"kZ 1950 esa mPp f'k{kk esa ukekadu 7 izfr'kr Fkk tks 2003 rd 9-35

izfr'kr gks x;k gSA2 ;s o`f) vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr de gSA mnkgj.k

Lo:i dukMk esa 100 izfr'kr] ;w-,l-,- esa 80 izfr'kr] Ýkal esa 50 izfr'kr vkSj

;w-ds- esa 30 izfr'kr gSA ;gka rd fd gekjs ns'k esa ukekadu la[;k bUMksusf'k;k

¼11 izfr'kr½ czkthy ¼12 izfr'kr½ vkSj FkkbyS.M ¼19 izfr'kr½ ls Hkh de gSA3

X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh vof/k esa ljdkj us mPp f'k{kk esa ukekadu la[;k

dks 15 izfr'kr rd c<+kus dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;kA

X;kjgoha ;kstuk ds vuqlkj lekosf'kr mPp f'k{kk esa lHkh oxZ ds Nk=ksa

dks f'k{kk miyC/k djkuk ljdkj dh izkFkfedrk gS] ijUrq Nk= ukekadu dh n`f"V

ls vlekurk gj Lrj ij ns[kh tk ldrh gS] tSls jkT;ksa ds chp] xzkeh.k o

'kgjh bykdksa esa] fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa esa] tkfr;ksa] iq:"k&L=h oxZ ;k xjhc

vkSj vehj esaA

1- Mh0vks0 la0 F-1-2/2007 ¼11oha ;kstuk½] ;w0th0lh0] 2007] i`0 02

2- lsysDVsM ,Mqds'ku LVsfVfLVDl] 2003

3- ;w-th-lh- bUQkjes'ku ,.M LVsfVfLVDl C;wjks] 2003

76

lu~ 2000 esa xzkeh.k vapyksa ds Nk=ksa dk ukekadu 'kgjh Nk=ksa 20-44

izfr'kr dh rqyuk esa 5-6 izfr'kr FkkA jkT; Lrj ij dsjy esa mPp f'k{kk esa 21

izfr'kr Nk= ukekafdr Fks tc fd fcgkj esa ek= 6 izfr'krA fofHkUu tkfr oxZ esa

Hkh vlekurk ns[kus dks feyrh gS tSls us'kuy lSEiy losZ ds vuqlkj ukekafdr

Nk=ksa dk jk"Vªh; ek/; 10-10 izfr'kr gS ftlesa vuqlwfpr tkfr 5-09 izfr'kr]

vuqlwfpr tutkfr 6-43 izfr'kr vkSj fiNM+s oxZ 7 izfr'kr gSA ;s vlekurk

xzkeh.k Lrj ij vkSj Hkh fo"ke gSA eqfLye lEiznk; dk ukekadu la[;k dqy

ukekadu dk 5-23 izfr'kr gS tks jk"Vªh; ek/; dk vk/kk gSA fyax vlekurk Hkh

ns[kh tk ldrh gSA Nk=kvksa dk ukekadu ek= 8 izfr'kr gS tc fd Nk=ksa dk 12

izfr'krA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls leh{kk djus ij xjhc Nk=ksa dk ukekadu vkfFkZd n`f"V

ls lEiUu Nk=ksa ¼12-8 izfr'kr½ dh rqyuk esa ek= 2-41 izfr'kr gSA1

bl ifjn`'; esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dk mPp f'k{kk ls vkfFkZd

lgk;rk dks /khjs&/khjs de djuk vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa o egkfo|ky;ksa dks vius

lzksrksa ls /ku laxzg djus dk funsZ'k nsuk bl vlekurk dks vkSj c<+k;sxk u fd

?kVk;sxkA mPp f'k{kk vkSj egaxh gksxh rFkk e/;e oxZ ls vkSj nwj gksrh tk,xhA

,d rks vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa gekjs ns'k esa ukekadu ek= 9-35 izfr'kr gS ml

ij vkfFkZd cks> mPp f'k{kk ls Nk=ksa dks oafpr dj nsxkA

ljdkj dh detksj vkfFkZd uhfr dk gh ifj.kke gS fd ukSoha iapo"khZ;

;kstuk ds ckn ls fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa uohu inksa dk l`tu ugha ds cjkcj gqvk vkSj

fjDr inksa ij fu;qfDr;ka Hkh ugha gks jgh gSA ns'k ds 300 ls vf/kd fo'ofo|ky;ksa

vkSj 17000 ls T;knk egkfo|ky;ksa esa i<+ jgs yxHkx ,d djksM+ Nk=ksa dks i<+kus

ds fy, izk/;kidksa ds 4-50 yk[k LohÑr in gS ftuesa 70]000 ls vf/kd [kkyh

gSA

1- mPp f'k{kk dk foÙkh; izca/ku] 'kSytk flag] ifjizs{;] o"kZ 15] vad 3] fnlEcj 2008] i`0 123

77

dsanzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa LohÑr in 9054 esa ls 2271 in [kkyh gSA blh

izdkj vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- vkSj vkbZ-vkbZ-,e- dh gkyr Hkh de fpUrktud ugha gSA1

rnFkZ fu;qfDr;k¡ leL;k dk lek/kku ugha gSA mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk f'k{kdksa dh

xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ljdkj u;s fo'ofo|ky; o egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k

esa o`f) djus dk QSlyk rks djrh gS ¼Kku vk;ksx½ ij vko';d ekuo cy ij

leqfpr /;ku ugha nsrhA ;fn okLro esa f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+kok vkSj bls

loZ lqyHk cukuk gS rks ljdkj dks viuh uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu djuk pkfg,A

izkjfEHkd nkSj dh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa fodkl ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa f'k{kk

Hkh izeq[k {ks= ekuk tkrk Fkk rFkk f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq i;kZIr /kujkf'k vkoafVr

dh tkrh FkhA2 ijUrq 1991 esa vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k ds QyLo:i Hkkjr dh

izkFkfedrkvksa okyh fodkl ;kstukvksa ds {ks=ksa esa ifjorZu gksus yxk rFkk f'k{kk

mPp f'k{kk ds fodkl dks fuEu izkFkfedrk lwph esa djds blesa futh {ks=ksa ds

lg;ksx dks izksRlkgu fn;k tkus yxk vkSj mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ljdkj }kjk

[kpZ fd;s tkus okyh /kujkf'k esa dVkSrh dh tkus yxhA 10 oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk

ds varxZr mPp f'k{kk ijd 25]179-07 djksM+ dk [kpZ vk;k ftlesa ls ;w-th-lh-

us 10]306-50 djksM+ :i;s dk vuqnku fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa dks fn;k]

tks fd cgqr de gSA3

vUrjkZ"Vªh; vuqHko crkrs gS fd dksbZ Hkh ns'k vkfFkZd :i ls mUufr'khy

ugha gks ldrk tc fd mPp f'k{kk esa ukekadu dk vuqikr 20 izfr'kr ls de u

gksaA Hkkjr dks fodflr jk"Vª cukus ds fy, vko';d gksxk fd fo'ofo|ky; vkSj

egkfo|ky; u;s Kku dk l`tu] u;s Kku dk iz;ksx djus dh n{krk vU; ns'kksa

}kjk l`ftr Kku dks xzg.k djuk vkSj cqf)eku ekuo 'kfDRk dk l`tu] tSls

fofHkUu dk;ks± dks djsa vkSj xq.koÙkk rFkk la[;kRedrk esa larqyu cuk;s j[ksaA

1- jk"Vªh; lgkjk 4 flracj] 2008

2- vfer dqekj] 'kks/k i=& ^^mRrj izns'k esa mPp f'k{kk dh O;fDrxr ijh{kk O;oLFkk % Nk=ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd i`"BHkwfe] dkj.k ,oa izHkko dk nks fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds lanHkZ esa v/;;u**] xksYMu fjlpZ FkkWV] vizSy] 2012

3- vgen 2008

78

vkizs'ku Cysd cksMZ tSls dk;ZØe mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij Hkh pyk;s tkus pkfg,]

ftlls iksf"kr ,oa Lo foÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa vk/kkjHkwr lalk/kuksa dh

miyC/krk lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsA1

ns'k ds pgq¡eq[kh ,oa fu;ksftr fodkl esa mPp f'k{kk dk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ

,oa fof'k"V LFkku gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ds Ik'pkr~ mPp f'k{kk dk izlkj rhoz xfr

ls gqvk gS] ftlds QyLo:Ik fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k esa

mYys[kuh; o`f) gqbZ gSA yksd dY;k.k ds fufefRr izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij

vfodflr rFkk fiNMs+ {ks=ksa esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh

x;h gS ,oa dh tkuh gSA mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa 'kklu fo'ks"k lfØ;rk ds lkFk

lq;ksX; izk/;kidksa dh fu;qfDr] Hkou fuekZ.k@foLrkj] le`) iqLrdky;]

lqlfTtr iz;ksx'kkyk rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa ds dEI;wVjhdj.k tSls dk;ksZ ij fo'ks"k

/;ku ns jgk gSA2 lkFk gh izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij vlsfor {ks=ksa esa egkfo|ky;ksa

dh LFkkiuk fd;s tkus ds fl)kUr dks fØ;kfUor fd;k tk jgk gS] ijUrq mPp

f'k{kk esa futhdj.k dks c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gSA mPp f'k{kk esa xq.koŸkk cuk;s

j[kus gsrq bu futh egkfo|ky;ksa ij dksbZ ljdkjh fu;U=.k ugha gSA bu futh

dkystksa ds izcU/k&ra= f'k{kk lsok cksMZ }kjk p;fur f'k{kdksa dks Tokbu ugha djus

nsrs gSaA iwjk f'k{kk txr rnFkZ f'k{kdksa ij py jgk gS] tks O;fDr v;ksX;rk ds

dkj.k DydZ ;k pijklh in Hkh ugha ik ldrk] mls fcuk fdlh ;ksX;rk ijh{kk

;k mfpr p;u izfØ;k ds rnFkZ rkSj ij bu dkystksa esa Nk=ksa dks i<+kus ds fy,

j[k fy;k tkrk gS] fQj pqids&pqids bUgsa fu;fer Hkh dj fn;k tkrk gSA3

f'k{kk ds oS'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa pqukSfr;ka fo'o ds

vU; jk"Vªksa ls Hkh gSaA vkt mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa fo'oLrjh; izfrLi)kZ ns[kus esa

vk jgh gSA ,d vksj cgqjk"Vªh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk gks jgh gS] rks nwljh

1- fryd tU/;kyk ¼2007½ % gk;j ,tqds'ku bu bafM;k QafMax ,Dlsl] DokfyVh vkSj bfDoVh] U;wik] ubZ fnYyhA


3- izks0 jkeukFk] ^f'k{kk o lsok esa rnFkZokn cuke ;ksX;rk*] ;ksX;rk] esjh twrh] i`0 13

79

vksj fodflr ns'kksa ds fo'ofo|ky; fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vius

dSEil~ [kksy jgs gSaA ftuesa vf/kdka'kr% LofoRriks"kh ikB~;Øeksa dk lapkyu gks

jgk gSA1

ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr ds ckn oSf'od cktkj dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh nks

rkdroj laLFkkvksa varjjk"Vªh; eqnzkdks"k ,oa fo'o cSad us Hkkjr ljdkj ds lkeus

dtZ o vuqnku ikus ds fy, viuh 'krks± dk iSdst j[kkA bldk uke Fkk

^lajpukRed lek;kstu dk;ZØe* ¼LVªDpjy ,MtLVesaV izksxzke½A blds rgr

ljdkj ds fy, ;g vko';d gks x;k fd og ns'k ds f'k{kk o LokLF; lesr lHkh

lekt fodkl vkSj dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa ij [kpZ ?kVk;sA ljdkj us ;s 'krs±

LohdkjhA mYys[kuh; gS fd dksBkjh f'k{kk vk;ksx us dgk Fkk fd iwoZ izkFkfed

Lrj ls ysdj mPp f'k{kk rd mEnk xq.koÙkk dh f'k{kk nsus ds fy, t:jh gS fd

ns'k ds ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn dk de ls de 6 izfr'kr f'k{kk ij [kpZ fd;k

tk,A blds ckotwn lu~ 1991 dh vkfFkZd uhfr ds pyrs vxys 16 lkyksa esa

ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn ds izfr'kr ds :i esa f'k{kk ij fd;k tkus okyk [kpZ

yxkrkj ?kVk;k x;k] flok; chp ds nks o"kks± dsA lu~ 2007&08 esa ;g [kpZ

?kVrs&?kVrs chl o"kZ iwoZ ds Lrj ij vk x;k ;kuh ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn dk

egt 3-5 izfr'krA2

nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstukUrxZr mPp f'k{kk ds lexz fodkl dks n`f"Vxr

j[krs gq, u;s jktdh; egkfo|ky;ksa dks [kksyus] orZeku jktdh; egkfo|ky;ksa

dks mPphÑr djus ,oa lqn`<+hdj.k djuk FkkA blds vfrfjDr vlsfor

fodkl[k.M+ksa esa tgka 'kkldh;@jkT; lgk;rk izkIr v'kkldh; egkfo|ky; ugha

gSa] ogha ij LofoRr iksf"kr ;kstukUrxZr v'kkldh; egkfo|ky;ksa] ftuds vius

futh Hkou ugha gSa] ds fy;s Hkou fuekZ.k dh ;kstuk lfEefyr dh x;h gSA bl

;kstuk ds vUrxZr vlsfor fodkl[k.Mksa esa LofoRr iksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh



80

LFkkiuk ds ek/;e ls mPPk f'k{kk esa 'kklu ds foRrh; nkf;Ro dks de djus]

mPp f'k{kk esa izos'kkfFkZ;ksa dh fujUrj c<+rh la[;k ls mith izos'k dh leL;k dk

gy djus ,oa mPp f'k{kk esa futh {ks= dh lgHkkfxrk ,oa iwath fuos'k dks

izksRlkfgr djus ds mn~ns'; ls izns'k ds vlsfor fodkl[k.M+ksa esa futh izca/k ra=ksa

dks LofoRr iksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk gsrq o"kZ 1999&2000 esa 'kklu }kjk

;g ;kstuk vkjEHk dh xbZA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vlsfor fodkl [k.M+ksa esa

egkfo|ky; [kksyus gsrq ,d ladk; ds fy;s vf/kdre :0 30 yk[k ,oa nks ;k

mlls vf/kd ladk; ds fy;s vf/kdre :0 50 yk[k rd ds vuqnku]

egkfo|ky;ksa ds Hkou fuekZ.k ,oa voLFkkiuk fodkl ds fufeRr iznku fd;k

tkrk gSA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 1999&2000 esa 09] o"kZ 2000&2001 esa 12] o"kZ

2001&02 esa 14] o"kZ 2002&03 esa 14] o"kZ 2003&04 esa 14] o"kZ 2004&05 esa 22]

o"kZ 2005&06 esa 22] o"kZ 2006&07 esa 56 egkfo|ky;ksa dks vuqnku iznku fd;k

x;kA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr o"kZ 2007&08 esa :0 700 yk[k dk izkfo/kku fd;k

x;k gSA1

fo'o cSad us lu~ 1993&94 ls ljdkjh [kpZ esa dVkSrh ds QyLo:i gqbZ

{kfr dh vkaf'kd iwfrZ ds uke ij f'k{kk ds fy, dtZ o vuqnku dk dk;ZØe 'kq#

fd;k ftldks ftyk izkFkfed f'k{kk dk;ZØe ¼MhihbZih½ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS

tgka ls iwjs Hkkjr esa dsanzh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa feydj vkB lky dh izkjafHkd

f'k{kk ij yxHkx 40000 djksM+ lkykuk [kpZ dj jgh Fkh ogha fo'o cSad us Lo;a

}kjk izk;ksftr MhihbZih esa egt 500&1000 djksM+ #i;s lkykuk [kpZ djds

Ldwyh f'k{kk uhfr ij viuk opZLo LFkkfir dj fy;kA fo'o cSad vkSj bldh

lgpj varjjk"Vªh; foÙkiks"kd laLFkkvksa dh bl ?kqliSB ds QyLo:i vxys

10&15 lkyksa esa Hkkjr dh iwjh Ldwyh O;oLFkk fNUu&fHkUu gks xbZA2

1- nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk] 2007&2012


81

Lora=rk ds ckn dk le; f'k{kk uhfr ds ,sls mís';ksa esa ewyHkwr cnyko

dk lk{kh jgk gS ftlus tu f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk vkSj miyCèkrk nksuksa dks gh

izHkkfor fd;k gSA HkweaMyh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh ekaxksa dh iwfrZ esa lhèkh Hkwfedk fuHkkus

ds fy, f'k{kk vc [kqn dks ekSfyd :i ls rS;kj dj jgh gSA bl vFkZO;oLFkk esa

dqN {ks= tSls lsok vkSj Kku ¼Kku@tkudkjh rduhd 'kkfey½ rsth ls fodflr

gks jgs {ks= ds :i eas mHkj jgs gSaA HkweaMyh; iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ls f'k{kk ds

tqM+ko us jkT;ksa dks lkoZtfud f'k{kk ds fy, iwath ds nkf;Ro ls eqDr gksus dh

jkg lq>k nh gSA ewyHkwr 'kSf{kd izfrc)rk dh iwath ds fy, fons'kh _.k ij

fuHkZjrk dk ;g ifj.kke gqvk gS fd f'k{kk lqj{kk ra= dk fgLlk cu xbZ gSA1

lkoZtfud /ku ij pyus okyh mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa vesfjdk esa 76

izfr'kr] Ýkal esa 88 izfr'kr] :l esa 89 izfr'kr] dukMk esa 100 izfr'kr vkSj

teZuh esa Hkh 100 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ i<+rs gSaA bu fodflr eqYdksa dh ljdkjsa Kku

l`tu] laizs"k.k o forj.k esa cktkj dh Hkwfedk ij vius&vius jk"Vªfgr esa lpsr

fu;a=.k j[krh gSa ysfdu ogh rkdrsa Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks cktkj dh

fuckZf/kr vkSj oxZ&Hksn ij vk/kkfjr ^^Pokbl** ;kuh ^^p;u ds gd** dk Hkzked

ikB i<+krh gSaA blh rFkkdfFkr p;u ds gd dk Hkze QSykdj ns'k dk 'kkld

oxZ gj Lrj ij f'k{kk dks oSf'od cktkj esa [kjhn&Qjks[r dh oLrq cukus ds

dne mBk pqdk gSA2

vkt 21oha lnh esa mPp f'k{kk ds le{k vusd pqukSfr;k¡ gSa] ftuls u

fuiVdj ge Hkkoh ih<+h ds lkFk U;k; ugha dj ldrs vkSj ihf<+;k¡ blds fy,

gesa mÙkjnk;h Bgjk,axhA vkt iwjh nqfu;k¡ esa f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z vkSj l'kDr

cukus ds fy, fur u, iz;ksx gks jgs gSaA f'k{kk dh iz.kkyh ,oa mlds Lo:i esa

ifjorZu fd, tk jgs gSaA HkweaMyhÑr fo'o esa fodflr vkSj dkjiksjsV ns'kksa ds

}kjk vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks n`f"Vxr dj f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vusd u, ekud LFkkfir

1- dqekj] ds-,e- fiz;e] ,.M ,l- lkèkuk 2001- ^yqfdax fovkW.M n LeksdLØhu% Mh-ih-bZ-Mh-

,.M izkbejh ,tqds'ku bu bafM;k]* bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 36¼7½ % 560&68 2- vfuy ln~xksiky] uo mnkjokn vkSj f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj] ifjizs{;] o"kZ 15] vad 2] vxLr

2008] i`0 09

82

fd, tk jgs gSa ijarq fo'o izfrLièkkZ ls vyx vkt rd vFkd iz;klksa ds ckotwn

gekjh Hkkjrh; f'k{kk] fo'ks"k :i ls mPp f'k{kk og LFkku gkfly ugha dj ikbZ gS

ftldh gesa vkt vko';drk gSA1

vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj mPp f'k{kk&

ns'k ,oa izns'k esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk fczfV'k 'kklu dh

vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s dh x;h FkhA vr,o mPp f'k{kk ds Lo:i dk

fu/kkZj.k izk;% 'kkld oxZ ds gh gkFkksa esa jgkA lekt ds lkekU; f'k{kk vuqjkfx;ksa

vFkok ckSf)d :i ls l{ke oxZ dk mPp f'k{kk ds vk;kstu ij dksbZ [kkl izHkko

ugh jgk vkSj u gh mPp f'k{kk ds fodkl esa rRdkyhu lkekftd lakLÑfrd

vFkok {ks=h; jk"Vªh; vko';drkvksa dks gh n`f"Vxr fd;k x;kA bl le; rd

mPpf'k{kk ewyr% mikf/k forj.k dk ek/;e gh jgh vkSj v/;kiu] vuqla/kku vkSj

O;fDrRo dk lokZaxh.k mUu;u ljh[ks mn~nhIr mn~ns'; xkS.k jgsA

mPp f'k{kk izeq[kr% lekt ds mPp oxZ rd gh lhfer jgh vkSj bl

dkj.k ;g mPp&lEiUu oxZ Øe'k% vaxzsth laL—fr dk iks"kd gksrk pyk x;kA

bl izo`fRr ds dkj.k fo'ofo|ky; dh dk;Z&i)fr vkxs Hkh izk;% iwoZor~ cuh

jghA Qyr% leLr 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk esa fo'ofo|ky; fLFkj vifjofrZr vkSj

vxzxfr'khy laLFkkvksa ds :i esa dk;Zjr jgsA lk/ku lEiUu gksus ds dkj.k lekt

dk mPp oxZ rks f'k{kkoku gksrk x;k ij lekt dk ,d fuEuoxZ mDr lqfo/kkvksa

ls oafpr gh jgkA ifj.kker% ;s mPp f'k{kk laLFkku lekt ds fy, rks cus jgs]

ij mlds fy, mi;ksxh ugha cu ik;sA2





2- vnkoy lqoks/k vkSj mfu;ky ek/kosUnz] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh leL;k;sa rFkk izo`fRr;k¡] i`0 279&80

83







gSaA1 lHkh Lrjksa ij futh 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa dk QSyko xjhcksa dks ewyHkwr f'k{kk dks


dh c<+rh v#fp dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA2

lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 46 esa ;g dgk x;k gS fd jkT; nqcZy oxksZa fo'ks"k

:i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dh f'k{kk vkSj

vkfFkZd fgrksa dks c<+kok nsus dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku nsxk rFkk lkekftd vU;k;

vkSj lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd 'kks"k.k ls mudh j{kk djsxkA vuqPNsn 330] 332]

335] 338 ls 342 rFkk lafoèkku dh iwjh ikapoh vkSj NBh vuqlwfp;k¡ vuqPNsn 46

esa fufnZ"V y{;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u ds fy, fo'ks"k izkoèkku ls lacafèkr gSaA gekjs

lekt esa bu nqcZy oxksZa ds ykHk ds fy, bu izkoèkkuksa dk iwjk iz;ksx fd, tkus

dh t:jr gSA3

lkE;rk ds lkFk lqyHkrk esa o`f) djus ds mís'; ls] vuqPNsn 15 esa ,d

u;k [k.M ¼5½ tksM+dj lafoèkku la'kksfèkr djus dh gky gh dh igy dk mís';]

'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa nkf[kys ds ekeys esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxksZa

vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa o vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh 'kSf{kd izxfr dh O;oLFkk

djuk gSA blls] detksj oxksZa ls lacafèkr Nk=ksa dks lHkh f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh

lqyHkrk dk ykHk gksxkA vYila[;dksa ds vfèkdkjksa dks laj{k.k iznku djus dh

1- izks0 jkeukFk] ^f'k{kk o lsok esa rnFkZokn cuke ;ksX;rk*] ;ksX;rk] esjh twrh] i`0 13 2- fdaxMu] th-th- 1996- îzkbosV Ldwfyax bu bafM;k% lkbt+] uspj ,.M bfDoVh& bi+sQDV~l*]

bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 31¼51½% 3306&14 3- okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2005&06] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] i`0 40

84

opuc)rk ds vuq:i] vYila[;dksa }kjk LFkkfir vkSj iz'kkflr f'k{kk laLFkkvksa

dks vuqPNsn 15¼5½ ds vuqiz;ksx ls NwV izkIr gSA1

11oha ;kstuk ds nwljs igyw esa lHkh dk;ks± rFkk xzke {ks=ksa esa yM+fd;ksa]

xjhc ifjokj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa] etnwjh O;olk;] vuq- tkfr] vuq- tutkfr] vU;

fiNM+k oxZ rFkk vYila[;d oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{kk gsrq iz;Ru fd, tkus ij

tksj fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj dgk x;k Fkk fd ftu egkfo|ky;ksa esa bu leqnk;ksa dh

la[;k vf/kd gksxh mUgsa fo'ks"k vuqnku iznku fd;k tk,xk rFkk bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dks f'k{kk vof/k ds nkSjku leqfpr vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku dh tk,xhA2

lkekftd leqnk; ds izfr lekurk orZeku ;kstuk,¡3& orZeku esa ;w0th0lh0 ds

vUrxZr vuq-0tkfr] vuq0 tutkfr ds vkj{k.k dk fujh{k.k djuk] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks

izfrfof/kd f'k{kk rFkk jk"Vªh; ;ksX;rk ijh{kk f'k{k.k vkSj vè;s;rko`fÙk nsuk]

lkekftd oxZ esa lgHkkfxrk ds fy, fo'ks"k fodkl vuqnku fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj

egkfo|ky;ksa dksa iznku djuk] mlds lkFk gh ml va'k dk vf/kd Hkkx vuq0

tkfr@vuq-tutkfr@vYila[;d ,oa xjhc Nk=ksa ds fy, j[kuk vkfn dbZ

;kstuk,a lfEefyr gSaA

11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa mPp f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq viuh izkFkfedrkvksa

dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gq, fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us dgk Fkk fd v;ksX;

O;fDr;ksa dks ykHk nsus ds fy, ;kstuk,a rFkk ghu leqnkvksa dks foÙkh; lqj{kk HkÙkk

iznku fd;k tk,xkA lkFk gh izR;sd fo'ofo|ky; esa EOC dh LFkkiuk dh

tk,xh tks vuq0 tkfr] vuq0 tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ rFkk vYila[;d oxZ

vkSj 'kkjhfjd :i ls ghu fo|kfFkZ;ksa lac/kh ;kstukvksa ds dk;kZUo;u dk fujh{k.k

djsxkA

orZeku esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr

tutkfr;ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k uhfr dk izHkkoh dk;kZUo;u lqfuf'pr djus ds

1- okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2005&06] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] i`0 20 2- Mh0vks0 la0 F-1-2/2007 ¼11oha ;kstuk½] ;w0th0lh0] 2007] i`0 07 3- Mh0vks0 la0 F-1-2/2007 ¼11oha ;kstuk½] ;w0th0lh0] 2007] i`0 08

85

iz;kstu ls fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr izdks"B LFkkfir

djus ds fy, fo'ofo|ky;ksa@le&fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku

djrk gSA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us vkj{k.k uhfr dk mfpr dk;kZUo;u

lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa lfgr fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr izdks"Bksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA vuqlwfpr

tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa lacaèkh LFkk;h lfefr fo'ofo|ky;ksa@dkystksa }kjk

fd, tkus okys dk;Z dks ekuhVj rFkk leh{kk djrh gSA1

vkj{k.k uhfr ds vuqlkj fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us

fo'ofo|ky;ksa@dkystksa] dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr O;oklkf;d vkSj rduhdh

'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa f'k{k.k rFkk f'k{k.ksrj inksa] nksuksa eas HkrhZ] nkf[kys] Nk=kokl

vkfn ds lacaèk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, Øe'k%

15% vkSj 7-5% dk vkj{k.k fd;k gSA

vk;ksx Hkkjr ljdkj dh vkj{k.k uhfr ds dk;kZUo;u ds fy, le;≤

ij ekxZfunsZ'k@vuqns'k tkjh djrk jgk gS] ftlds ifjizs{; esa mŸkj izns'k ds lHkh

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa muls lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa ds fofHkUu ikB~;Øeksa esa izos'k gsrq

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vH;fFkZ;ksa ds fy, l= 1994&95 ls 21% vkj{k.k dh lqfo/kk

lqfuf'pr djus gsrq fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fu;eksa esa ;Fkksfpr la'kks/ku djus dks dgk

x;kA2 blh rjg izns'k ds lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa muls lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa esa

f'k{k.k ,oa f'k{k.ksŸkj lsokvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vH;fFkZ;ksa ds vkj{k.k gsrq

dk;Zokgh lqfuf'pr djus dk vkns'k fn;k x;k FkkA3

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds vH;fFkZ;ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k ds

vykok nkf[kys ds lacaèk eas U;wure vgZd vadksa esa Hkh <hy nh tkrh gS] ijUrq bl

vkj{k.k uhfr dk dqN yksx bruk fojks/k dj jgs gS fd vkj{k.k dk uke ysrs gh

buds eq¡g esa uhe ?kqy tkrh gSA vkj{k.k o vkj{k.k ikus okys nfyrksa ls c<+dj


2- m0iz0 dk 'kklukns'k la0 1807@15&10&94&¼5½181@94 3- m0iz0 dk 'kklukns'k la0 1305@15&10&94&15¼18½@94

86

[kjkc nqfu;k¡ esa mUgsa dksbZ pht ugha fn[krhA dgrs gSa fd vkj{k.k ds dkj.k

fgUnqLrku lqnkek cu x;k gSA izsl us Hkh vkj{k.k 'kCn dks nqfu;k dk lcls

?k`f.kr 'kCn cuk fn;k gSA1

fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds

Nk=ksa ds fy, mipkjkRed f'k{k.k ds lacaèk esa foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA

vk;ksx }kjk] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx@lh,lvkbZvkj }kjk vk;ksftr jk"Vªh;

ik=rk ijh{kk ds fy, vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds vH;fFkZ;ksa dks

rS;kj djus ds iz;kstu ls ekStwnk f'k{k.k dsUnzksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku dh

tkrh gSA

dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr mPp f'k{kk laLFkku ftueas vkbZ0vkbZ0Vh0]

vkbZ0vkbZ0,e0] {ks=h; bathfu;fjax dkyst vkfn 'kkfey gSa] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa

vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa ds fy, Øe'k% 15% vkSj 7-5% ds vkj{k.k

dk izkoèkku j[krs gSaA vkj{k.k ds vykok] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr

tutkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa ds nkf[kys ds ekeys esa U;wure vgZd vadksa esa <hy Hkh nh

tkrh gSA Nk=koklksa esa Hkh lhVksa dk vkj{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA rFkkfi] jkT;

ljdkjksa }kjk lapkfyr laLFkkuksa esa vkj{k.k dk izfr'kr jkT; ljdkj dh uhfr ds

vuqlkj ?kV&c<+ ldrk gSA m0iz0 ds 'kklukns'k la0 1480@izk0f'k0&3@1994

ds vuqlkj izns'k esa izkfof/kd f'k{kk ds vUrxZr lHkh fMIyksek dkslsZt esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds vH;fFkZ;ksa ds fy, 21% vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh x;h Fkh] ijUrq mlesa

vkjf{kr oxZ ds vH;fFkZ;ksa ds fy, ojh;rk lwph vyx ls rS;kj dj vkjf{kr lwph

ds lkis{k ojh;rk@fodYi ds vuqlkj izos'k nsus dh ckr dgh x;h FkhA2

futh 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa@vU;

fiNM+s oxksZa ds vkj{k.k ds fy, laoSèkkfud la'kksèku fnlEcj] 2005 esa ikfjr

laoSèkkfud la'kksèku jkT; ¼jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj½ dks vuqlwfpr

1- izks0 jkeukFk] ;ksX;rk] esjh twrh] i`0 18

2- MkW0 ekrk izlkn] mŸkjkapy lfgr mŸkj izns'k dh nfyr tkfr;ksa dk nLrkost] ifjf'k"V&7] i`0 211

87

tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa vFkok vU; fiNM+s oxksZa ds ukxfjdksa dh izksUufr

ds fy, nqcZy oxksZa ds fy, lhVksa dk vkj{k.k djds vkSj ;ksX;rk vkèkkfjr nkf[kys

fofu;fer vkSj lkFk gh futh laLFkkuksa esa Qhl dk fofu;eu djds 'kSf{kd

laLFkkuksa esa ftuesa futh xSj&lgk;rk izkIr laLFkku 'kkfey gSa] esa muds nkf[kys

ds fufeÙk fu;e cukus esa leFkZ cukrk gSA1

lekt ds lqfoèkkfoghu oxksZa dh lkekftd lgk;rk vkSj lektkfFkZd

xfr'khyrk esa ;ksxnku nsus ds fy, vk;ksx us 1994 esa vojLukrd@LukrdksÙkj

Lrj ij mipkjh vè;;u dh Ldhe 'kq: dh gSA bl Ldhe ds eq[; mís'; ;s gSa2%

• fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa Nk=ksa ds 'kSf{kd dkS'kyksa vkSj Hkk"kk;h izoh.krk esa lqèkkj

ykukA

• cqfu;knh fo"k;ksa ds le>us ds Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkuk rkfd vkxs ds

'kS{kf.kd dk;Z ds fy, vis{kkd`r vfèkd lqn`<+ uhao dh O;oLFkk djukA

• mu fo"k;ksa esa] tgka ek=kRed vkSj xq.koÙkkRed rduhdsa vkSj

iz;ksx'kkyk&dk;Z 'kkfey gksa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Kku] dkS'kyksa vkSj vfHko`fÙk;ksa

dks lqn`<+ cukukA

• ijh{kkvksa esa ,sls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lewps dk;Z&fu"iknu esa lqèkkj ykukA

dkystksa@fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa mipkjh vè;;u esa fpfdRlk vkSj bathfu;jh

dkystksa esa nkf[kys ds fy, izos'k&iwoZ ijh{kk@ijh{k.kksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk

gSA dsoy fu;fer vè;kiu dks izkFkfedrk nh tk jgh gSA fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj

dkystksa dks lgk;rk dh vofèk ikap o"kZ dh gSA foÙkh; o"kZ 2004&05 ds var esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mipkjh vè;kiu iznku djus

ds fy, 11 fo'ofo|ky; vkSj 63 dkyst pqus x, gSaA bl ;kstuk dks dk;kZfUor

djus okys fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj dkystksa dks 3-70 djksM+ #i, dh jkf'k iznku dh

xbZA foÙkh; o"kZ 2005&06 ds nkSjku fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj dkystksa dks lekt ds

nqcZy oxksZa] fo'ks"k :i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr@ vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fy,



88

mipkjh f'k{k.k miyC/k djkus ds fufeÙk 2-72 djksM+ #i, dh jkf'k iznku dh

xbZA1

o"kZ 2007&08 esa dkWystksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks ykHkoafpr lkekftd

lewgksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj ckè;rkvksa ds izfr fØ;k'khy cukus ds fy,

fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us bu lewgksa ds fy, uhfr vkSj dk;ZØeksa ds izHkkoh

dk;kZUo;u dh ns[kjs[k djus vkSj 'kSf{kd] foRrh; rFkk vU; ekeyksa esa ekxZn'kZu

rFkk ijke'kZ iznku djus ds fy, dkWystksa rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa eas leku volj

lsy ¼bZ-vks-lh-½ dh LFkkiuk djus dh ;kstuk cukbZ rFkk leku volj lsy dk

dk;kZy; LFkkfir djus ds fy, 2-00 yk[k : dk ,deq'r vuqnku fn;k x;kA2

vk;ksx vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr lsy LFkkfir djus ds fy,

fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks foRrh; lgk;rk miyCèk djkrk gS rkfd fo'ofo|ky;ksa eas

nkf[kys] f'k{k.k rFkk f'k{k.ksŸkj inksa vkfn ij HkrhZ eas vkj{k.k uhfr dk lQy

dk;kZUo;u gks ldsA 31 ekpZ] 2008 rd vk;ksx us 122 fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr lsyksa dh LFkkiuk dk vuqeksnu fd;k o"kZ

2007&08 ds nkSjku fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr

tutkfr lSyksa dks #- 6-50 yk[k dh lgk;rk nh xbZA3

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa dks fo|ky; ls mPprj f'k{kk Lrj rd viuk

vè;;u tkjh j[kus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djus gsrq vusd Ldhesa ykxw dh tk jgh

gSaA o"kZ 2010&11 ds nkSjku ,sls Nk=ksa ds fy, ftuds ekrk&firk xans is'ks esa yxs

gSa] eSfVªd iwoZ Nk=o`fÙk Ldhe ds rgr okLrfod y{; 8 ykHkkFkhZ@Nk= FkkA o"kZ

2010&11 ds fy, 80 djksM+ #i, ds vkoaVu ds eqdkcys esa 31 fnlEcj] 2010

rd vuqekfur 6-30 yk[k ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks Nk=o`fÙk iznku djus gsrq 51-26 djksM+

#i, jkT; ljdkjksa@la?k jkT; {ks= iz'kkluksa dks igys gh tkjh dj fn, x, gSaA

Hkkjr esa vè;;u ds fy, vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fy, eSfVªd i'pkr~




89

Nk=o`fÙk Ldhe 01 tqykbZ] 2010 ls la'kksfèkr dj nh xbZ gSA rkfd ¼i½ ik=rk ds

fy, okf"kZd iSr`d vk; dh lhek 1 yk[k #i, ls c<+kdj 2 yk[k #i, dh tk

lds] ¼ii½ ikB~;Øeksa ds lewg dks ;qfDrlaxr cuk;k tk lds] vkSj ¼iii½ j[k&j[kko

vkSj vU; HkÙkksa esa 60 izfr'kr rd dh o`f) dh tk ldsA bl Ldhe esa la'kksèku

ds QyLo:i 9 jkT;ksa ftUgksaus fnlEcj] 2010 rd ik=rk ekinaM iwjs dj fy,

Fks] dks 378 djksM+ #i, dh rnFkZ dsUnzh; lgk;rk tkjh dh xbZ FkhA o"kZ

2010&11 ds nkSjku ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 40-24 yk[k gksus dh laHkkouk gSA

,e0fQy~0 vkSj ih,p0Mh0 ikB~;Øe esa i<+us okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa dks

foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djus ds fy, 2006 esa jktho xkaèkh jk"Vªh; QSyksf'ki Ldhe

izkjaHk dh xbZ FkhA bl Ldhe ds varxZr Nk=o`fÙk;ksa dh la[;k 01 vizSy] 2010 ls

1333 ls c<+dj 2000 dj nh xbZ gS vkSj 2000 ubZ Nk=o`fÙk;ksa vkSj 5332

uohdj.k ds fy, 107 djksM+ #i, ds la'kksfèkr vkcaVu esa ls fnlEcj] 2010 rd

113 djksM+ #i, tkjh dj fn, x, FksA p;u o"kZ 2011 ds fy, jk"Vªh; fons'kh

Nk=o`fÙk;ksa ds rgr fofufnZ"V fo"k;ksa dks la'kksfèkr fd;k x;k gS vkSj fo"k;ksa

vFkkZr~ esfMlu] fo'kq) foKku] bathfu;jh] d`f"k foKku vkSj izcaèku dks fons'kksa esa

LukRdksÙkj Lrjh; ikB~;Øeksa vkSj ih,p0Mh0@blds i'pkr~ MkWDVªy ikB~;Øeksa esa

vè;;u gsrq foÙkh; lgk;rk izkIr djus ds fy, fofufnZ"V fd, x, gSaA izfro"kZ

30 iqjLdkj fn, tkrs gSaA1

o"kZ 2010&11 ds nkSjku 6 djksM+ #i, ds vkcaVu ds eqdkcys esa fnlEcj]

2010 rd 1-92 djksM+ #i, tkjh fd, x, FksA blls igys vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy, gksLVy dh dsUnz }kjk izk;ksftr Ldhe la'kksfèkr dh

xbZ Fkh vkSj 01 vizSy] 2008 ls bldk ukedj.k ckcw txthou jke Nk=kokl

;kstuk fd;k x;k FkkA bl la'kksèku ds Hkkx ds rkSj ij yM+fd;ksa ds Nk=kokl ds

fuekZ.k ds fy, dsUnzh; lgk;rk 50 izfr'kr ls c<+kdj 100 izfr'kr dj nh xbZA2

1- vkfFkZd leh{kk] 2010&11] ;kstuk foHkkx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 318&19

2- vkfFkZd leh{kk] 2010&11] ;kstuk foHkkx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 319

90

o"kZ 2010&11 ds nkSjku yM+fd;ksa ds fy, 49 gksLVy vkSj yM+dksa ds fy,

59 gksLVyksa ds fuekZ.k dk y{; gS rFkk fnlEcj] 2010 rd 11-74 djksM+ #i,

tkjh fd, x, Fks tcfd 12 gksLVyksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, 121 djksM+ #i, dk

vkcaVu fd;k x;k FkkA vuqlwfpr tkfr mi ;kstuk] vuqlwfpr tkfr dh vkfFkZd

mUufr ds fy, ,d izeq[k Ldhe dks fo'ks"k dsUnzh; lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA

o"kZ 2010&11 ds nkSjku 6 yk[k ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks blesa 'kkfey djus dk y{; gSA

600 djksM+ #i, ds la'kksfèkr vkcaVu ds eqdkcys esa fnlEcj] 2010 rd jkT;

ljdkjksa@la?k jkT; {ks= iz'kkluksa dks 518-69 djksM+ #i, tkjh fd, x, FksA o"kZ

2010&11 ds nkSjku jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr foÙk ,oa fodkl fuxe us 31

fnlEcj] 2010 rd 33]659 ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks 121 djksM+ #i, ds fj;k;rh _.k fn,

gSaA1

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, mPp Js.kh dh f'k{kk Ldhe] fMxzh@iksLV fMxzh

Lrj rd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa dks vPNh f'k{kk ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk

iznku djrh gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ds ,sls Nk= tks vfèklwfpr laLFkkvksa esa izos'k

ikrs gSa] mUgsa Nk=o`fÙk;ka nh tkrh gSaA o"kZ 2010&11 ds nkSjku 25 djksM+ #i, ds

vkcaVu ds eqdkcys esa vkbZ0vkbZ0Vh0 vkSj vkbZ0vkbZ0,e0 tSlh laLFkkvksa esa

vè;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 1036 Nk=ksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, fnlEcj] 2010

rd 9-64 djksM+ #i, tkjh fd, x, FksA bl Ldhe ds varxZr izfrf"Br laLFkkvksa

dh lwph esa 2 ubZ vkbZ0vkbZ0Vh0 ¼bankSj vkSj eaMh½ rFkk 3 u, vkbZ0vkbZ0,e0

¼jkaph] jk;iqj vkSj jksgrd½ 'kkfey fd, x, gSa rFkk pkyw foÙk o"kZ ls izfr

laLFkku izfro"kZ 12 Nk=o`fÙk;k¡ 'kkfey dh xbZ gSaA2

lekt ds lqfoèkk oafpr oxksZa ds fy, lkekftd lerk vkSj lkekftd

vkfFkZd xfr'khyrk ds fy, fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx mipkjkRed vuqf'k{k.k

dh ;kstuk Lukrd@LukrdksŸkj Lrjksa ij fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj dkWystksa esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr@v-ttk- Nk=ksa ds fy, dk;kZfUor dj jgk gS rFkk usV@lsV ds

1- vkfFkZd leh{kk] 2010&11] ;kstuk foHkkx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 319&20

2- vkfFkZd leh{kk] 2010&11] ;kstuk foHkkx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 320

91

fy, vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr@v-fi-o-@vYila[;d ds mEehnokjksa

gsrq izf'k{k.k ;kstuk dk;kZfUor djrk gSA foRrh; lgk;rk fuEukuqlkj gS %&

¼d½ ukWu&jsdfjax % izR;sd ;kstuk ds varxZr 5-00 yk[k #i;s ¼,d eq'r½ rd

¼[k½ jsdfjax % izR;sd ;kstuk ds varxZr dkWystksa ds fy, 5-00 yk[k rFkk

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fy, 7-00 yk[k #i;sA

,sls lkekftd cfg"dkj ds eqn~ns ij vuqlaèkku dks cy nsus] tksfd

fl)kafrd #i ls rFkk uhfrxr #i ls egRoiw.kZ gS] ds fy, fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku

vk;ksx us fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa lkekftd cfg"dkj rFkk lekos'ku uhfr ds vè;;u

gsrq dsUnz uked vè;kiu&vuqlaèkku dsUnz LFkkfir djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gSA bu

dsUnzksa dh vko';drkvksa rFkk mn~ns'; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, 75 fo'ofo|ky;ksa

ls izkIr izLrkoksa ij fopkj fd;k vkSj o"kZ 2007&08 ds nkSjku 22 dks vuqeksnu

nsus dh flQkfj'k dh vkSj ftls fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx }kjk vuqeksfnr dj

fn;k x;k gSA o"kZ 2006&07 eas vuqeksfnr 13 dsUnzksa lfgr 35 dsUnz dk;Z dj jgs

gSaA o"kZ 2007&08 ds nkSjku 75 fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa dk;Z dj jgs dsUnzksa ds fy, 8-80

djksM+ #i;s dh èkujkf'k tkjh dh xbZ FkhA1

vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fy, jktho xka/kh jk"Vªh;

v/;srko`fŸk;k¡2& mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lkekftd vlekurk dks U;wure djus ds

mn~ns'; ls lkekftd U;k; vkSj vf/kdkfjrk ea=ky; rFkk tutkrh; ekeyksa ds

ea=ky; us vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fy, 2000 LykV izfro"kZ

vFkkZr~ 1333 vuqlwfpr tkfr Js.kh rFkk 667 vuqlwfpr tutkfr Js.kh ds fy,

jktho xka/kh us'kuy v/;srko`fŸk ;kstuk dk;ZfUor djus dk dk;Z fo'ofo|ky;

vuqnku vk;ksx dks lkSaik rFkk blds fy, foRriks"k.k Hkh fd;kA

o"kZ 2007&08 esa v/;srko`fŸk dk iSVuZ fuEuor~ Fkk %&

• ekufodh foKku] lkekftd foKku] foKku vfHk;U=.k rFkk rduhdh esa

izFke nks o"kksZa ds fy, #- 14]000@& izfr ekg dh nj ls vkj-th-,u-ts-



92

vkj-,Q- rFkk 'ks"k vof/k ds fy, #- 16]000@& izfr ekg dh nj ls vkj-

th-,u-,l-vkj-,Q- v/;srko`fŸkA

• vkdfLed fuf/k

ekufodh foKku rFkk lkekftd foKku esa #0 8]000@& izfr o"kZ dh nj

ls nks o"kZ ds fy, rFkk 12]000@& 'ks"k vof/k ds fy,A

foKku vfHk;U=.k rFkk rduhdh esa #0 10]000@& izfr o"kZ dh nj ls nks

o"kZ ds fy, rFkk 14]000@& 'ks"k vof/k ds fy,A

o"kZ 2007&08 ds nkSjku ;kstuk Ldhe ls brj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

vH;fFkZ;ksa ds fy, 63-17 djksM+ #i;s rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds vH;fFkZ;ksa ds

fy, 26-37 djksM+ #i;s O;; fd, x,A

o"kZ 2010&11 esa jktho xka/kh us'kuy v/;srko`fŸk ;kstuk esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds Nk=ksa dk LykV 1333 ls c<+kdj 2000 dj fn;k x;k rFkk v/;srko`fŸk

jkf'k esa Hkh o`f) dh x;h gS] ¼01&04&2010 ls ykxw½ ftldk fooj.k fuEuor~ gS&

• ekufodh foKku] lkekftd foKku] foKku vfHk;U=.k rFkk rduhdh esa

izFke nks o"kksZa ds fy, #- 16]000@& izfr ekg dh nj ls vkj-th-,u-ts-

vkj-,Q- rFkk 'ks"k vof/k ds fy, #- 18]000@& izfr ekg dh nj ls vkj-

th-,u-,l-vkj-,Q- v/;srko`fŸkA

• vkdfLed fuf/k

ekufodh foKku rFkk lkekftd foKku esa #0 10]000@& izfr o"kZ dh nj

ls nks o"kZ ds fy, rFkk 20]500@& 'ks"k vof/k ds fy,A

foKku vfHk;U=.k rFkk rduhdh esa #0 12]000@& izfr o"kZ dh nj ls nks

o"kZ ds fy, rFkk 25]000@& 'ks"k vof/k ds fy,A

• lgk;d@jhMj& 2]000@&:- izfrekg dh nj ls 'kkjhfjd :i ls

fodykWx ,oa n`f"Vghu lgk;rk izR;kf’kZ;ksa ds fy,

• vkokl HkRrk& fo’ofo|ky;@laLFkkuksa ds fu;ekuqlkj

93

vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fy, MkWDVksjy mijkar v/;srko`fŸk1&

fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds

mu mEehnokjksa ds fy, MkWDVksjy mijkar v/;srko`fŸk vkjaHk dh gS ftUgksaus

okpLifr dh mikf/k vftZr dj yh gS rFkk ftUgksaus vuqla/kku dk;Z izdkf'kr

fd;k gSA o"kZ 2007&08 esa v/;srko`fŸk dk iSVuZ fuEuor~ Fkk %&

• LykWV dh la[;k & izfro"kZ 100 ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds

fy,½

• v/;srko`fŸk 5 o"kksZa ds fy, #- 12]000 izfr ekg dh nj ls

• vkdfLedrk 5 o"kksZa ds fy, #- 30]000 izfro"kZ dh nj ls

o"kZ 2007&08 ds nkSjku xSj ;kstukxr Ldhe ds rgr fiNys o"kZ pqus x,

vH;fFkZ;ksa dks 'ks"k v/;srko`fŸk jkf'k miyC/k djkus ds fy, 3-98 yk[k #i;s O;;

fd, x,A o"kZ 2007&08 ds nkSjku u;s p;u ugha fd, tk ldsA

o"kZ 2010&11 ls v/;srko`fŸk dk iSVuZ fuEuor~ gS %&

• LykWV dh la[;k & izfro"kZ 100 ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds

fy,½

• v/;srko`fŸk 5 o"kksZa ds fy, #- 16]000 izfr ekg dh nj ls

• vkdfLedrk 5 o"kksZa ds fy, #- 30]000 izfro"kZ dh nj ls

bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr o"kZ 2009&10 esa dqy #0 62-6554 djksM+ rFkk o"kZ

2010&11 esa #0 141-7148 djksM+ O;; fd;s x;sA2 o"kZ 2010&11 ds nkSjku] ts-

vkj-,Q- foKku ,oa ekufodh rFkk lekt foKku fo"k;ksa esa bl ij :- 43-72

djksM+ dh jkf’k O;; dh xbZA blds vfrfjDr] fo’ofo|ky;sRrj laLFkkuksa ds fy,

fd, x, O;; dh izfriwfrZ ds vUrxZr o"kZ 20101&11 esa 26-29 djksM :-+ dh

1- okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2007&08] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 203&04

2- Jh Mh0 usiksfy;u] jkT;ea=h] lkekftd U;k;] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk yksdlHkk esa 14 ebZ 2012 dks iz'uksŸkj dky ds le; fyf[kr mŸkj lsA

94

jkf’k O;; dh xbZA1 ogh o"kZ 2010&2011 ds nkSjku 2009&10 ds fy, vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds p;fur iksLV MkDVksjy v/;srkvksa dks fd;s x, Hkqxrkuksa ij 4-17 djksM+

:- dh jkf’k O;; dh xbZA

O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øeksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds

Nk=ksa ds fy, LukrdksŸkj Nk=ofŸk& ;kstuk dks lekt ds oafpr

oxksZa ds mEehnokjksa dh lkekftd i`"BHkwfe dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vkSj vuqlwfpr

tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr mEehnokjksa ds fy, LukrdksŸkj Lrj ds v/;;u dk

volj nsus ds fy, vkjaHk dh xbZ gSA

v/;srko`fŸk iSVuZ fuEuor~ gS %&

LykWV dh la[;k & 1000 izfr o"kZ ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr

tutkfr Js.kh ds fy,½

,e-Vsd- Nk= & #- 5]000 izfrekg

vkdfLedrk & #- 15]000 izfrekg

,e- QkesZlh@,e- izca/ku & #- 3]000 izfrekg

vkdfLedrk & #- 10]000 izfrekg

vkokl HkRrk & fo'ofo|ky;@laLFkkvksa ds fu;ekuqlkj

xSj&;kstukxr Ldhe ds rgr 'ks"k Nk=o`fŸk;ka iznku djus ds fy, o"kZ

2007&08 ds nkSjku 3-25 yk[k #i;s dk O;; fd;k x;k gS rFkk o"kZ 2007&08

ds nkSjku u;s p;u ugha fd, tk ldsA2

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k uhfr dk izHkkoh

dk;kZUo;u lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vkj{k.k uhfr dk izHkkoh dk;kZUo;u lqfuf'pr

djus ds iz;kstu ls fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr

izdks"B LFkkfir djus ds fy, fo'ofo|ky;ksa@le&fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks foÙkh;

lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA ;wthlh us vkj{k.k uhfr dk mfpr dk;kZUo;u

1- okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2010&11] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 255-


95

lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa lfgr fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr izdks"Bksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA vuqlwfpr

tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa lacaèkh LFkk;h lfefr fo'ofo|ky;ksa@dkystksa }kjk

fd, tkus okys dk;Z dk ekuhVju rFkk leh{kk djrh gSA1

vkj{k.k uhfr ds vuqlkj ;wthlh us fo'ofo|ky;ksa@dkystksa] dsUnzh;

ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr O;oklkf;d vkSj rduhdh 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa f'k{k.k rFkk

f'k{k.ksrj inksa] nksuksa eas HkrhZ] nkf[kys] Nk=kkokl vkfn ds lacaèk esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, Øe'k% 15% vkSj 7-5% dk vkj{k.k

fd;k gSA vk;ksx Hkkjr ljdkj dh vkj{k.k uhfr ds dk;kZUo;u ds fy,

le;≤ ij ekxZfunsZ'k@vuqns'k tkjh djrk jgk gSA

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds vH;fFkZ;ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k ds

vykok nkf[kys ds lacaèk eas U;wure vgZd vadksa esa Hkh <hy nh tkrh gSA

;wthlh f'k{kk ds izfr fn'kk&vuqdwyu ¼f'k{kk dk O;kolk;hdj.k½ dk

dk;ZØe dk;kZfUor djrk jgk gS rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd Lukrdksa

dks vkerkSj ij etnwjh {ks= esa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls Lojkstxkj esa ykHkdkjh jkstxkj

izkIr djus ds fy, lHkh ds ikl ftuesa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa

ds vH;FkhZ 'kkfey gSa] Kku] dkS'ky vkSj vfHko`fÙk;ka miyCèk gSaA

;wthlh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa ds fy,

mipkjkRed f'k{k.k ds lacaèk esa foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA vk;ksx }kjk]

;wthlh@lh,lvkbZvkj }kjk vk;ksftr jk"Vªh; ik=rk ijh{kk ¼usV½ ds fy,

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds vH;fFkZ;ksa dks rS;kj djus ds

iz;kstu ls ekStwnk f'k{k.k dsUnzksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA

vk;ksx foLrkj fØ;kdykiksa ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA bl

;kstuk ds vèkhu vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa lfgr lekt ds lHkh

oxZ 'kkfey gSaA

1- okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2006&07] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 43&44

96

lekt ds vYilqfoèkkizkIr oxksZa dh lekftd lekurk vkSj lektkfFkZd

xfr'khyrk esa ;ksxnku nsus ds fy, ;wthlh us ;wth@ihth Lrj ij mipkjkRed

f'k{k.k ;kstuk ykxw dh gS] ftlds eq[; y{; bl izdkj gSa%

1- fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa Nk=ksa ds 'kS{kf.kd dkS'kyksa vkSj Hkk"kk;h n{krk esa lqèkkj

ykuk]

2- ewy fo"k;ksa ds cksèk ds Lrj dks Åapk mBkuk rkfd Hkkoh 'kS{kf.kd dk;Z ds

fy, l'kDr uhao miyCèk gks lds

3- ftu fo"k;ksa esa ek=kRed vkSj xq.koÙkkRed rduhd rFkk iz;ksx'kkyk dk;Z

tqM+k gqvk gS] muesa Kku] dkS'kyksa vkSj izo`fÙk;ksa dks lqn`<+ cukuk] rFkk

4- ijh{kk eas bu Nk=kas ds lexz fu"iknu esa lqèkkj ykukA

vk;ksx us ik= vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds vH;fFkZ;ksa

ds fy, ,d dsUnzh; iwy MkVkcsl rS;kj fd;k gS vkSj og fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj

dkystksa esa fuèkkZfjr vkj{k.k dksVk Hkjus ds fufeÙk vè;kiu inksa ij mudh

mEehnokjh dh fliQkfj'k djrk gSA

dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa eas vkj{k.k uhfr ds dk;kZUo;u dh leh{kk djus ds

fy, dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds dqy lfpoksa dh fu;rdkfyd cSBdsa gksrh gSaA

vk;ksx us ,d fo'ks"k ekuhVju lfefr dk xBu fd;k gS tks fd ekStwnk

izdks"Bksa ds dk;Zdj.k dh leh{kk djrh gSA

bathfu;fjax dkyst % dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr mPp f'k{kk laLFkku ftueas

vkbZvkbZVh] vkbZvkbZ,e] {ks=h; bathfu;fjax dkyst vkfn 'kkfey gSa] vuqlwfpr

tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa ds fy, Øe'k% 15% vkSj 7-5% ds

vkj{k.k dk izkoèkku j[krs gSaA1

vkj{k.k ds vykok] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa

ds nkf[kys ds ekeys esa U;wure vgZd vadksa esa <hy Hkh nh tkrh gSA Nk=koklksa esa

Hkh lhVksa dk vkj{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA rFkkfi] jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk lapkfyr

1- okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2006&07] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 45

97

laLFkkuksa esa vkj{k.k dk izfr'kr jkT; ljdkj dh uhfr ds vuqlkj ?kV&c<+

ldrk gSA

futh 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa@vU;

fiNM+s oxksZa ds vkj{k.k ds fy, laoSèkkfud la'kksèku fnlEcj] 2005 esa ikfjr

laoSèkkfud la'kksèku jkT; ¼jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj½ dks vuqlwfpr

tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa vFkok vU; fiNM+s oxksZa ds ukxfjdksa dh izksUufr

ds fy, nqcZy oxksZa ds fy, lhVksa dk vkj{k.k djds vkSj ;ksX;rk vkèkkfjr nkf[kys

fofu;fer vkSj lkFk gh futh laLFkkuksa esa Qhl dk fofu;eu djds 'kSf{kd

laLFkkuksa esa ftuesa futh xSj&lgk;rkizkIr laLFkku 'kkfey gSa] esa muds nkf[kys ds

fufeÙk fu;e cukus esa leFkZ cukrk gSA1

1- okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2006&07] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 45

f}rh; v/;k;

lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k

98

f}rh; v/;k;

lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk loksZ{k.k

fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij 'kks/k dk;Z izkjEHk djus ls iwoZ mlls lEcfU/kr miyC/k

lkfgR; dk iqu% ijh{k.k dj ysuk ykHknk;d gksrk gS D;ksafd 'kks/kdrkZ miyC/k

Kku dk v/;;u dj mldk foospukRed fo'ys"k.k djds mls vkxs c<+kuk pkgrk

gSA blls 'kks/kdrkZ vius ekxZ ls HkVdrk ugha gSA lEcfU/kr lkfgR; ds v/;;u

ds egRo ij vius fopkj izdV djrs gq, tkWu MCY;w0 cSLV1 us fy[kk gS fd

^ôkLro esa leLr ekuoh; Kku iqLrdksa rFkk iqLrdky;ksa esa laxzghr gSa D;ksafd

ekuo vrhr ds lafpr ,oa vuqHkwr vfyf[kr Kku ds vk/kkj ij uohu mi;ksxh

Kku dk l`tu dj mls fyfic) djrk gSA vU; tho/kkfj;ksa ds ekeys esa ,slk

lEHko ugh gSa D;ksafd thotUrqvksa ds Kku esa iqujko`fRr ek= gksrh gS] izxfr'khyrk

ugha tcfd euq"; ds Kku ,oa Øfedrk esa izxfr'khyrk gksrh gSA ekuoh; izo`fRr

ds foijhr tho&tUrq izR;sd ubZ ih<+h esa iqu% u;s fljs ls lgt izo`fRr izkjEHk

djrs la{ksi esa nfyr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh mPp f'k{kk lEcU/kh ,oa mudh

lkekftd&vkfFkZd i`"BHkwfe ij gq, iwoZ 'kks/k v/;;uksa dk lkj bl izdkj ls gS&

fiEiys] ih0,u02 ¼1974½ us vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds 'kSf{kd

leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k gS vkSj mudh 'kSf{kd o O;kolkf;d egRodk{kkvksa]

'kSf{kd izxfr rFkk lkekftd thou ds izfr muds n`f"Vdks.kksa dks Kku djus dk

iz;kl Hkh fd;k gSA

1- nfyr f'k{kk dk ifjn`'; % ;nqyky] dqlqe 2006 % 223 2- fiEiys] ih0,u0] ,stqds'kuy izksCyEl vkWQ 'kSM;wYM dkLV LVwMSUVl bu n iatkc Ldwy

LVwMSUVl] paMhx<+] iatkc ;wuhoflZVh] fMikVZEksUV vkWQ lksf'k;ksykWth] 1974-

99

foDVj fMlwtk1 ¼1980½ us iatkc jkT; dh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh 'kSf{kd

leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj bUgksaus crk;k fd jkT; }kjk bu tkfr;ksa dks

fo'ks"k 'kSf{kd lqfo/kk,a fn;s tkus ij Hkh buds rFkk vU; lekt dh tkfr;ksa ds

chp 'kSf{kd Lrj esa i;kZIr vlekurk gS vkSj izxfr dh xfr Hkh /kheh gSA

jk"Vªh; 'kS{kf.kd vuqla/kku izf'k{k.k ifj"kn ds euksfoKku foHkkx }kjk

lapkfyr ,d izkstsDV 1977 ds vUrxZr v/;;u fd;k x;kA bl v/;;u esa 30

cPpksa dks fun'kZu ds ek/;e ls pquk x;kA bl v/;;u esa fuEu

lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ds izFke ih<+h ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk mPp

lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ds izFke ih<+h ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls dh x;h vkSj

v/;;uksijkUr ik;k x;k fd fuEu lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds

izkIrk¡d mPp lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls de FksA

xaxzsM] ds0Mh02 ¼1974½ us gfj;k.kk ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djds crk;k gS fd vf/kdka'k vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa

ds ekrk&firk vf'kf{kr gSaA

vkfn'ks"kS;~;k] ,e0,l0 o vU; ¼1974½ us rfeyukMq esa 'kks/kdk;Z fd;k vkSj

ifj.kkeLo:i ik;k fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds lUnHkZ esa izkFkfed Lrj ij f'k{kk esa

viO;; cgqr vf/kd gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk mUgksaus ik;k fd vf/kdka'k ;g fo|kFkhZ

67-22 izfr'kr fuj{kj ifjokjksa ls vkrs gSaA blfy, budh vkfFkZd n'kk vR;Ur

fuEu gksrh gSA3

1- fMlwtk] oh0,l0] ,stqds'kuy bubDokfyVht veax 'kSM;wYM dkLV& , dsl LVMh bu n

iatkc] paMhx<+] iatkc ;wuhoflZVh] fMikVZEksUV vkWQ lksf'k;ksykWth] 1980- 2- xaxzsM] ds0Mh0] ,stqds'kuy izksCyEl vkWQ n 'kSM;wYM dkLV bu gfj;k.kk ¼Ldwy LVwMSUV~l½]

nsgyh % fnYyh ;wuhoflZVh] nsgyh Ldwy vkWQ lks'ky oDZl] 1974- 3- vkfn'ks"kS;~;k] ,e0,l0 ,oa jkekukFku] ,l0] ,tqds'kuy izksCyEl vkWQ n 'kSM;wYM dkLV

,.M 'kSM;wYM VªkbCt bu rfeyukMq] enzkl % bULVhV~;wV vkWQ MoyiesUV LVMh] 1974-

100

flag] Vh0ih0 o vU;1 ¼1974½ us iwohZ m0 iz0 ds vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk

vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj ik;k fd vf/kdka'k

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl f'k{kk&v/;;u ds fy, vuqdwy okrkoj.k dk vHkko jgrk gS

bl dkj.k ;g v/;;u esa fiNM+ tkrs gSaA

vxzoky] ruqtk2 ¼1998½ us& ^^ fof'k"V lewgksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds

eukslkekftd] laKkukRed vkSj vlaKkukRed dkjd&,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u**

esa ik;k fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

fdjiky ¼1978½ us mPp f'k{kk esa Hkkjrh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] eqEcbZ essa

vkjf{kr LFkkuksa ds fy, pqus x, Nk=ksa dh oLrqfLFkfr dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj

crk;k fd 1973 esa vkj{k.k ds rgr pqus x, 13 Nk=ksa esa ls 4 us izkjfEHkd dkslZ

ds vUr esa] 1 us izFke o"kZ ds vUr esa] 2 us blds ckn ds lsesLVj ds vUr esa

i<+kbZ NksM+ nh vkSj 1 dks NksM+ nsus ds fy, dgk x;kA

fpVful] lqek3 us crk;k gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh f'k{kk esa dqN ekStwn

vUn:uh fo"kerk,¡ gSa tSls& yM+dksa dh vis{kk yM+fd;ksa f'k{kk ds ekeys esa vf/kd

fiNM+h gqbZ gSa tks Hkh dqN yM+fd;k¡ Ldwy rFkk dkWyst rd igq¡p ikrh gSa] muds

ekrk&firk dgha u dgha laxfBr jkstxkj esa layXu gksrs gSa tcfd vU; yM+fd;k¡

f'k{kk esa u ds leku gSaA lkFk gh lkFk f'k{kk esa vUrtkZrh; fo"kerk,a Hkh ns[kus

dks feyrh gSaA dqN tkfr;ka f'k{kk lqfo/kk dk ykHk T;knk mBk ysrh gSa tcfd

vU; tkfr;k¡ fiNM+ tkrh gSaA vUrjkZT;h; fo"kerk,¡ Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA

fdlh jkT; esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ka f'k{kk esa vkxs gSa tcfd fdlh esa fiNM+h gqbZ gSaA

1- flag] Vh0ih0] ik.Ms] ch0ih0] nqcs] th0,l0] ;kno] Mh0vkj0] n LVMh vkWQ 'kSM;wYM dkLV

,.M 'kSM;wYM VªkbCt LVwMSUVl vkWQ lSdsUMjh LdwYl bu mRrj&izns'k bZLV] okjk.klh % xk¡/kh bULVhV;wV vkWQ LVMh] fMikVZesUV vkWQ bdksuksfeDl] 1974-

2- vxzoky] ruqtk] fof'k"V lewgksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds euks&lkekftd] laKkukRed rFkk vlaKkukRed dkjd& ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u] vkxjk % n;kyckx ,stwds'kuy bULVhV~;wV] 1998-

3- fpVful] lqek] ¼2008½ fucZyksa ds fgrkFkZ laj{kkRed mik;] egs'kpUnz 'kqDyo vU; ¼,sfMV½] f'k{kk dk lekt'kkL=h; lUnHkZ] ubZ fnYyh % xzaFk f'kYih ¼bafM;k½ izkbosV fyfeVsM

101

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa le:irk dk vHkko Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl dkj.k

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa vlarqyu rFkk folaxfr;ka fo|eku gSaA

vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr vk;ksx dh 1980 dh fjiksVZ Hkh 1964 rFkk

1973 ds chp jk;iqj ds esfMdy Nk=ksa ds ckjs esa crkrh gS fd bu o"kksZa esa

vkjf{kr LFkkuksa ds izfr ukekafdr 42 Nk=ksa esa ls 14 Nk=ksa us bl izksxzke dks

v/kwjk NksM+ fn;kA ;g fjiksVZ Hkh fdjiky ds v/;;u ls yxHkx esy [kkrh gSA

eqaxsdj] HkkypUnz1 us ^^ ,stqds'ku % n vksuyh dh Vq nfyr izksxzsl** fo"k;

ij 'kks/ki= dks nfyr dkUQzsal esa izLrqr fd;kA vkius crk;k fd nfyrksa ds

fodkl esa f'k{kk ,d pkch dh rjg Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gSA vkius vEcsMdj

dh rjg f'k{kk dks lkekftd ifjorZu dk gfFk;kj crk;k vkSj lkFk gh lkFk

nfyr Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks] nfyr leqnk; dks] vUrjjk"Vªh; nfyr laxBu vkfn dks

nfyr lekt esa f'k{kk dk izpkj&izlkj djus ds fy, lq>ko Hkh fn,A

lu~ 1990 esa if'peh m0iz0 ds uaxytkV xk¡o dk v/;;u Øsx tsQjh]

isfVªdk tsQjh rFkk jkstj tsQjh2 us fd;kA bl v/;;u esa bUgksaus pekj tkfr ds

;qokvksa dks pquk vkSj ik;k fd bu ;qokvksa esa 'kSf{kd mUeq[krk gS ftldk dkj.k

eq[; :i ls nfyr jktuSfrd ikVhZ ch0 ,l0 ih0 gS ftlus nfyr vfLerk dks

,d u;k vk;ke fn;k gSA vius lekt ds izfr f'k{kk ds ewY; dks ;gk¡ ds ;qok

lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ le>rs gSaA f'k{kk us ;gk¡ ds jgus okys yksxksa dks xfr'khy

cuk;k gS vkSj vk/kqfud lH;rk rFkk laLd`fr ls ifjp; Hkh djk;k gSA

xk[kj] nhikyh3 us vius 'kks/ki= esa f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk] Hkkjro"kZ esa nfyr

f'k{kk dk fodkl ,sfrgkfld dky ls ysdj orZeku le; rd fdruk gqvk gS\

dSlh f'k{kk fLFkfr gS\ dk o.kZu izLrqr fd;k vkSj lkFk gh lkFk mPp f'k{kk

1- eqaxsdj] HkkypUnz] ,stqds'ku % n vksuyh dh Vw nfyr izksxzsl 2- Øsx tsQjh] ,V- vky-] ¼2005½] âosu Ldwfyax QsYl % ;ax eSu] ,tqds'ku ,.M yks&dkLV

iksfyfVDl bu :jy ukFkZ bafM;k** bu dUVªhC;w'ku Vw bafM;u lksf'k;ksyksth] oksY;we 39] uEcj 1] i`0 1&38

3- xk[kj] nhikyh ¼tuojh 2003½] fjlpZ isij& nfyr bu ,stqds'ku

102

laLFkkuksa ts0 ,u0 ;w0] vkbZ0 vkbZ0 Vh0 enzkl] ckWEcs] nsgyh] xksgkVh] dkuiqj

rFkk xksj[kiqj ds nfyrksa ds lUnHkZ esa ;ksxnku dk fo'ys"k.k vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij

fd;k vkSj fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd nfyr lekt dh laLd`fr ,d fojks/kh laLd`fr

¼Counter Culture½ jgh gSA

fo'o cSad }kjk tkjh ,d nLrkost1 esa dgk x;k gS fd f'k{kk ds fy,

c<+rs gq, lkoZtfud lalk/kuksa ij izkFkfedrk dk igyk nkok mPp f'k{kk dk ugha

gksuk pkfg, D;kasfd izkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed f'k{kk esa gksus okys fuos'k ds

lkekftd izfrQy lkekU;r% mPp f'k{kk esa fuos'k ds izfrQy ls T;knk gksrs gSA

ebZ 1997 esa ^^Hkkjr esa ljdkjh vuqnku** ij tkjh fMLd'ku isij2 esa

crk;k fd mPp f'k{kk dks fn;s tkus okys vuqnku dk ,d [kklk cM+k fgLlk

e/;e o mPp vk;&oxZ ds }kjk gM+i fy;k tkrk gS D;ksafd bl {ks= esa lhVksa dh

deh gSA bl dkj.k ijh{kk] lk{kkRdkj] xzqifMLd'ku vkfn dh 'kDy esa xq.koRrk

vk/kkfjr p;u vkSj NVuh gksrh gS ftlls lekt dk xjhc rcdk oxZ mPp vk;

lewgksa dk eqdkcyk ugh dj ikrk gSA

fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx3 us vDVwcj 2003 esa ,d vo/kkj.kk i=

^^VqoM~lZ QkWE;Zwys'ku vkWQ ekWMy ,DV QkWj ;wfuoflZVht vkWQ V~osaVhQLVZ lsapqjh

bu bf.M;k** bl ipsZ us fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds lapkyu ds fy, O;kolkf;d laLd`fr

vkSj dkWjiksjsV laLd`fr dh odkyr dhA

uhik4 }kjk vk;ksftr jk"Vªh; lsehukj esa bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k fd

xq.koRrkiw.kZ f'k{kk dks lqfuf'pr djus dk dk;Z jkT; dk gSA mPp f'k{kk ds fy,

lkoZtfud lalk/ku tqVkus ds rjhds fudkyuk eq[; :i ls jkT; dk drZO; gSA

1- fo'ocSad dk nLrkost ¼1994½] gk;j ,stqds'ku % n yslUl vkWQ ,sDlihfj;Ul] okf'kaxVu]

Mh- lh- % n oYMZ cSad 2- xouZesUV vkWQ bafM;k] ¼ebZ 1997½] xouZesUV LVMht bu bafM;k % fMLd'ku isij] ubZ

fnYyh % fefuLVªh vkWQ QkbusUl] fMikVZesUV vkWQ bdkWuksfeDl vQs;lZ 3- fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ¼vDVwcj 2003½] VqoMZ~l QkWE;wZys'ku vkWQ ekWMy ,DV QkWj

;wfuoflZVht vkWQ V~osUVhQLVZ lsUpqjh bu bafM;k&, dalsIV isij 4- uhik ¼2 ebZ 2006½] mPp f'k{kk ds futhdj.k rFkk O;olk;hdj.k fo"k; ij jk"Vªh; lsfeukj

103

jk"Vªh; Kku vk;ksx ds v/;{k lSe fi=ksnk }kjk izLrqr fjiksVZ1 esa ekStwnk

lkoZtfud fo'ofo|ky;ksa] Lukrd Lrjh; dkWystksa] fu;ked <k¡ps bR;kfn esa lq/kkj

rFkk foRrh; vuqnku] xq.koRrk] vdknfed mRd`"Vrk ds dsUnzkssa ds :i esa jk"Vªh;

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj gkf'k;s ij jgs oafpr lewgksa ds fy, vusd

flQkfj'ksa dh xbZ gSaA

xq#] xksiky ¼1997½ us crk;k fd nfyr oxZ dh leL;k dks lkekftd]

vkfFkZd o 'kSf{kd ekurs gq, bldk lek/kku vEcsMdj us /keZ ifjorZu esa [kkstkA

mUgha ds iz;klksa dk ifj.kke Fkk fd nfyrksa dks O;oLFkkfidkvksa rFkk ljdkjh

ukSdfj;ksa dh lhVksa esa vkj{k.k feyk vkSj Nk=ksa dks 'kSf{kd lgk;rk ds :i esa

laj{kkRed HksnHkko ds vUrxZr dbZ izdkj dh lqfo/kk,¡ iznku dh xbZA

gk;j ,twds'ku fjQkseZ % , izkssQsllZ vksihfu;u2 lkjka'k esa crk;k x;k gS

fd :l dh mPp f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj gks jgk gSA fiNys 15&20 lkyksa ls

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds O;k[;kuksa ds dke eas o`f) gqbZ gSA bl o`f) esa jkT; }kjk nh

xbZ foRrh; lgk;rk dh Hkwfedk jgh gSA

gsoessu] jkWcVZ ,.M LehfMax] fVekSFkh3 % n jksy vkWQ gk;j ,twds'ku bu

lks'ky eksfcfyVh lkjka'k esa dgk x;k gS fd vesfjdu egkfo|ky; rFkk

fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa tks mPp f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh gSA blds [kpZ ogu esa

vlekurk gS ftlds dkj.k mPp vk;&oxZ okys fo|kFkhZ mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus

esa lQy gks tkrs gSaA budh xfr'khyrk c<+ tkrh gS tcfd fu/kZu fo|kFkhZ mPPk

f'k{kk ls oafpr jg tkrs gSaA bl dkj.k budh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ugha gks ikrk

gSA

1- us'kuy ukWyst deh'ku ¼2007½ % fjiksVZ Vq n us'ku 2006 2- gk;j ,stqds'ku fjQkseZ] , izksQsllZ vksihfu;u] vizSy 2006] ,l-,- 04632 3- gSoeSu] jkcVZ ,.M LehfMax] fVeksFkh] n jksy vkWQ gk;j ,stqds'ku bu lksf'k;y eksfcyVh]

fnlEcj 2007] ,l-,- 21861

104

pkfUV;k] vkyksd1 % ,twds'ku ,st , ehUl vkWQ lks'ky psUt LVMh fon

fjxkMZ Vw /kuqd] , xzqi fyfoax bu fMfLVªDV cgjkbp] ;w0ih0& ;g v/;;u

vf'kf{kr rFkk fu/kZu vuqlwfpr tkfr /kkuqd ds ckjs esa gS ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd

bl tkfr ds ikl u d`f"k gS] u ljdkjh ukSdjh vkSj u gh futh O;olk; gSA

blds O;fDr etnwjh] QSjh yxkdj thou;kiu djrs gSaA efgyk;sa xkscj mBkrh gSa

vkSj [kkuk cukus ds fy;s miyksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSaA ;g tkfr f'k{kk dks viuh

lkekftd izfLFkfr dks cnyus ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ ekurh gSA

f'k{kk vkSj lekt eas vU;ksU;kfJr lacU/k gSA Hkkjrh; lekt eas Ldwyh

lajpuk dk pfj= vkSj ogk¡ pyus okyh izfØ;k,¡ LFkku fo'ks"k ds lkekftd

rkus&ckus vkSj gypyksa ls r; gksrh gSA byS;k Ldwy lajpuk pfj= rFkk ;FkkFkZ

dks ifjyf{kr djrs gq, dgrs gSa& ^^--- fo|ky; ds v/;kid dk gekjs izfr joS;k

mldh tkrh; i`"BHkwfe ij fuHkZj djrk FkkA vxj og czkãk.k gksrk rks gels

?k`.kk djrkA og gekjs lkeus gh gels dgrk fd dy;qx ;k cqjs le; dk gh

vlj gS fd mls gekjs tSls 'kwnzksa dks i<+kus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tk jgk gSA ---

ysfdu vktknh feyus ds ckn tc fo|ky; gekjs fy, [kksy fn;s x;s] rc ogk¡

fo|ky; ds v/;kid gekjs f[kykQ FksA ikB~;&iqLrdksa dh Hkk"kk gekjs f[kykQ

FkhA gekjs ?kjksa esa tks laLÑfr Fkh] ogh laLÑfr gekjs fo|ky;ksa esa ugha FkhA**2 ;g

?kVuk,¡] laLej.k Hkkjrh; lekt esa vf/kdka'kr% fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA ;gk¡ rd fd

vke cksypky esa] O;ogkj esa] tkfr&lwpd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx viekfur djus ds

lanHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA 21oha lnh dk lekt] vR;k/kqfud lekt gksus dh

ifjHkk"kk ik pqdk gS ij ckotwn blds] bl lekt esa dqN ,slh folaxfr;k¡

¼xSj&cjkcjh] vLi`';rk] vloansu'khyrk] vekuoh;rk] 'kks"k.k vkfn½ fo|eku gSaA

tks lekt ij yxkrkj udkjkRed izHkko Mkyrs gSaA3

1- pkfUV;k] vkyksd] ,stwds'ku ,t , ehUl vkWQ lks'ky psUt& LVMh fon fjdkMZ Vw /kuqd] ,

xzqi fyfoax bu fMfLVªDV cgjkbp] ;w-ih-] vDVwcj 2007] ,l- ,- 16458 2- byS;k] 2003 %11&14 3- f'k{kk] lkekftd xfr'khyrk ,oa nfyr % varlZEcU/kksa dh iM+rky] ifjizs{;] o"kZ 15] vad 1]

vizSy 2008] i`0 3&4

105

>k vkSj >haxju ¼2002½ ikrs gSa fd ^^nfyr cPps vuko';d :i ls

'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld ;kruk >syrs gSaA f'k{kd nfyr cPpksa esa ;k mudh

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ldkjkRed cnyko dks ysdj dksbZ [kkl #fp ugha fn[kkrs gSa]

muds vuqlkj ^nfyr* vdeZ.; gSaA**1

tkfr ;k uLy vk/kkfjr HksnHkko ;k oxZ vk/kkfjr HksnHkko lewph ekuo

lH;rk dk loZO;kih fdarq nq%[kn i{k gS] tks fo'o ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa fofHkUu

Lo:iksa ,oa izdkjksa esa fo|eku gSA tUe vk/kkfjr HksnHkko] ekuo tkfr ds ,d cM+s

fgLls ij xaHkhj fgalkRed izHkko Mkyrk gS tks izk;% ukxfjd] lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd]

jktuSfrd ,oa lkekftd vf/kdkjksa dks r; djrk gSA

vEcsMdj ds vuqlkj tkfr Hksn oLrqr% Je dk ugha] Jfedksa dk foHkktu

gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;gk¡ uhps fxjkbZ xbZ tkfr dk euq"; Åijokyh tkfr dk

dk is'kk ugha dj ldrkA ;gk¡ ^Hkaxh* gyokbZ dk dke ugha dj ldrk] ijpwuh

ugha dj ldrk] pk; vkSj iku dh nqdku ugha [kksy ldrk] iqjksfgr ugha cu

ldrkA ,slk dksbZ lkekftd dk;Z ugha ftlesa Hkaxh ls czkã.k rd leku Hkko ls

yx ldsaA2 oLrqr% vEcsMdj dk Jfed foHkktu dk ;g fopkj lekt esa O;kIr]

,d folaxfr dk gh foLrkj gS] ftls ge jkst&ejkZ ds thou esa O;oâr gksrk

ns[krs gSaA bldh i`"BHkwfe esa ;fn lw{e n`f"Vikr fd;k tk, rks ;g foHkktu vius

ekSfyd ,oa okLrfod Lo:i esa ^Je* dk ugha cfYd O;fDr;ksa dk foHkktu gS

ftldk vk/kkj cgqr gn rd lkekftd&/kkfeZd gS rFkk vius vafre fo'ys"k.k esa

^'kks"kd ,oa 'kksf"kr* dh pkfjf=d fo'ks"krkvksa dk Li"Vhdj.k curk gSA

Ýsjs ¼1968½ bl 'kksf"kr oxZ dh foiUurk ¼lkekftd&vkfFkZd&

'kSf{kd&jktuSfrd½ ds lS)kafrd fo'ys"k.k esa ikrs gSa fd bl oxZ ds fo"k; esa

LFkkfir nk'kZfud rFkk lekt'kkL=h; fl)kUr }Sr rFkk varfoZjks/k ls xzflr gSA

muds vuqlkj vkØkark gh fgald gks] ;g vko';d ugha gS] vkØkar Hkh mruh gh

1- >k vkSj >haxju] 2002 % 96 2- jktfd'kksj % tkfr dk tgj

106

fgalk ls Hkjk gqvk gSA1 ogha nwljh vksj egkRek xk¡/kh ^gfjtu* dh foiUurk dk

dkj.k lekt }kjk fufeZr vU;k;iw.kZ lkekftd lajpuk esa ikrs gSaA 'kks"kd rFkk

'kksf"kr nksuksa gh oxks± dk O;fDrRo nks Hkkxksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gS] ftlesa dqN gn rd

eq[; foHkktd ^Kku* rFkk ^rdZ* curs gSaA2

byS;k ¼2003½ egRoiw.kZ :i ls Lohdkj djrs gSa fd ;g foHkktu ewyr%

^mRiknd* rFkk ^xSj&mRiknd* tkfr;ksa dk gSA muds vuqlkj egkRek Qwys 'kk;n

igys ,sls vk/kqfud fopkjd Fks] ftUgksaus lHkh ^mRiknd tkfr;ksa* ds ckjs esa fy[kk

gSA mUgksaus mudks ^'kwnz* vkSj ^vfr'kwnz* ds :i esa ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA3

czkãk.koknh lksp ^'kwnz* dk iz;ksx ^viekutud* Hkko ls djrh gSA ;g lksp

muds vkRe&lEeku rFkk jktuSfrd ltxrk dks O;Dr ugha dj ikrh gSA byS;k

dgrs gSa fd tc rd vEcsMdj us ^bu tkfr;ksa* ds ckjs esa fy[kuk 'kq: fd;k]

rc ml le; Hkkjr dh fczfV'k ljdkj lHkh ^dkexkj tkfr;ksa* dk mYys[k djus

ds fy, înnfyr tkfr;k¡* 'kCn dk iz;ksx dj jgh FkhA nfyrksa ds lanHkZ esa rFkk

muds vf/kdkjksa ds fy, MkW- vEcsMdj ds fopkj vkewy ifjorZudkjh FksA mudh

n`<+ ekU;rk jgh fd nfyrksa dks lekt esa cjkcjh dk LFkku ^f'kf{kr cuus] laxfBr

gksus] la?k"kZ djus* ls gh izkIr gks ldrk FkkA

MkW- vEcsMdj us 18 vDVwcj 1925 esa eqEcbZ dh ,d nfyr lHkk esa fn;s

x, vius oDrO; esa bl ckr dks tksjnkj rjhds ls mBk;k fd& ^^--- eSa vkidks

lykg nsrk gw¡ fd tks FkksM+h cgqr jktuhfrd 'kfDr vkids gkFkksa esa vk jgh gS

vki mldk ykHk mBk,¡] ;fn vki ,slk ugha djrs rks vkids nq%[kksa dk var ugha

gks ik,xk vkSj nklrk ftlds fo#) vki la?k"kZ dj jgs gSa] vkidks iqu% nck

ldrh gSA**4

1- Ýsjs % 1968 2- izHkq % 1964 3- byS;k] 2003 % xii 4- flag % 2002 % 155

107

bu vFkks± esa nfyrksa dks xfr'khy ¼lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuSfrd 'kSf{kd½

cukus esa egRoiw.kZ vk;ke ds :i esa ^ltxrk* egRoiw.kZ :i ls mHkjrh gSA u

dsoy vrhr cfYd orZeku esa Hkh lkekftd dyad o vU; cgqr lh cqjkb;k¡ tks

tkfr ij vk/kkfjr gSa] ;s ^nfyr* dks ikfjHkkf"kr djrh Fkha vkSj cgqr gn rd

djrh gSa] pkgs nfyr lkekftd oxZ esa fdruk gh Åij pyk tk, ;k viuk /keZ

ifjofrZr dj ys] ;FkkfLFkfr gh jgrh gSA

nfjnk1 ¼1976½ ds 'kCnksa esa] ;g ^vLohÑfrdj.k ;k cfg"dj.k dh

vfHkO;fDr* gS] tcfd ^nfyr* 'kCn] vius foÑr :i esa vuqlwfpr tkfr] gfjtu

vkSj nfer oxZ ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA xSj&nfyr oxZ ds }kjk

^nfyr* 'kCn tkfr dk |ksrd gS] tcfd nfyr&oxZ bls ^tkfr ds cfg"dj.k* ds

:i esa iz;qDr djrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa nfyr ds vFkZ dks tkrh;&vuq"Bku ds

vUrxZr lkaxBfud&Lo:i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA dsoy ^vNwr* gh

nfyr&O;fDrokfnrk dk nkok dj ldrk gSA ijUrq lkFk gh mls bl ckr dk

vglkl gksuk pkfg, fd ;g O;fDrokfnrk ifjorZu ;ksX; gSA ;fn ;g vfLerk

,d ^fu;efu"B&vfLerk* esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gS] rks ;g tkfr& O;oLFkk dh gh

rjg ,d foÑr Lo:i /kkj.k dj ysxhA

f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij vU; lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuSfrd pfj= dks le>uk

rFkk mUgsa O;k[;kf;r djuk fdlh Hkh îfj?kVuk* ;k ^lekt* dh xfr'khyrk dh

izo`fÙk ds dsoy ,d vk;ke dks gh mn~?kkfVr dj ldrk gSA nfyrksa ij gksus okys

vR;kpkj ¼Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa½] uLy vk/kkfjr HksnHkko] oxZ foHkktu vkfn

folaxfr;k¡ orZeku ;qx esa Hkh ihNk dj jgh gSaA bu gkykrksa esa f'k{kk ds tfj,

^gkykrksa* dks le>uk Lor% gh egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS D;ksafd f'k{kk dsUnz@laLFkku Hkh

bu folaxfr;ksa ls vNwrs ugha jg ik, gSa vkSj u gh jg ldrs gSaA

1- nkfjnk] ts- ¼1976½] ^vksl&xzkekWVksyksth] ^tkWu gkifdUl fo'ofo|ky; izSl] cYVheksj

108

jktLFkku esa ,d v/;;u1 ds nkSjku ns[kus dks feyk fd Ldwy esa cPpksa

dks i<+kus ds fy, egt blfy, jksd fn;k x;k fd oks ^vLi`';* leqnk; ls gSaA

40 o"kZ ikj dj pqdh efgyk,¡ vkt Hkh] bruh Hk;kØkar gSa fd os eafnjksa] pkSiky]

lo.kks± ds ?kj ds lkeus ls pIiy igudj ugha xqtj ldrhaA ikuh ds fy, vkt

Hkh bl leqnk; ds yksxksa dks lkoZtfud gS.MiEi] d¡qvksa] vkfn ij ?kaVksa bartkj

djuk gksrk gS] D;ksafd îzHkq tkfr* ds fgrksa dh lk/kd ;g lkekftd O;oLFkk

muesa vkSj Lo;a ds chp ,d cgqr cM+k QdZ ns[krh gSA xk¡o esa gksus okys

lkoZtfud&Hkkst esa ;s rFkkdfFkr ^vLi`';*] ^twBu* [kkus dks foo'k fd;s tkrs gSaA

?kjksa esa buds fy, ikuh ;k pk; vkfn ds ik= vyx j[kus dks u dsoy xk¡o esa

cfYd 'kgjksa esa Hkh vke ckr ekuk tkrk jgk gSA

oSdfYid fo|ky;ksa dks ysdj fd, x, v/;;u ds nkSjku Ldwyh O;oLFkk

esa] ns[kus dks feyk fd f'k{kd ltk ds rkSj ij cPpksa dks >kM+w yxkus] njh&iV~Vh

mBkus] d{kk ;k Ldwy ¼T;knk ^laxhu* vijk/k gksus ij½ dh lQkbZ tSls dk;Z

djokrs gSaA ltk nsus ds rkSj&rjhdksa ds ihNs mudh le> dks ^lkekftd foe'kZ*

esa ns[kus dh vko';drk gSA2

vkUnzs3 ¼1991½ dk dguk gS fd Hkkjrh; ikjEifjd lekt tks fd ewyr%

czkã.kh; lekt&lajpuk O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr gS] dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk

bldh lksikuc)] tfVy laxBukRed tkfr O;oLFkk gSA vusd lekt fopkjdksa]

v/;srkvksa us blds mn~Hko] fodkl vkSj izlkj dks le>us&le>kus dk iz;kl

fd;k gSA tkfr ij vk/kkfjr vfLerk,a ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekftdh esa ,d izcy

'kfDr ds :i esa mHkj dj vkbZ gSA blesa O;kIr vlekurkvksa rFkk 'kks"k.k ds

fujkdj.k dh ekaxkas us tkfr ds lkjrRo rFkk xfrdh ds iz'u ij ^,d fparu*

1- ,u bokWY;w'ku vkWQ bth,l@,,l vUMj Mhihbih] f'k{kk foHkkx ek-la-fo-ea-] Hkkjr ljdkj]

fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] 2003&2004 2- 'kekZ] lat; ôSdfYid ikB'kkyk dk;ZØe esa f'k{kk 'kkL=h; izfØ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k* ifjizs{;]

vxLr 2005 3- csrsbZ] vkUnzs ¼1991½] ^n fjizksMD'ku vkQ bubDokfyVh % vkD;wis'ku] dkLV ,aM QSfeyh QzkWe

dUVªhO;w'ku Vw bafM;k lksf'k;ksykWth] U;w fljht] okY;we 25 lhVsM QzkWe ds-,y- 'kekZ ¼la-½] ^lks'ky bubDokfyVh bu bafM;k*] ubZ fnYyh 1955] i`0 115&47

109

izfØ;k dks tUe fn;k gSA Hkkjr ds yksx tkrh; ekufldrk ls cqjh rjg xzLr

gSaA

vks* esys1 ¼1941½ ds vuqlkj fczfV'k dky esa vaxzstksa }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ

f'k{kk ls fofHkUu u;s ewY;] tSls& laoS/kkfud lekurk] fopkj/kkjk dh Lora=rk

vkfn fodflr gq,A bu lc ewY;ksa us nfyrksa gsrq f'k{kk o mudh lkekftd

xfr'khyrk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

fyap2 ¼1969½ bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd lkekftd xfr'khyrk esa

vk/kqfud f'k{kk dk dk;kZRed egRo lokZf/kd gSA

lqek fpVful3 ¼1972½ ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds cPpksa esa fuEu

fu"iknu o viO;; ds fy, mudh fuEu lkekftd&vkfFkZd i`"BHkwfe mÙkjnk;h

gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, foHksnrk&fuokj.k uhfr dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, mUgksaus

Ldwy ukekadu o lk{kjrk ij izHkkoksa dh tk¡p dhA mUgksaus n'kkZ;k fd

O;kolkf;d o rduhdh ikB~;Øeksa esa budk ukekadu U;wu gS] lkFk gh mudk

ukekadu fuEuLrjh; laLFkkuksa esa gSA blds vykok fyaxokj o vUrtkZrh;

vlekurk,a fu"iknu ds {ks=ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA

,l-,e- nqcs4 ¼1975½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd lkekftd xfr'khyrk o

Lrjhdj.k O;oLFkk ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gSaA xfr'khyrk vk/kqfud f'k{kk ls xgu

:i ls lacfU/kr gSaA mudk ekuuk gS fd vk/kqfud fo'ofo|ky;h f'k{kk ds

ifj.kkeLo:i gh lkekftd xfr'khyrk vk;h gS] D;ksafd fczfV'k ljdkj i<+s&fy[ks

yksxksa dks cgqr ls volj o ljdkjh ukSdfj;k¡ miyC/k djokrh FkhA

1- vks* esys- ,y-,l-,l-] ¼1974½] ^bafM;u dkLV dLVe* fodkl ifCyds'ku] fnYyh 2- fyap] vks-,e-] ¼1969½] ^^n ikWfyfVDl vkWQ vuVpsfcfyVh% lks'ky eksfcfyVh ,aM lks'ky psat

bu , flVh vkWQ bafM;k*] dksyafc;k ;wfuoflZVh izsl- U;w;kWdZ 3- fpVful] ,l-] ¼1972½% ^,tqds'ku Qkj bDofyVh% dsl vkWQ 'ksM~;wy dkLV* b-ih-MCY;w]

31&33 4- nwcs] ,l-,e-] ¼1975½% ^lks'ky eksfcfyVh fon fjQjsal Vw ekMuZ ,tqds'ku bu xksj[kiqj ¼m-iz-½

vuifCy'M fjlpZ-

110

lksju flag1 ¼1987½ us t;iqj esa fd, vius v/;;u esa] vuqlwfpr tkfr esa

lkekftd ifjorZu ds ,d u;s vk;ke dh ckr dhA v/;;u dk eq[; tksj

lkekftd ifjorZu dh lkekftd lajpuk ¼ftlesa O;kolkf;d] vkfFkZd fLFkfr]

jktuSfrd Hkkxhnkjh] LokLF; o f'k{kk 'kkfey gSA½ ij FkkA muds vuqlkj m/okZ/kj

xfr'khyrk dk eq[; dkj.k f'k{kk o ckydksa dks feyus okyk ot+hQk jgkA

pkS/kjh2 ¼1987½ ds vuqlkj bu leqnk;ksa esa f'k{kk ds Lrj esa lq/kkj gqvk gS

vkSj ;s u;s O;olk;ksa dks viuk jgs gSa] voljksa dk csgrj mi;ksx djds ljdkjh

{ks=ksa esa tk jgs gSa rFkk jktuSfrd :i ls T;knk tkx`r o lfØ; gks jgs gSaA

pkuuk3 ¼1993½ us vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr] vYila[;dksa rFkk

efgykvksa esa mPp f'k{kk dh fLFkfr ds lEcU/k esa fd, x, v/;;u rFkk

f'k{kk&uhfr;ksa ds iqu%voyksdu ds nkSjku mPp f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa ik;k fd

f'k{kk;h dk;ZØe] f'k{kk&uhfr;ksa vkSj mudks O;ogkj esa ykus ds e/; ds varjky

dks de djus esa vlQy jgs gSaA

>k ,oa >haxju4 ¼2002½14 us nfyr cPpksa dh fo|ky;h f'k{kk ij fd, x,

vius v/;;u esa ;g ekuk fd ^f'k{kk* ,d yEch izfØ;k gS vkSj xjhc ifjokjksa ds

fy, ^yEch vof/k* rd cPpksa dks Ldwy Hkstuk laHko ugha gksrk] lkekftd vkSj

vkfFkZd :i ls foiUu nfyr ifjokjksa ds fy, ;g vkSj Hkh eqf'dy gSA

dkexkjksa] vNwrksa ij fd, x;s vius v/;;u esa lq"kek /kou5 ¼1983½ us

fnYyh esa cls jSxj leqnk; dh lkekftd xfr'khyrk ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu dks 1- flag] ,l] ¼1987½] ^'ksM~;wy dkLV bu bafM;k% Mk;esalu vkWQ lks'ky psat* Kku ifCyf'kax]

ubZ fnYyh 2- pkS/kjh ds-] ¼1988½% ^n ikWfylh vkWQ fjtosZ'ku% uhM Vw daVhU;w ,aM VªkalsaM* lks'ky ,D'ku]

vizSy&twu] 17&24 3- pkuuk] ds- ¼1993½ ^,lksflax gk;j ,tqds'ku% n Mk;ysek vkWQ Ldwfyax owesu] ek;ufjVht+

,l lht+] ,l Vht+ bu daVsEiksjjh bafM;k ^gk;j ,tqds'ku* ¼26%1½ 4- >k ,oa flaxju ¼2002½% ^n Ldwfyax vkWQ nfyr fpYMªsu% , iaMksjkl ckWDl bu ,fyesaVjh

,tqds'ku QkWj n ;wvjsLV ,aM n fMizkbTM xzqIl % n fjvy pSysat vkWQ ;fuolZykbts'ku* lsaVj QkWj ikWfylh fjlpZ] ubZ fnYyh

5- /kou] ,l- ¼1983½% ^lks'ky eksfcfyVh ,aM lks'ky psat%, LVMh csLM vku jSxkbl vkWQ nsygh ¼vuifCy'M ,e-fQy- fMtVsZ'ku½ fMikVZesaV vkWQ ,UFkzksiksykWth] ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ fnYyh] ubZ fnYyh

111

viuk 'kks/k fo"k; cuk;k vkSj ik;k fd peZdkj lekt us vius ikjaifjd

fo'oklksa] ekU;rkvksa] ewY;ksa vkfn dks fcuk NksM+s] mPp tkfr lewgksa ds fo'oklksa]

i)fr;ksa] ijEijkvksa rFkk muds miukeksa dks Hkh viuk fy;k gSA blds tfj;s os

lkekftd xfr'khyrk rFkk Å¡ph gSfl;r vFkkZr~ lkekftd Lohdk;Zrk izkIr djuk

pkgrs gSaA

uhrk dqekj1 ¼2002½ us] js'ke m|ksx esa layXu cukjl ds eqfLye cqudjksa

dk v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u esa dkS'ky iz/kku cqudj leqnk; dh lkekftd

xfrdh ds lkFk&lkFk] cqudjksa ds 'kSf{kd dkS'ky dk v/;;u f'k{kk'kkL=h; ,oa

ikB~;p;kZ ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA

jke'kj.k tks'kh2 ¼1996½ us viuh iqLrd ^vkfnoklh lekt vkSj f'k{kk* esa

foLFkkfir vkfnokfl;ksa dh leL;kvksa dks Loj nsus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ;s

vkfnoklh os gSa ftUgsa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us Hkwfe ls foLFkkfir dj Hkwfeghu Jfed]

loZgkjk] izoklh cuk fn;k gSA foLFkkiu ds dkj.k] vkfnokfl;ksa esa c<+rh vijk/k

izo`fÙk leL;k dks xgjk nsrh gSA tks'kh vius v/;;u esa ikrs gSa fd vijaijkxr

rjhdksa* ls nh tkus okyh ^f'k{kk* vkfnokfl;ksa dh leL;kvksa dks gy dj ldrh gS

lkFk gh budh izfLFkfr dks Hkh lq/kkj ldrh gSA tks'kh dk ;g fopkj ,d gn

rd ikWyks Qs;js ds mRihfM+rksa ds f'k{kk 'kkL= rFkk mlds izeq[k vkStkj leh{kkbZ

psruk dk gh vxzlj.k gSA

nwcs vkSj ekFkqj3 ¼1972½ bl ckr dks izeq[k :i ls bafxr djrs gS fd

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dks feyus okyh ljdkjh lqfo/kk,a ;k mudk forj.k izk;%

vleku gh gSA

1- flag] ,l] ¼1987½] ^'ksM~;wy dkLV bu bafM;k% Mk;esalu vkWQ lks'ky psat* Kku ifCyf'kax]

ubZ fnYyh 2- tks'kh] vkj-,l-] ¼1996½% ^vkfnoklh lekt vkSj f'k{kk ¼fyO;karj.k v:.k izdk'k½] xazFk

f'kYih] ubZ fnYyh 3- nqcs ,l-,u- vkSj m"kk ekFkqj ¼1972½- ôsyQs;j izksxzke Qkj ,l- lht+% daVsaV ,aM

,MfefuLVªs'ku* b-ih-MCY;w] ok- VII] ua- 4] tuojh 22] 165&76

112

ckr dsoy lqfo/kk,a izkIr djus dh ugha gS] rF; ;g gS fd mu lqfo/kkvksa

rd mudh igq¡p fdruh gSA uhylu us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd 1962 esa eSlwj

ds iwoZ&fo'ofo|ky;h ikB~;Øe esa ukekafdr 40]000 cPpksa esa ls ek= 961

Nk=@Nk=k vuqlwfpr tkfr ls FksA1 ;g vkadMsa+ fn[kkrs gSa fd ,sfrgkfld :i ls

bl lekt fo'ks"k dh de miyfC/krk ds fy, budk lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjos'k

xgure :i ls ftEesnkj gSA2 bruk gh ugha] tkfr dh ck/kk bl :i ls eq[kj

gksrh gS fd vk/kqfud f'k{kk esa nhf{kr ;qok Hkh blls eqDr ugh gks ikrs gSA3

NqvkNwr dh ekufldrk bruh xgjk tkrh gS fd bldh ihM+k Hkksx jgs lekt ds

lnL; vius fy, vyx ls Ldwyksa] f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh ekax djrs gSaA4

'kqDyk5 ¼1969½ dk er gS fd tc rd gSfl;r dks Hkwfe LokfeRo] vk;

bR;kfn ds vk/kkj ij ekik tk,xk] rc rd u rks vklkuh ls f'k{kk dk O;kid

izlkj gks ik,xk vkSj u gh ;g ifjorZu dk ,d izHkkoh lk/ku cusxhA

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh izxfr] fodkl vkfn dks ysdj gq, fofHkUu v/;;uksa

ds losZa{k.k ls ;g ckr Li"V gksrh gS fd ^^bl leqnk; dh mUufr rFkk fodkl

dks rqyukRed :i ls larks"ktud ugh ekuk tk ldrkA**6

lanHkZ Hkys gh f'k{kk] jkstxkj ;k lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuSfrd vk;keksa dk

gks] lekt oxZ ?kksf"kr fodkl dh js[kk ls vHkh nwj izrhr gksrk gSA mPp f'k{kk

dk egaxk rFkk [kkl rjg ds îwokZxzgks* ls xzflr Lo:i bUgsa gkf'k, ij /kdsyrk

gSA vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s rFkk lkekftd :i ls cfg"Ñr gksus dh ifjHkk"kk ij

1- uhylu] ts-ih- ¼1972½- ^n bEiSDV vkWQ ,tqds'ku vku n LVªsVhfQds'ku vkWQ bafM;k]*

lks'ky fjlpZ ¼t-½] 15¼2½] 51&52 2- ogh] i`0 51&52 3- Qsfyl] ,l-,u- ¼1977½- ^LVSV~l vkWQ gfjtu LVwMsaV bu dkWyst* lks'ky odZ ¼t-½] ok- 38]

vizSy 15&26- th-th- oku[ksM+s ¼1999½] ^lks'ky ekfofyVh ,aM LM~;wy dkLV% fjflfMax gkWfjtu* jkor ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 27&28 esa m)`r

4- pkSgku] ch-vkj- ,aM th- ukjk;.k ¼1976½- îzkWCye vkWQ ,tqds'ku ,eax ,l-lh- LVwMsaV~l bu miz-] lks'ky psat] ok- 6 ua- 1 ,oa 2] 13&17

5- 'kqDyk] ,l- ¼1969½] ^LVªsVth Qkj lks'ky psat% , fjtokbaMj* b-ih- MCY;w- ok- IV] la- 20] ebZ 27] 853&55

6- oku[ksM+s lh-th-] ¼1999½] ^lks'ky ekfcfyVh ,aM lsM~;wy dkLV% fjflfMax gkWfjtu* jkor ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 27&28

113

igq¡p pqdk ;g lekt tkfr ,oa cfg"dj.k :ih ,d euksoSKkfud ^LVhXek* ls

xqtj jgk gS] ftlds dkj.k ;g yxkrkj fiNM+rk tk jgk gSA

vgen1 ¼1978½ vius v/;;u esa ikrh gSa fd vkfFkZdrk] bu tkfr;ksa ds

fy, f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ;|fi lw{e vkSj

o`gn Lrj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds fy, f'k{kk ,d

egRoiw.kZ] vljnkj dkjd ds :i esa mHkjh gSA fQj Hkh vU; dkjd mrus gh

egRoiw.kZ LFkku ij gSaA

;ksxsUnz flag2 ¼1977½ ds vuqlkj tkfr ds lajpukRed igyw vkt

ijEijkxr ugh gSA vUrtkZrh; fookg] O;olk;ksa esa cnyko blds mnkgj.k gSaA

tkfr O;oLFkk ij tkfr ls ckgj ds dkjd tSls iztkra=hdj.k] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k]

Hkwfe lq/kkj vkfn yxkrkj izHkko Mky jgs gSaA blds lkFk gh tkfr;ksa esa yxkrkj

vkarfjd cnyko Hkh gks jgk gSA Lo;a tkfr pkgrh gS fd lksikfud O;oLFkk esa og

vius LFkku dks cnysA ;ksxsUnz flag us vkarfjd xfr'khyrk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h

dkjdksa dks vksjFkkstsusfVd dkjd dgk gSA ;g dkjd tks /keZfujis{krk]

laLÑfrdj.k] ik'pkR;dj.k vkfn ls gh mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj mls izHkkfor djrs

gSaA

jko3 ¼1985½ dk ekuuk gS fd vkt Hkh gfjtu ,d 'kksf"kr oxZ gSA os ml

mRiknu O;oLFkk ds Hkkxhnkj gSa ftldk fu;a=.k Å¡ph tkfr;k¡ vkSj mPp oxZ ds

gkFkksa esa gSA vkt Hkh nfyr xkao ;k eq[; vkcknh ls ckgj jg jgs gSaA lo.kksZa ds

lkFk cSBdj pk; ihuk] ,d lkFk dke djuk] lkFk jguk] vkfn Åijh rkSj ij

vk;k cnyko gS vly cnyko êkufldrk* dk gS tks ,d nfyr dks ^nfyr*

1- vgen] ds- ¼1978½] ^VwokMZ~l bDofyVh% dalsDosal vkWQ izksVsfDVo fMLØhfeus'ku* b-ih- MCY;w]

ok- XIII la- 2] tuojh 14] 69&72 2- flag] okbZ- ¼1977½% êkWMuZkbts'ku vkWQ bafM;u VªsfM'ku% , flLVeSfVd LVMh vkWQ lks'ky

psat*] FkkEilu izsl] ubZ fnYyh 3- jko] ,e-,l-,- ¼1985½% ^,tqds'ku LVªsVhfQds'ku ,aM lks'ky ekfcfyVh dqekj] ds- vkSj

'kqDyk] ,l- ¼,M-½ lksf'k;ksykWftdy ilZisfDVo bu ,tqds'ku] ubZ fnYyh

114

gksus dk gj iy vglkl djkrh gSA ns'k ds 'kh"kkZlu ij ^nfyr* dks cSBk nsus

ek= ls gh lEiw.kZ nfyrksa dh eq[;/kkjk esa Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr ugha gks tkrh gSA

Hkkjr ljdkj ds vf/kfu;e 1935] esa igyh ckj rFkkdfFkr fuEu tkfr;ksa

dks ^vLi`';* Js.kh ls ckgj fudyus dk vkf/kdkfjd iz;kl djrs gq, bUgsa

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh laKk nh xbZA1 vktknh ds ckn rhozrk ls bu tkfr;ksa ds

fodkl ds fy, laoS/kkfud izko/kku fd, x,A ljdkj ds uhfr&funsZ'kd fl)kUrksa

ds rgr laoS/kkfud vuqPNsn&46 esa Li"V dgk x;k gS fd jkT; ftlesa vuqlwfpr

tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa vkSj vU; nqcZy oxks± ds f'k{kk vkSj vFkZ laca/kh

fgrksa dh vfHko`fÙk gksA lafo/kku esa fo'ks"k lqj{kk nsus ds ihNs] fuEu rFkk fiNM+s

oxks± dks Åij mBkuk mn~ns'; FkkA

f'k{kk vkSj lkekftd xfr'khyrk

vk/kqfud lekt f'k{kk dks ,d vge lkekftd lalk/ku vkSj lerk ds

y{; dks Ikkus dk lk/ku ekurk gSA f'k{kk dks fofHkUu izdkj ls fdlh O;fDr dh

lkekftd fLFkfr mij mBkus dk lk/ku ekuk tkrk gSA bls ml Kku] dkS'ky]

thou ewY;ksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.k dks ikus dk mik; le>k tkrk gS] tks fdlh O;fDr

ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd okrkoj.k esa mlds lpeqp ekuoh; thou

thus ds fy, vko';d gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa f'k{kk dks ,d okafNr dksfV ds thou

gsrq ,d cqfu;knh balkuh t:jr le>k tkrk gSA

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr2 ¼1986½ ds vuqlkj ^--- euq"; ,d cs'kdherh laink gS]

vewY; lalk/ku gSA f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djrs gq, jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr esa gh

fuEu ckrksa dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA gekjs jk"Vªh; ifjizs{; esa ^lcds fy, f'k{kk*

gekjs HkkSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl dh cqfu;knh vko';drk gSA f'k{kk

1- xouZesaV vkWQ bafM;k 'ksM~;wy dkLV vkWMZj] 1936 fczfV'k xouZesaV] bafM;k 2- xouZesaV vkWQ bafM;k] us'kuy ikWfylh vku ,tqds'ku] 1986 fefuLVjh vkWQ ,p-vkj-Mh- ubZ

fnYyh

115

lqlaLÑr cukus dk ek/;e gSA ;g gekjh laosnu'khyrk vkSj n`f"V dks iz[kj

djrh gS] ftlls jk"Vªh; ,drk iuirh gS] oSKkfud rjhds ds vey dh laHkkouk

c<+rh gS vkSj fpUru ls Lora=rk vkrh gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk gh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds

fofHkUu Lrjksa ds fy, t:jr ds vuqlkj tu'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gSA dqy

feykdj ;g dguk gksxk fd f'k{kk orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; ds fuekZ.k dk vuqie

lk/ku gSA

,d cqfu;knh balkuh t:jr gksus ds vykok f'k{kk vkSj [+kkldj

O;kolkf;d] rduhdh vkSj o`fÙkd f'k{kk jkstxkj ikus ds fy, Hkh vko';d ekuh

tkrh gSA ekuoiw¡th ds fl)kUr1 ds vuqlkj ^f'k{kk miHkksx oLrq ugha*] izfrQy

nsus okyh fuos'k gSA fdlh O;olk; ;k Å¡ps O;olk; esa yxus dk eryc fofHkUu

Lrjksa okyh lkekftd fLFkfr ikuk gSA bl rjg f'k{kk lkekftd xfr'khyrk vkSj

ml gn rd lerk dh LFkkiuk dk lk/ku cu tkrh gSA

'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk ds lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk ls lerkdkjh cuus dh

vk'kk dh tkrh gSA 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk dk eryc gS fd O;fDr;ksa dks

f'k{kk ,d leku lqyHk gSA vkSj O;ogkfjd <ax ls dgsa rks fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks

fdlh izdkj ;k Lrj fo'ks"k dh f'k{kk ls oafpr ugha j[kk tkrk vkSj ek= vius

futh fo'ks"k.kksa ;k tUetkr igpkuksa ds dkj.k og 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa ck/kk

eglwl ugha djrkA 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk lerkoknh fopkj/kkjk ds mís';ksa

esa ls ,d gSA fQj Hkh 'kSf{kd voljksa dh vlekurk iwjh nqfu;k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

vkSj blls fuiVus ds fy, tksjnkj dksf'k'ksa tkjh gSaA2

f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ esa dgk x;k gS& ^lekurk ds mís'; dks lkdkj cukus

ds fy, lHkh dks f'k{kk dk leku volj miyC/k djokuk gh i;kZIr ugha gksxk]

,slh O;oLFkk gksuk Hkh t:jh gS ftlesa lHkh dks f'k{kk esa lQyrk izkIr djus ds

1- djfcy vkSj gkYlh 1977] fryd 1994 2- ,sdjk tSdc ¼1996½- ^'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk Hkkjr esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dk n`"Vkar*]

ifjizs{;] vad* 2

116

leku volj feysA--- okLro esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk mís'; gS fd lkekftd

ekgkSy vkSj tUe ds la;ksx ls mRiUu iwokZxzg vkSj dqaBk,a nwj gksaA*1

nzst o lsu2 ¼2003½35 ds vuqlkj f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu gsrq mRizsjd

dh rjg dke djrh gS vkSj muds vuqlkj bl rF; dh iqf"V Hkkjr ds fofHkUu

jkT;ksa esa fodkl vUrj ls gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, dsjy dk ,sfrgkfld

vuqHko lkekftd ifjorZu rFkk f'k{kk esa izxfr ds f}eq[kh lEcU/k dks lkeus ykrk

gSA f'k{kk esa izlkj us ijEijkxr tkfrxr] oxhZ; rFkk ySafxd vlekurkvksa dks

de djus esa enn dh gS] rks ogha nwljh vksj bu vlekurkvksa ds nwj gksus ls

f'k{kk dks c<+kok feyk gSA

19oha 'krkCnh esa gh dsjy us f'k{kk;h jkLrk viuk;k rFkk ,d le; ckn

lkekftd {ks= esa ;s miyfC/k;k¡ ikbZA tcfd nwljh vksj mu mÙkj Hkkjrh; izns'kksa]

tks fd f'k{kk;h {ks= esa fiNM+s gq, gSa] us ijaijkxr vlekurkvksa] fo'ks"kr;k tkfr

o fyax ds lanHkZ esa] mUewyu esa dksbZ [kkl izxfr ugha dh gSA3

Hkkjrh; lekt esa O;kIr tkfrxr laLdj.k us 'kSf{kd voljksa dh

miyC/krk dks vius gh <ax ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA fczfV'k dky esa ^v/kkseq[kh

fuLianu ds fl)kUr* us vfHktkr oxZ dks vaxszth ek/;e ls f'kf{kr djus ij tksj

fn;k rFkk turk dh f'k{kk dh mis{kk dhA ifj.kker% xjhc o fupys oxZ f'k{kk

ls oafpr jgsA vkSj bl izdkj f'k{kk dks mPp tkfr;ksa dk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj Bgjkus

okyh ijaijkxr tkfr] izFkk vkSj vfHktkr oxZ dks f'k{kk nsus dh fczfV'k uhfr us

,d nwljs dks cy igq¡pkrs gq, Hkkjr esa ,d vR;f/kd vleku f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks

tUe fn;kA vkSj blds ifj.kke Lo:i ^,slh vusd vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ gSa ftuesa

1- xouZesaV vkWQ bafM;k] us'kuy ikWfylh vku ,tqds'ku] 1986 fefuLVjh vkWQ ,p-vkj-Mh- ubZ

fnYyh 2- fMªt] ts- ,oa lsu] ,- ¼2003½% ^csfld ,tqds'ku ,t , ikWfyVhdy b';w* fryd] ch-th- ¼la½

,tqds'ku lkslk;Vh ,aM MoyiesaV] uhik ls mn~/k`r 3- f'k{kk] lkekftd xfr'khyrk ,oa nfyr % varlZEcU/kksa dh iM+rky] ifjizs{;] o"kZ 15] vad 1]

vizSy 2008] i`0 19

117

lk{kjrk nj 'kwU; gSa*1 tSls dFkuksa ds ihNs Nqis lkekftd laca/kksa o vleku

voljksa dh iksy [kqyrh gSA

f'k{kk O;fDr dks] ,d fof'k"V thou i)fr dks thus ds fy, rS;kj djus

dk midj.k gSA ;g izR;sd lkekftd Lrj ds vuq:i ^lkekftd O;fDr* dh

ek¡x dks cuk, j[kus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA bl izdkj dk ^foHksnh; dk;Z*] ^fLFkj

ra=* okys LrjhÑr lekt esa T;knk lqLi"V ns[ks tk ldrk gS tcfd

^p;ukRed&dk;Z* vis{kkÑr [kqys lekt esa T;knk egRo ikrs gSaA2

dbZ v/;;u bl ckr dks izekf.kr djrs gSa fd vkSipkfjd f'k{kk]

lkekftd xfr'khyrk] lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr ifjorZu] O;kolkf;d xfr'khyrk

vkfn esa egRoiw.kZ :i ls Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ,d rjQ ;g O;kolkf;d

xfr'khyrk ls izR;{k :i ls ,oe~ vkfFkZd Lrj ds vxzxkeh lq/kkjksa ls lacaf/kr gS

ogha nwljh rjQ ;g lkekftd Lohdk;Zrk] gSfl;r] izfr"Bk vkfn ds fy,

egRoiw.kZ ^?kVd* dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA3

uhylu4 ¼1975½ f'k{kk vkSj lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds vius v/;;u esa

f'k{kk] xfr'khyrk vkSj lkekftd lekurk dks ,d o`gn lkekftd lajpukRed

fo'ys"k.k esa ns[kus dh vko';drk ij tksj nsrs gSaA mudk ekuuk gS fd

vkS|ksfxd lektksa esa fLFkfr lkis{k vofLFkfr vkSj lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds fy,

f'k{kk ,d iwoZ vko';d 'krZ gSA

nqcs5 ¼1994½ ds vuqlkj f'k{kk xfr'khyrk dks c<+kok nsus okyh rFkk

lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d vkStkj gSA blh ckr dks vf/kd of.kZr djrs gq,

1- vxzoky] ;'k ¼1994½- vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa lk{kjrk dh izo`fÙk;k¡] ifjizs{; o"kZ 1] vad 2- 2- jko] ,e-,l-,- ¼1975½- ^,tqds'ku] lks'ky LVªsVhfQds'ku ,aM ekWfcfyVh]*,e-,l- xksjs ,oa

vU; ¼,M-½ isilZ bu lksf'k;ksykWth vkQ ,tqds'ku bu bafM;k] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyh] 127&146 esa m)`r

3- oku[ksM+s] th-th- ¼1999½] lks'ky ekfcfyVh ,aM flM~;wy dkLV% fjflfMax gkWfjtu*] jkor ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 117

4- uhylu] ts-ih- ¼1975½- ^,tqds'ku ,aM lks'ky ekfcfyVh* ¼, VsDLV fon fjQjsal Vw 'ksM;wy dkLV~l½] n;k ifCyf'kax gkml] fnYyhA

5- nqcs] ';kekpj.k ¼1994½] ^f'k{kk] lekt vkSj Hkfo";*] jk/kÑ".k izdk'ku] fnYyhA

118

Jhfuokl1 ¼1967½ dgrs gaS fd fuEu tkfr;ksa us ;g Hkyh&Hkkafr eglwl dj fy;k

gS fd f'k{kk ds }kjk os vko';d 'kfDr izkIr dj ysaxs] vkSj bl 'kfDr }kjk os

^mPp* oxZ ds izrhdksa dks vklkuh o csgrj <ax ls viuk ik,axsA lkFk gh jko2

¼1968½ Hkh ekurs gSa fd vk/kqfud f'k{kk us Hkkjrh; lekt esa O;olk;ksa ds tkrh;

vk/kkj dks cnyus rFkk iznÙk laLdj.k dks miyfC/k&vk/kkfjr Js.kh;u rFkk

cnyko esa f'k{kk us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

ikaMs3 ¼1988½ ds vuqlkj f'k{kk] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh lkekftd&fLFkfr]

O;kolkf;d lajpuk] thou&'kSyh] vknrksa o rkSj&rjhdksa ds lanHkZ esa xfr'khyrk

esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA vk/kqfud f'k{kk }kjk vUrihZ<+h xfr'khyrk dh nj

esa ,dne rsth vkbZ gSA

jke4 ¼1988½ ds fu"d"kZ crkrs gS fd D;ksa cgqla[; nfyr tkfr;ksa dh igq¡p

bu voljksa rd ugha cu ikrh gSaA buesa eq[;r% os uhfr;ksa o izko/kkuksa dks <ax ls

ykxw u djuk] nfyrksa esa f'k{kk dh deh] tkx:drk dh deh] izksRlkgu dh deh

bR;kfn dks ekurs gSaA lkFk gh os bl ckr ij Hkh tksj nsrs gSa fd dqN tkfr;ksa ds

dqN lnL;ksa us ljdkjh izko/kkuksa dks mi;ksx esa ykdj eglwl fd;k gS fd f'k{kk

mi;ksxh gS rFkk os vius ifjokj dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks csgrj cukus

ds fy, vius cPpksa dks Ldwy Hkst jgs gSaA

f'k{kk Kku dk vewY; vL= gS ,oa vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr ek/;e gS] ftlls

lH;rk,a curh gSa] laLd`fr;ka ijoku p<+rh gSa ,oa bfrgkl fy[ks tkrs gSaA mPp

f'k{kk ls leqnk; ,oa jk"Vª'kfDr lEiUu vkSj yksdra= etcwr gksrk gS ftlls

1- Jhfuokl] ,e-,u- ¼1967½] vk/qfud Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu] jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyhA 2- jko] MCY;w-,l- ¼1968½] êkfcfyVh bu ukbufVaFk lsapqjh dkLV flLVe*] feYVu flaxj ,aM

ch- ,l- dksu ¼,M-½ LVªDpj ,aM psat bu bafM;u lkslk;Vh] f'kdkxks] ,Mykbu ls m)`rA 3- ikaMs;] ih-,u- ¼1988½- ^,tqds'ku ,aM lks'ky ekfcfyVh ¼, VsDLV fon fjQ~jsal Vw 'ksM~;wy

dkLV~l½] n;k ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyhA 4- jke] ,u- ¼1998½- ^n eksckby 'ksM;wy dkLV~l% jkbt vkWQ , U;w feM~y Dykl* fganqbTe

idkiksZjs'ku] fnYyh

119

ekuoh; iwath ij vk/kkfjr fodkl xfreku gksrk gS rFkk blls 'kfDr] ln~Hko vkSj

lkekftd U;k; dks cy feyrk gSA1

vk/kqfud vkSj if'peh lH;rk ds ifjp; ds lkFk gh orZeku f'k{kk ds

vFkZLo:i] n`f"Vdks.k ,oa fo"k;&oLrqvksa esa egRoiw.kZ ,oa vko';d cnyko gq, gSaA

thou ds vk/kqfud oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k vkSj lekurk dh vo/kkj.kk us jk"Vªh;

vkanksyu ,oa lkekftd iqufuZekZ.k dh Hkkouk ds fy, ekxZn'kZd dh Hkwfedk

fuHkkbZA2

tsEl flYojcxZ3 ¼1968½ ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; Ñ"kd leqnk; esa T;knkrj

lkekftd vU;ksU;fØ;k] dsoy vkSj eq[;r% vUr%tkrh; O;ogkj ugha gSA ;|fi

iwoZ fczfV'k dkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt izk;% fLFkj gh Fkk] fQj Hkh ;g LFkkuh;

inkuqØe esa O;fDrxr tkfr dh mPp vkSj fuEu xfr'khyrk dks ckf/kr ugha

djrk FkkA blh izdkj nwljk n`f"Vdks.k] tks fd xfr'khyrk ds nks izeq[k rjhdksa

dks n'kkZrk gS ftuesa igyk] jktuSfrd ra= dh /kkjk&izokfgdrk fo'ks"k :i ls

fuEu Lrj rFkk nwljk LFkkuh; tuakfddh; fLFkfr ds dkj.ko'k vfrfjDr Ñf"k

Hkwfe dh miyC/krk ftlesa [ksrh dh tk ldrh Fkh] ij vk/kkfjr gSA4

e/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa lkekftd xfr'khyrk LFkkfud xfr'khyrk ds :i esa

Fkh vkSj xfr'khyrk dh bdkbZ îfjokj* FkkA ^dkWjiksjsV xfr'khyrk* dh

vko';drk rFkk lqfo/kk,¡] nksuksa gh vfLrRo esa ugha FkhA cVZu LVhu5 ¼1976½49 ds

vuqlkj lk{;ksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd lkekftd xfr'khyrk Hkkjr esa ,d ubZ

iz?kVuk ugha gSA mUgksaus ^'kwnz JhoS".ko* oxZ }kjk /kkfeZd Hkwfedk ds vk/kkj ij

15oha lnh esa lkekftd xfr'khyrk izkIr djus dks js[kkafdr fd;kA blh ckr dk 1- xSV~l le>kSrk vkSj Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk] gjs'k ik.Ms;*] ifjizs{;] o"kZ 15] vad 1] vizSy

2008] i`0 41 2- ckcZj] ch- ¼1957½ ^lks'ky LVªsVhfQds'ku*] jkcVZ ds- esVZu ¼,M-½ ^, dEizhgsaflo ,ukfyfll

vkQ LVªDpj ,aM ,tqds'ku] gkjkWVZ] U;w;kdZ] i`- 342 3- flYojoxZ] tsEl ¼,M-½ ¼1968½ ^lks'ky ekfcfyVh bu dkLV flLVe*] n gsx] i`- 13&17 4- Jhfuokl] ,e-,u- ¼1968½ êkfcfyVh bu dkLV flLVe bu flaxj*] ,e ,aM ch-,l- dksu

¼,M-½ LVªDpj ,aM psatst bu bafM;u lkslk;Vh] ,Mykbu ifCyds'ku] i`- 189&200 5- LVhu] ch- ¼1976½ ^lks'ky ekfcfyVh ,aM esfM,oy lkmFk bafM;u fganw lsDV~l*] lkmFk

bafM;k esa izdkf'kr fuca/k] fodkl ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 78&94

120

leFkZu jko ;g dgrs gq, djrs gSa fd ^^fczfV'k&iwoZ Hkkjr rFkk vaxzsth 'kklu ds

nkSjku dqN tkfr;k¡ lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds dkj.k mPp izfLFkfr rd igq¡phA**1

16oha rFkk 17oha 'krkCnh esa eqxy lkezkT; ds rgr lSU; lsok] njckjh] f'kYidyk

lsok vkSj u, mHkjrs vkSj QSyrs 'kgjksa ds e/;eoxZ dh Hkwfedk ds }kjk lkekftd

xfr'khyrk esa rsth ns[kh xbZ FkhA2

xkSjryc gS fd Hkkjr esa LFkkuh;rk] Ñf"k vkSj mlls lacaf/kr vU; dk;ks± esa

lkewfgd tkfr oxZ ds egRo ds pyrs gksus okyh lkekftd xfr'khyrk oLrqr%

oxZ xfr'khyrk gh FkhA3 bl dFku dh iqf"V cSys4 ¼1957½ }kjk mM+hlk ds xk¡o

chlhikjk esa fd, v/;;u esa Hkh gksrh gSA blh rjg ckjcj5] ijEijkxr Hkkjr esa

lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds fy, dqN vkarfjd izkÑfrd dkjdksa tSls vPNh Ñf"k ;k

vdky dks ftEesnkj ekurs gSA

gkjij6 us lu~ 1878 ds vdky dk ifj.kke eSlwj jkT; ds eykM+ Hkkx esa

^vLi`';ksa* dh ,d tkfr dks nklrk ls] djkjukesa }kjk eqDr etnwj ra= dk

fgLlk cuus ds :i esa fn[kk;k gSA

cSys7 us] fczfV'k Hkkjr esa lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjHkwr

dkjdksa dks mÙkjnk;h crk;k] ftuesa 19oha lnh dk Hkwfe losZ{k.k rFkk Hkwfe

cankscLr O;oLFkk dk;Z] lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ds fy, ,d jktuSfrd 'kfDr dk mn;]

iz'kklfud Lo:iksa tSls lSU; O;oLFkk bR;kfn dk lcds fy, [kqyk gksuk]

1- jko] ,e-,l-,- ¼1975½ ^,tqds'ku] lks'ky LVªsVhQhds'ku ,aM ekfcfyVh* ,e-,l- xksj ,aM

vnlZ ¼la-½ isilZ vkQ lksf'k;ksykWth vkWQ ,tqds'ku bu bafM;k] ,u-lh-b-vkj-Vh- ubZ fnYyh] i`- 127&146

2- flaMj] fy;ksu ¼1968½ ^n baLVsfcfyVh vkWQ vcZu ,aM :jy dkLV~l bu uknZuZ bafM;k vaMj n baiSDV vkWQ eksgEeMfuT+e* ts- flYojcxZ i`- 28 ls m)`rA

3- esfjV] 1955 4- cSys] ,Q-th- ¼1957½ ^dkLV ,aM bdksukWfed QzaVh;j% , foyst gkbZySaM mM+hlk]* oku[ksM+s

¼1999½ i`- 18&19 ls m)`rA 5- ckcZj] ch-] lks'ky ekfcfyVh bu fganw bafM;k* ts- flYojcxZ i`- 18&35 ls m)`rA 6- gkiZj] bZ-ch-] ^lks'ky dUlsDosalst vkWQ ,u vulDlslQqy yks dkLV ewoesaV* ts- flYojcxZ]

1968- i`- 36&65 ls m)`rA 7- cSys] ,Q-th- ¼1957½ ls m)`rA

121

Hkwfe&canh O;oLFkk ds dkj.k u;s vkfFkZd voljksa dk l`tu] Hkwfe Ø; laca/kh

vf/kdkj rFkk fe'kufj;ksa dh Hkwfedk izeq[k gSA

xfr'khyrk dk ,d cgqr egRoiw.kZ vk/kqfud vk;ke] ^vkfFkZd vk;ke* gSA

;g O;fDr] rFkk mlds lacaf/k;ksa ds O;kolkf;d Hkwfedk dks Hkw&LokfeRo rFkk

lapkyu] dk'rdkj ;k Ñf"kdk;ks± ds lanHkZ esa fufnZ"V djrk gSA fdlh xk¡o fo'ks"k

esa ikbZ tkus okyh ^îzHkq tkfr** dh fLFkfr lkekftd inkuqØe esa xk¡o dh vU;

tkfr;ksa ls uhph gks ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ^jke[ksM+h* xk¡o esa jktiwr tkfr]

czkãk.k tkfr ls vf/kd izHkqRo j[krh gSA1

izR;sd xzke esa] dksbZ u dksbZ ,d ^tkfr* viuh vkfFkZd ;k Hkw&LokfeRo

mRÑ"Vrk ds dkj.k ls îzHkq&tkfr* ds :i esa igpku cuk;sa j[krh gSA vk/kqfud

Hkkjr esa lkekftd xfr'khyrk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ xq.k ftlesa viuh tkfr ds

lQy O;fDr;ksa }kjk Lo;a dh tkfr ds vU; yksxksa ds vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd

fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus ds fy, yxkrkj dk;Z djuk gSA2

dqekj ,oa ghFk3 ¼2000½ Hkkjr esa lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds izfr:i dks

fo'ysf"kr djrs gSa ftlesa os ljdkj }kjk fd, x, iz;klksa dk lkekftd

xfr'khyrk ij izHkko rFkk tkfr o O;olk; ds laca/kksa dks o`gn Lrj ij ns[krs

gq, ;g tkuus dk iz;kl djrs gSa fd D;k dksbZ cnyko gqvk gS] vkSj D;k Hkkjrh;

lekt T;knk yphyk o xfr'khy cuk gS\ os ikrs gSa fd voljksa esa o`f) gqbZ gS

fdUrq firk o iq= ds O;olk; laca/k ;k oxZ o O;olk; laca/k dks lh/ks&lh/ks

izHkkfor@detksj djus gsrq dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha cuh gSA xjhc oxZ rFkk nfyr

oxks± esa 'kkjhfjd Je ls oSrfud dk;ks± dh vksj xfr'khyrk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA

dqy feykdj <k¡pkxr rLohj T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh gqbZ gSA lajpukRed ifjorZu ugha

gqvk gSA 1- es;j] ,-lh- ¼1956½ ^le fgjkjfd;y ,LisDV~l vkWQ dkLV* lkmFk&bZLV tuZy vkWQ

,UFkzksiksykWth] ok- XII i`- 111&44 2- ckcZj] cukZM i`- 21 ls m)`r 3- dqekj] ,l-] ghFk- ,- ,aM ghFk vks-] ¼2002½- ^psftax iSVuZ vkWQ lks'ky ekfcfyVh% le VªsaM~l

vksoj Vkbe* b-ih-MCY;w vDVwcj 5-

rrh; v/;k;

vuqla/kku izjpuk ,oa fof/krU=

122

r`rh; v/;k;

vuqla/kku izjpuk ,oa fof/krU=

ftl izdkj fo/kkrk dh loksZRre l`f"V es/kkoh ekuo gS] mlh izdkj ekuo

dh loksZRre l`f"V ekuo&lekt o mldh fofp= ?kVuk,a gaSA ;g ekuo cqf)thoh

gS] ftKklk ls Hkjiwj Kku fiiklq gSA blhfy, ;g lp gh dgk x;k gS fd ekuo

îzÑfr* dk lcls vk'p;Ztud Hkkx gSA ;g cqf)thoh] Kkufiiklq ekuo dsoy

izÑfr dk gh ugha] lo;a viuk Hkh v/;;u djrk gSA vkdk'k /kjrh] isM+&ikS/ks]

i'kq&i{kh unh vkSj leqnz dk v/;;u mlds lEeq[k vusd vk'p;Ztud vuqHkoksa

dks mifLFkr djrk gS vkSj mlds Kku&foKku ds Hk.Mkj dks Hkjrk jgrk gS ijUrq

Lo;a viuk] vius lekt dk] vius O;ogkjksa dk ;k fQj lkekftd ?kVukvksa dk

v/;;u ekuo ds fy, vkSj Hkh jkspd] vR;Ur vk'p;Ztud vuqHkoksa ls Hkjiwj

vkSj vusd vuks[ksiu ls le`) gksrk gSA ij ;g v/;;u euekus <ax ls ugha

vfirq fujh{k.k ijh{k.k o iz;ksx ij vk/kkfjr oSKkfud i)fr ds }kjk fd;s tkus

ij gh lR; dks <w<+k tk ldrk gSA lkekftd ?kVukvksa ds lEcU/k esa lR; dh

[kkst gh lkekftd 'kks/k gSA

ekslj us ^^lkekftd ?kVukvksa o leL;kvksa ds lEcU/k esa uohu Kku dh

izkfIr ds fy, fd;s x;s O;ofLFkr vuqlU/kku** dks lkekftd 'kks/k dgk gSA ogha

oksxkMZ~l ^^,d lkFk jgus okys yksxksa ds thou esa fØ;k'khy vUrZfufgr izfØ;kvksa

dk vuqlU/kku** dks lkekftd 'kks/k ekurs gSa tcfd fg~Vus dk dFku gS fd

^^lekt'kkL=h; 'kks/k esa ekuo&lewg ds lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u gksrk gSA**

vr% Li"V gS fd vuqla/kku dh izjpuk ,d ,slh ;kstuk gS ftlds vUrxZr

igys ls gh leL;k ds izfriknu ls ysdj vuqla/kku izfrosnu ds vfUre pj.k

rd ds fo"k; esa HkyhHkk¡fr lksp&le>dj rFkk lHkh miyC/k fodYiksa ij /;ku

nsdj bl izdkj fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs gaS fd U;wure le;] iz;klksa ,oa ykxr ds O;;

ls vuqla/kku ds mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ vf/kdre izHkkoiw.kZ <ax ds lkFk dh tk ldsA

123

,sdkWQ1 us izjpuk dk vFkZ le>krs gq;s fy[kk gS fd ^^fu.kZ; fØ;kfUor

djus dh fLFkfr vkus ls iwoZ gh fu.kZ; fu/kkZfjr djus dh izfØ;k dks izjpuk

dgrs gSaA** ckylu] ch0 vkSj vU; us ^^vuqla/kku izjpuk dks v/;;u dh rkfdZd

;ks/ku uhfr ;k nk¡o isp ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS**] tcfd vYÝsM ts0 dsgu

us ^^vuqla/kku izjpuk dk lEcU/k ;kstuk ls LFkkfir fd;k gS] ftldk fodkl

iz'u dk mRrj nsus] fLFkfr dks crykus ;k midYiuk dk ijh{k.k djus gSA** bl

n`f"Vdks.k ls] mn~ns'; dh izkfIr ds iwoZ gh mn~ns'; dk fu/kkZj.k djds 'kks/kdk;Z

dh tks :ijs[kk cuk yh tkrh gS] mls 'kks/k izjpuk dgrs gSaA tc ;g 'kks/k dk;Z

fdlh lkekftd ?kVuk ls lEc) gksrk gS rks og lkekftd 'kks/k dh izjpuk

dgykrh gSA

izR;sd vuqla/kku dk;Z esa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd fuf'pr o lqO;ofLFkr

v/;;u iz.kkfy;ksa dks viuk;k tkrk gS bUgha dks fof/krU= ;k i)fr'kkL= dgrs

gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa i)fr'kkL= og iz.kkyh gS ftlds vUrxZr v/;;u dk;Z dk

laxBu] rF;ksa dh foospuk rFkk fu"d"kksZa dk izfriknu fd;k tkrk gSA bu

i)fr;ksa esa rkfdZd] ,sfrgkfld o oSKkfud i)fr;ka izeq[k :Ik ls mYys[kuh; gaSA

'kks/k leL;k &









1- ,dkWQ] vkj0,y0] fn fMtkbu vkWQ lks'ky fjlpZ] fn ;wuhoflZVh vkWQ f'kdkxks izsl] f'kdkxks] 1953

124

;fn f'k{kk vPNh gks] rks fdlh izdkj dk lq/kkj lekt esa lEHko gks ldrk

gSA orZeku 'kSf{kd lektksa esa f'k{kk] fo'ks"kdj mPp f'k{kk lekt ds lkekftd o

vkfFkZd lajpuk dk ewy vk/kkj gS] D;ksafd f'k{kk gh O;fDr ds in ,oa fLFkfr dks

fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA dsoy Kku ds fy;s gh ugha] cfYd lekt esa lkekftd o

vkfFkZd izxfr ds fy, Hkh f'k{kk vfuok;Z gSA







Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa us vuqlwfpr tkfr dks vukSipkfjd

Je cktkjksa us vo'kksf"kr dj fn;k gS vkSj ftlds dkj.k og lelkef;d vkfFkZd

'kks"k.k izfØ;kvksa ds vlekuqikrh cqjs izHkkoksa dks >sy jgs gSaA /kzqoh; oxZ jpuk ds

ry eas LFkku ikdj] og Hk;adj xjhch] foLFkkiu vkSj thfodk dh [kkst esa tcju

iz;kl dh fLFkfr esa jg jgs gSaA bl rjg ds cnyrs oxZ lacaèkksa dk vFkZ gS] ,d

,slh /kq¡èkyh oxZ okLrfodrk ftlesa f'k{kk ds fy, cgqr FkksM+h izsj.kk gSA HksnHkko

vkSj vyxko ds ,sls lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd O;ogkj] ftudh tM+sa tkfr] oxZ] fyax

vkSj jk"Vªoknh gSa] vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vfLrRo dks yxkrkj ifjHkkf"kr dj jgs gSaA

f'k{kk dks udkjus esa] tkfr oxZ lacaèkksa vkSj lkaLÑfrd neu Js.khc) ewY;ksa dh

vfr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA






125




vkSj lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd 'kks"k.k ls mudh j{kk djsxkA lkE;rk ds lkFk

lqyHkrk esa o`f) djus ds mís'; ls] vuqPNsn 15 esa ,d u;k [k.M ¼5½ tksM+dj

lafoèkku la'kksfèkr djus dh gky gh dh igy dk mís';] 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa

nkf[kys ds ekeys esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxksZa vkSj vuqlwfpr

tkfr;ksa o vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh 'kSf{kd izxfr dh O;oLFkk djuk gSA blls]

detksj oxksZa ls lacafèkr Nk=ksa dks lHkh f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh lqyHkrk dk ykHk

gksxkA













;|fi f'k{kk ds lHkh Lrj ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl ds egRoiw.kZ vo;o gS

ijUrq ;g mPp f'k{kk gh gS tks ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds tfj;s tu&lk/kkj.k ds

thou dh xq.koRrk esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA ns'k esa c<+rh tula[;k vkSj mPp f'k{kk

dh ekax dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk ds la[;kRed izlkj ij fo'ks"k /;ku

fn;k x;kA vaxzsth 'kkludky esa mPp f'k{kk izeq[kr% lekt ds mPp oxZ rd gh

126

lhfer jgh vkSj bl dkj.k ;g mPp&lEiUu oxZ Øe'k% vaxzsth laL—fr dk

iks"kd gksrk pyk x;kA bl izo`fRr ds dkj.k fo'ofo|ky; dh dk;Z&i)fr vkxs

Hkh izk;% iwoZor~ cuh jghA Qyr% leLr 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk esa fo'ofo|ky; fLFkj

vifjofrZr vkSj vxzxfr'khy laLFkkvksa ds :i esa dk;Zjr jgsA lk/ku lEiUu gksus

ds dkj.k lekt dk mPp oxZ rks f'k{kkoku gksrk x;k ij lekt dk ,d

fuEuoxZ mDr lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr gh jgkA ifj.kker% ;s mPp f'k{kk laLFkku

lekt ds fy, rks cus jgs] ij mlds fy, mi;ksxh ugha cu ik;sA












dh c<+rh v#fp dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA

bu cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vuqlwfpr tkfr

dh 'kSf{kd izxfr esa ljdkjh vkSj futh {ks= dh Hkwfedk vkSj mPp f'k{kk ds {ks=

esa leL;kvksa dk rF;ijd fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u dh furkUr vko';drk gSA

bUgha rF;ksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, 'kks/kkFkhZ us vius 'kks/k v/;;u dk 'kh"kZd

^^vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj f'k{kk** y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; vkSj mlls lEc)

egkfo|ky; dk ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u pquk vkSj orZeku esa vuqlwfpr tkfr


127



ifjdYiuk &

fdlh Hkh 'kks/kdk;Z dks lQyrkiwoZd lEikfnr djus ds fy, dqN

ifjdYiukvksa dk fuekZ.k djuk vko';d gksrk gSA vuqla/kkudrkZ vuqla/kku vkSj

losZ{k.k dh leL;k ds pquko ds ckn leL;k ds ckjs esa dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/kksa dk

iwokZuqeku yxk ysrk gS ;k iwoZ fpUru dj ysrk gSA ;g iwoZ fpUru ;k iqokZuqeku

gh izkDdYiuk] ifjdYiuk o midYiuk dgykrh gSA

xqMs ,oa gkV1 us ^îzkDdYiuk dks vuqla/kku vkSj fl)kUr ds chp dh ,d

,slh vko';d dM+h ekuk gS tks Kku o`f) dh [kkst esa lgk;d gksrh gSA** os

^îzkDdYiuk dks ,d ,slh ekU;rk crkrs gaS ftldh lR;rk fl) djus ds fy;s

mldk ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA**2 izkDdYiuk;sa fl)kUr ds {ks=ksa esa ik;s tkus

okys ,sls dFkuksa dks dgrs gSa ftUgsa ijh{k.k dh dlkSVh ij dlk tk ldrk gSA

,d izkDdYiuk nks ;k nks ls vf/kd pjksa ds e/; ik;s tkus okys lEcU/kksa dk

vuqHkokRed :Ik ls ijh{k.k djus ;ksX; dFku gSA dSj fyaxj us midYiuk dh

ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, dgk gS fd izkdYiuk vuqeku ls dgk x;k dFku gS] tks nks ;k

nks ls vf/kd pjksa ds chp ds lEcU/kksa dk crkrk gSA

yq.McxZ3 ifjdYiuk dks ,d dke pykÅ lkekU;hdj.k ekurs gaS] ftldh

lR;rk dh ijh{kk vHkh ckdh gSA ogha ih0oh0 ;ax4 ds vuqlkj ^^,d dk;Zokgd

fopkj tks mi;ksxh [kkst dk vk/kkj curk gS] dk;Zokgd izkDdYiuk ekuk tkrk

gSA **cksxkM~Zl5 ^îfjdyiuk dks ,d izkLFkkiuk ekurs gSa ftldk ijh{k.k fd;k

1- xqMs ,.M gkWV] ih0ds0] eSFkM bu lks'ky fjlpZ] eSdxzkfgy cqd da0] U;w;kdZ] 1952 2- xqMs ,.M gkWV] ih0ds0] eSFkM bu lks'ky fjlpZ 3- yq.McxZ] tktZ ,0] lks'ky fjlpZ] ykWxeSu xzhu ,.M da0] U;w;kdZ] 1951 4- ;ax] ih0oh0] lkbafVfQd lks'ky losZ ,.M fjlpZ] ,f'k;k ifCyf'kax gkml] ckEcs]

1960&61 5- cksxkMZ~l] bZ0,l0] lksf'kykWth] eSdxzkfgy cqd da0] U;w;kdZ] 1953

128

tkuk ckdh gSA** fFk;ksMksjlu us midYiuk dks ^^dqN rF;ksa ds chp lEcU/k esa nkos

ds lkFk fd;k gqvk ,d iz;ksxkFkZ dFku** dgk gSA ogha CySd vkSj pSfEi;u dk

ekuuk gS fd midYiuk ^^fdlh oLrq ds fo"k; esa og iz;ksxkFkhZ dFku gS ftldh

oS/krk vkerkSj ij vKkr gksA**

bl izdkj mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd izkDdYiuk ,d ,slk iwoZ

fopkj] fu"d"kZ] dFku] lkekU;hdj.k] vewrhZdj.k] vuqeku ;k izLFkkiuk gS] ftls

vuqla/kkudrkZ viuh 'kks/k leL;k gsrq fufeZr djrk gS vkSj mldh lR;rk dh

tk¡p djus ds fy;s vko';d lwpukvksa dk ladyu djrk gSA ,d ifjdYiuk

fofHkUu pjksa ds chp lEcU/kksa dks LFkkfir djrh gSA ;g lkekftd vuqla/kkuksa vkSj

[kkst dks vk/kkj iznku djrh gS] uohu Kku izkfIr dh izsj.kk iznku djrh gSA

ifjdYiuk cks/k esa o`f) ds mn~ns'; dh izkfIr ds fy;s rF;ksa ,oa vuqHkoksa ds ijs

iz{ksi.k djus okys okLrfod ,oa vo/kkj.kkRed rRoksa rFkk muds ikjLifjd

lEcU/kksa ds fo"k; esa ,d iwoZ dYiuk gSA ifjdYiuk dHkh Hkh fujk/kkj ugha gksrh

gSA ,d ifjdYiuk ds vUrxZr nks fo'ks"krk;sa] pjksa ds e/; lEcU/kksa dk izfriknu

rFkk dfFkr lEcU/k ds ijh{k.k gsrq Li"V :i ls ik;h tkrh gaSA

fo'ks"kh—r :Ik ls izLrqr v/;;u dh izeq[k ifjdYiuk;sa bl izdkj Fkha&

1- mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr vuqlwfpr tkfr dh leL;kvksa dks le>us esa

ukdke gSA

2- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds lkFk mPp f'k{kk esa HksnHkko

gksrk gSA

3- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekrk&firk vf'kf{kr ;k vYi

f'kf{kr gSaA

4- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl f'k{kk&v/;;u ds fy,

vuqdwy okrkoj.k dk vHkko jgrk gSA

5- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ljdkj }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr

dh mPp f'k{kk ds fodkl ,oa izksRlkgu gsrq pykbZ tk jgh ;kstukvksa dh

iw.kZ tkudkjh ugha gSA

129

'kks/k v/;;u ds mn~ns';

fdlh Hkh 'kks/k v/;;u ds mn~ns';ksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk

ldrk gS] izFke lS)kfUrd vFkok Kku lEcU/kh mn~ns'; vkSj f}rh; O;kogkfjd

vFkok iz;ksxoknh mn~ns';A dsoy lkekftd 'kks/k gh ugh oju~ lHkh izdkj ds

'kks/k ewy :Ik ls Kku dh o`f) ds lk/ku gksrs gSaA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls lkekftd

'kks/k dk lS)kfUrd mn~ns'; lkekftd thou dh ?kVukvksa rF;ksa o leL;kvksa ds

fo"k; esa Kku izkIr djuk gSA dsoy u;s rF;ksa ds fo"k; esa gh ugha oju~ iqjkus

rF;ksa ds fo"k; esa Hkh Kku izkIr djuk lkekftd 'kks/k dk lS)kfUrd mn~ns'; gSA

uohu rF;ksa ds fo"k; esa vuqla/kku dj rFkk iqjkus rF;ksa dh iqu% ijh{kk dj

lkekftd ?kVukvksa ds lEcU/k esa gekjs Kku dks xfr'khy] izxfr'khy cuk, j[kuk

lkekftd 'kks/k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ mn~ns'; gS] lkFk esa mu izdk;kZRed lEcU/kksa dks

<¡w<+ fudkyuk ftlds fcuk fdlh Hkh lkekftd ?kVuk o rF; dh lkekftd

izÑfr dks le>k ugha tk ldrk gSA lkekftd 'kks/k dk ,d vkSj lS)kfUrd

mn~ns'; LokHkkfod fu;eksa dks <¡w<+ fudkyuk gSA Jherh ih0oh0 ;ax1 ds vuqlkj

^^lkekftd 'kks/k dk mn~ns'; iz;ksxfl) rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij oSKkfud

vo/kkj.kkvksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA**

lkekftd 'kks/k ds nwljs mn~ns'; dh iz—fr O;kogkfjd gSA bldk rkRi;Z

;g gS fd lkekftd 'kks/k lkekftd thou rFkk fofHkUu ?kVukvksa ds lEcU/k esa

gesa tks tkudkjh iznku djrk gS bldk mi;ksx ge O;kogkfjd thou esa Hkh dj

ldrs gSaA lkekftd 'kks/k ls izkIr Kku lkekftd ;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k] lkekftd

?kVukvksa esa vUrfuZfgr fu;eksa dh O;k[;k ,oa lkekftd thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa o

leL;kvksa ds dkj.k lfgr O;k[;k djrk gSA ;s nksuks ckrsa ;kstuk dks vf/kdkf/kd

izHkkoiw.kZ ,oa O;kogkfjd cukus esa lgk;d fl) gksrh gSA lkekftd 'kks/k

lkekftd fu;U=.k esa lgk;d fl) gks ldrk gSA ;g ekuh gqbZ ckr gS fd ,d

?kVuk fo'ks"k ij gekjk fu;U=.k ftruk gh vf/kd gksxk mruk gh ml ?kVuk ds

1- ;ax] ih0oh0] lkbafVfQd lks'ky losZ ,.M fjlpZ

130

fo"k; esa gekjk Kku c<+rk tk;sxkA Jherh ih0oh0 ;ax1 ds vuqlkj ^^lkekftd

'kks/k dk izkFkfed mn~ns'; pkgs og rRdkfyd gks ;k nwj dk] lkekftd thou

dks le>uk rn~}kjk ml ij vf/kd fu;U=.k izkIr djuk gSA**

izLrqr v/;;u dk izeq[k mn~ns'; mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

fLFkfr dk lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u djuk ,oa mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks gksus okyh leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk FkkA fof'k"V :Ik

ls blds mn~ns'; fuEufyf[kr Fks&

1- Hkkjr esa tkfr izFkk rFkk vuqlwfpr tkfr dh lkekftd fLFkfr dk

,sfrgkfld foospu djukA

2- Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds fodkl ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh f'k{kk dh fLFkfr dk


3- vuqlwfpr tkfr dh mPp f'k{kk dh fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.k djukA

4- mŸkjnkrkvksa ds oS;fDrd] ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k dk fo'ys"k.k

djukA

5- mŸkjnkrkvksa dh vkdka{kkvksa ,oa muds lkekftd ewY;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k

djukA

6- orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ,oa mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds lEcU/k esa mŸkjnkrkvksa

dh jk; tkuukA

7- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ljdkj }kjk

pykbZ tk jgh ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh tkudkjh dh fLFkfr

dk irk yxkukA


pykbZ tk jgh ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ykHkkfUor gksus dh

fLFkfr dk irk yxkukA

9- Nk= jktuhfr ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dk irk yxkukA

1- ;ax] ih0oh0] lkbafVfQd lks'ky losZ ,.M fjlpZ

131

10- mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa gksus okyh leL;kvksa dk irk

yxkukA

11- vuqlwfpr tkfr dh mPp f'k{kk ds fodkl ,oa leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k gsrq

mi;ksxh lq>koksa dk izfriknu djukA

'kks/k v/;;u dh iz—fr

izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u dh iz—fr vUos"k.kkRed gS] ftldk rkRi;Z gS fdlh

lkekftd ?kVuk ds ihNs fNis dkj.kksa dks <¡w<+ fudkyuk] rkfd leL;k ds

lS)kfUrd ,oa O;kogkfjd i{k ds lEcU/k esa i;kZIr Kku izkIr gks ldsA blds

vUrxZr lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk v/;;u djrs gq, vuqHko j[kus okys O;fDr;ksa ls

vuqHkoijd lk{kkRdkj djuk lEefyr gSA lwpuknkrkvksa dk pquko djds muls

mi;qDr iz'u iw¡Ndj lgh lwpuk,¡ izkIr dh x;h gSaA mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k ds fofHkUu

vk;keksa tSls& vk;q] fyax] 'kSf{kd ,oa OkSokfgd fLFkfr] vk; ,oa ikfjokfjd

i`"BHkwfe] 'kSf{kd ifjos'k] orZeku f'k{kk uhfr ij oS'ohdj.k ,oa futhdj.k dk

izHkko rFkka ljdkjh] v)Zljdkjh ,oa futh 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa ds ckjs esa jk;]

vuqlwfpr tkfr esa mPp f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq pykbZ tk jgh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa

dh tkudkjh] mPp f'k{kk esa gksus okyh dfBukb;k¡] Nk= jktuhfr ,oa orZeku

'kSf{kd ifjn`'; esa gks jgs ifjorZu ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k vkfn ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa

dks ladfyr dj mudk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA vUos"k.kkRed 'kks/k dk mn~ns';

?kVuk o leL;k ds ihNs fNis dkj.kksa ls lEcfU/kr ;FkkFkZ o okLrfod rF;ksa dks

ladfyr dj muds vk/kkj ij ,d fooj.k izLrqr djuk gksrk gSA ;gk¡ eq[; tksj

bl ckr ij fn;k tkrk gS fd fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr ,df=r fd;s x;s rF;

okLrfod ,oa fo'oluh; gksaA rF;ksa dks izkIr djus gsrq voyksdu ,oa lk{kkRdkj

vuqlwph dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

132

v/;;u {ks= ,oa v/;;u dh bdkbZ;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k

lkekftd 'kks/k ds rhu vk;ke& {ks=] la[;k ,oa fo"k; lkexzh gksrs gSaA

{ks= dh n`f"V ls izLrqr v/;;u ds fy;s y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mlls

lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA

y[kuÅ tuin 26030 ls 27010 mRrjh v{kka'k ,oa 80030 ls 81013 iwohZ

ns'kkarj ds e/; fLFkr gSA tuin dk dsUnzh; Hkkx leqnz ry ls 120eh0 Å¡pk gSA

losZ;j tujy vkWQ bf.M;k ds vuqlkj tuin dk HkkSxksfyd {ks=Qy 2528 oxZ

fd0eh0 gS tks fd lEiw.kZ m0iz0 ds {ks=Qy ¼238566½ oxZ fdeh0 dk 1-06

izfr'kr gS rFkk izns'k ds 71 tuinksa esa vkdkj dh n`f"Vdks.k ls 51osa LFkku ij

gSA 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj y[kuÅ dh tula[;k 3681416 gS tks fd

lEiw.kZ m0iz0 dh tula[;k dk 2-2 izfr'kr gSA tula[;k dh n`f"V ls tuin

izns'k esa 8oka LFkku j[krk gSA1

tuin dh iwohZ lhek ckjkcadh tuin dh lhek dks Li'kZ djrh gS blds

if'pe esa tuin mUuko rFkk mRrj&if'pe esa tuin gjnksbZ] mRrj iwoZ esa

lhrkiqj rFkk nf{k.k esa tuin jk;cjsyh fLFkr gSA lbZ unh nf{k.k&if'pe esa

vYi nwjh rd izkÑfrd lhek cukrh gqbZ tuin dks mUuko ls vyx djrh gSA

tuin dks iz'kklfud n`f"V ls 4 rglhyksa ¼y[kuÅ] c['kh dk rkykc]

eksguykyxat ,oa efygkckn½ rFkk 8 fodkl[k.Mksa ¼efygkckn] eky] c['kh dk

rkykc] dkdksjh] fpugV] ljkstuhuxj] xkslkbZxat ,oa eksguykyxat½ esa ckaVk

x;k gSA tuin dk eq[;ky; yxHkx e/; esa fLFkr gS rFkk jk"Vªh; jkt/kkuh

fnYyh lfgr 4 egRoiw.kZ jk"Vªh; lM+d ekxksZa rFkk jsy ekxksZa ls tqM+k gqvk gS]

tksfd lEiw.kZ tuin dks iz'kklfud] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd lqfo/kk,a iznku djrk

gSA

1- y[kuÅ fodkl dk niZ.k 2000&01] lwpuk ,oa tulEidZ foHkkx] mRrj izns'k] i`0 23

133

y[kuÅ & ,d nf"V esa

tuin y[kuÅ eq[;r% miks".k ¼Sub Tropical½ dfVca/k1 ds vUrZxr vkrk

gSA 'khr _rq esa mPp ok;qHkkj 1004-5 feyhckj gksrk gSA ok;qHkkj c<+us dh xfr

ean gksus ls gok,a Hkh ean xfr ls pyrh gSaA uoEcj ls tuojh ds e/; rkieku

fujUrj ?kVrk tkrk gSA e/; fnlEcj ls tuojh ds e/; rd e/;kºu rd

dksgjk Nk;k jgrk gS] lw;Z dk izdk'k u feyus ds dkj.k okrkoj.k B.Mk jgrk gS

1- f}osnh] v#.k dqekj] tuin y[kuÅ esa xzke fodkl % ,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u] i`0 45

134

vkSj bl nkSjku Hk;adj lnhZ gksrh gSA fnlEcj&tuojh ekg esa Hkwe/; lkxjh;

{ks=ksa esa mRiUu pØokr if'peh izns'k esa izos'k dj ekSleh n'kkvksa esa vkdfLed

ifjorZu dj nsrs gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i dHkh&dHkh o"kkZ ,oa vksyko`f"V gksrh gS

ftls ykSVrs gq, ekulwu dh o"kkZ dgrs gSaA1

mRrj izns'k dh jkt/kkuh y[kuÅ viuh laLÑfr o dyk ds lkSUn;Z cks/k

ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa bldk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

vkj0,u0 ck/kou ds vuqlkj ^^Hkkjr ds jkspd o egRoiw.kZ 'kgjksa esa y[kuÅ dk

fof'k"V LFkku gSA ;gk¡ dh eksgdrk eu dks ckj&ckj ;gk¡ ?kweus ds fy, izsfjr

djrh gSA2 y[kuÅ mu pqus gq, dqN 'kgjksa esa ls ,d gS tgk¡ lHkh /keksZa dh]

ekU;rkvksa dh leqfpr mUufr gqbZ gS o lHkh tkfr ds yksx vkilh leUo; o

lg;ksx ls jgrs gSaA3 bl 'kgj dk laxhr ^^y[kuÅ ?kjkuk** ds uke ls e'kgwj gSA

iwoZ le; esa mPp ?kjksa dh efgyk,a ;gk¡ laxhr o rgthc lh[kus vkrh FkhA4

y[kuÅ uxj dh 'kSf{kd fLFkfr Hkh cgqr lqn`<+ gSA e/;dky esa f'k{kk

vf/kdka'kr% /kkfeZd usrkvksa ds gkFk esa jghA fgUnqvksa ds fy;s uxj ,oa xk¡o nksuksa

LFkkuksa ij ikB'kkykvksa dh O;oLFkk FkhA ftlesa laLÑr] fgUnh rFkk egktuh i<+kbZ

tkrh FkhA eqlyekuksa dh f'k{kk ds fy;s enjls Fks ftUgsa ekSyoh pykrs FksA

eqlyekuksa ds vkxeu ds lkFk gh y[kuÅ eqfLye /kkfeZd f'k{kk dk dsUnz cukA

'kkgehuk ¼1397&1479½ lwQh lEiznk; ds fp'rh Ldwy ds laLFkkid FksA

eqlyekuksa ds izHkko ls ;gk¡ mnwZ] Qkjlh dh f'k{kk dk O;ogkj c<+k lkFk gh

uokcksa dk vaxzsth 'kklu ds laidZ c<+rk x;kA lu~ 1841 esa vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa

ds cPpksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, ykekVhZfu;j dkWyst dh LFkkiuk gq;hA vo/k ij

vaxzsth 'kklu LFkkfir gks tkus ds mijkUr Hkkjrh; yM+dksa ds fy, Hkh vaxzsth

1- bf.M;u esVªksyksftdy foHkkx] vekSlh] y[kuÅ 2- ;w0ih0 fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j y[kuÅ] 1932] i`0 75 3- vCnqy 'kjj] xqfy'rk] y[kuÅ] i0 71 4- rnSo] i`0 72

135

Ldwy LFkkfir gq;sA bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa }kjk vusd vaxzsth Ldwy LFkkfir gq;sA

vaxzsth mPp f'k{kk dh 'kq#vkr dSfuax dkWyst ds LFkkiuk ds lkFk gqbZA1

y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;

vo/k ds rkYyqdsnkjksa us vo/k ds ukStokuksa dks csgrj f'k{kk nsus ds fy,

y[kuÅ esa mPpf'k{k.k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk djus dk fu'p; fd;kA vo/k izkUr

ds xoZuj lj gjdksVZ cVyj ls ckr djrs gSa] rkYyqdsnkj djhc rhl yk[k #i;s

pank ,d«k djrs gSa vkSj lj gjdksVZ cVyj ;gk¡ ls fnYyh rd iz;kl djrs gSaA

lHkh ds esgur dk urhtk fudyk fd 25 uoEcj 1920 dks Hkkjr ds xoZuj

tujy ^y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; ,DV^ ij nLr[kr fd;kA mlh fnu ml

fo'ofo|ky; dh cqfu;kn iM+h ftlus nqfu;k Hkj dks mPp f'k{kk izkIr ;ksX;

O;fDr iznku fd,A

fo'ofo|ky; LFkkiuk ds ckn jkt/kkuh ds nks egkfo|ky;ksa dSfuax dkyst

vkSj esfMdy dkyst dks fo'ofo|ky; ds eq[; dkyst dh ekU;rk iznku dh

xbZA vkbZ- Vh- dkyst dks yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, lEc) dkyst dh ekU;rk

iznku dh xbZA ml le; xksykxat esa fØf'p;u dkyst Fkk] ogk¡ okf.kT; dh

d{kk,a pykbZ xbZ] exj lEc) dkyst dh ekU;rk fn, cxSjA

fo'ofo|ky; ds izFke dqyifr bykgkckn ds dqylfpo Jh KkusUnz ukFk

pØorhZ dks cuk;k x;kA mUgksaus 16 fnlEcj 1920 dks rhu gtkj #i;s izfrekg

ds ru[okg ij ik¡p o"kZ ds fy, inHkkj laHkkykA ljdkj ds ikl /ku dh deh

Fkh lks] dqyifr dh ru[okg dk [kpZ jktk egewnkckn eksgEen vyh [kku dh

v/;{krk esa xfBr lfefr ds }kjk tek fd, x, /ku ls mBkus dk fu.kZ; gqvkA

,e- ,-] ,y&,y ch] vkbZ- ,l- vks-] ,Q- vkj- ,l- ,- fMxzh izkIr izdk.M fo}ku

Jh pØorhZ dh fu;qfDr dks ml le; ehfM;k o yksxksa us dkQh ljkgkA dqyifr

dh fu;qfDr ds lkFk vkbZ-lh-,l- ^b- ,- ,p- cyUV^ tks fd foRr lfpo Fks] dks

1- xtsfV;j vkWQ n izkfoUl vkWQ vo/k Hkkx&2] i`0 210( ;w0ih0 fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j y[kuÅ 1932] i`0 317

136

y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; dk igyk dks"kk/;{k cuk;k x;kA ogha igys jftLVªkj ds

#i esa vkxjk dkyst ds estuVh ,Q- vks- Mksusy dh fu;qfDr 1200 #i;s izfrekg

ij gqbZA blh ds lkFk gh LVkQ [kkl rkSj izoDrk o mikpk;Z dh HkrhZ o fcfYMax

ds fy, fo'ofo|ky; dh lfefr cuhA lfefr esa dqyifr ds vykok rRdkyhu

Mk;jsDVj vkQ ifCyd baLVªD'ku lh-,Q-Mh- yk Qkslk] dSfuax dkyst ds

iz/kkukpk;Z ,e-ch- dse#u] jktk egewnkckn] jk; cgknqj dUgS;kyky o jktk

jkeiky flag ds vykok vU; dbZ lnL; FksA tqykbZ 1921 esa y[kuÅ

fo'ofo|ky; dk l«k 'kq# gqvkA

1922 rd ;gk¡ bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; ds ikB~;Øe o iz'ui«k bLrseky

gq, vkSj mlds ckn 1923 ls ;gk¡ vius ikB~;Øe ij ijh{kk gksus yxhA 1922&23

esa fo'ofo|ky; dk ctV dqykf/kifr lj gjdksVZ cVyj ds le{k izLrqr fd;k

x;k] rks mlesa dqy vk; 27 yk[k 21 gtkj 300 #i;s fn[kk;h xbZ Fkh tc fd

[kpZ 17 yk[k 9 gtkj 539 #i;s dk FkkA dkj.k] ml le; rd dSfuax dkyst

ls gh ru[okg feyrh FkhA fo'ofo|ky; ls flQZ mikpk;Z dks 150 #i;s o

izoDrk dks 100 #i;s dk vfrfjDr HkRrk fn;k tkrk FkkA

le; ds lkFk fo'ofo|ky; dh rjDdh gksrh xbZ vkSj ;g lu 1926 esa

iwjh rjg vkoklh; fo'ofo|ky; dk Lo:i ys pqdk FkkA lu 1923 esa ;gk¡ dyk

ladk; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 299 FkhA blh rjg foKku oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

la[;k 130] okf.kT; dh 52] fof/k ladk; dh 251 vkSj fpfdRlk ladk; ds

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 211 FkhA

vktknh dks ysdj ns'k ds xekZ, jktuSfrd ekgkSy dk vlj y[kuÅ

fo'ofo|ky; ij Hkh iM+kA vkUnksyu ds pyrs fo'ofo|ky; dbZ fnu rd cUn

jgkA ml le; iafMr txr ujk;u eqYyk dqyifr FksA vktknh ds vkUnksyu esa

;gk¡ ds Hkh yksx tqM+s jgsA 1939 esa rRdkyhu dkaxzsl v/;{k usrkth lqHkk"k pUnz

cksl ;gk¡ vk, vkSj mUgksaus csfuV gky esa Nk«kksa o f'k{kdksa dks lEcksf/kr fd;kA

usrk th us mlh nkSjku vehuqn~nkSyk ikdZ ¼orZeku esa >.Msokyk ikdZ½ esa ,d cM+h

137

tulHkk dks lEcksf/kr fd;k FkkA Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds nkSjku 1942 esa Hkh

y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; ds Nk«kksa o f'k{kdksa dh vge~ Hkkxhnkjh jghA

dqN fnu ds fy, fo'ofo|ky; cUn gqvk vkSj fgald ?kVukvksa ds lkFk gh

iFkjko dh ?kVuk,a ntZ gqbZaA vjsfcd foHkkx ds ,d f'k{kd vCnqy gyhe dh

fxj¶rkjh Hkh gqbZA fo'ofo|ky; ds fy, 1947 dk nkSj Hkh vge~ Fkk ml le;

;gk¡ Dohal dkyst] cukjl ds laLd`r ds izksQslj vkpk;Z ujsUnznso dqyifr

cudj vk;sA

bl izdkj reke mrkj&p<+ko ds lkFk y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; us fo'o esa

[;kfr izkIr dhA

y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; dks orZeku le; N A A C Rating esa yxHkx

26]000 Nk«k v/;;u dj jgs gSaA bl le; fo'ofo|ky; esa yxHkx 500 f'k{kd

vkSj yxHkx 2]000 deZpkjh y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{k.k@f'k{k.ksRrj dk;ksZa esa

viuk ;ksxnku ns jgs gSaA fo'ofo|ky; ls lEc) y[kuÅ egkuxj ds vUrxZr

42 egkfo|ky; gSA

lexz] izfrn'kZ ,oa fun'kZu &

fun'kZu lkekftd vuqla/kku ,oa losZ{k.k dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA fun'kZu ds

vUrxZr lexz esa ls dqN bdkb;ksa dks izfrfuf/k ds :Ik esa pqu fy;k tkrk gS vkSj

muds lEcU/k esa vko';d tkudkjh izkIr dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj lexz esa ls

dqN bdkb;ksa dks izfrfuf/k ds :Ik esa pquuk fun'kZu dgykrk gSA xqMs vkSj gkWV1

ds vuqlkj ^^,d fun'kZu] tSlk fd blds uke ls gh Li"V gksrk gS] foLr`r lewg

dk ,d y?kqRrj izfrfuf/k gSA** cksxkM~Zl2 ds fopkj esa ^^fun'kZu ,d iwoZ fu/kkZfjr

;kstuk ds vuqlkj bdkb;ksa ds ,d lewg esa ls fuf'pr bdkb;ksa dk p;u gSA**

flu ikvksa ;ax ds vuqlkj Þ,d lka[;dh; fun'kZu lEiw.kZ lewg dk NksVk va'k

gSAß ogha gsujh esuge ds vuqlkj Þ,d fun'kZu lexz tu dk va'k gksrk gS

ftldk v/;;u lexz tu ds fo"k; esa vuqeku fudkyus ds fy, fd;k tkrk

1- xqMs ,.M gkWV] ih0ds0] eSFkM bu lks'ky fjlpZ 2- cksxkMZ~l] bZ0,l0] lksf'kykWth

138

gSAß ,d Js"B fun'kZu dh loZizFke fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd og lexz dk izfrfuf/kRo

djsA fun'kZu Lora= ,oa fu"i{k gksuk pkfg, rFkk lk/kuksa ,oa mn~ns';ksa ds vuq:Ik

gksuk pkfg;sA fun'kZu lkekU; Kku] O;kogkfjd vuqHkoksa ,oa rdZ ij vk/kkfjr

gksuk pkfg;sA

izLrqr v/;;u esa lexz ds :i esa y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mlls

lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa esa i<+us okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks fy;k

x;k gSA

v/;;u dh bdkbZ;k¡ &

la[;k dh n`f"V ls izLrqr v/;;u y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mlls

lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds v/;;ujr 300 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fopkjksa

ij vk/kkfjr gS] visf{kr bdkb;ksa dk p;u bl izdkj fd;k x;k gS&

1- v/;;u ds fy, y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mlls lEc) 04

egkfo|ky;ksa ¼01- dkyhpju ih0th0 dkyst] dksus'oj pkSd] y[kuÅ( 02-

f'k;k ih0th0 dkyst] lhrkiqj jksM] y[kuÅ( 03- Mh0,0oh0 ih0th0

dkyst] ,s'kckx] y[kuÅ rFkk 04- t; ukjk;.k ih0th0 dkyst] pkjckx]

y[kuÅ½ dk p;u mn~ns';iw.kZ fun'kZu i)fr ls fd;k x;k gSA

4- rRi'pkr y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mlls lEc) p;fur 04

egkfo|ky;ksa ¼01- dkyhpju ih0th0 dkyst] dksus'oj pkSd] y[kuÅ( 02-

f'k;k ih0th0 dkyst] lhrkiqj jksM] y[kuÅ( 03- Mh0,0oh0 ih0th0

dkyst] ,s'kckx] y[kuÅ rFkk 04- t; ukjk;.k ih0th0 dkyst] pkjckx]

y[kuÅ½ esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds v/;;ujr~ dqy fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ls 300

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u lekuqikfrd nSofun'kZu i)fr ds O;ofLFkr fun'kZu

fof/k }kjk fd;k x;k gS] ftudk fooj.k fuEuor~ gS&

139

p;fur mŸkjnkrkvksa dk fooj.k

Ø- la-

fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky; vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

la[;k

p;fur mŸkjnkrkvksa dh la[;k

1- y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ 3846 191

2- dkyhpju ih0th0 dkyst] dksus'oj pkSd] y[kuÅ

479 24

3- f'k;k ih0th0 dkyst] lhrkiqj jksM] y[kuÅ

432 21

4- Mh0,0oh0 ih0th0 dkyst] ,s'kckx] y[kuÅ

526 26

5- t; ukjk;.k ih0th0 dkyst] pkjckx] y[kuÅ

753 38

dqy ;ksx 6027 300

vk¡dM+ksa ds lzksr ,oa rF; ladyu dh izfof/k;ka &

rF; ladyu 'kks/k izfØ;k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ pj.k gSA fdlh Hkh oSKkfud

fu"d"kZ rd igq¡pus ds fy, rFkk lkekU;hdj.k o lS)kUrhdj.k ds fy;s lwpuk;sa

izkIr djuk] rF; ladfyr djuk] la[;kRed ,oa xq.kkRed ckrsa ekywe djuk]

vko';d gSA vk¡dM+ksa ds lzksrksa dks izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d lzksrks esa foHkkftr fd;k

tk ldrk gSA izkFkfed lzksrksa dk rkRi;Z mu lHkh ekSfyd lwpukvksa vFkok rF;ksa

ls gS ftudk ladyu v/;;u {ks= ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj lHkh

izkFkfed rF; vFkok vk¡dM+s izkFkfed lkexzh dk vk/kkj gSaA izkFkfed lkexzh

ftruh vf/kd fo'oluh; ,oa izkekf.kd gksrh gS] v/;;u mruk gh ;FkkFkZ gksrk

gSA izkFkfed lzksrksa ds vUrxZr os thfor O;fDr lfEefyr gksrs gSa ftUgsa yEch

vof/k ds nkSjku lkekftd ifjLFkfr;kas esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ds fo"k; esa Ik;kZIr

Kku gksrk gS vFkok ftudk bu lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk ?kfu"B lEidZ jg

pqdk gksrk gSA os O;fDr u dsoy orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ;FkkFkZ fooj.k izLrqr

djus ds fy;s leFkZ gksrs gSa vfirq ;s lkekftd izfØ;k ds vUrxZr Ik;Zos{k.kh;

izo`fRr;ksa ,oa egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa dk leqfpr o.kZu izLrqr djus dh Hkh {kerk

140

j[krs gSaA bu O;fDr;ksa dks oS;fDrd vFkok izR;{k ,oa izkFkfed lzksr le>k tkrk

gSA

f}rh;d lzksrksa ls rkRi;Z mu leLr lwpukvksa vFkok vk¡dM+ksa ls gksrk gS

ftUgsa ,d v/;;udrkZ Lo;a ,df=r ugha djrk oju~ og mls izdkf'kr ;k

vizdkf'kr izys[kksa] vfHkys[k] i=ksa] Mk;fj;ksa] vkRedFkkvksa rFkk ljdkjh ,oa xSj

ljdkjh fjiksVksZa vkfn ls izkIr djrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd f}rh;d lkexzh

fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku vFkok foHkkx esa igys ls gh lqjf{kr gksrh gSaA

izLrqr v/;;u ds vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d] nksuksa lzksrksa

ls fd;k x;k gSA izkFkfed lzksr ds :Ik esa y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mlls

lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds v/;;ujr~ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls lwpuk izkIr

dh x;h gS rFkk f}rh;d lzksr ds :Ik esa vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj mPp f'k{kk ls

lEcfU/kr lkexzh tks fd izfrosnuksa] v/;;uksa] laf{kIr cqdysVksa] iqLrdksa ,oa

i=&if=dkvksa rFkk vU; xzUFkksa ds :Ik esa izkIr gq, gaS] mudk v/;;u djds

;Fks"V lkexzh dks bl v/;;u esa fijks;k x;k gS rFkk bls lkef;d ,oa iw.kZ

lkfgR; ds :i esa lqlfTtr fd;k x;k gSA

izLrqr 'kks/k gsrq iz;qDr fd;s tkus okys rF;ksa dks euekus <ax ls ,df=r

u djds fofHkUu midj.kksa ,oa fof/k;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ladfyr fd;k x;k gS]

ftlds vUrxZr mRrjnkrkvksa ls lk{kkRdkj fof/k dh lgk;rk ls lwpuk;sa izkIr

dh x;h gSa D;ksafd rF; ladyu izR;sd foKku dk ¼pkgs og HkkSfrd foKku gks ;k

lkekftd foKku½ y{; gksrk gSA rF; dk rkRi;Z ,slh lHkh lwpukvksa] lkexzh o

vk¡dM+ksa ls gS tks fd {ks=h; v/;;u ¼lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph½ vkSj f}rh;d lzksrksa ds

ek/;e ls izkIr fd;k x;k gSA

ekstj1 ds vuqlkj ^^rF; ladyu dh izfof/k;ka ,d lekt oSKkfud ds

fy;s ekU; o lqO;ofLFkr rjhds gSa ftUgsa og vius v/;;u fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr

1- ekslj] lh0,0] losZ eSFkM bu lks'ky buosfVxs'ku] gheSu] yUnu] 1961] johUnz ukFk eq[kthZ dk dFku] lks'ky fjlpZ ,.M LVsfVfLVDl ¼fgunh½] foosd izdk'ku] fnYyh] 1991

141

fo'oluh; rF;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy;s mi;ksx esa ykrk gSA** ikVZu ds er esa

lwpuk izkIr djus ds izeq[k <ax oS;fDrd lk{kkRdkj] Mkd iz'ukoyh vFkok er]

jsfM;ks@Vsyhohtu vihy] iSuy vof/k bR;kfn gSa fdUrq buesa ls Ik;Zos{k.k]

iz'ukoyh ,oa lk{kkRdkj izeq[k gSaA1

izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u ds vUrxZr rF; ladyu ds fy;s lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph

dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph fuekZ.k &

rF;ksa ds ladyu dh ,d izeq[k fof/k vuqlwph gSA vuqlwph }kjk lk{kkRdkj

,oa voyksdu ij fu;U=.k j[kk tkrk gSA vuqlwph okLro esa iz'uksa dh ,d

fyf[kr lwph gksrh gS ftls vuqla/kkudrkZ lwpuknkrk ls iw¡Nrk tkrk gS vkSj Hkjrk

tkrk gSA cksxkMZl2 ds vuqlkj ^^vuqlwph mu rF;ksa dks izkIr djus dh ,d

vkSipkfjd fof/k gS tks LFkwy :Ik esa gksrs gSa rFkk ftUgsa ljyrk ls ns[kk tk

ldrk gS] bl izdkj vuqlwph v/;;udrkZ }kjk Lo;a gh Hkjh tkrh gSA** xqMs ,oa

gkV3 ds vuqlkj] ^^vuqlwph mu iz'uksa ds lewg dk uke gS tks lk{kkRdkjdrkZ

}kjk fdlh nwljs O;fDr ls vkeus lkeus dh fLFkfr esa iw¡Ns vkSj Hkjs tkrs gSaA**

lkekftd vuqla/kku dh lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ iz.kkyh vuqlwph fuekZ.k gSA

blds }kjk Bksl ,oa ;FkkFkZ lwpukvksa dh izkfIr lEHko gksrh gSA bl iz.kkyh ls

izkIr lwpuk;sa fyf[kr] Li"V o Øec) gksrh gSaA

izLrqr 'kks/k esa vk¡dM+ksa ds ladyu gsrq vuqlwph dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA

blesa y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mlls lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr

ds v/;;ujr~ 300 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izfrn'kZ ds vk/kkj ij p;u dj] mŸkjnkrkvksa ls

rF;ksa ds ladyu gsrq] lEcfU/kr mn~ns';ksa o midYiukvksa ds vk/kkj ij vuqlwph

1- xqIrk vkSj 'kekZ] lkekftd vuqla/kku ¼'kks/k½ ,oa vfHk;ksX;rk] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku] esjB] 1993

2- cksxkMZ~l] bZ0,l0] lksf'kykWth 3- xqMs ,.M gkWV] ih0ds0] eSFkM bu lks'ky fjlpZ

142

dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA vuqlwph dk fuekZ.k djrs le; ;g /;ku j[kk x;k gS

fd bldh fo"k;oLrq ifjdYiuk ,oa mn~ns';ksa ls ijs u tk;sA vuqlwph fuekZ.k ds

le; mŸkjnkrkvksa dh oS;fDrd] ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr] 'kSf{kd fLFkfr]

'kSf{kd ifjos'k] orZeku f'k{kk uhfr ij oS'ohdj.k ,oa futhdj.k dk izHkko rFkka

ljdkjh] v)Zljdkjh ,oa futh 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa ds ckjs esa jk;] vuqlwfpr tkfr

esa mPp f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq pykbZ tk jgh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dh tkudkjh]

mPp f'k{kk esa gksus okyh dfBukb;k¡] Nk= jktuhfr ,oa orZeku 'kSf{kd ifjn`'; esa

gks jgs ifjorZu vkfn ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu vk;keksa ds lEcU/k esa muds fopkjksa

bR;kfn fo"k;ksa dks ysdj lHkh iz'u mn~ns';ksa ,oa vo/kkj.kk dks /;ku esa j[kdj

cuk;s x;s gSaA iz'uksa dks cukrs le; ;g /;ku j[kk x;k gS fd iz'u f}vFkhZ; u

gksa] u gh fdlh dh eu%fLFkfr dks Bsl igq¡pkus okys gksaA lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph ds

voyksdu rFkk rF;ksa dh tk¡p gsrq bl fo"k; ds Kkrk yksxksa dks fn;k x;k rFkk

lkFk cSBdj gj iz'u ds rF;rk dh tk¡p dh x;h gSA nksuks ds larq"Vhdj.k ds

Ik'pkr vuqlwph dks ,d O;ofLFkr :Ik fn;k x;kA vlarq"Vhdj.k okys ,oa f}vFkhZ

iz'uksa dks vuqlwphh ls gVk fn;k x;k gSA iz'u ,sls fufeZr fd;s x;s gSa tks

'kks/kdrkZ ,oa mRrjnkrk nksuks dks gh vklkuh ls le> esa vk ldsaA

lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph esa mRrjnkrkvksa ls vusd ,sls iz'u iwNs x;s ftudk

mRrj gk¡@ugha esa nsuk FkkA blds vfrfjDr ,sls iz'uks dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k

x;k gS ftlesa mRrjnkrkvksa ls ;g vk'kk dh x;h gS fd os viuh bPNkuqlkj

dksbZ Hkh mRrj nsaA

vuqlwph ijh{k.k

vuqlwph fuekZ.k ds Ik'pkr bldh mi;qDrrk dh tk¡p ds fy;s bldk

ijh{k.k fd;k x;k gS ftlls vuqlwph dh dfBukb;ksa] dfe;ksa] lkFkZdrk rFkk

mi;qDrrk dh tk¡p lk{kkRdkj ls iw.kZ gks ldsA

143

rF; ladyu

izLrqr v/;;u esa rF; ladyu ds vUrxZr lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph dk iz;ksx

fd;k x;k gSA ftlds }kjk v/;;u ds fy;s pqus x;s vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 300

Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa ls izR;sd Nk=&Nk=k ls mudh vk;q] fyax] f'k{kk] ikfjokfjd

<¡kpk] lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd fLFkfr] 'kSf{kd ifjos'k] orZeku f'k{kk

uhfr ij oS'ohdj.k ,oa futhdj.k dk izHkko rFkka ljdkjh] v)Zljdkjh ,oa futh

'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa ds ckjs esa jk;] vuqlwfpr tkfr esa mPp f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq

pykbZ tk jgh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dh tkudkjh] mPp f'k{kk esa gksus okyh

dfBukb;k¡] Nk= jktuhfr ,oa orZeku 'kSf{kd ifjn`'; esa gks jgs ifjorZu vkfn

fofHkUu igyqvksa ls lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNs x;s gSaA lk{kkRdkj ls iwoZ 'kks/kkFkhZ us

izR;sd mRrjnkrk dks ;g fo'okl fnyk;k fd muds }kjk nh x;h leLr

lwpukvksa dks xksiuh; j[kk tk;sxk rFkk muls ;g vk'kk Hkh trk;h x;h fd os

izR;sd iz'u dk mRrj fu%ladksp Hkko ls Li"V :Ik ls nsaxs ,oa fdlh Hkh lR;

ckr dks fNik;saxs ughaA

ladfyr vk¡dM+ks dk lEiknu] oxhZdj.k o lkfj.kh;u

vuqlU/kku dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus ds mn~ns'; ls ladfyr rF;ksa dk oxhZdj.k

rFkk lkfj.kh;u djuk vko';d gksrk gS D;ksafd ladfyr rF; fc[kjs gq, rFkk

vO;ofLFkr :i ls izkIr gksrs gSaA oxhZdj.k izfØ;k esa leku y{;ksa okys rF;ksa dks

,d lewg esa j[kdj mUgsa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA oxhZÑr vk¡dM+ksa dks ljyrk

,oa lqxerk ls izLrqr djus gsrq mUgsa Js.khc) ,oa lwphc) djus dh izfØ;k dks

lkfj.kh;u dgrs gSaA

izLrqr v/;;u esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ls izkIr lwpuk dks ladfyr dj lEikfnr

fd;k x;k gS rkfd ;g Kku gks lds fd leLr lwpuk ladfyr dj yh x;h gSA

ladfyr ,oa lEikfnr lwpuk dk oxhZdj.k djds bUgsa lkjf.k;ksa esa lwphc) ,oa

Js.khc) fd;k x;k gSA blesa lkjf.k;ksa dks lkekU; ,oa fo'ks"k :Ik ls izLrqr

fd;k x;kA ,dpjh; rFkk cgqpjh; nksuks izdkj dh lkjf.k;ksa dks cuk;k x;k gS

rkfd vkadM+ksa ds fooj.k ds lkFk&lkFk budk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k lEiUu fd;k

tk ldsA

144

vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k& leLr ladfyr lwpuk dk oxhZdj.k

,oa lkfj.kh;u o rkfydkc) djus ds Ik'pkr~ budk fo'ys"k.k nksuks vk/kkjksa&

¼lkaf[;dh ,oa rkfdZd½ ij fd;k x;k gSA lkaf[;dh fo'ys"k.k esa vkSlr rFkk

izfr'kr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd fu"d"kZ dks rkfdZd vk/kkj ij

vkSfpR;iw.kZ <ax ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

izfrosnu& vk¡dM+ksa dks leqfpr <ax ls fo'ysf"kr ,oa la'ysf"kr djus ds Ik'pkr

izkIr fu"d"kksZa ds vk/kkj ij fooj.kkRed :Ik ls izfrosnu vkys[k izLrqr fd;k

x;k gSA izLrqr 'kks/k xzUFk esa oxhZdj.k ls la'ys"k.k rd dh lEiw.kZ izfØ;k dk

voyksdu djrs gq;s vk¡dM+ksa }kjk izkIr rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij 'kks/kdk;Z dk fu"d"kZ

fy[kk x;k gSA v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kksZa ds vk/kkj ij dqN mi;ksxh lq>ko Hkh

izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA

'kks/k ds nkSjku vkus okyh izeq[k leL;k;sa

v/;;u ds nkSjku 'kks/kdrkZ dks fuEufyf[kr leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk

iM+k &

1- v/;;u ds nkSjku fofHkUu ljdkjh foHkkxksa ls 'kks/kdrkZ dks visf{kr lg;ksx izkIr ugha gqvkA ftlds dkj.k v/;;u ,oa lwpukvksa ds ladyu esa vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA

2- izLrqr v/;;u ,d 'kks/k gksus ds dkj.k rFkk mRrjnkrkvksa dks dksbZ vkfFkZd ykHk u feyus ds dkj.k mudk O;ogkj dkQh v#fpdj jgkA 'kks/kdrkZ ds dkQh iz;klksa ds Ik'pkr~ muesa #fp tkx`r gks ik;hA

3- p;fur {ks= ds mRrjnkrkvksa esa v#fp ds dkj.k lk{kkRdkj vuwlwph dks Hkjus@Hkjokus esa dkQh eqf'dysa vk;haA

4- lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph yEch gksus ds dkj.k 'kks/kdrkZ dks lwpuk ladfyr djus esa dkQh le; yxkA

7- mRrjnkrkvksa ls O;fDrxr] xksiuh; ,oa fo'oluh; lwpuk;sa izkIr djus esa dfBukbZ gqbZA

mijksDr leL;kvksa dks 'kks/kkFkhZ us vius Lrj ij gy djrs gq;s bl 'kks/k

dk;Z dks iw.kZ fd;kA

prFkZ v/;k;

mRrjnkrkvksa dk ik'oZfp=

145

pr`FkZ v/;k;

mRrjnkrkvksa dk ik'oZfp=

vk;q] /keZ] tkfr] fyax] f'k{kk] O;olk;] vk;] fookg] ifjokj rFkk

jgu&lgu dh fLFkfr gh lekt esa O;fDr ds oS;fDrd] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd

fLFkfr dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds ckjs esa dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh izkIr

djus ls iwoZ mlds lkekftd ifjos'k ,oa ml ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa ds ckjs esa

tkudkjh izkIr djuk vko';d gS vkSj fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr mRrjnkrkvksa ds

oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k ds ckjs esa Kku izkIr djuk lekt'kkL=h;

v/;;u dh ,d egRoiw.kZ vko';drk gSA izLrqr v/;;u esa oS;fDrd ,oa

lkekftd i`"BHkwfe dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj Hkh vko';d gS D;ksafd y[kuÅ

fo'ofo|ky; ,oa mlls lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds v/;;ujr~

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u rc rd Bhd izdkj ls ugha fd;k tk

ldrk tc rd fd bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh oS;fDrd] 'kSf{kd] ikfjokfjd vkSj vkfFkZd

i`"BHkwfe ds fo"k; esa o`gn~ :i ls tkudkjh izkIr u dj yh tk;A dkyZ eSughe1

us bl lUnHkZ esa dgk gS fd& ^^fdlh O;fDr ds erksa] oDrO;ksa vkSj fopkjksa dk

ewY;kadu mlds psgjs ls ugha fd;k tk ldrk] oju~ mudk fo'ys"k.k mlds

thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds izdk'k esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA** lekt'kkL=h;

v/;;u esa O;fDr ds ewY;ksa] fopkjksa] eukso`fRr;ksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj O;ogkj ds

izfrekuksa ds lUnHkZ esa tks izkFkfed rF; izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] mudk fo'ys"k.k

vPNs <ax ls fd;k tkuk rHkh lEHko gS tc mRrjnkrkvksa dh lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa

dk Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Kku gks] D;ksafd O;fDr dh oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd&vkfFkZd

i`"BHkwfe dk mlds n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj euksHkkoksa ij O;kid izHkko iM+rk gSA vk;q]

fyax] /keZ] tkfr] f'k{kk] izf'k{k.k] O;olk;] vk;] oSokfgd ,oa ikfjokfjd fLFkfr

vkfn esa ik;h tkus okyh fHkUurk O;fDr dh eukso`fRr;ksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa dks

egRoiw.kZ <ax ls izHkkfor djrh gSA blhfy;s vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

1- eSugse] dkyZ] vkbfM;ksykWth ,.M ;wVksfi;k] jkSyst ,.M dsxu ikWy] yUnu] 1936

146

lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u ,d egRoiw.kZ

vko';drk gSA

mPp f'k{kk esa v/;;ujr~ fo|kFkhZ ;qok lewg ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA ;g

thou dh og voLFkk gS ftlesa O;fDr fd'kksjkoLFkk ls ;qokoLFkk dh vksj vxzlj

gksrk gSA bl Lrj ij igq¡p dj og dsoy ekrk&firk] f'k{kdksa rFkk vU;

lkekthdj.k ds egŸoiw.kZ lzksrksa }kjk iznŸk f'k{kk dks gh izkIr ugha djrk] oju~

viuh fLFkfr dk ewY;kadu djds lekt esa vkRefgr gsrq lkekftd in ,oa

fLFkfr dks <w<+us rFkk izkIr djus ds iz;klksaa esa tqV tkrk gS] lkFk gh lkaLÑfrd

ewY;ksa dks xzg.k djus esa izR;{k :i ls Hkkx Hkh ysus yxrk gSA ;g voLFkk ewy

:i ls lkaLÑfrd] lkekftd ,oa oS;fDrd ewY;ksa ds fuekZ.k dh voLFkk gksrh gSA

blh voLFkk esa izk;% O;fDr dh lkekftd ewY;kRed izo`fŸk;ksa] O;ogkj ds

izfrekuksa rFkk O;fDrRo ds fodkl lEcU/kh egŸoiw.kZ i{kksa ,oa ;qXeksa dk fuekZ.k

gksrk gSA chlMZ ¼1953½1 vkSj :FkcsufMDV ¼1939½

2 ds vuqlkj ^^;qok lewg mu

lkekftd oxksZa dks bafxr djrk gS ftlds vUrxZr og fofHkUu lkekftd laxBuksa

ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA** izk;% foKku }kjk ;g LohÑr gS fd O;fDr dk lkekftd

vfLrRo gh ewy:i ls O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dk fodkl rFkk fopkj/kkjkvksa ,oa

ewY;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA3

oh0oh0 vYVsdj

4 ¼1960½ ^Ô;fDr nwljksa dks dSlk fn[krk gS**] dks O;fDrRo

dk rkRi;Z ekurs gSaA bl lanHkZ esa O;fDr dh lkekftd i`"BHkwfe lkekU;r;k

egŸoiw.kZ rFkk fu.kkZ;d gksrh gSA mPp f'k{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ifjizs{; esa

oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd i`"BHkwfe muds mn~ns';ksa] thou esa miyfC/k;ksa ds Lo:i]

eukso`fRr;ksa] egŸokdka{kkvksa] ewY;kRed izo`fRr;ksa rFkk thou esa izxfr ds voljksa

1- ckslkMZ] tsEl ,p0,l0] iSjsUV ,.M pkbYM fQyksfMfYQ;k] ;wuhoflZVh vkWQ isaflYokfu;k izsl] 1953] i`0 289

2- csafMDV] :Fk] daVhU;wVht ,.M fMl~daVhU;wVht bu dYpjy dUMh'kfuax lkbdsVªh] 1 ebZ] 1939] i`0 162&63

3- ekDlZ] dkyZ] , daVªhC;w'ku Vw fØfVd vkWQ ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] vuq0 ,u0vkbZ0 LVksu f'kdkxks pkYlZ] ,l0 [ksj] i`0 181

4- vYrsdj] ch0ch0] lks'ky lkbdksykWth] ,f'k;k ifCyf'kax gkml] ckEcs] 196] i`0 148

147

ds fu/kkZj.k esa cgqr gh egŸoiw.kZ gSA blh lEcU/k esa VkydkV ikjlal1 ¼1950½ us

Hkh lkekftd O;oLFkk dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, lkekftd O;oLFkk] lkaLÑfrd

O;oLFkk ,oa O;fDrRo dh O;oLFkk dks ysdj foospuk dh gSA

izLrqr v/;k; esa vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj f'k{kk dk lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u

djus ds fy, y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mlls lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds v/;;ujr~ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k dk

fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] ftldk eq[; mn~ns'; mudh oS;fDrd ,oa

lkekftd thou ls lEcfU/kr lEiw.kZ Lora= ifjo`R;kas tSls vk;q] f'k{kk] O;olk;]

vk;] fookg ,oa ifjokj lEcU/kh fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u djuk gSA

vk;q &

ekuo lekt esa vk;q] tSfodh; ,oa lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k ls ,d egRoiw.kZ

fo'ks"krk gSA tSfodh; Lrj ij vk;q O;fDr ds ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd fodkl dk

ekin.M gSA O;fDr dh vk;q gh mldh ekufld fLFkfr] mldh eukso`fRr]

n`f"Vdks.k] fopkj ,oa /kkj.kkvksa dh vk/kkjf'kyk gksrh gSA lkekftd lUnHkZ esa ;g

O;fDr dh lkekftd fLFkfr ,oa Hkwfedk dh lhekvksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa ,d fof'k"V

,oa egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA fdlh Hkh vuqla/kku esa mRrjnkrkvksa ds mRrj] mudk

O;ogkj rFkk muds O;fDrRo ij vk;q dk Li"V izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA ekuo

O;ogkj ls lEcfU/kr fdlh Hkh v/;;u esa vk;q dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA ,d

O;fDr dh fdlh fo"k; esa tks vfHko`fRr;ka ,oa ewY; ckY;koLFkk esa gksrs gSa]

;qokoLFkk o fd'kksjkoLFkk esa igq¡prs&igq¡prs mlh fo"k; ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k o

fopkj fHkUu gks tkrs gSa] tcfd izkS<+koLFkk ,oa o`)koLFkk esa mlh fo"k; ds izfr

n`f"Vdks.k loZFkk fHkUu gks tkrk gS] vFkkZr gekjs ewY;ksa ,oa fopkj/kkjkvksa esa vk;q

ds vuqlkj ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSaA bl izdkj vk;q esa ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk

O;ogkj esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gS] ysfdu blds lkFk gh lkFk dqN vU;

dkjd Hkh O;fDr;ksa ds vk;qxr vuqHko dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] tSls& f'k{kkA oSls

;g lR; gS fd vk;q esa o`f) ;k ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk O;fDrxr vuqHkoksa esa

1- ijlal] Vh0] fn lks'ky flLVe] fn Ýh izsl vkWQ Xysudks] U;w;kdZ] 1951

148

o`f) ;k O;ogkj esa ifjorZu gksrk gS] ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk ;g Hkh lR; gS fd

f'k{kk de vk;q ds O;fDr dks Hkh vf/kd vk;q ds O;fDr dh vis{kk vf/kd

vuqHkoh] rdZiw.kZ ,oa cqf)eku cuk nsrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ,d gh vk;qoxZ ds

O;fDr;ksa esa Hkh fdlh ,d oLrq ds ckjs esa muds fopkjksa esa dk;Zxr fHkUurk gksrh

gSA ,d f'kf{kr vius cjkcj vk;q ds vf'kf{kr dh vis{kk lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa

ds izfr vf/kd lpsr o tkx:d gks ldrk gSA

mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds v/;;ujr~ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s Hkh vk;q

,d egŸoiw.kZ vk;ke gS D;ksafd dk;Zdq'kyrk] n`f’Vdks.k o fopkj ds lUnHkZ esa

vk;q dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA blh dkj.k lkekftd n`f’Vdks.k ls fd;s

x;s fdlh Hkh v/;;u esa vk;q dks /;ku esa j[kuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA ryokj1

ds vuqlkj ^^vk;q dk;Z{kerk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA** izk;% lHkh lektksa esa Je

foHkktu dk egŸoiw.kZ vk/kkj vk;q gksus ds dkj.k bldk fof'k"V ,oa izdk;kZRed

egRo gSA vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa tgk¡ vftZr xq.kksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS] ogha

vkfFkZd] O;kolkf;d rFkk in dh izkfIr ds fy, 'kS{kf.kd egRo ds lkFk&lkFk

vk;q dk Hkh fo'ks"k egRo gS] fo'ks"kdj ml voLFkk esa] ftlesa fHkUu&fHkUu

ukSdfj;ksa rFkk O;olk;ksa esa tkus dh vk;q lhek fu/kkZfjr gSA bu lHkh rF;ksa ls

Li’V gksrk gS fd vk;q ,d ,slk egRoiw.kZ vk;ke gS tks fd O;fDr ds oS;fDrd

,oa lkekftd ifjos'k dh fof'k’Vrk dks mtkxj djrk gSA

fyax &

Þfyaxß dk O;fDr;ksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk ,oa mudh eukso`fRr;kas ij fo'ks"k

izHkko iM+rk gSA tula[;k dh ySafxd lajpuk jk"Vªh; fodkl dh n`f"V ls

egRoiw.kZ le>h tkrh gSA fL=;ksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij gh fdlh ns'k dh

dk;Z'khy tula[;k dk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh ns'k esa fL=;ka

mRiknu dk;kasZ esa Hkkx ysrh gSa rks ml ns'k dh izfrO;fDr vk; vf/kd gksxhA blh

izdkj ls ;fn fL=;ksa dh la[;k iq:"kksa ls vf/kd gS rks ogk¡ tula[;k o`f) esa

fyax ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko fd;k tkrk gSA

1- ryokj] oh0] ofdZax owesu bu jktLFkku % , lksf'k;ksykWftdy LVMh] fFkfll] ;wuhoflZVh vkWQ tks/kiqj] 1970] i`0 14

149

f'k{kk &

f'k{kk orZeku 'krkCnh dh og lcls egRoiw.kZ laLFkkxr izfØ;k gS tks

O;fDr vkSj lekt ds thou dks fofo/k :iksa ls izHkkfor djrh gSA f'k{kk vkSj

lekt esa xgjk lEcU/k gSA ,d vksj tgk¡ f'k{kk ijEijk dh /kjksgj dks ,d ih<+h

ls nwljh ih<+h rd igq¡pkrh gS vkSj laLÑfr dh fujarjrk cuk;s j[kus esa lgk;d

gksrh gS ogha nwljh vksj ikfjfLFkfrdh; ifjorZu mls vuqdwyu dk lk/ku cukus

dh izsj.kk nsrs gSaA vius bl i{k esa f'k{kk ifjorZu] xfr'khyrk ,oa lokZaxh.k

fodkl dk ek/;e curh gSA og ifjorZu dh fn'kk fu/kkZfjr dj mldk oSdfYid

izfr:i izLrqr djrh gS] izkfof/kd lk/ku tqVkrh gS vkSj uokpkjksa ds fy;s

Hkko&Hkwfe fufeZr djrh gSA f'k{kk ds ;g nksuks izdk;Z egRoiw.kZ blfy, gSa D;ksafd

ijEijk dh mis{kk ;fn lekt dks /kqjhghu cukrh gS rks ifjorZu dh vLohÑfr ;k

eanxfr lakLÑfrd i{kk?kkr izekf.kr gks ldrh gSA vr% f'k{kk lkekthdj.k dh

izfØ;k dh n`f"V ls dqN T;knk egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kk us vkt vkS|ksfxd fodkl]

vkfFkZd lajpuk] jktuhfrd thou] lkekftd iqufuekZ.k vkSj O;fDrRo ds fodkl

dks ,d nwljs ls bl rjg vkc) dj fn;k gS tks dYiukrhr FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS

fd f'k{kk vk/kqfud lekt esa lkekftd fu;U=.k o ifjorZu dk egRoiw.kZ

vfHkdj.k Hkh gSA ;qokvksa ds oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k ds fu/kkZj.k esa f'k{kk

dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA ekuo O;ogkj ls lEcfU/kr fdlh Hkh v/;;u esa f'k{kk ,d

egRoiw.kZ dkjd gS tks fd ekuo O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus esa cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk

fuHkkrh gSA euq"; dh izR;sd ih<+h esa lh[kus dh izfØ;k vkSj gLrkUrj.k }kjk

tkuus esa o`f) gksrh gSA Kku dh ;g ijEijkxr Ja[kyk gh f'k{kk gS ftlds }kjk

euq"; us viuh ekufld] lkekftd ,oa vk/;kfRed izxfr dh gSA

f'k{kk ;ksX; lekthdj.k dk ,d izeq[k lk/ku gSA vkSipkfjd vkSj

vukSipkfjd Lo:Ikksa eas f'k{kk ekuo O;fDrRo fodkl gsrq vko';d gSA vkt ds

lekt esa rks f'k{kk ekuo izk.kh dh ekSfyd vko';drkvksa ds :i esa fopkfjr gSA

;g ,d ,slh pkch gS ftlls ftanxh ds }kj [kqyrs gSaA1

1- gkV] lh0,0] psfUtax LVsVl vkWQ owesu] ,ykbM ifCy'klZ] ckEcs] 1969] i`0 131-

150

if'peh rFkk Hkkjrh; lekt'kkfL=;ksa ds vuqlkj f'k{kk og izfØ;k gS

ftlls ckSf)d] lS)kfUrd] rkfdZd] O;ogkfjd rFkk vuqHko fl) lHkh izdkj ds

fopkjksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS rFkk ftldk mn~ns'; O;fDr esa mu xq.kksa dk fodkl

djuk gS ftlds }kjk og vius lkekftd rFkk HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k ls vuqdwyu

djds O;fDrRo dk fodkl dj ldsA

f'k{kk ds }kjk dksbZ Hkh lekt nks mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ djrk gS&

1- O;fDr dk lkekftd izR;k'kkvksa ds vuq:i izf'k{k.k] lkekthdj.k vkSj

fodklA

2- lkekftd vko';drkvksa tSls vuq:irk] lkekftd fu;U=.k] foHksnhdj.k]

Je foHkktu] lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl rFkk lekt dh ekuo lalk/ku

lEcU/kh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djukA

ljy lekt esa f'k{kk dk Lo:i ijEijkxr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ f'k{kk ifjokj ds

}kjk nh tkrh gSA bu lektksa f'k{kk ,oa laLÑfr dk Hkh ?kfu"B lEcU/k ik;k

tkrk gSA ;gk¡ f'k{kk dk rkRi;Z iqLrdh; Kku ugha] oju~ lekt ,oa laLÑfr ls

vuqdwyu LFkkfir djus ls gSA ifjokj ds vykok iM+ksl] ukrsnkjh] lewg ,oa vU;

vukSipkfjd lk/kuksa }kjk gh O;fDr dks f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh jgh gSA bl f'k{kk

esa /keZ vkSj uSfrdrk ds rRoksa dh iz/kkurk ik;h tkrh gSA

orZeku vkS|ksfxd lekt esa f'k{kk iw.kZr;k fo'ks"khÑr gSA ;g f'k{kk

vkRefu;U=.k dh vis{kk izkÑfrd txr ij fu;U=.k LFkkfir djus dks vf/kd

egRo nsrh gSA blds QyLo:i fo|ky;ksa }kjk vkSipkfjd f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk

fodkl gqvk ftls izkIr djus ds fy, yEcs f'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA f'k{kk

dk ;g :i viuh izÑfr ls O;kolkf;d gSA

f'k{kk vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k ds e/; fudV dk lEcU/k gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k

ifjorZu dh ,d izfØ;k gSA1 vk/kqfudhdj.k dh tfVy izfØ;k esa ,sls vusd

ifjorZu vkrs jgrs gSa tks ,d nwljs esa O;kIr jgrs gSa vkSj vU;ksU;kfJr HkhA

O;fDrRo ds Lrj ij ,sls ifjorZu Hkh vk tkrs gSa ftuds QyLo:i rdZ] cqf)]

1- xksjs] ,e0,l0] ,tqds'ku ,.M ekMukZts'ku bu bf.M;k] jkor ifCyds'kal] t;iqj] 1982

151

ijkuqHkwfr] xfr'khyrk vkSj O;kid Lrj ij lgHkkfxrk dk lao/kZu gksrk gSA

vk/kqfudh—r O;fDrRo ds bu xq.kksa dks lkekftd rFkk lakLÑfrd Lrjksa ij

laLFkkxr rFkk ewyijd ifjorZu ls u dsoy c<+kok feyrk gS vkSj mlesa fLFkjrk

vkrh gS oju~ ;gh xq.k mu ifjorZuksa dks c<+krs vkSj 'kfDr Hkh iznku djrs gSaA

bl izdkj lkekftd ,oa lkaL—frd okrkoj.k esa dk;Zflf)] lkoZHkkSfedrk rFkk

fof'k"Vrk dh vksj vf/kdkf/kd cy fn;s tkus dh izo`fRr mHkjrh gSA

;ksxsUnz flag1 ¼1973½ us vk/kqfudhdj.k dks lakL—frd izR;; ekuk gS

ftlesa rkfdZd vfHko`fRr] lkoZHkkSe n`f"Vdks.k] ijkuqHkwfr] oSKkfud fo'on`f"V]

ekuork] izkS|ksfxd izxfr vkfn lfEefyr gSaA f'k{kk ds lUnHkZ esa izksQslj flag dk

er gS fd vk/kqfud f'k{kk fo'on`f"Vdks.k ij dsfUnzr gS tks vk/kqfud lekt ds

y{;ksa dks Lohdkjus ds fy;s vko';d ckSf)d ;ksX;rk iznku djrs gSaA

vk/kqfudhdj.k dks rhu {ks=ksa esa fo'ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA izFke&f'k{kk ds

lakL—frd rRoksa esa] f}rh; bldh laxBukRed lajpuk esa vkSj vfUre o`f) dh

nj esaA

Msfu;j yuZj2 ¼1958½ us vk/kqfudhdj.k esa fufgr bu fof'k"Vrkvksa dk

mYys[k fd;k gS&

1- c<+rh gqbZ lk{kjrkA

2- lk{kjrk esa o`f) ds lk/kuksa tSls&lekpkj i=ksa] iqLrd] if=dkvksa] jsfM;ks]

Vsyhfotu vkfn dk iz;ksx f'kf{kr yksxksa ds vFkZiw.kZ fopkj&fofue; dh

lgHkkfxrk esa o`f) djrk gSA

3- c<+rk gqvk uxjhdj.kA

4- bu lHkh ls euq"; dks {kerk esa o`f) gksrh gS] jk"Vª dk vkfFkZd ykHk gksrk

gS] tks izfrO;fDr vk; dks c<+kus esa ;ksx nsrk gSA

vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k ,slh lH;rk dh vksj bafxr djrh gS ftlesa

lk{kjrk rFkk uohuhdj.k dk mPp Lrj rFkk lkFk gh yEcor vkSj HkkSxksfyd

xfr'khyrk] izfrO;fDr mPp vk; ,oa izkjfEHkd Lrj ls mPp Lrj dh vFkZO;oLFkk

1- flag] ;ksxsUnz] ekMukZbts'ku vkWQ bf.M;u VªsfM'ku] jkor ifCyds'kal] t;iqj] 1973 2- yuZj] Msfu;y] fn ikflax vos vkWQ b.MfLVª;y lkslk;Vh] fn Ýh izsl vkWQ Xysudks]

U;w;kdZ] 1958

152

tks vHkko ds Lrj ls ijs tk pqdh gSa] lekfo"V gSA ,e0,u0 Jhfuokl1 ¼1966½ ds

vuqlkj vk/kqfudhdj.k esa c<+k gqvk uxjhdj.k] lk{kjrk dk izlkj] izfrO;fDr

vk; esa o`f) rFkk rdZ dk fodkl vkfn rRo lfEefyr gSaA ,l0lh0 nqcs2 ¼1988½

us f'k{kk dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dk ,d l'kDr ek/;e ekurs gSa D;ksafd f'k{kk Kku

dh o`f) djkrh gS ,oa ewY;ksa rFkk /kkj.kkvksa esa ifjorZu ykrh gS tks

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds mn~ns'; rd ig¡qpus ds fy;s vko';d gSA nqcs dk ekuuk gS

fd vf/kdka'k ijEijkvksa] tkfrokn] lkEiznkf;drk rFkk ifo=rk ,oa vifo=rk dh

/kkj.kk jk"Vªh; fodkl esa rFkk foosd ds fodkl esa ck/kd gSA ijEijk iznRr inksa

dks pkgrh gS] rks vk/kqfudhdj.k vftZr inksa dh iqf"V djrk gSA Li"V gS fd

Hkkjr esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa dbZ ck/kk;sa n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSa vkSj vf'k{kk

bu ck/kkvksa dk ewy dkj.k gSA tSls&tSls f'k{kk dk izpkj&izlkj c<+sxk] blds

lkFk&lkFk vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k rhozrj gksrh tk;sxh vkSj fodkl ;kstukvksa

esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh c<s+xhA f'k{kk ,oa lapkj ds rhoz xfr ls fodkl ds

ifj.kkeLo:i xk¡oksa esa HkkSfrd ,oa lakL—frd ifjorZu gh ugha gks jgs gSa oju~ u;s

lkekftd lEcU/k] uohu lkekftd ewY; o vkdka{kk;sa Hkh fodflr gks jgh gSaA

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ewY;ksa dks izlkfjr djus gsrq f'k{kk ds mi;ksx ij cy

nsus ds fy;s 70 ds n'kd ds ckn iz;kl vko';d le>k tkus yxkA vR;f/kd

mRiknd vFkZO;oLFkk] forj.k'khy U;k; fu.kZ; djus okyh laLFkkvksa esa yksxksa dh

lgHkkfxrk] m|ksxksa —f"k rFkk vU; O;olk;ksa vkSj is'kksa esa oSKkfud izkS|ksfxdh dk

oj.k] vkfn Hkkjrh; lekt dks vk/kqfud cukus ds mn~ns';ksa ds :i esa Lohdkj

fd;k tkus yxkA bu y{;ksa dks mnkj f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls izkIr fd;k tkuk FkkA

vr% vk/kqfudhdj.k dks rdZlaxr ewY; O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr vkUnksyu ;k n'kZu

ds :i esa ugha oju~ ,d izfØ;k ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA bl izdkj

vk/kqfudhdj.k dks dsoy vkfFkZd {ks= rd gh lkfer ugha j[kuk Fkk cfYd

1- Jhfuokl] ,e0,u0] psaftax iksth'ku vkWQ fn bf.M;u oksesu] vkWDlQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl] ubZ fnYyh] 1978

2- nqcs] ,l0lh0] ekMukZbts'ku ,.M bV~l ,MkfIVo fMek>M~l vkWQ bf.M;u lkslkbVh bu ,e0,l0 xksjs ¼laik0½ lksf'kykWth vkWQ ,twds'ku bu bf.M;k] foLrkj ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1986

153

lkekftd] jktuSfrd] lakL—frd rFkk /kkfeZd {ks=ksa esa izkIr fd;k tkuk FkkA ;g

f'k{kk dks vk/kqfudrk ds foLrkj ds fy;s ,d ekxZ ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;s tkus

dk iz;Ru FkkA

f'k{kk ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds e/; lEcU/k dks Li"V djus gsrq

,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 }kjk vkB jkT;ksa esa dqN vuqHkokRed v/;;u fd;s x;sA bu

v/;;uksa esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gS fd fdl lhek rd ns'k esa Ldwyksa vkSj dkystksa ds

Nk=ksa ,oa f'k{kdksa dh vfHk#fp] vkdka{kkvksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.k esa vk/kqfudrk vk;h gSA

bu v/;;uksa esa vysDl] bUdsYl }kjk fodflr iSekus dk vuqdj.k djds

vk/kqfudhdj.k dks ekik x;k gSA ifj.kkeksa ls bl ckr ds ladsr feys gS fd

ikfjokfjd thou ds fo"k; ij Nk= ijEijkxr cus gq, gSaA ;ksxsUnz flag1 ¼1978½

us jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky; ds dkyst f'k{kdksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izfr

vfHk#fp;ksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa muds n`f"Vdks.kksa dk v/;;u fd;kA f'k{kdksa

dh vkdka{kkvksa izfrc)rkvksa] izHkqRo vkSj eukscy ds Lrj dks bl vk'k; ls ekik

x;k fd f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj ewY; mUgas vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ,tsUV ds :i esa

fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrs gSaA

vr% Li"V gS fd f'k{kk ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds e/; lk/; ,oa lk/ku dk

laca/k gSA f'k{kk vk/kqfudhdj.k dk ,d l'kDr ek/;e gS tks vk/kqfudhdj.k ds

mn~ns';ksa rd igq¡pus ds fy, vko';d gSA

oSokfgd fLFkfr &

fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k ds v/;;u ds vUrxZr

mldh oSokfgd fLFkfr dks Hkh le>uk vko';d gSA D;ksafd fookg fo'o ds

izR;sd lekt ds fy;s] pkgs og vkfne lekt gks ;k lH; lekt] ijEijkxr

lekt gks ;k vk/kqfud lekt] xzkeh.k gks vFkok uxjh; vko';d vax ekuk tkrk

gS D;ksafd fookg og lk/ku gS ftlds vk/kkj ij lekt dh izkjfEHkd bdkbZ]

ifjokj dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA fookg ,d lkekU; rFkk LokHkkfod ?kVuk gS ,oa

ifjokj dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA

1- flag] ;ksxsUnz] ,lsl vkWu ekMukZbts'ku bu bf.M;k] euksgj izsl] ubZ fnYyh] 1978

154

fookg ,d lkekftd laLFkk gS ftldh mRifRr lekt }kjk ekU;rk izkIr

rjhds ls L=h&iq#"k dh ;kSu lEcU/kh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s mls ,d

fuf'pr <ax ls fu;fU=r djus rFkk fLFkj j[kus vkSj ifjokj dks LFkk;h :Ik nsus

ds fy;s gqbZ gSA fookg og vk/kkj gS tks ?kj clkrk gS vkSj cPpksa ds tUe o

ikyu&iks"k.k rFkk vkfFkZd lgdkfjrk o lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro dh uhao dks

cukrk gSA

cksxkMZl1 ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^fookg L=h vkSj iq#"k dks ikfjokfjd thou esa

izos'k djokus dh ,d laLFkk gSA** osLVjekdZ2 ds vuqlkj] ^^fookg ,d ;k vf/kd

iq#"kksa dk ,d ;k vf/kd fL=;ksa ds lkFk gksus okyk og lEcU/k gS ftls izFkk ;k

dkuwu Lohdkj djrk gS vkSj ftlesa fookg djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds vkSj muls

iSnk gq, lEHkkfor cPpksa ds chp esa ,d nwljs ds izfr gksus okys vf/kdkjksa vkSj

drZO;ksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA** la{ksi esa fookg lekt esa ekU;rkizkIr fdlh izFkk

;k fu;e ds vuqlkj nks ;k nks ls vf/kd L=h&iq#"kksa ds ;kSu lEcU/kksa dks fu;fer

djus dh og laLFkk gS ftldk mn~ns'; ?kj clkuk rFkk cPpksa ds ykyu&ikyu

ds fy;s ,d LFkk;h vk/kkj iznku djrk gSA

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd fookg dk loZizeq[k mn~ns'; L=h vkSj

iq#"k ds chp ;kSu&lEcU/kksa dks fu;fer djuk rFkk lUrkuksRifRr ds lkekftd

dk;Z esa ;ksx nsuk gSA ^êjMkd3 us lalkj ds fofHkUu lektksa dk v/;;u djds

;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd ekuo lektksa esa fookg ds lkekU;r% rhu izeq[k mn~ns';

gSa& izFke ;kSu lEcU/kh bPNkvksa dh r`fIr] f}rh; vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj r`rh;

cPpksa dk ikyu&iks"k.kA**

Hkkjrh; fgUnw lekt esa fookg dks ,d ,slk ifo= cU/ku ekuk x;k gS

ftlds }kjk efgyk dks ek¡ rFkk iq#"k dks firk cuus dk xkSjo izkIr gksrk gSA

D;ksafd iq= ds }kjk gh euq"; eks{k dh izkfIr dj ldrk gSA blfy;s fookg ds

fcuk dksbZ Hkh euq"; eks{k ugha izkIr dj ldrk gSA fgUnw fookg ,d /kkfeZd

1- cksxkMZ~l] bZ0,l0] lksf'kykWth] eSdxzkfgy cqd da0] U;w;kdZ] 1953 2- osLVjekdZ] fn fgLVªh vkWQ º;wesu eSfjt] okY;we&I] 1989 3- eMksZd] th0ih0] lks'ky LVªDpj] eSdfeyu dEiuh] U;w;kdZ] 1949

155

laLdkj gS] oS/kkfud ;k lkekftd le>kSrk ughA ;g /kkfeZd laLdkj blfy;s gS

fd fgUnw fookg dh iw.kZrk ds fy;s dqN /kkfeZd ÑR; tSls gkse] ikf.kxzg.k vkSj

lIrinh vkfn vko';d gSaA fgUnw fookg esa /keZ dk LFkku lcls igys j[kk x;k

gS vkSj jfr dk LFkku lcls vUr esaA fgUnw fookg dk lcls izFke mn~ns'; /kkfeZd

drZO;ksa dk ikyu djuk gSA1

eqfLye lektksa esa fookg dks fudkg dgrs gSa] eqfLye dkuwu ds vuqlkj

fookg ,d lkekftd le>kSrk gS ftldk mn~ns'; ?kj clkuk] cPpksa dk mRikn

vkSj mUgsa oS/krk iznku djuk gSA eqYyk us fy[kk gS fd ^êqfLye fookg ¼fudkg½

,d f'k"V le>kSrk gS ftldk mn~ns'; cPps mRiUu djuk rFkk mUgsa oS/k ?kksf"kr

djuk gSA2

ikfjokfjd i"BHkwfe&

;qokvksa ds oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k ds v/;;u ds vUrxZr muds

ikfjokfjsd i`"BHkwfe dk v/;;u vfr egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjrh; lkekftd thou esa

ifjokj ,d ,slh vk/kkjHkwr bdkbZ gS ftlds Åij lekt dh lEiw.kZ lajpuk

vk/kkfjr gSA ifjokj gh O;fDr dh izFke ikB'kkyk gksrh gSA O;fDr ds O;fDrRo

dk fodkl ifjokj esa gh lEHko gksrk gS D;ksafd ifjokj ds vHkko esa O;fDr dh

dYiuk gh ugha dh tk ldrhA tc f'k'kq ^^bgyksd** esa izos'k djrk gS rks og

ekal dk fi.M ek= gksrk gSA ifjokj ds lnL; gh mldk ykyu&ikyu djrs gSaA

og ifjokj esa jgdj ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk lkekthdj.k dh izfØ;k ls

xqtjrk gqvk thou&{ks= esa izos'k djrk gSA

fofHkUu lektksa esa ifjokj ds Lo:i ,oa dk;ksZa dh fHkUurk ds dkj.k bls

dbZ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA bldh jpuk ;k rks tSfodh; vk/kkj ij cus

ek¡&ckyd ;qXe }kjk ;k lkekftd vk/kkj ij fufeZr ekrk&firk&larku ds lHkh

cU/kuksa }kjk gksrh gSA ,d tSfodh; bdkbZ ds :i esa ifjokj og lewg gS ftlesa

L=h o iq#"k dks ;kSu lEcU/kksa dh LFkkiuk o lUrku iSnk djus ds fy;s lekt

1- dikfM;k] ds0,e0] eSfjt ,.M QSeyh bu bf.M;k] vkWDlQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl] ckEcs] 1955

2- eq[kthZ] johUnzukFk % Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLd`fr] foosd izdk'ku] tokgj uxj] fnYyh] 2004

156

dh Loh—fr izkIr gksrh gSA lkekftd bdkbZ ds :i esa ifjokj L=h&iq#"k dk ,d

lewg gS tks fookg ;k jDr ;k xksn ds lEcU/kksa ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr gksrk gSA

^cxsZl ,oa ykWd*1 ifjokj dks O;fDr;ksa dk ,d ,slk lewg ekurs gSa tks fookg]

jDr vFkok nRrd cU/kuksa ls c¡/kk gksrk gS blds }kjk ,d vdsys ?kj dh jpuk

gksrh gS] blds lnL; ifr&iRuh] ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&cgu dh lkekftd Hkwfedk esa

,d nwljs ls varfØZ;k rFkk varlZEizs"k.k djrs gq, ,d lkekU; laL—fr dh jpuk

djrs gSaA ;g ifjHkk"kk fookg ds vk/kkj ij cus vk/kqfud oS;fDrd y?kq ifjokjksa

ij gh vf/kd pfjrkFkZ gksrh gS rFkk Hkkjr ds la;qDr ifjokj blds ?ksjs esa ugha vk

ikrs] ftlesa ifr&iRuh vkSj mudh lUrkuksa ds vfrfjDr jDr lEcfU/k;ksa dh nks

;k nks ls vf/kd ih<+h lkFk&lkFk fuokl djrh gSaA

ekuo dh leLr lkekftd laLFkkvksa esa ifjokj ,d vk/kkjHkwr vkSj

loZO;kih lkekftd laLFkk gSA laL—fr ds lHkh Lrjksa esa pkgs mUgsa mUur dgk

tk; ;k fuEu] fdlh u fdlh izdkj dk ikfjokfjd laxBu vfuok;Zr% ik;k tkrk

gSA2 ;fn ge bfrgkl ij n`f"Vikr djsa] rks ik;saxs fd ifjokj vkfne ;qx esa vius

vki esa iw.kZ lkekftd bdkbZ Fkh tks /khjs&/khjs fo'ks"k mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fufeÙk

NksVs vkdkj dk ,d lkekftd laxBu cu x;kA tks ifjokj esa tUe ysrs gSa]

muds fy;s ;g ,d lEiw.kZ leqnk; ;k txr gSA exj tSls&tSls os cM+s gksdj

ckfyx gksrs tkrs gSa] oSls&oSls muds fy;s ifjokj dk nk;jk ladqfpr gksrk tkrk

gSA vU; lkekftd laxBuksa dh vis{kk ifjokj ,d fojkV lkekftd izfØ;k gSA3

eSdkboj ,oa ist4 us lekt esa ifjokj dks gh lcls egRoiw.kZ lewg ekuk gSA

ekuo lekt esa ifjokj gh ,d ,slh vk/kkjHkwr bdkbZ gS ftlds vUrxZr

rFkk ftlds }kjk O;fDr ik'kfod izo`fRr;ksa dk 'kks/ku rFkk lkekthdj.k dj

lkekftd iz—fr izkIr djus esa lQy gks ldk gSA vr% ifjokj ,d lkoZHkkSfed

laLFkk gS ftldk fodkl lkekftd thou ls lEcfU/kr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds

1- cxsZl] bZ0MCY;w0] ykWd] ,p0ts0] fn QSfeyh] vesfjdu cqd da0] U;w;kdZ] 1949 2- xqMlsy] MCY;w0] fgLVªh vkWQ eSfjt ,.M QSfeyh] eSdfeyu dEiuh] U;w;kdZ] 1934 3- dikfM;k] ds0,e0] eSfjt ,.M QSeyh bu bf.M;k] vkWDlQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl] ckEcs]

1972 4- eSdkboj] vkj0,e0 ,.M ist] lh0,u0] lkslk;Vh] eSdfeyu ,.M da0] U;w;kdZ] 1950

157

vfuok;Z lk/ku ds :i esa gqvk gSA ;g vius lnL;ksa dh /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd]

lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd] 'kkjhfjd ,oa euksoSKkfud vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ esa Hkh

;ksx nsrk gSA1

^QSeyh* 'kCn dh mRifRr ySfVu Hkk"kk ds ^QSeqyl* 'kCn ls gqbZ gS tks ,d

lewg ds fy;s iz;qDr gksrk Fkk] ftlesa ekrk] firk] cPps] ukSdj vkSj nkl gksrs FksA

ifjokj dk vFkZ le;≤ ds vuqlkj cnyrk jgk gSA if'peh lekt'kkL=h

ifjokj ds vUrxZr y?kq lewg lnL;rk dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA blds vUrxZr os

ekrk&firk rFkk vfookfgr cPpksa dks lfEefyr djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k ls

ifjokj ds vUrxZr ekrk&firk] iq=&iq=h] pkpk&pkph] nknk&nknh]

Hkrhts&Hkrhth] cgw vkfn lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSaA2 fofHkUu fo}kuksa us ifjokj dks

fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&

eSdkboj ,oa ist3 ifjokj dks i;kZIr fuf'pr ;kSu lEcU/kksa }kjk ifjHkkf"kr

,d ,slk lewg ekurs gSa tks cPpksa ds tuu ,oa ykyu&ikyu dh O;oLFkk djrk

gSA tcfd oxsZl rFkk ykd4 dk dguk gS fd ifjokj mu O;fDr;ksa dk ,d lewg

gS tks fookg] jDr ;k xksn ysus ds cU/kuksa ls tqM+s gq, gSa o ,d x`gLFkh dk

fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ifr&iRuh] iq=&iq=h] HkkbZ&cgu Øe'k% vius&vius lkekftd

dk;ksZa] vUr%fØ;k ,oa vUr%lapkj djrs gSa rFkk ,d lkekU; laL—fr dk fuekZ.k

djrs gSaA Msfol5 us ifjokj dks ,sls O;fDr;ksa dk lewg crk;k gS tks jDr ds

vk/kkj ij ,d nwljs ls lEcfU/kr gSa rFkk tks ijLij ukrsnkj gSaA ejMkd6 us

ifjokj dks ,d ,slk lkekftd lewg ekuk gS ftlds y{k.k lkekU; fuokl]

vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj tuu gSaA muesa nks fyaxksa ds ckfyx 'kkfey gSa] ftuesa de

ls de nks O;fDr;ksa esa Loh—r ;kSu lEcU/k gksrk gS vkSj ftu ckfyx O;fDr;ksa esa

;kSu lEcU/k gksrk gS muds vius ;k xksn fy;s gq, ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd cPps

1- eq[kthZ] johUnzukFk % Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laL—fr] foosd izdk'ku] fnYyh] 2001 2- jkor] gfjÑ".k % lekt'kkL= fo'odks"k] jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqj] 2004 3- eSdkboj] vkj0,e0 ,.M ist] lh0,u0] lkslk;Vh] eSdfeyu ,.M da0] U;w;kdZ] 1950 4- cxsZl] bZ0MCY;w0] ykWd] ,p0ts0] fn QSfeyh] vesfjdu cqd da0] U;w;kdZ] 1949 5- Msfol] fdaXLys] º;wesu lkslk;Vh] eSdfeyu ,.M da0] U;w;kdZ] 1949 6- eMksZd] th0ih0] lks'ky LVªDpj] eSdfeyu dEiuh] U;w;kdZ] 1949

158

gksrs gSaA ywlh es;j us dgk gS fd ifjokj ,d x`gLFk lewg gS ftlesa ekrk&firk

vkSj lUrku lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSaA ';kepj.k nwcs1 ds vuqlkj ^îfjokj esa L=h o

iq#"k nksuks dks lnL;rk izkIr gksrh gS muesa ls de ls de nks foijhr ;kSu

O;fDr;ksa dks ;kSu lEcU/kksa dh lkekftd Loh—r jgrh gS vkSj muds lalxZ ls

mRiUu lUrku feydj ifjokj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA**

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd fo}kuksa us ifjokj dks fofHkUu

n`f"Vdks.kksa ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA ifjokj ,d la?k vkSj ,d laLFkk ds :i esa

lekt esa fo|eku gSA izR;sd lekt esa ifjokj ds nks i{k Li"V gksrs gSa& ,d

lajpukRed ,oa nwljk izdk;kZRedA vius ewy :i esa ifjokj dh lajpuk

ifr&iRuh vkSj cPpksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA bl n`f"V ls izR;sd ifjokj esa

de ls de rhu izdkj ds lEcU/k fo|eku jgrs gSa&

1- ifr&iRuh ds lEcU/k

2- ekrk&firk ,oa cPpksa ds lEcU/k

3- HkkbZ&cguksa ds lEcU/k

izFke izdkj dk lEcU/k oSokfgd lEcU/k gksrk gS tcfd nwljs ,oa rhljs

izdkj ds lEcU/k jDr lEcU/k gksrs gSaA blh vk/kkj ij ifjokj ds lnL; ijLij

ukrsnkj Hkh gSa Li"V gS fd ,d ifjokj esa oSokfgd ,oa jDr lEcU/kksa dk ik;k

tkuk vko';d gSA bu lEcU/kksa ds vHkko esa ifjokj dk fuekZ.k lEHko ugha gSA

izdk;kZRed n`f"V ls ifjokj dk fuekZ.k dqN ewyHkwr mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ ds

fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ifjokj dk mn~ns'; ;kSu lEcU/kksa dk fu;eu djuk]

lUrkuksRifRr] lUrkuksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k] f'k{k.k o lkekthdj.k djuk rFkk mUgsa

vkfFkZd lkekftd o ekufld laj{k.k iznku djuk gSA bu izdk;ksZa dh iwfrZ ds

fy;s ifjokj ds lnL; ijLij vf/kdkjksa ,oa drZO;ksa ls c¡/ks gksrs gSaA bl izdkj

ge dg ldrs gSa fd ifjokj tSfodh; lEcU/kksa ij vk/kkfjr ,d lkekftd lewg

gS ftlesa ekrk&firk vkSj cPps gksrs gSa] ftudk mn~ns'; vius lnL;ksa ds fy;s

1- nqcs] ,l0lh0] ekMukZbts'ku ,.M Msoyies.V] foLrkj ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1988

159

lkekU; fuokl] vkfFkZd lg;ksx] ;kSu lUrqf"V] iztuu] lkekthdj.k o f'k{k.k

vkfn lqfo/kk;sa tqVkuk gSA1

eSdkboj ,oa ist2 us ifjokj dh dqN lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k

fd;k gS tks loZns'kh; ,oa loZdkyhu gSaA ueZns'oj izlkn3 us bu fo'ks"krkvksa dks

ifjokj ds ik¡p eq[; vax dgk gS tks fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- ;kSu lEcU/k]

2- fookg dh izFkk]

3- fj'rksa ds ukedj.k dh izFkk]

4- fdlh izdkj dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk tks ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds fy;s

ekU; gks]

5- ?kj tgk¡ ifjokj ds lc lkFk jg ldsaA

bu lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa ds vfrfjDr eSdkboj ,oa ist4 us dqN fof'k"V

fo'ks"krkvksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gS tks vU; lfefr;ksa esa ns[kus dks ugha feyrh

gSaA os bl izdkj gSa&

1- lkoZHkkSfedrk

2- HkkoukRed vk/kkj

3- lnL;ksa dk mRrjnkf;Ro

4- lkekftd fu;a=.k

5- jpukRed izHkko

6- lkekftd lajpuk esa dsUnzh; fLFkfr

7- lhfer vkdkj

8- LFkk;h o vLFkk;h iz—fr

1- nslkbZ] vkbZ0ih0] le ,LisDV vkWQ QSfeyh bu egqvk] ,f'k;k ifCyf'kax gkml] ckEcs] 1964

2- eSdkboj] vkj0,e0 ,.M ist] lh0,u0] lkslk;Vh] eSdfeyu ,.M da0] U;w;kdZ] 1950 3- izlkn] ueZns'oj] psat LVªsVsth bu , Msoyfiax lkslk;Vh] ehuk{kh izdk'ku] esjB]

1970 4- eSdkboj] vkj0,e0 ,.M ist] lh0,u0] lkslk;Vh] eSdfeyu ,.M da0] U;w;kdZ] 1950

160

mi;qZDr o.kZu ls Li"V gS fd ;|fi ifjokj lekt dk ,d vR;Ur lhfer

lewg gS rFkkfi ;g viuh foy{k.krk ds dkj.k lcls fHkUu lewg gSA lkekU;r%

bldk vkjEHk ml le; gksrk gS tc nks lkFkh fookg djrs gSaA tc buds cPps

fookg dj ysrs gSa rc bldk :i cny tkrk gS tc ,d LkkFkh dh e`R;q gks tkrh

gS rks ;g lekIr gksus yxrk gSA tc rd cPps NksVs rFkk iw.kZr% ekrk&firk ij

vkfJr gksrs gSa] rc rd ifjokj ,d laxfBr lewg fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tc cPps cM+s

o vkRefuHkZj gksus yxrs gSa] rks ;g laxBu <hyk gksus yxrk gS rFkk tc os

fookg dj ysrs gSa rks iqjkuk ifjokj fo?kfVr gksus yxrk gS ,oa u;s ifjokjksa dk

tUe gksrk gS] izkjfEHkd lEcU/k myV tkrs gSa rFkk ekrk&firk cPpksa ij vkfJr

gksus yxrs gSaA mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ,oa ifjokj dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls Li"V gksrk gS

fd foLr`r vFkksZa esa ifjokj ,d ,slk lewg gS ftlesa nRrd O;fDr;ksa lfgr dqN

oSokfgd ,oa jDr lEcU/kh lfEefyr gksrs gSa rFkk ftls lkekftd bdkbZ ds :i esa

ekU;rk izkIr gksrh gSA bl izdkj ifjokj ,d vk/kkjHkwr laLFkk gS tgk¡ ij euq";

ds thou dh fofo/k vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd ifjokj dk

vfLrRo fo'o dh izR;sd laL—fr esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;g ckr vkSj gS fd le; ds

vuqlkj ifjokj ds Lo:iksa esa ifjorZu vkrs jgs gSaA

ifjokj dh lajpuk] iz—fr ,oa oxhZdj.k ds lEcU/k esa fofHkUu fo}kuksa us

vyx&vyx er fn;s gSaA cxsZl vkSj ykd1 us O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkj ds vk/kkj ij

ifjokjksa dk oxhZdj.k ^laLFkkxr* rFkk ^lgpkfjrk* ds :i esa fd;k gSA ^laLFkkxr*

ifjokj esa lnL;ksa ds O;ogkj ij :f<+;ksa@yksdkpkjksa o tuer }kjk fu;U=.k

fd;k tkrk gS tcfd lgpkfjrk ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dk O;ogkj vkilh Lusg vkSj

erSD; ls curk gSA cxsZl2 dk er gS fd vesfjdu ifjokj laLFkkxr ifjokj ls

lgpkfjrk ifjokj ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks jgk gSA ukrsnkjh ds cU/kuksa ds vk/kkj

ij ifjokj dks oSokfgd rFkk jDrewyd esa oxhZ—r fd;k x;k gSA izFke izdkj ds

ifjokjksa esa oSokfgd cU/kuksa dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljs esa jDr dksA

vesfjdk dh ifjokj iz.kkyh ôSokfgd* izdkj dk mnkgj.k gS blds foijhr

1- cxsZl] bZ0MCY;w0] ykWd] ,p0ts0] fn QSfeyh] vesfjdu cqd da0] U;w;kdZ] 1949 2- cxsZl] bZ0MCY;w0] ykWd] ,p0ts0] fn QSfeyh] vesfjdu cqd da0] U;w;kdZ] 1949

161

Hkkjrh; ifjokj iz.kkyh jDrewyd gSA oSokfgd ifjokj esa O;fDr dk ekrk&firk

ds LFkku ij iRuh dh vksj >qdko jgrk gS tcfd ^jDrewyd* ifjokj O;oLFkk esa

iRuh dks ^ckgjh O;fDr* ekuk tkrk gSA oSokfgd ifjokj vLFkkbZ gksrs gSa vkSj

ekrk&firk ds e`R;q ds lkFk fc[kj tkrs gSaA ^jDrewyd* ifjokj dkQh yEcs le;

rd pyrs gSa D;ksafd ifjokj dk vfLrRo ,d nkEifRr ij fuHkZj ugha jgrkA ;fn

dHkh ekrk ;k firk dh vlkef;d e`R;q gks tkrh gS rc vU; lEcU/kh ekrk&firk

dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA nknk&nknh dh e`R;q ds ckn ifjokj dk fu;U=.k vxyh

ih<+h ds ikl pyk tkrk gSA

ftejesu1 us ifjokj dk oxhZdj.k U;kl/kkjh] x`gLFk rFkk vk.kfod esa

fd;k gS ijUrq mUgksaus ifjokj ds bu izdkjksa dks vkuqHkkfod u ekudj vkn'kZ

ekuk gSA Û;kl/kkjh* ifjokj esa O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrk

D;ksafd ifjokj dk izR;sd lnL; U;klh dh bPNkvksa dks ekuus ds fy;s ck/;

gksrk gSA ifjokj ds eqf[k;k dk vk/kkj fujadq'k ugha gksrk oju~ mls U;klh ds :i

esa ifjokj ds mRrjnkf;Roksa ds fuokZg ds fy;s izkIr gksrk gSA x`gLFk ifjokj

U;kl/kkjh o vk.kfod ifjokjksa ds chp dk ifjokj gS ftlesa bu nksuks ifjokjksa dh

fo'ks"krk;sa lekfgr gksrh gSaA ;g ifjokj vkSipkfjdrk vkSj O;fDrokn ds chp

lUrqyu cuk;s j[krk gSA vk.kfod ifjokj esa :f<+xr yksdkpkjksa dk egRo lekIr

gks tkrk gS vkSj izR;sd lnL; dh LosPNk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA ftejlsu dk ekuuk

gS fd vesfjdu ifjokj U;kl/kkjh ls vk.kfod esa cnyk gSA

vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij ifjokj dks ,dkdh vkSj la;qDr esa foHkDr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA ,dkdh ifjokj] ifjokj dk lcls NksVk :i gS] ftlesa ifr&iRuh rFkk

muds vfookfgr cPps 'kkfey gksrs gSaA fookg gks tkus ij cPps ekrk&firk dks

NksM+dj u;k ,dkdh ifjokj clk ysrs gSaA tcfd ,d la;qDr ifjokj esa

nknk&nknh] ekrk&firk] pkpk&pkph] ppsjs HkkbZ&cgus] mudh ifRu;ka o cPps

vkfn lfEefyr gksrs gSaA la;qDr ifjokj dks foLr`r ifjokj Hkh dgrs gSaA2

1- ftejeSu] dkays lh0] QSfeyh ,.M flfoykbts'ku] gkiZj ,.M cznlZ] U;w;kdZ] 1949 2- cxsZl] bZ0MCY;w0] ykWd] ,p0ts0] fn QSfeyh] vesfjdu cqd da0] U;w;kdZ] 1949

162

,dkdh ifjokj] ftls dsUnzh; ;k ukfHkdh; ifjokj Hkh dgrs gSa]

vk/kqfudhdj.k dh nsu gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k o uxjhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk vk/kqfud

lH;rk ,oa laL—fr ds izlkj rFkk HkkSfrdoknh o O;fDroknh n`f"Vdks.k ds fodkl

us ,dkdh ifjokj dks c<+kus esa ,oa la;qDr ifjokjksa ds fo?kVu esa fo'ks"k lg;ksx

fn;k gS vkdkj dh n`f"V ls ,dkdh vFkok dsUnzh; ifjokj lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA

blds lnL; dsoy ifr&iRuh rFkk muds vfookfgr cPps gh gSaA gSfjl1 us

,dkdh ifjokj dks mu O;fDr;ksa dk NksVk lewg dgk gS tks tSfodh; Hkwfedk

fuHkkus ds vfrfjDr ,d nwljs ds izfr laLFkkxr lkekftd nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djrs

gSa rFkk ,slk djus ds lkFk gh lkFk mu fo'oklksa ,oa ewY;ksa dk ikyu djrs gSa

ftudh muds ifjokj ds vUrxZr iwjk djus dh vk'kk dh tkrh gSA vFkkZr

ikfjokfjd laxBu dh ,slh vk/kkjHkwr bdkbZ ftldh jpuk fookfgr nEifRr rFkk

mudh vkfJr lUrkuksa }kjk gksrh gS mls ukfHkd ifjokj dgrs gSaA foLrkfjr

ifjokj dk fodkl ukfHkd ifjokj }kjk gh gksrk gSA ukfHkdh; ifjokj dh fLFkfr

foLrkfjr ifjokjksa ds chp dh gksrh gSA blhfy;s gh bUgsa ukfHkd ifjokj dgrs gSaA

dHkh&dHkh blh izdkj ds ifjokjksa dks bafxr djus ds fy;s nkEiR;ewyd ifjokj

'kCn dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ts0 ih0 ejMkd2 us bls ^lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh;

lewg* dh laKk nh gSA mUgksaus bls ekuo tkfr ds vfrthou vkSj lkekftd

fujUrjrk ds fy;s vko';d crk;k gSA

foLrkfjr ifjokj ds ,d fof'k"V :i tks fo'ks"kr% Hkkjr ds fgUnw leqnk;

esa ik;k tkrk gS] dks la;qDr ifjokj dh laKk nh x;h gSA la;qDr ifjokj ds

lekt'kkL=h; ,oa dkuwuh O;k[;kvksa esa Hksn gksus ds dkj.k bldh fHkUu ifjHkk"kk;sa

dh x;h gSaA dkuwuh n`f"Vdks.k3 ds vuqlkj ^,d la;qDr ifjokj esa os lHkh O;fDr

lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSa tks ,d lkekU; iwoZt ds oa'kt gksrs gSaA buds vfrfjDr

blesa mudh ifRu;ka rFkk vfookfgr yM+fd;ka Hkh vkrh gSa] ,sls ifjokjksa dh

1- eq[kthZ] johUnzukFk % Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laL—fr] foosd izdk'ku] fnYyh] 2001 2- eMksZd] th0ih0] lks'ky LVªDpj] eSdfeyu dEiuh] U;w;kdZ] 1949 3- eq[kthZ] johUnzukFk % Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laL—fr] foosd izdk'ku] fnYyh] 2001

163

lEifRr Hkh la;qDr gksrh gSA lekt'kkL=h; n`f"Vdks.k1 ds vuqlkj ^^la;qDr ifjokj

,d ,slk ?kj gS ftlesa ukfHkd ifjokjksa dh vis{kk vf/kd ihf<+;ksa ¼lkekU;r% blesa

rhu ;k vf/kd ihf<+;ksa½ ds O;fDr jgrs gSa vkSj ftlds lnL; lEifRr] vk;]

ikjLifjd vf/kdkj ,oa drZO;ksa }kjk ,d&nwljs ls vkc) gksrs gSaA

bjkorh dkosZ2 us la;qDr ifjokj dks mu O;fDr;ksa dk lewg ekuk gS tks

lk/kkj.kr;k ,d edku esa jgrs gSa ,d jlksbZ esa idk Hkkstu djrs gSa lkekU;

lEifRr ds Lokeh gksrs gSa] lkewfgd iwtk esa Hkkx ysrs gSa rFkk fdlh u fdlh

izdkj ,d nwljs ds jDr lEcU/kh gksrs gSaA

Mk0 vkbZ0ih0 nslkbZ3 lkekU; fuokl] lkekU; jlksbZ rFkk ifjokj ds

lnL;ksa dh la[;k dks la;qDr ifjokj dk vk/kkj ugha ekurs oju~ vki us la;qDr

ifjokj ds ik¡p izeq[k vk/kkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS & ukrsnkjh] ihf<+;ksa dh la[;k]

lEifRr] vk; vkSj ikjLifjd lg;ksxA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls vki us la;qDr ifjokj

dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj ls nh gS] ^^ge ml ifjokj dks la;qDr ifjokj dgrs gSa

ftlesa ,dkdh ifjokj ls vf/kd ihf<+;ksa ds lnL; lkekU;r;k rhu ;k rhu ls

vf/kd ihf<+;ksa ds lnL; ,d nwljs ls lEifRr vk; rFkk ikjLifjd vf/kdkjksa ,oa

drZO;ksa }kjk lEcfU/kr gksaA** ';kepj.k nqcs4 dk dguk gS ;fn dbZ ewy ifjokj

,d lkFk jgrs gksa vkSj muesa fudV dk ukrk gks] ,d LFkku ij Hkkstu djrs gksa

vkSj ,d vkfFkZd bdkbZ ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gksa] rks muds lfEefyr :i dks

la;qDr ifjokj dgk tk ldrk gSA

bu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij la;qDr ifjokj dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk;sa

Li"V dh tk ldrh gSa&

1- cM+k vkdkj

2- lfEefyr jlksbZ

1- jkor] gfj—".k % lekt'kkL= fo'odks"k] jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqj] 2004 2- dosZ] bjkorh] fdaf'ki vkWxZukbts'ku bu bf.M;k] eqa'kh jke euksgjyky ifCy'klZ] ubZ

fnYyh] 1996 3- nslkbZ] vkbZ0ih0] fn TokbaV QSfeyh bu bf.M;k] ,u ,ukykbfll lksf'kykWftdy

cqysfVu] flrEcj] 1956 4- nqcs] ,l0lh0] ekMukZbts'ku ,.M Msoyies.V] foLrkj ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1988

164

3- lfEefyr lEifRr

4- lg;ksxh O;oLFkk

5- lkekU; vkokl

6- lkekU; lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd drZO;

7- ,d mRiknd bdkbZ

8- ikjLifjd vf/kdkj ,oa drZO;

9- vkfFkZd fLFkjrk vkSj lakL—frd fujUrjrk

10- drkZ dh fo'ks"k in fLFkfr

11- ofj"Brk ds fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij lRrk dk fu/kkZj.kA

bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd la;qDr ifjokj ,d oa'kØe :i ls

lEcfU/kr bdkbZ ifjokjksa dh cgqyrk gS tks fuokl vkSj jlksbZ dh n`f"V ls bdV~Bs

jgrs gSa rFkk tks ,d gh O;fDr dh lRrk ds vUrxZr dk;Z djrs gSaA**

jkevkgwtk1 us la;qDr ifjokj dks ijEijkxr ifjokj vkSj ,dkdh ifjokj

dks fo[kf.Mr ifjokj dh laKk nh gSA buds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa pw¡fd vkfn ifjokj

dh lajpuk ogh Fkh ftls vkt la;qDr ifjokj dgk tkrk gSA vr% gesa bl

ifjokj dks ewy ifjokj dh bdkbZ ds :i esa le>uk pkfg;s vkSj bls ijEijkxr

ifjokj dh laKk nsuh pkfg;s tcfd ,dkdh ifjokj dks fo[kf.Mr ifjokj dgk

tkuk pkfg,] vFkkZr og ifjokj tks viuh iSr`d bdkbZ ls i`Fkd gks x;k gSA

la;qDr 'kCn dsoy rHkh mi;qDr gksxk tc ge ,dkdh ifjokj dks ewy bdkbZ

ekusA bl izdkj nks ,dkdh bdkb;ksa ds leUo; ls ,d u;s ifjokj dh /kkj.kk

lkeus vkrh gS ysfdu ;g Kkr gksus ij fd ^,dkdh* ifjokj gekjh ewy bdkbZ

ugha gSA ;g vko';d gS fd îjEijkxr* ifjokj dks gh ewy ifjokj bdkbZ ekus

vkSj vU; Lo:iksa dks blh lUnHkZ esa le>saA

foLr`r ifjokj esa lHkh jDr lEcU/kh ,oa dqN vU; lEcU/kh Hkh lfEefyr

gksrs gSaA ;s ,d i{kh; ¼ekr` i{k ;k fir`&i{k½ ;k f}&i{kh; Hkh gks ldrs gSaA ,sls

ifjokjksa esa lEcU/k o fj'rsnkjh dk Hkh Bhd&Bkd Kku ugha gks ikrkA ,sls ifjokjksa

dh lnL;rk la[;k cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA bu lHkh lnL;ksa dk fUkokl LFkku vkSj

1- vkgqtk] jke] bf.M;u lks'ky flLVe] jkor ifCyds'kal] t;iqj] 1995

165

dk;Z ,d gh gksrk gS vkSj os ifjokj ds eqf[k;k dks lEeku dh n`f"V ls ns[krs gSaA

';kepj.k nqcs1 ds vuqlkj ^^foLr`r ifjokj dh laKk ml ifjokj ladqy dks nh

tkrh gS tks oa'kkuqØe ls lEc) gksrs gq, Hkh viuh fHkUu bdkb;ksa ds :i esa

ifjokjksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gksA**

bl izdkj Li"V gS la;qDr ifjokj dbZ izdkj ds gks ldrs gSa tSls&

1- ifr&iRuh rFkk mudh vfookfgr larku rFkk mudk fookfgr iq= viuh

lUrkuksa lfgr]

2- ifr&iRuh] mudh vfookfgr lUrku rFkk ifr ds ekrk&firk vfookfgr

HkkbZ&cgu lfgr]

3- ifr&iRuh ifr ds ekrk&firk fookfgr ;qXe dh vfookfgr lUrku rFkk

fookfgr iq= o mudh lUrku]

4- dbZ HkkbZ viuh&viuh ifRu;ksa o lUrku lfgr]

5- dbZ HkkbZ viuh ifRu;ksa] lUrku o ekrk&firk lfgrA

la{ksi esa la;qDr ifjokj dk foLrkj lejs[kh; ¼mnxz½ ;k {kSfrt ¼fHkUu

'kk[kkbZ½ nksuksa :iksa esa gks ldrk gSA

vkS|ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k] O;fDrokfnrk] HkkSxksfyd] xfr'khyrk] f'k{kk ,oa

vk/kqfudhdj.k vkfn ds dkj.k la;qDr ifjokj vc /khjs&/khjs VwVus yxs gSa ;k

:ikdkj esa ifjorZu vk;k gS fdUrq Hkkjrh; laLdkjksa ds izHkko ds QyLo:i

la;qDr ifjokj dh Hkkouk loZFkk u"V ugha gqbZ gSA thou iFk ds laLdkjksa&tUe

ej.k] gksyh] nhokyh tSls ioZ R;ksgkjksa ds volj ij vkt Hkh la;qDr ifjokj ds

lnL; ,d LFkku ij ,df=r gksrs gSa ;|fi muesa vc lg;ksx] R;kx ,oa mRlxZ

dh Hkkouk igys tSls n`f"Vxkspj ugha gksrhA

lRrk ds vk/kkj ij ifjokj dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS fir`lRrkRed

ifjokj vkSj ekr`lRrkRed ifjokjA ikfjokfjd laxBu dk ,slk :i ekr`lRrkRed

dgykrk gS ftlesa lRrk dh O;ogkfjd ,oa vkSipkfjd nksuks n`f"V ls eqf[k;k L=h

¼ek¡½ gksrh gSA fl)kUrr% ekr`lRrkRed ifjokj jDrewyd ¼jDr lEcU/kksa ij

vk/kkfjr½ gksrs gSa tks ekròa'kh;rk rFkk ekr`LFkkuh;rk ds fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij

1- nqcs] ,l0lh0] ekMukZbts'ku ,.M Msoyies.V] foLrkj ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1988

166

xfBr gksrs gSa rFkk ftuesa ifjokj dh ns[k&js[k o`)k L=h tSls ukuh }kjk gksrh

gSA ,sls ifjokjksa esa 'kfDr;ksa ¼vf/kdkj ,oa fu;a=.k½ dk dsUnzh;dj.k L=h oxZ esa

gksrk gSA ekr`lRrkRed ifjokjksa esa lRrk ,oa vf/kdkj ekrk o fL=;ksa ds gkFk esa

gh jgrs gSa ekrk dh lEifRr iq=h dks feyrh gSA vle esa xkjks vkSj [kklh

tutkfr;ksa rFkk nf{k.k Hkkjr ds dqN leqnk;ksa esa ,sls ifjokj ik;s tkrs gSaA1

fir`lRrkRed ifjokjksa esa lRrk ,oa vf/kdkj firk o iq#"kksa ds gkFk esa gksrk

gS os gh ifjokj dk fu;U=.k djrs gSaA ,sls ifjokj Hkkjrh; lekt esa lokZf/kd

izpfyr gSaA izkphu le; ds jkse esa ,sls ifjokjksa ds ckjs esa fltfod us fy[kk gS]

^^viuh iRuh cPpksa rFkk mudh lUrkuksa ij firk ,slk fujadq'k 'kklu djrk Fkk

fd O;fDrxr lnL;ksa dk dksbZ dkuwuh vfLrRo ugha FkkA** ,sls ifjokjksa esa firk

dh lEifRr iq= dks feyrh gSA Hkkjr esa vf/kdka'k ifjokj fir`lRrkRed gh gSA

ifjokj dk og :i ftlesa 'kfDr;ksa ¼vf/kdkj ,oa fu;U=.k½ dk dsUnzhdj.k

ifjokj ds lcls T;s"B iq#"k eqf[k;k ds gkFk esa gksrk gSA u`foKkuksa ds erkuqlkj

bl izdkj ds ifjokj dk mn; futh lEifRr ds fodkl rFkk iq#"kksa }kjk

mRiknu ds izeq[k dk;ksZa ds lEiknu fd;s tkus ds lkFk gh gks x;k gksxkA ifjokj

dk ;g :i lHkh vk/kqfud lektksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS ;gh ugha] ekr`lRrkRed

dgs tkus okys lekt Hkh vc /khjs&/khjs fir`lRrkRed lektksa esa ifjf.kr gksrs tk

jgs gSa] fdUrq vktdy vk/kqfud dkuwuksa us firk ds vf/kdkjksa ij izgkj dj dbZ

lektksa esa mUgsa lhfer dj fn;k gSA2

oa'kh;rk ds vk/kkj ij Hkh ifjokj dks nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk

ldrk gS 1- firòa'kh; ifjokj 2- ekròa'kh; ifjokjA tc oa'k dk fu/kkZj.k firk

dh vksj ls gksrk gS vFkkZr tgk¡ oa'k dk uke firì{k ls pyrk gS rks bls

firòa'kh; ifjokj dgrs gSA ifjokj dk og :i ftlesa oa'k dk fu/kkZj.k ek¡ dh

vksj ls fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr tgk¡ oa'k dk uke ekrì{k ls pyrk gS ekròa'kh;

ifjokj dgykrk gSA ekròa'kh; ifjokj esa O;fDr vius ekr`dqy ls lEc) gksrk

1- jkor] gfj—".k % lekt'kkL= fo'odks"k] jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqj] 2004 2- ogh

167

gSA ekròa'kh;rk dks ekr`lRrkRed ds lkFk feykus dh Hkwy ugha dh tkuh pkfg;s

ftlesa lRrk fL=;ksa ds gkFk esa gksrh gSA1

blh izdkj LFkkuh;rk ds vk/kkj ij ifjokj dks fir`LFkkuh;] ekr`LFkkuh;]

uoLFkkuh; vkSj f}LFkkuh; esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA ;fn fookg ds ckn iRuh vius

ifr ,oa ifr ds ekrk&firk ds lkFk jgus yxrh gS rks mls fir`LFkkuh; dgk

tkrk gSA blds foijhr ;fn ifr] iRuh ds ekrk&firk ds fuokl ij jgus yxrk

gS rks mls ekr`LFkkuh; ifjokj dgrs gSaA Hkkjr esa ekykckj ds uk;jksa] [kklh o

xkjks tutkfr;ksa esa ekr`LFkkuh; ifjokj feyrs gSaA uoLFkkuh; ifjokj mUgsa dgrs

gSa tc fookg ds ckn ifr&iRuh u rks ifr i{k ds ikl vkSj u gh iRuh i{k ds

ikl jgrs gSa oju~ vius vyx u;s ?kj esa jgrs gSaA dqN LFkkuksa ij ,sls Hkh ifjokj

gS tgk¡ fookg ds ckn Hkh ifr&iRuh vius&vius tUe ds ifjokjksa esa gh jgrs gSa]

bUgsa f}LFkkuh; ifjokj dgrs gSaA y{;}hi] dsjy vkSj v'kkaVh tutkfr esa bl

izdkj ds ifjokj gSa tgk¡ fookg ds ckn Hkh ifr&iRuh vius&vius tUe ds

ifjokjksa esa gh jgrs gS] ifr jkf= dks viuh iRuh ds ?kj tkrk gS] ijUrq fnu esa

og vius tUe ds ifjokj esa gh jgrk gSA2

izR;sd ifjokj esa ,d eqf[k;k gksrk gS tks ifjokj dk lapkyu vkSj lEifr

dk O;oLFkkiu djrk gSA ;g in izk;% firk dks izkIr gksrk gS vkSj mlds vHkko

esa cM+k HkkbZ ;k ifjokj dk vU; lcls cM+k O;fDr ;g in izkIr djrk gSA

vktdy bls drkZ Hkh dgk tkrk gS fdUrq izkphu lkfgR; esa ;g uke ugha feyrk

gS] ogk¡ dqVqEc] x`gh] x`gifr] izHkq vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA euqLe`fr3] xkSre

/keZlw=4 rFkk ukjnLe`fr

5 firk dh e`R;q ds ckn cM+s HkkbZ dk ;g drZO; crkrs gSa

fd og NksVs Hkkb;ksa dk firòr~ ikyu djsA ifjokj dk iks"k.k djus okys eqf[k;k

ds vf/kdkj ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrs gSaA og

u dsoy la;qDr ifjokj dk Lokeh gksrk gS oju~ blds izcU/k lEcU/kh lHkh dk;Z

1- jkor] gfj—".k % lekt'kkL= fo'odks"k] jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqj] 2004 2- QkWafldk] ekWcsy] QSfeyh ,.M eSfjt bu bf.M;k] lfpu ifCyds'kal] t;iqj] 1980 3- xksiky'kkL=h] usus % euqLe`fr ¼9-104&106½] pkS[kEck laL—r laLFkku] okjk.klh 4- dSyk'kukFk % Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laL—r] egkohj izsl] okjk.klh 5- eq[kthZ] johUnzukFk % Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laL—fr] foosd izdk'ku] fnYyh] 2001

168

djrk gS] bl lEifr ls mRiUu vk; dk vius foosd ds vuqlkj mi;ksx djrk

gSA dkuwuh vko';drk iM+us ij ;k ifjokj ds ykHk ds fy;s og _.k ys ldrk

gS vkSj la;qDr lEifr dks fxjoh vFkok foØ; dj ldrk gSA MkW0 etwenkj ds

vuqlkj ^^drkZ ;k eqf[k;k dks gh ifjokj ds lEcU/k esa fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkj

gSA ifjokj ls lEcfU/kr leLr dk;ksZ esa mldk LFkku loksZPp gksrk gS] ogh

ifjokj dk tt vkSj twjh gksrk gS vkSj ikfjokfjd >xM+ksa dk fuiVkjk djrk gS]

og jktuhfrd eqf[k;k gksrk gS D;ksafd lkekftd] /kkfeZd vkSj lkeqnkf;d] leLr

dk;ksZ esa LFkkuh; xk¡o iapk;r esa ogh ifjokj dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA** la;qDr

ifjokj esa fo?kVu ds lkFk&lkFk ifjokj esa eqf[k;k dk egRo fujUrj ?kV jgk gS

vkSj mlds dk;ksZ dk foHkktu Hkh vU; o;Ld lnL;ksa ds lkFk gksus yxk gSA

igys ;g drkZ jktuhfrd eqf[k;k Hkh gksrk Fkk ij vc ifjokj ds o;Ld lnL;

viuh bPNkuqlkj vyx&vyx jktuhfrd ny ls lEc} gks ldrs gSaA vkt ;g

Hkh t:jh ugha gS fd eqf[k;k gh ifjokfjd >xM+ksa dk fuiVkjk djsA vkt lHkh

o;Ld lnL; ,d lkFk fey cSBdj ;k vius&vius Lrj ij vkilh >xM+ksa dk

fuiVkjk dj ysrs gSaA1

ifjokj ds eqf[k;k esa fuEufyf[kr xq.k gksus pkfg;s&

1- ifjokj ds lapkyu dh {kerk]

2- lEifr ds O;oLFkkiu dh {kerk]

3- ekufld :i ls izkS<+]

4- ifjokj ds iks"k.k esa lcls vf/kd lgHkkfxrk]

5- ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djuk]

6- lHkh ikfjokfjd ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk]

7- foifRr] nq?kZVuk o leL;kvksa dk lkgl ds lkFk lkeuk djuk]

8- ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds chp esy&feyki c<+krs gq, lkeatL; LFkkfir

djuk ,oa ikfjokfjd >xM+ksa dk fuiVkjk djuk]

9- xk¡o lekt ;k iapk;r esa ifjokj dk izfrfuf/kRo djus dh {kerk vkfnA

1- etwenkj] Mh0,u0] jslst ,.M dYpj vkWQ bf.M;k] ,f'k;k ifCyflax gkml] ckEcs] 1958

169

ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ds xq.kksa ds lEcU/k esa ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa dh jk;

rHkh ldkjkRed gksxh tc ifjokj dk eqf[k;k mi;qZDr xq.kksa ls ifjiw.kZ gks ,oa

ifjokj ds izfr vius drZO;ksa dk fuokZgu mfpr <ax ls dj ldrk gksA

ifjokj dh vk; gh O;fDr ds thou Lrj] [kku&iku] jgu&lgu ,oa

'kSf{kd Lrj dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA ifjokj dh vk; dks j[kus ,oa ?kj [kpZ pykus

dh ftEesnkjh dk fuokZgu ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gS tks izk;% eqf[k;k }kjk gh lEiUu

gksrk gSA

ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh dqy la[;k dk ifjokj dh izd`fr ls xgjk lEcU/k

gksrk gSA ;fn ifjokj dh izd`fr la;qDr gksrh gS rks lkekU;r% ifjokj esa vf/kd

lnL; gksaxs D;ksafd mu ifjokjksa esa ,d lkFk dbZ ih<+h fuokl djrh gSaA blds

foijhr ,dkdh ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k rqyukRed :i ls de gksrh gS

D;ksafd mu ifjokjksa esa ifr&iRuh rFkk muds vfookfgr cPps gh ,d lkFk fuokl

djrs gSaA

lk/kkj.kr;k ifjokj dk eqf[k;k gh ifjokj ls lEcfU/kr izeq[k fu.kZ; ysrk

gSA ijEijkxr lekt esa eqf[k;k dks ifjokj ds fu.kZ; ls lEcfU/kr o`gn izkf/kdkj

izkIr Fks] ftldks dksbZ Hkh lnL; pqukSrh ugha ns ldrk FkkA mlds fu.kZ;ksa dk

lHkh v/khuLFk lnL;ksa dks fcuk dksbZ izfrfØ;k fd;s ikyu djuk iM+rk Fkk

ysfdu orZeku le; esa vkS|ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k rFkk vk/kqfudhdj.k ds dkj.k

ifjokj ds egRoiw.kZ ikfjokfjd fu.kZ;ksa esa dekÅ O;fDr dks vf/kd egRo fn;k

tk jgk gSA ftlds dkj.k ifjokj ds eqf[k;k dh ifjfLFkfr ,oa Hkwfedk izHkkfor

gks jgh gS] fQj Hkh vf/kdrj ifjokjksa us ifjokj ds eqf[k;k dh fLFkfr dks ;Fkkor

cuk;s j[kk gSA la;qDr ifjokj ds ifjizs{; esa vk; dk egRo vR;f/kd c<+ tkrk

gS fo'ks"kdj ml fLFkfr esa tc ifjokj dk vkdkj dkQh cM+k gksrk gS vkSj dekus

okys ,d ;k nks gh O;fDr gksrs gS vkSj os Hkh vis{kkd`r de Lrj dh vk; okys

jkstxkjksa esa yxs gq, gksa] blds foijhr ;fn dekus okys O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k

vf/kd gks vkSj lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk Hkkstu ,d gh txg cu jgk gks] rks ifjokj esa

gksus okys [kpksZ esa dkQh cpr gks ldrh gSA vk; ds lEcU/k esa mYys[kuh; rF;

gS fd ;fn O;fDr fo'ks"k de vk; okys jkstxkj esa yxk gS vkSj iks"k.k Hkj dk gh

dek ikrk gS tcfd ifjokj ds vU; lnL; rqyukRed :i ls vf/kd vk; okys

170

jkstxkj esa yxs gksus ds dkj.k vf/kd dekrs gSa] ,slh fLFkfr esa la;qDr ifjokj dk

gh Lrj ml O;fDr dk Hkh Lrj cu tkrk gSA vr% ;fn ifjokj dh dqy ekfld

vk; vf/kd gksxh rks O;fDr fo'ks"k dks Hkh vklkuh jgrh gS] blds foijhr ;fn

ifjokj dh dqy vk; de gS rks fdlh lnL; fo'ks"k }kjk vf/kd vk; ikus ds

ckotwn Hkh mlds thou Lrj esa xq.kkRed lq/kkj gksus dh lEHkkouk de gksrh gSA

O;olk; O;fDr dh og izeq[k fØ;k gS ftlds }kjk og viuh vkthfodk

pykrk gSA O;fDr dk O;olk; gh muds thou Lrj dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA ;g

thou dk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ rF; gSA xjhc ifjokjksa esa vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu nh?kZ

chekjh ds :Ik esa ik;k tkrk gSA fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ;g leL;k vf/kd

ik;h tkrh gS D;ksafd vf/kdka'k yksxksa dk O;olk; Ñf"k gksrk gS ,oa xzkeh.k

efgyk;sa vf/kdka'kr% x`g.kh ds :Ik esa viuk thou O;rhr djrh gSaA xzkeh.k

leqnk; ds O;fDr;ksa dk O;olk; dkQh fuEu Lrj dk gksrk gSA bldk izeq[k

dkj.k vf'k{kk gS ftlds dkj.k os dksbZ ,slk dk;Z ugha dj ikrs ftlesa f'k{kk dh

t:jr gksrh gS vkSj budks fuEu vk; okys O;olk; ls gh lUrq"V gksuk iM+rk

gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh O;fDrxr vk; mlds thou Lrj vFkkZr [kku&iku]

jgu&lgu ,oa 'kSf{kd fLFkfr dks izHkkfor djrh gSA la;qDr o o`gn ifjokjksa esa

O;fDrxr vk; dk egRo vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa O;fDr dh

O;fDrxr vk; vf/kdka'kr;k Ñf’k ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k de gksrh gSA

mRrjnkrkvksa dh vk;q &

euq"; thou i;ZUr dqN u dqN lh[krk jgrk gS D;ksafd vk;q dh o`f) ds

lkFk&lkFk og ifjiDo gksrk gS vkSj mlds fopkj fur u;s vk;ke xzg.k djrs

jgrs gSa tks mlds O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA O;fDr ds oS;fDrd ,oa

lkekftd ifjos'k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy;s mldh vk;q dks tkuuk

vfr vko';d gS D;ksafd ekuo lekt esa vk;q dk tSfodh; ,oa lkekftd

n`f"Vdks.k ls egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS ,oa vk;q gh O;fDr ds ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd

fodkl dk ekin.M gSA bUgha rF;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mŸkjnkrkvksa ls mudh

171

vk;q lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNs x;s vkSj izkIr lwpukvksa dks lkfj.kh la[;k 4-1 esa

ladfyr fd;k x;k gS&

lkfj.kh la[;k&4-1

vk;q ds vuqlkj mRrjnkrkvksa dk forj.k

mRrjnkrkvksa dh la[;k vk;q oxZ

¼o"kksZ esa½ la[;k izfr'kr 18&21 105 35.00

22&24 169 56.33

25&28 19 06.33

29&32 07 02.33

dqy ;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-1 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh vk;q dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSSA bl

lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd lcls vf/kd 56-33 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrk 22&24 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds gSaA rRi'pkr~ 35-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk 18&21

o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds] 6-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk 25&28 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds ,oa 2-33

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk 60 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q oxZ ds gSaA

2.33%

56.33%

6.33% 35.00%

18&21

22&24

25&28

29&32

172

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-1 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼56-33

izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk 22&24 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds gSaA ek= 2-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk

29&32 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 4-2

fyaxkuqlkj mŸkjnkrkvksa dk forj.k

fyax la[;k izfr'kr

L=h 126 42-00

iq#"k 174 58-00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-2 mŸkjnkrkvksa ds fyax dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA bl lkfj.kh

ds voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd dqy mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 58-00 izfr'kr iq#"k

,oa 42-00 izfr'kr efgyk,¡ gSaA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk iq#"k gSaA

71.67%

28.33%

iq#"k

L=h

173

mRrjnkrkvksa dh oSokfgd fLFkfr &

fookg og vk/kkj gS tks ?kj clkrk gS vkSj cPpksa ds tUe o ikyu&iks’k.k

rFkk vkfFkZd lgdkfjrk o lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro dh uhao dks cukrk gSA

fookfgr rFkk vfookfgr O;fDr;ksa dh ifjokj ,oa lekt esa fLFkfr ,oa Hkwfedk esa

fHkUurk ik;h tkrh gSA vr% mRrjnkrkvksa ds oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k ds

v/;;u ds fy, mudh oSokfgd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djuk vko';d

gSA izLrqr v/;;u esa pqus x;s 300 mRrjnkrkvksa dh oSokfgd fLFkfr dk o.kZu ,oa

fo'ys"k.k lkfj.kh la[;k 4-3 esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gS&

lkfj.kh la[;k & 4-3 oSokfgd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj mŸkjnkrkvksa dk forj.k

oSokfgd fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr

vfookfgr 247 82-33

fookfgr 53 17-67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-3 mŸkjnkrkvksa ds oSokfgd Lrj dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA

bl lkfj.kh ds voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd dqy mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 82-33

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk vfookfgr ,oa 17-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk fookfgr gSaA

17.67%

82.33%

vfookfgr

fookfgr

174

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-3 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k ¼82-33 izfr'kr½

mŸkjnkrk vfookfgr gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 4-4 mŸkjnkrkvksa dk 'kSf{kj Lrj

'kSf{kd Lrj la[;k izfr'kr Lukrd 151 50.33

ijkLukrd 109 36.33

,e0fQy~0 28 9.33

ih,p0Mh0 12 4.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-4 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh d{kk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl

lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 50-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk Lukrd

d{kkvksa esa v/;;u dj jgs gSa] tcfd 36-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ijkLukrd] 9-33

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ,e0fQy~0 rFkk 4-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ih&,p0Mh0 esa

v/;;ujr~ gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-4 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd vk/ks ls vf/kd ¼50-33

izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk Lukrd rFkk ,d&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd ¼36-33 izfr'kr½

mŸkjnkrk ijkLukrd d{kkvksa esa v/;;u dj jgs gSaA

36.33%

50.33%

4.00%

9.33%

Lukrd

ijkLukrd

,e0fQy~0

ih&,p0Mh0

175

lkfj.kh la[;k & 4-5 mŸkjnkrkvksa dk 'kSf{kd oxZ

'kSf{kd oxZ la[;k izfr'kr

dyk 153 51.00

okf.kT; 41 13.67

foKku 87 29.00

O;olkf;d 19 6.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-5 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds 'kSf{kd oxZ dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k

gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 51-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk

dyk oxZ esa v/;;u dj jgs gSa] tcfd 29-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk foKku oxZ esa]

13-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk okf.kT; oxZ esa rFkk 6-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk O;olkf;d

oxZ esa v/;;ujr~ gSaA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk dyk oxZ rFkk ,d&pkSFkkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd ¼29-00 izfr'kr½

mŸkjnkrk foKku oxZ esa v/;;u dj jgs gSaA

13.67%

51.00%6.33%

29.00%dyk

okf.kT;

foKku

O;olkf;d

176

mRrjnkrkvksa dh vkfFkZd i"BHkwfe&

fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr mldh oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k

dks Li"V djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA izLrqr 'kks/k pw¡fd y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; ,oa

mlls lEc) egkfo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds v/;;ujr~ Nk=&Nk=kvksa ij

vk/kkfjr gS] blfy;s vf/kdka'k mRrjnkrk ds ikl dksbZ O;olk; o ukSdjh gksus

dk iz'u gh ugha mBrkA ,slh fLFkfr eas mRrjnkrk viuh vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa

dh iwfrZ fdl izdkj djrs gSa] ;g iz'u mRrjnkrkvksa ls iwNk x;k rFkk izkIr

lwpuk dks lkfj.kh la[;k 4-6 esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS &

lkfj.kh la[;k & 4-6

mŸkjnkrkvksa dh vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds lk/ku

vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds lk/ku

la[;k izfr'kr

[kpkZ ?kj ls ysrs gSa 202 67.33

va'kdkfyd ukSdjh 8 2.67

V~;w'ku 19 6.33

Nk=o`fŸk@v/;srko`fŸk 71 23.67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-6 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds lk/kuksa

dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 67-33

2.67%67.33%

23.67%

6.33%[kpkZ ?kj ls ysrs gSava'kdkfyd ukSdjhV~;w'kuNk=ofŸk@v/;srkofŸk

177

izfr'kr mRrjnkrk viuh vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s [kpkZ ?kj ls

ysrs gSa] tcfd 23-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk viuh vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ

Nk=o`fŸk@v/;srko`fŸk ls] 6-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk V~;w'ku ls rFkk 2-67 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrk va'kdkfyd ukSdjh ls djrs gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-6 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd nks&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd

¼67-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk viuh vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq [kpkZ ?kj ls

ysrs gSaA

mRrjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd i"BHkwfe& mRrjnkrkvksa ds oS;fDrd ,oa

lkekftd ifjos'k ds v/;;u ds vUrxZr mudh ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe ds ckjs esa

tkudkjh izkIr djuk vko';d gSA mRrjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe dks

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-7 esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS&

lkfj.kh la[;k & 4-7

mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd i"BHkwfe

ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe la[;k izfr'kr

xzkeh.k 119 39.67

dLckbZ 31 10.33

'kgjh 150 50.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-7 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe dks iznf'kZr

fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 50-00 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe 'kgjh gS] tcfd 39-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk

xzkeh.k rFkk 10-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk dLckbZ i`"BHkwfe ls gSaA

178

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-7 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd vk/ks ¼50-00 izfr'kr½

mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe 'kgjh gSA

mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh izd`fr& ifjokj dh izd`fr Hkh O;fDr ds

oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k dks izHkkfor djrh gSA ifjokj dh lajpuk dk

vFkZ gS ifjokj esa mRiUu gksus okyk lkekftd lEcU/kksa dk <k¡pk ,oa bu lEcU/kksa

dh izd`fr] vkdkj] lRrk ,oa oa'kh;rk ds vk/kkj ij ifjokj ds fHkUu&fHkUu Lo:i

gSaA vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij ifjokj dks nks Hkkxksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS& ,dkdh

;k ukfHkdh; ifjokj ,oa la;qDr ;k o`gn ifjokjA

izLrqr v/;;u ds fy;s p;fur 300 mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh izÑfr

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-8 esa iznf'kZr gS &

lkfj.kh la[;k& 4-8

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh izÑfr

ifjokj dh izÑfr la[;k izfr'kr ,dkdh 163 54-33 la;qDr 137 45-67 ;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-8 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh izÑfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k

x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 54-33 izfr'kr

10.33%

39.67%

50.00% xzkeh.k

dLckbZ

'kgjh

179

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh izÑfr ,dkdh gS tcfd 45-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa

ds ifjokj dh izÑfr la;qDr gSA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh izÑfr ,dkdh gSA

mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k &

ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k ifjokj dh lajpuk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA

la;qDr ifjokj dh rqyuk esa ukfHkdh; ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k de gksrh gSA

izLrqr v/;;u esa mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds dqy lnL;ksa dh la[;k dks lkfj.kh

la[;k 4-9 esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS &

lkfj.kh la[;k& 4-9

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k la[;k izfr'kr

3&4 78 26-00 5&6 141 47-00 7&8 58 19-33 9&10 23 7-67 ;ksx 300 100-00

45.67%

54.33%

,dkdh

la;qDr

180

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-9 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k dks

iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 47-00

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa 5 ls 6 lnL; gSa] tcfd 26-00 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k 3&4] 19-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds

ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k 7 ls 8 ,oa 7-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa

lnL;ksa dh la[;k 9 ls 10 gSA lkfj.kh la[;k 4-9 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd yxHkx vk/ks ¼47-00

izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k 5 ls 6 gSA mŸkjnkrkvksa ds

ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh vkSlr la[;k 5-64 lnL; izfr ifjokj gSA

mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr rFkk vukfJr lnL;ksa

dh la[;k & izR;sd ifjokj esa vkfJr ,oa vukfJr lnL; gksrs gSaA ifjokj

esa tks lnL; vkfFkZd :i ls nwljksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSa] os vkfJr lnL; dgykrs

gSa rFkk tks lnL; vkfFkZd :i ls Lo;a ij fuHkZj gksrs gSa os vukfJr lnL;

dgykrs gSaA izk;% lHkh ifjokjksa esa vukfJr lnL;ksa dh rqyuk esa vkfJr lnL;ksa

47.00%

26.00%

7.67%

19.33%

3&4

5&6

7&8

9&10

181

dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA izLrqr v/;;u ds vUrxZr mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds

vkfJr ,oa vukfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dh x;h ftls

vkxs lkfj.kh ds ek/;e ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS ftldk o.kZu ,oa fo'ys"k.k bl

izdkj gS &

lkfj.kh la[;k& 4-10

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vukfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k

ifjokj esa vukfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k

la[;k izfr'kr

1 171 57-00 2 105 35-00 3 24 8-00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-10 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vukfJr lnL;ksa dh

la[;k dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS

fd 57-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa dekus okys lnL;ksa dh la[;k 01 gS]

ogha 35-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa dekus okys lnL;ksa dh la[;k 2

,oa 8-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa dekus okys lnL;ksa dh la[;k 3 gSA

35.00%

57.00%

8.00%

01 lnL;

02 lnL;

03 lnL;

182


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vukfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 1 gSA ek= 8-00

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vukfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 3 gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k& 4-11

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k

ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k la[;k izfr'kr 2 44 14-67 3 51 17-00 4 95 31-67 5 65 21-67 6 23 7-67 7 22 7-33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-11 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k

dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd

lokZf/kd 31-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 04

gS] tcfd 21-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 05

gSA ogha 17-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 03]

14-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 02] 7-67

17.00%

14.67%7.33%

7.67%

21.67%

31.67%

02 lnL;03 lnL;04 lnL;05 lnL;06 lnL;07 lnL;

183

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 06 rFkk 7-33

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 07 gSA lkfj.kh la[;k 4-11 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼53-33

izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 04 ¼31-67 izfr'kr½

;k 05 ¼21-67 izfr'kr½ gSA

mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk eqf[k;k &

izR;sd ifjokj esa ,d eqf[k;k gksrk gS tks ifjokj dk lapkyu vkSj lEifRr

dk O;oLFkkiu djrk gS rFkk tks ifjokj ls lEcfU/kr izR;sd fu.kZ; ysrk gSA ;g

in izk;% firk dks izkIr gksrk gS vkSj mlds vHkko esa cM+k HkkbZ ;k ifjokj dk

vU; lcls cM+k O;fDr ;g in xzg.k djrk gSA mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds

eqf[k;k dks lkfj.kh la[;k 4-12 esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS &

lkfj.kh la[;k& 4-12

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk eqf[k;k

ifjokj dk eqf[k;k la[;k izfr'kr

firk 224 74-67

ek¡ 13 4-33

ckck 41 13-67

pkpk&rkÅ 22 7-33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-12 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds eqf[k;k dks n'kkZ;k x;k

gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd lokZf/kd 74-67 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds eqf[k;k muds firk gSa] tcfd 13-67 izfr'kr

184

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds eqf[k;k muds ckck gSaA ogha 7-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa

ds ifjokj ds eqf[k;k muds pkpk&rkÅ vkSj 4-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj

dh eqf[k;k mudh ek¡ gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-12 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZ

mŸkjnkrkvksa ¼74-67 izfr'kr½ ds ifjokj ds eqf[k;k muds firk gSaA

ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ls mRrjnkrkvksa dk lEcU/k&

ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds chp fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dk lEcU/k gksrk gS

dHkh nksLrkuk rks dHkh rukoiw.kZ] dHkh vkSipkfjd] rks dHkh lkekU;A ifjokj ds

eqf[k;k ls mRrjnkrkvksa ds lEcU/k dks lkfj.kh la[;k 4-13 ds ek/;e ls Li"V

fd;k x;k gS &

lkfj.kh la[;k& 4-13 mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ls lEcU/k

eqf[k;k ls lEcU/k la[;k izfr'kr lkSgknZiw.kZ 201 67.00

lkekU; 44 14.67

vkSipkfjd 37 12.33

rukoiw.kZ 18 6.00

;ksx 300 100-00

4.33%

74.67%

7.33%

13.67%firk

ek¡ckck

pkpk&rkÅ

185

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-13 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ls lEcU/k dks

n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 67-00

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd mudk ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ls lkSgknZiw.kZ

lEcU/k gSa] tcfd 14-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj muds ifjokj ds eqf[k;k

ls lEcU/k lkekU; rFkk 12-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj ifjokj ds eqf[k;k

ls muds lEcU/k vkSipkfjd gSaA ogha 6-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd

ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ls muds lEcU/k rukoiw.kZ gSaA lkfj.kh la[;k 4-13 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd nks&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd

mŸkjnkrkvksa ¼67-00 izfr'kr½ ds ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ls lkSgknZiw.kZ lEcU/k gSaA

mRrjnkrkvksa ds ekrk&firk dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk&

ifjokj O;fDr dh izkFkfed ikB'kkyk gksrh gS vkSj ekrk&firk mlds izFke

xq#A fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh izxfr] mlds lkekftd&vkfFkZd thou vkfn ij mlds

ekrk&firk dh f'k{kk dk vR;f/kd izHkko iM+rk gSA blh rF; dks /;ku esa j[krs

14.67%

67.00%

6.00%

12.33% lkSgknZiw.kZ

lkekU;vkSipkfjd

rukoiw.kZ

186

gq, mRrjnkrkvksa ds ekrk&firk ds 'kSf{kd Lrj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj

mudk fo'ys"k.k fuEuor~ fd;k x;k gS&

lkfj.kh la[;k& 4-14

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ekrk&firk dk 'kSf{kd Lrj

firk ek¡ 'kSf{kd Lrj

la[;k izfr'kr la[;k izfr'kr vf'kf{kr@lk{kj 115 38.33 136 45.33

izkFkfed Lrj 66 22.00 72 24.00

ek/;fed Lrj 42 14.00 65 21.67

mPp Lrj 77 25.67 27 9.00

;ksx 300 100-00 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-14 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ekrk&firk ds 'kSf{kd Lrj dks


izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds firk ,oa 45-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ek¡ vf'kf{kr ;k

ek= lk{kj gSa] tcfd 22-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds firk ,oa 24-00 izfr'kr

38.3

3

45.3

3

22

.00

24.0

0

14.

00

21.6

7 25

.67

9.00

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

vf'kf{kr@lk{kj izkFkfed Lrj ek/;fed Lrj mPp Lrj

187

mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ek¡ us izkFkfed Lrj rd rFkk 14-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds

firk ,oa 21-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ek¡ us ek/;fed Lrj rd f'k{kk izkIr dh

gSA ogha 25-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds firk ,oa 9-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ek¡

us mPp Lrj rd f'k{kk izkIr dh gSA lkfj.kh la[;k 4-14 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd cgqla[; mŸkjnkrkvksa ds

firk ¼38-33 izfr'kr½ ,oa ek¡ ¼45-33 izfr'kr½ vf'kf{kr ;k ek= lk{kj gSaA dsoy

,d&pkSFkkbZ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds firk ¼25-67 izfr'kr½ vkSj ek= 9-00 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ek¡ us mPp Lrj dh f'k{kk izkIr dh gSA

mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk; &

ifjokj dh ekfld vk; gh O;fDr ds thou Lrj] [kku&iku] jgu&lgu]

,oa 'kSf{kd Lrj dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk;

dks lkfj.kh la[;k 4-15 esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS &

lkfj.kh la[;k & 4-15 mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk;

vk; ¼#i;s esa ½ Lka[;k izfr'kr 5]000 ls de 152 50.67

5]000&10]000 41 13.67

10]001&20]000 46 15.33

20]001&30]000 29 9.67

30]000 ls vf/kd 32 10.67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-15 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk; dks iznf'kZr

fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd lokZf/kd 50-67

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk; #0 5]000 ls de gSA blds

mijkUr 15-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk; #0 10]001 ls

188

20]000 ds e/; rFkk 13-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk; #0

5]000 ls 10]000 ds e/; gSA ogha 10-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ekfld vk;

#0 30]000 #0 ls vf/kd rFkk 9-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld

vk; #0 20]001 ls 30]000 ds e/; gSA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk; 5]000 #i;s ls de gSA ek=

10-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk; #0 30]000 ls vf/kd gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 4-16

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk eq[; O;olk;

ifjokj dk eq[; O;olk; Lka[;k izfr'kr Ñf"k 61 20.33

etnwjh 113 37.67

ukSdjh 97 32.33

futh O;olk; 29 9.67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 4-16 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds eq[; O;olk; dks


15.33%

9.67%

10.67%

50.67%

13.67%

5]000 ls de

5]000&10]000

10]001&20]000

20]001&30]000

30]000 ls T;knk

189

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk eq[; O;olk; etnwjh gS] tcfd 32-33

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk eq[; O;olk; ukSdjh rFkk 20-33 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk eq[; O;olk; Ñf"k gSA ogha 9-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa

ds ifjokj viuk futh O;olk; dj jgs gSaA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk eq[; O;olk; etnwjh ¼37-67 izfr'kr½ ;k

Ñf"k ¼20-33 izfr'kr½ gSA

32.33%

9.67%20.33%

37.67%

Ñf"k

etnwjh

ukSdjh

futh O;olk;

iape v/;k;

ikfjokfjd&lkekftd izfLFkfr ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k

190

iape v/;k;

ikfjokfjd&lkekftd izfLFkfr ds izfr nf"Vdks.k

f'k{kk euq"; ds iw.kZ fodkl dk lk/ku gS] ftlls og viuh loksZÙke 'kfDr

ds vuqlkj ekuoh; thou esa HkkSfrd] lkekftd vkSj vk/;kfRed okrkoj.k ds

lkFk viuk leUo; LFkkfir djus dh {kerk iznku dj ysrk gSA f'k{kk dk vFkZ

vkSj mÌs'; ek= lwpuk iznku djuk ugha] oju~ fo|kFkhZ dks lS)kfUrd :i ls

lkoZHkkSfed Kku iznku djuk gS] rkfd og jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk

ldsaA1

Lora=rk izkfIr ds le;] ;g ekuk tk jgk Fkk] fd ns'k esa vkfFkZd fodkl

ds vkèkkj ij lekt dk iquZxBu djus ls tkfr izFkk tSlh :f<+oknh ijEijk dks

lekIr djus esa ns'koklh lQyrk izkIr dj ysaxs vkSj vkus okys le; esa ,d ,sls

lekt dh LFkkiuk djsaxs] ftlesa lHkh yksx] lHkh izdkj ¼'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd]

lkekftd] vkSj jktuSfrd½ ls leku gksaxs] exj vkt rd ;g ,d fnokLoIu gh

gSA orZeku vkfFkZd&'kSf{kd ifjn`'; esa lEiUu yksxksa dks f'k{kk izkIr djus dh

lqfo/kk,a vkSj volj vf/kd izkIr gksrs gSa tcfd xjhc yksxksa dks ugha ;k cgqr

deA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd vkt dh f'k{kk dkQh eagxh gSA blh izdkj ds

fu"d"kZ pkfUV;k] vkyksd2 us vius 'kks/k v/;;u ^^,twds'ku ,st , ehUl vkWQ

lks'ky psUt LVMh fon fjxkMZ Vw /kuqd] , xzqi fyfoax bu fMfLVªDV cgjkbp]

;w0ih0** esa rFkk gsoessu] jkWcVZ ,.M LehfMax] fVekSFkh3 us vius 'kks/k v/;;u ^n

jksy vkWQ gk;j ,twds'ku bu lks'ky eksfcfyVh* esa Hkh fn;s gSaA f'kf{krksa ,oa

vf'kf{krksa dh vk; esa Hkh cgqr varj ik;k tkrk gSA f'k{kk iz.kkyh us mPp oxksZa ds

1- dq:{ks=] flrEcj 2006] xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky;] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 21 2- pkfUV;k] vkyksd] 16458 3- gSoeSu] jkcVZ ,.M LehfMax] fVeksFkh] 21861

191

leLr tuleqnk; ds chp nwjh dks cuk, j[kus vFkok mls vf/kd c<+kus dk

iz;kl fd;k gS vkSj bls ,d Hkk"kk vkSj lkekU; laL—fr esa ls ,d esa :ikUrfjr

djus ls bl i`Fkdrk dks vf/kd iw.kZ cuk fn;k gSA1

f'k{kk dh ,d lEkL;k ;g Hkh gS fd bldk Lrjhdj.k ls ?kfu"B lEcU/k

gSA 'kS{kf.kd fo"kerk,a lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ls fudV :i ls fudV :i ls

LkEcaf/kr gSA fyax] tkfr ,oa /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij O;kl fo"kerk,a Hkh vDlj f'k{kk

ds Lrj o izdkj dh fo"kerk ls lEcaf/kr gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa vkt Hkh

iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa fL=;kas dks f'k{kk ds de volj izkIr gSaA bl rF; dh iqf"V

fpVful] lqek2 us Hkh dh gSA

vkj{k.k uhfr us eè;e oxhZ Lrj viukus ,oa ml rd igq¡p dks laHko

cuk;k gS] ysfdu lfn;ksa ls 'kks"k.k ds na'k dks >syus okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

yksxksa dks vkj{k.k feyus dk le;≤ ij lo.kZ leqnk; }kjk fojks/k gksrk jgk

gSA Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; ds lo.kZ U;k;k/kh'k Hkh lkekftd U;k; dh O;k[;k

vius rjhds ls djds lafo/kku dh ewy Hkkouk ds fo#) fu.kZ; nsrs jgs gSaA lu

1992 esa U;k;ewfrZ ekdZ.Ms; dkVtw us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk Fkk fd 'kks/k] f'k{k.k]

fpfdRlk o bathfu;fjax esa ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij HkrhZ o fu;qfDr gksuh pkfg,]

vkj{k.k ds vk/kkj ij ugha]3 tcfd ;ksX;rk o n{krk mikftZr gksrs gSa] mfpr

[kkuk] mfpr f'k{kk] mfpr ekgkSy ls] ysfdu vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dks /kkfeZd

dkuwuksa }kjk gtkjksa lkyksa rd bUlku dk ntkZ gh ugha fn;k x;k] ewyHkwr

vko';drkvksa] mfpr lqfo/kkvksa vkSj dh ckr rks nwj gSA4

crk;k gS fd vf/kdka'k vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekrk&firk

vf'kf{kr gSaA vkt Hkh xkaoksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dk cgqyka'k Hkwfeghu vkSj xjhc

Ñf"k etnwj gS vkSj 'kks"k.kijd dke djus dks ckè; gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ds cM+s

1- cksVksekj] lekt'kkL=] i`0 277 2- fpVful] lqek] ¼2008½

3- izks0 jkeukFk] ;ksX;rk] esjh twrh] xkSre cqd lsUVj] fnYyh] 2010] izkDdFku lsA

4- ogh] i`0 12

192

Hkkx dks lkekftd HksnHkko rFkk iwokZxzgksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS fo'ks"kdj os

tks :f<+xr cUèkuksa esa tdM+s vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd :i ls ^^fiNM+s**

jkT;ksa@{ks=ksa esa jg jgs gSaA xaxzsM] ds0Mh01 ¼1974½( vkfn'ks"kS;~;k] ,e0,l0 o vU;

¼1974½2( flag] Vh0ih0 o vU;3 ¼1974½ }kjk fd, x;s 'kks/k v/;;u ds fu"d"kZ Hkh

bu rF;ksa dh iqf"V djrs gSaA

LorU=rk ds i'pkr~ vuqlwfpr tkfr dh f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq /;ku fn;k

x;k vkSj f'k{kk ls oafpr oxZ dks vkj{k.k ds ek/;e ls eq[;/kkjk esa vkus dk

volj fn;k x;k lkFk gh xjhc vkSj fu/kZu yksxksa ds fy, Nk=o`fRr] fdrkcsa vkSj

vU; :iksa esa vkfFkZd enn tSlh O;oLFkk dh xbZ] ijUrq] dbZ rjg dh lqfo/kkvksa

ds gksus ds ckotwn Hkh mPp&f'k{kk esa mudk izfrfuf/kRo mruk ugha gS] ftruk fd


dk ekgkSy gSA4 i;kZIr izek.kksa ds lkFk ;gk¡ lkfcr dj fn;k x;k gS fd

tula[;k dk ,d cM+k fgLlk ,slh f'k{kk eas fujarj Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, vfr xjhc

gS] tks eqDr gksus ds csgn nwj gS vkSj ftlesa ogu u fd;s tk ldus okys [kpsZ

'kkfey gSaA5 lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ds uewuksa ij vkèkkfjr gky gh ds ,d vè;;u esa ik;k

x;k fd xjhch] tkfr] fyax vkSj tutkrh; Lrj] f'k{kk dh lqyHkrk vkSj izkfIr esa

ekSfyd ckèkkvksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA6

vkt HkkSfrd lEiUurk ds dkj.k lekt esa /kkfeZdrk ,oa uSfrdrk dk

vHkko gksrk tk jgk gS vkSj vkt Nk=ksa dks vkReizsj.kk ls vuq'kkflr vkSj

fou;'khy cuk;s j[kus okys rRoksa dk furkUr vHkko gSA oLrqr% vkt f'k{kdksa vkSj

Nk=ksa esa fudV lEidZ ugha gSA O;Lrrk ds vHkko esa Nk= b/kj&m/kj ?kwerk jgrk

1- xaxzsM] ds0Mh0] 1974- 2- vkfn'ks"kS;~;k] ,e0,l0 ,oa jkekukFku] ,l0] 1974- 3- flag] Vh0ih0] ik.Ms] ch0ih0] nqcs] th0,l0] ;kno] Mh0vkj0] 1974- 4- ;w0th0lh0 v/;{k lq[knso FkksjkV dh ^^f'k{kk O;oLFkk vkSj nfyr lekt** fo"k; ij ikf.kuh

vkuUn ls ckrphr ds va'k] ch0ch0lh0 fgUnh MkWVdkWe A

5- fryd] ts- ch- th- 2000-

6- >k] ts- ,.M Mh- >haxju] 2002-

193

gSA orZeku jktuhfrd ifjos'k ds QyLo:i tkrh; la?k"kZ Hkh tksjksa ij izkjEHk

gksdj Nk= usr`Ro dks cnuke dj jgk gSA1

mRrjnkrkvksa ds ikfjokfjd&lkekftd izfLFkfr dk v/;;u djus ds fy,

muls orZeku ikfjokfjd&lkekftd o jktuhfrd ifjn`'; ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ls

lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNs x;s] izkIr lwpukvksa dks lkj.khc) djds fuEuor izLrqr fd;k

x;k gS&

ikfjokfjd ifjos'k ds izfr nf"Vdks.k& lkfj.kh la[;k & 5-1

ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ls mŸkjnkrkvksa dh larqf"V

ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ls larqf"V la[;k izfr'kr iw.kZr% larq"V 58 19.33

vkaf'kd larq"V 159 53.00

vlarq"V 83 27.67

;ksx 300 100.00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-1 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh d{kk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl

lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 53-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk viuh

ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ls vkaf'kd :i ls larq"V gSaA ogha 27-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk

1- flag] lR;nso] Hkkjrh; ;qok vkØks'k] fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku] okjk.klh] 1974] i`0 20&49

53.00%

19.33%

27.67% iw.kZr% larq"V

vkaf'kd larq"V

vlarq"V

194

viuh ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ls vlarq"V ,oa 19-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk iw.kZr% larq"V

gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-1 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd cgqr de ¼19-33 izfr'kr½

mŸkjnkrk viuh ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ls iw.kZr% larq"V gSa] tcfd ,d&pkSFkkbZ ls Hkh

vf/kd ¼27-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk viuh ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ls vlarq"V gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 5-2

f'k{kk ds fy, ifjokj ls mfpr ekxZn'kZu izkIr gksus dh fLFkfr

ekxZn'kZu izkIr gksus dh fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr ges'kk 106 35.33

dHkh&dHkh 165 55.00

cgqr de 29 9.67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-2 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dks muds ifjokj }kjk f'k{kk gsrq mfpr

ekxZn'kZu izkIr gksus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds

fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 55-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mUgsa

f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa vius ifjokj ls dHkh&dHkh gh mfpr ekxZn'kZu feyrk gSA

ogha 35-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgsa vius ifjokj ls f'k{kk gsrq

ges'kk mfpr ekxZn'kZu izkIr gksrk gS] tcfd 9-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk

gS fd mUgsa vius ifjokj ls f'k{kk gsrq cgqr de mfpr ekxZn'kZu feyrk gSA

55.00%

35.33%9.67%

ges'kk

dHkh&dHkh

cgqr de

195


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgsa vius ifjokj ls f'k{kk lEcU/kh mfpr

ekxZn'kZu dHkh&dHkh gh feyrk gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 5-3

vius ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks i<+kbZ dk [kpkZ mBkus esa l{ke ekuus dh fLFkfr

vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks i<+kbZ ds [kpZ gsrq l{ke ekuus

dh fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr

iw.kZr% 60 20.00 vkaf'kd 104 34.67 ugha 136 45.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-3 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks

i<+kbZ dk [kpZ mBkus esa l{ke ekuus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl

lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 45-33 izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvks dk

ekuuk gS fd muds ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr mudh i<+kbZ dk [kpZ mBkus esa

l{ke ugha gSA ogha 34-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj muds ifjokj dh

vkfFkZd fLFkfr mudh i<+kbZ dk [kpZ mBkus esa vkaf'kd :i ls rFkk 20-00

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj iw.kZ :i ls l{ke gSA


mŸkjnkrk ;g ekurs gSa fd muds ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr mudh i<+kbZ dk

[kpZ mBkus esa iw.kZr% l{ke gSA

34.67%

20.00%

45.33% iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

196

lkfj.kh la[;k & 5-4

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa nksuksa ds fy, f'k{kk ds leku volj miyC/k gksus dh fLFkfr

leku volj dh miyC/krk la[;k izfr'kr

gk¡ 259 86.33

ugha 41 13.67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-4 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa yM+ds yM+fd;ksa] nksuks ds

fy, f'k{kk ds leku volj miyC/k gksus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA

bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 86-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa

dk ekuuk gS fd muds ifjokj esa yM+ds yM+fd;ksa] nksuks ds fy, f'k{kk ds leku

volj miyC/k gSa] tcfd 13-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd muds

ifjokj esa yM+ds yM+fd;ksa] nksuks ds fy, f'k{kk ds leku volj miyC/k ugha gSaA


mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj muds ifjokj esa yM+ds yM+fd;ksa] nksuks ds fy, f'k{kk ds

leku volj miyC/k gSaA

13.67%

86.33%

gk¡ ugha

197

lkfj.kh la[;k & 5-5

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk fdlh jktuSfrd laxBu ls tqM+ko gksus dh fLFkfr

jktuSfrd laxBu ls tqM+ko la[;k izfr'kr

ugha 227 75.67

gk¡ 73 24.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-5 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk fdlh jktuhfrd laxBu

ls tqM+s gksus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus

ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 75-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mudk ifjokj fdlh

Hkh jktuhfrd laxBu ls ugha tqM+k gS] tcfd 24-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk

dguk gS fd mudk ifjokj fdlh u fdlh jktuhfrd laxBu ls tqM+k gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-5 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd rhu&pkSFkkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd

¼75-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mudk ifjokj fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd

laxBu ls ugha tqM+k gSA

75.67%

24.33%

gk¡

ugha

198

lkfj.kh la[;k & 5-6

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa de mez ls fookg gksus dh fLFkfr

fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr

dHkh&dHkh 43 14.33

ugha 257 85.67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-6 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa de mez esa fookg gksus dh

fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS

fd 85-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj muds ifjokj esa fookg de mez ugha

gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd laxBu ls ugha tqM+k gS] tcfd 14-33 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd muds ifjokj esa dHkh&dHkh de mez esa Hkh fookg

gksrk gSA


mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa de mez esa fookg ugha gksrk gSA

75.67%

24.33%

gk¡

ugha

199

lkekftd ifjos'k ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k&

lkfj.kh la[;k & 5-7

lkekftd ewY;ksa esa fo'okl

lkekftd ewY; la[;k izfr'kr ijEijkxr 46 15.33

vk/kqfud 59 19.67

leUo;kRed 176 58.67

rdZlaxr 19 6.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-7 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk fo'okl djus okys lkekftd

ewY;ksa ds izdkjksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls

Kkr gksrk gS fd 58-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd os leUo;kRed

lkekftd ewY;ksa esa fo'okl djrs gSa] tcfd 19-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk vk/kqfud

lkekftd ewY;ksa esa fo'okl djrs gSaA ogha 15-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk

gS fd os ijEijkxr lkekftd ewY;ksa esa rFkk 6-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk rdZlaxr

lkekftd ewY;ksa esa fo'okl djrs gSaA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk leUo;kRed lkekftd ewY;ksa ij fo'okl djrs gSaA

19.67%

15.33%6.33%

58.67%

ijEijkxr

vk/kqfud

leUo;kRed

rdZlaxr

200

lkfj.kh la[;k & 5-8

mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk vius lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Roksa dks iwjk dj ikus dh fLFkfr

fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr iw.kZ:i ls 23 7.67 vkaf'kd 174 58.00 cgqr de 103 34.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-8 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk vius lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Roksa dks

iwjk dj ikus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k

djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 58-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd os vius

lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Roksa dks ek= vkaf'kd :i ls gh iwjk dj ikus esa l{ke gSa]

tcfd 7-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk vius lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Roksa dks iw.kZ :i ls ,oa

34-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk cgqr de iwjk dj ikus esa l{ke gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-8 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd ek= 7-67 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrk gh vius lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Roksa dks iw.kZ :i ls fuHkkus esa l{ke gSA

58.00%

7.67%

34.33%iw.kZ :Ik ls

vkaf'kd

cgqr de

201

lkfj.kh la[;k & 5-9

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa /keZ dk izHkko de gksuk ekuus ds ckjs esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk;

jk; la[;k izfr'kr gk¡ 153 51.00 ugha 113 37.67 dg ugha ldrs 34 11.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-9 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa /keZ dk izHkko

de gksuk ekuus ds ckjs esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl

lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 51-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa

fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa /keZ dk izHkko de gksrk gS] tcfd 37-67

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ,slk ugha ekursA ogha 11-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl

lEcU/k esa fuf'pr :i ls viuh dksbZ jk; ugha nhA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa /keZ dk

izHkko de gksrk gSA

37.67% 51.00%

11.33%

gk¡

ugha

dg ugha ldrs

202


mPp f'k{kk gkfly djus ds ckn lkekftd fLFkfr esa cnyko gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr

fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr gk¡ 89 29.67 ugha 153 51.00 dg ugha ldrs 58 19.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-10 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk mPp f'k{kk gkfly djus ds ckn

lkekftd fLFkfr esa cnyko gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA


dk ekuuk gS fd mPp f'k{kk gkfly djus ls mudh lkekftd fLFkfr esa dksbZ

cnyko ugha vk;sxk] tcfd 29-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ,slk ekurs gS fd mPp

f'k{kk gkfly djus ls mudh lkekftd fLFkfr esa cnyko vk;sxkA ogha 19-33

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl lEcU/k esa fuf'pr :i ls viuh dksbZ jk; ugha nhA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ;g ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk gkfly djus ls mudh lkekftd

fLFkfr esa dksbZ cnyko ugha vk;sxkA

51.00%

29.67%19.33%gk¡

ugha

dg ugha ldrs

203


mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izos'k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr


;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-11 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izos'k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr dks


izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izos'k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i gks jgk gS] tcfd 32-67

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ,slk ugha ekursA ogha 15-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl

lEcU/k esa fuf'pr :i ls viuh dksbZ jk; ugha nhA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk

izos'k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i gks jgk gSA

32.67%52.33%

15.00%

gk¡

ugha

dg ugha ldrs

204


mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk mPp f'k{kk laLFkku esa tkfrxr lkekftd HksnHkko dk lkeuk djus dh fLFkfr

fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr ges'kk 182 60.67 dHkh&dHkh 94 31.33 ugha 24 8.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-12 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk mPp f'k{kk laLFkku esa tkfrxr

lkekftd HksnHkko dk lkeuk djus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl

lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 60-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk

dguk gS fd mUgsa mPp f'k{kk laLFkku esa tkfrxr lkekftd HksnHkko dk ges'kk

lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tcfd 31-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mUgsa mPp

f'k{kk laLFkku esa tkfrxr lkekftd HksnHkko dk lkeuk dHkh&dHkh djuk iM+rk gSA

ogha 8-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd mUgsa mPp f'k{kk laLFkku esa

tkfrxr lkekftd HksnHkko dk lkeuk dHkh Hkh ugha djuk iM+k gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-12 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd cgqla[; ¼60-67 izfr'kr½

mŸkjnkrkvksa dksa mPp f'k{kk laLFkku esa tkfrxr lkekftd HksnHkko dk lkeuk ges'kk

djuk iM+rk gSA

31.33%

60.67%

8.00%

ges'kk

dHkh&dHkh

ugha

205


mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds f'k{kdksa dh la[;k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr


;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-13 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

f'k{kdksa dh la[;k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr dks


izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds f'k{kdksa

dh la[;k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i ugha gS] tcfd 8-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa

dk ekuuk gS fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds f'k{kdksa dh la[;k vkj{k.k ds

ekud ds vuq:i ugha gSA ogha 22-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl lEcU/k esa

fuf'pr :i ls viuh dksbZ jk; ugha nhA


¼69-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds f'k{kdksa

dh la[;k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i ugha gSA

69.00%

8.67%

22.33%gk¡

ugha

dg ugha ldrs

206


mŸkjnkrkvksa ds Nk=kokl esa jgus dh fLFkfr

Nk=kokl esa jgus fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr gk¡ 68 22.67 ugha 232 77.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-14 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dk Nk=kokl esa jgus dh fLFkfr dks

n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 77-33

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk Nk=kokl esa ugha jgrs gSa] tcfd 22-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk

Nk=kokl esa jg jgs gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-14 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd rhu&pkSFkkbZ ls vf/kd

mŸkjnkrk ¼77-33 izfr'kr½ Nk=kokl esa ugha fey jgs gSaA

77.33%

22.67%

gk¡

ugha

207


mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa Nk=la?k vko';d gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr

Nk=la?k vko';d ekuus fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr gk¡ 223 74.33

ugha 77 25.67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-15 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Nk=la?k

dks vko';d ekuus dh fLFkfr dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k

djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 74-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa

Nk=la?k dk gksuk vko';d ekurs gSa] tcfd 25-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk mPp

f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa Nk=la?k dk gksuk vko';d ugha ekurs gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-15 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZ

mŸkjnkrk ¼74-33 izfr'kr½ mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa Nk=la?k dk gksuk vko';d

ekurs gSaA

25.67%

74.33%

gk¡

ugha

208


mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; esa mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa Nk=la?k vko';d gksuk ekuus ds dkj.k

Nk=la?k vko';d gksus ds dkj.k la[;k izfr'kr Nk= leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, 153 68.61 Hkz"Vkpkj dk izfrdkj djus ds fy, 118 50.64 laLFkku dh euekuh ij vadq'k yxkus ds fy, 183 78.54 jktuSfrd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus gsrq 19 8.15

vk/kkj 223

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-16 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; esa mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa

Nk=la?k vko';d gksuk ekuus ds dkj.kksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh

ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 78-54 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; esa

laLFkku dh euekuh ij vadq'k yxkus ds fy, Nk=la?k dk gksuk vko';d gS]

lkFk gh 68-61 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj Nk= leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds

fy, Hkh Nk=la?k dk gksuk vko';d gSA ogha 50-64 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds

vuqlkj Hkz"Vkpkj dk izfrdkj djus ds fy, rFkk 8-15 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds

vuqlkj jktuSfrd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus gsrq Hkh Nk=la?k dk gksuk vko';d gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k 5-16 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k mŸkjnkrk ekurs

gSa fd laLFkku dh euekuh ij vadq'k yxkus ¼78-54 izfr'kr½ rFkk Nk= leL;kvksa

ds fujkdj.k ¼68-61 izfr'kr½ ds fy, mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa Nk=la?k dk gksuk

vko';d gSA

68.61

50.64

78.54

8.15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100Nk= leL;kvksa dsfujkdj.k ds fy,

Hkz"Vkpkj dk izfrdkjdjus ds fy,

laLFkku dh euekuh ijvadq'k yxkus ds fy,

jktuSfrd izf'k{k.k izkIrdjus gsrq

"k"B v/;k;

'kSf{kd&vkfFkZd izfLFkfr ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k

209

"k"B v/;k;

'kSf{kd&vkfFkZd izfLFkfr ds izfr nf"Vdks.k

LorU=rk ds i'pkr~ vuqlwfpr tkfr dh f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq /;ku fn;k

x;k vkSj f'k{kk ls oafpr oxZ dks vkj{k.k ds ek/;e ls eq[;/kkjk esa vkus dk

volj fn;k x;k lkFk gh xjhc vkSj fu/kZu yksxksa ds fy, Nk=o`fRr] fdrkcsa vkSj

vU; :iksa esa vkfFkZd enn tSlh O;oLFkk dh xbZ] ijUrq] dbZ rjg dh lqfo/kkvksa

ds gksus ds ckotwn Hkh mPp&f'k{kk esa mudk izfrfuf/kRo mruk ugha gS] ftruk fd


dk ekgkSy gSA1 i;kZIr izek.kksa ds lkFk ;gk¡ lkfcr dj fn;k x;k gS fd

tula[;k dk ,d cM+k fgLlk ,slh f'k{kk eas fujarj Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, vfr xjhc

gS] tks eqDr gksus ds csgn nwj gS vkSj ftlesa ogu u fd;s tk ldus okys [kpsZ

'kkfey gSaA2 lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ds uewuksa ij vkèkkfjr gky gh ds ,d vè;;u esa ik;k

x;k fd xjhch] tkfr] fyax vkSj tutkrh; Lrj] f'k{kk dh lqyHkrk vkSj izkfIr esa

ekSfyd ckèkkvksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA3






fy, dne Hkh mBk, x, gSaA vuqlwfpr tkfr dh f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq ljdkjksa

1- ;w0th0lh0 v/;{k lq[knso FkksjkV dh ^^f'k{kk O;oLFkk vkSj nfyr lekt** fo"k; ij ikf.kuh vkuUn ls ckrphr ds va'k] ch0ch0lh0 fgUnh MkWVdkWe A

2- fryd] ts- ch- th- 2000-

3- >k] ts- ,.M Mh- >haxju] 2002-

210

}kjk fo'ks"k ;kstuk,¡ pykbZ xbZ gSa] ftlesa 'kkfey gSa1& fo|ky;h f'k{kk dh lHkh

voLFkkvksa ds fy, eq¶r fdrkcsa ,oa lkexzh] vkJe fo|ky;ksa vkSj ljdkjh

vuqeksnu izkIr Nk=koklksa ds cPpksa dks eq¶r ikS'kkdsa] lHkh Lrjksa ij eq¶r f'k{kk]

eSfVªd iwoZ othQk] vkSj fiNM+s oxks± ds Nk=koklksa eas Bgjus dh lqfoèkk vkSj

lkekU; Nk=kokl( ijUrq vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dks feyus okyh ljdkjh lqfo/kk,a ;k

mudk forj.k izk;% vleku gh gSA2

orZeku f'k{kk uhfr vuqlwfpr tkfr dh leL;kvksa dks le>us esa ukd;kc

jgh gSA pkuuk3 ¼1993½ us vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr] vYila[;dksa rFkk

efgykvksa esa mPp f'k{kk dh fLFkfr ds lEcU/k esa fd, x, v/;;u rFkk

f'k{kk&uhfr;ksa ds iqu%voyksdu ds nkSjku mPp f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa ik;k fd

f'k{kk;h dk;ZØe] f'k{kk&uhfr;ksa vkSj mudks O;ogkj esa ykus ds e/; ds varjky

dks de djus esa vlQy jgs gSaA

mPp f'k{kk ds izlkj ds lkFk&lkFk ubZ leL;k;sa mRiUu gksrh jghaA dgk

tk jgk gS fd f'k{kk ds Lrj vkSj xq.koRrk esa ukl gks jgk gS] mPp f'k{kk mn~ns';

foghu gks xbZ gS] mPp f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe vuqi;ksxh gS] Lrjh; vuqla/kku ugha gks

jgs vkSj fo'ofo|ky; ifjlj esa Nk= v'kkfUr c<+ jgh gS] izos'k dh leL;k

fnu&izfrfnu tfVy gks jgh gSA4 orZeku f'k{kk dh ,d leL;k f'k{kd ,oa Nk=ksa

esa rukoiw.kZ lEcU/kksa dks ik;k tkuk gSA Nk= ,oa v/;kid ds chp esa fudV

lEcU/kksa ds vHkko esa muesa lkekftd ,oa ekufld nwjh c<+ xbZ gSA blls

v/;kidksa dks Nk=ksa ij fu;a=.k f'kfFky gqvk gSA Nk=ksa esa vuq'kklughurk ,oa

vkanksyudkjh #[k iuik gSA os vius ekaxksa dks euokus ds fy, lg;ksx dh vis{kk

la?k"kZ dk jkLrk viukrs gSA vkt f'k{kk ,d vkSipkfjd laLFkk ek= cudj jg

xbZ gSA f'k{kd&Nk= vuqikr ds cgqr T;knk c<+ tkus ls f'k{kd vius Nk=ksa ls

oS;fDrd ,oa ?kfu"B lEcU/k LFkkfir ugha dj ikrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i Nk=ksa ds

O;fDrRo fuekZ.k esa f'k{kd egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ugha fuHkk ikrkA

1- pSVthZ] ,l- ds- 2000- 2- nqcs ,l-,u- vkSj m"kk ekFkqj ¼1972½- 3- pkuuk] ds- ¼1993½

4- Mk0 ekyrh lkjLor ,oa izks0 ,l0 ,y0 xkSre] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk fodkl ,oa lkef;d leL;k;sa] i`0 263

211

orZeku esa fMxzh izkIr djuk gh mPp f'k{kk dk ,dek= mn~ns'; gSA mPp

d{kkvksa esa izos'k ysus okys Nk=ksa dks ;g irk ugha gksrk fd os veqd fo"k; D;ksa

i<+ jgs gSa\ ml fo"k; rFkk mikf/k dh mi;ksfxrk D;k gS\ i<+s&fy[ks ukStoku

csjkstxkj] grk'k vkSj fo/oald izo`fRr;ksa dk f'kdkj gks jgs gSaA ;g lc mPp

f'k{kk dh mn~ns';ghurk dk ifj.kke gSA

orZeku le; esa mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa izos'k ikus dh leL;k cM+h tfVy

gSA izk;% fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa esa izos'kkfFkZ;ksa dh HkhM+ fujUrj c< jgh

gSA ;g HkhM+ ;fn Kku&fiiklqvksa dh gksrh] rks ns'k dk lkSHkkX; gksrkA mPp f'k{kk

dk ,dek= mn~ns'; ukSdjh ikus ds fy;s fMxzh gkfly djuk jg x;k gSA mPp

f'k{kk esa izos'k mUgha dks feyuk pkfg;s ftudh mPp v/;;u rFkk vuqla/kku dk;Z

esa :fp gksA

mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa izpfyr ikB~;Øe Nk=ksa ds thou ls dVk gqvk

furkUr vkSipkfjd] lS)kfUrd vkSj ijEijkxr gSA vk/kqfud fodkloknh ;qx esa

mldk ;ksxnku ux.; gSA izpfyr ikB~;Øe Nk=ksa dh :fp vkSj eukso`fRr;ksa ds

vuq:i ugha gSA O;kid :i ls ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd ikB~;p;kZ dk

lajpukRed Øe dBksj gS vkSj fo|kFkhZ lekt dh vko';drk ds vuqdwy ugha

gSA

ikB~;p;kZ dh lajpukRed Øe dh dBksjrk dks nwj djus ds fy;s 9oha

iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls dgk x;k Fkk fd os ØsfMV vUrj.k O;oLFkk

dk fodkl djsa] blls dBksj laxfBr vuq'kklujfgr dk;ZØeksa dks Lukrd vkSj

LukrdksRrj Lrjksa ij dksj ,sfPNd vkSj fodklkRed ikB~;Øeksa lfgr ØsfMV ij

vk/kkfjr dsQVsfj;k O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA1

vkt Hkh mPp f'k{kk esa HksnHkko dh leL;k dk vUr ugha gks ldk gSA

vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd folaxfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij i{kikr ds izek.k feyrs jgrs gSaA

tkfrxr HksnHkko iw.kZ :i ls ifjyf{kr gks jgk gSA tkfr dh ck/kk bl :i ls

eq[kj gksrh gS fd vk/kqfud f'k{kk esa nhf{kr ;qok Hkh blls eqDr ugh gks ikrs gSA2

NqvkNwr dh ekufldrk bruh xgjk tkrh gS fd bldh ihM+k Hkksx jgs lekt ds

1- ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk] o"kZ 1997&2002] i`0 128 2- Qsfyl] ,l-,u- ¼1977½- ^

212

lnL; vius fy, vyx ls Ldwyksa] f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh ekax djrs gSaA1 tc rd

gSfl;r dks Hkwfe LokfeRo] vk; bR;kfn ds vk/kkj ij ekik tk,xk] rc rd u rks

vklkuh ls f'k{kk dk O;kid izlkj gks ik,xk vkSj u gh ;g ifjorZu dk ,d

izHkkoh lk/ku cusxhA2

mRrjnkrkvksa ds 'kSf{kd izfLFkfr lEcU/kh n`f"Vdks.k dk v/;;u djus ds

fy, muls orZeku 'kSf{kd ifjn`'; ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij ij muds fopkjksa ls

lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNs x;s] izkIr lwpukvksa dks lkj.khc) djds fuEuor izLrqr fd;k

x;k gS&

lkfj.kh la[;k & 6-1

b.VjehfM,V Lrj rd dh f'k{kk dk ek/;e

b.VjehfM,V Lrj rd dh f'k{kk dk ek/;e la[;k izfr'kr fgUnh 241 80.33

vaxzsth 59 19.67

;ksx 300 100.00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-1 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh b.VjehfM,V rd dh f'k{kk ds

ek/;e dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd

80-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us b.VjehfM,V rd dh f'k{kk fgUnh ek/;e ls iw.kZ

1- pkSgku] ch-vkj- ,aM th- ukjk;.k ¼1976½- ^ 2- 'kqDyk] ,l- ¼1969½]

19.67%

80.33%

fgUnh

vaxzsth

213

dh gS] tcfd 19-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us b.VjehfM,V rd dh f'k{kk vaxzsth

ek/;e ls iw.kZ dh gSA


mŸkjnkrkvksa us b.VjehfM,V rd dh f'k{kk fgUnh ek/;e ls iw.kZ dh gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 6-2 mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{kk esa izos'k gsrq vkj{k.k dk ykHk

feyus dh fLFkfr

izos'k esa vkj{k.k dk ykHk la[;k izfr'kr gk¡ 263 87.67 ugha 37 12.33

;ksx 300 100.00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-2 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{kk esa izos'k gsrq vkj{k.k dk

ykHk feyus dh fLFkfr dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls

Kkr gksrk gS fd 87-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd mPp f'k{k.k

laLFkku esa izos'k gsrq mUgsa vkj{k.k dk ykHk feyk gS] tcfd 12-33 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa us mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku esa izos'k gsrq vkj{k.k dk ykHk ugha fy;k gSA


mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku esa izos'k gsrq vkj{k.k dk ykHk feyk gSA

12.33%

87.67%

gk¡

ugha

214

lkfj.kh la[;k & 6-3

mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr dks vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks le>us esa lgk;d ekuus dh fLFkfr

fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr iw.kZr% 28 9.33

vkaf'kd 71 23.67

ugha 201 67.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-3 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr dks

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks le>us esa lgk;d ekuus dh fLFkfr

dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd

23-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks le>us esa vkaf'kd :i ls lgk;d gSA

ogha 9-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks le>us esa iw.kZ :i ls lgk;d gS]

tcfd 67-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks le>us esa fcYdqy Hkh lgk;d ugha gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-3 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd nks&frgkbZ ls vf/kd ¼67-00

izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr vuqlwfpr

tkfr dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks le>us esa fcYdqy Hkh lgk;d ugha gSA

23.67%

9.33%

67.00%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

215

lkfj.kh la[;k & 6-4

'kks/k Lrj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=@Nk=kvksa ds lkFk HksnHkko gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr


vkaf'kd 73 24.33

ugha 16 5.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-4 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk 'kks/k Lrj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

Nk=@Nk=kvksa ds lkFk HksnHkko gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA


dk iw.kZ :i ls rFkk 24-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd 'kks/k Lrj ij

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=@Nk=kvksa ds lkFk HksnHkko gksrk gSA ogha 5-33 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrk bl ckr ls lger ugha gSA


mŸkjnkrkvksa dk iw.kZ ¼70-33 izfr'kr½ ;k vkaf'kd ¼24-33 izfr'kr½ :i ls ekuuk

gS fd 'kks/k Lrj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=@Nk=kvksa ds lkFk HksnHkko gksrk gSA

24.33%

70.33%

5.33%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

216

lkfj.kh la[;k & 6-5

mŸkjnkrkvksa dks f'k{kdksa ls vko';d ekxZn'kZu o lg;ksx izkIr gksus dh fLFkfr

fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr ges'kk 43 14.33

dHkh&dHkh 138 46.00

cgqr de 119 39.67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-5 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dks f'k{kdksa ls mfpr ekxZn'kZu o

lg;ksx izkIr gksus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k

djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 46-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mUgsa f'k{kdksa ls

vko';d ekxZn'kZu o lg;ksx dHkh&dHkh vkSj 14-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds

vuqlkj ges'kk izkIr gksrk gSA ogha 39-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd

mUgsa f'k{kdksa ls vko';d ekxZn'kZu o lg;ksx cgqr de izkIr gksrk gSA


mŸkjnkrkvksa dks vius f'k{kdksa ls mfpr ekxZn'kZu o lg;ksx cgqr de ¼39-67

izfr'kr½ ;k dHkh&dHkh ¼46-00 izfr'kr½ izkIr gksrk gSA

46.00%

14.33%

39.67%ges'kk

dHkh&dHkh

cgqr de

217

lkfj.kh la[;k & 6-6

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds f'k{kdksa ls lEcU/k

lEcU/k la[;k izfr'kr lkSgknZiw.kZ 78 26.00

lkekU; 155 51.67

vkSipkfjd 49 16.33

rukoiw.kZ 18 6.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-6 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds f'k{kdksa ls lEcU/kksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k


mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj f'k{kdksa ls muds lEcU/k lkekU; gSaA ogha 26-00 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds f'k{kdksa ls lkSgknZiw.kZ] 16-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vkSipkfjd

,oa 6-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds rukoiw.kZ lEcU/k gSaA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vius f'k{kdksa ls lkekU; lEcU/k gSaA

51.67%

26.00%6.00%

16.33%lkSgknZiw.kZ

lkekU;

vkSipkfjd

rukoiw.kZ

218

lkfj.kh la[;k & 6-7

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls larq"V gksus dh fLFkfr


vkaf'kd 99 33.00

ugha 163 54.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-7 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dk orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls larq"V gksus

dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr

gksrk gS fd 54-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls larq"V ugha gSaA ogha

33-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls vkaf'kd :i ls ,oa 12-67

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk iw.kZ :i ls larq"V gSaA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls larq"V ugha gSaA

33.00%

12.67%

54.33%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

219

lkfj.kh la[;k & 6-8

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe esa lq/kkj lEcU/kh lq>ko

'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe la[;k izfr'kr

jkstxkjijd 230 76.67

lkekftd fodkl djus okyk 165 55.00

Kku esa o`f) djus okyk 89 29.67

pgq¡eq[kh fodkl esa lgk;d 213 71.00

vk/kkj 300

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-8 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe esa lq/kkj lEcU/kh

lq>koksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk

gS fd 76-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; esa mPp f'k{kk dk 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe

jkstxkjijd gksuk pkfg,A lkFk gh 71-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mPp

f'k{kk dk 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe pgq¡eq[kh fodkl esa lgk;d] 55-00 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj lkekftd fodkl djus okyk ,oa 29-67 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj Kku esa o`f) djus okyk Hkh gksuk pkfg,A

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-8 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k mŸkjnkrkvksa ds

vuqlkj mPp f'k{kk dk 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe jkstxkjijd ¼76-67 izfr'kr½] pgq¡eq[kh

fodkl esa lgk;d ¼71-00 izfr'kr½ vkSj lkekftd fodkl djus okyk ¼55-00

izfr'kr½ gksuk pkfg,A

76.67

55.00

29.67

71.00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100jkstxkjijd

lkekftd fodkl djus okyk

Kku esa of) djus okyk

pgq¡eq[kh fodkl esa lgk;d

220

lkfj.kh la[;k & 6-9

mŸkjnkrkvksa dks eupkgs fo"k; esa izos'k feyus dh fLFkfr

eupkgs fo"k; esa izos'k la[;k izfr'kr

gk¡ 124 41.33

ugha 176 58.67

;ksx 300 100.00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-9 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dks eupkgs fo"k; esa izos'k feyus dh

fLFkfr dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd

58-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd mUgsa eupkgs fo"k; esa izos'k ugha

feyk gS] tcfd 41-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgsa eupkgs fo"k;

esa izos'k feyk gSA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dks eupkgs fo"k; esa izos'k ugha feyk gSA

58.67%

41.33%

gk¡

ugha

221


mŸkjnkrkvksa dk orZeku f'k{kk i)fr esa ykxw vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ls larq"V gksus dh fLFkfr


vkaf'kd 152 50.67

ugha 61 20.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-10 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dk orZeku f'k{kk i)fr esa ykxw

vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ls larq"V gksus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh

ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 50-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk orZeku f'k{kk

i)fr esa ykxw vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ls vkaf'kd :i ls ,oa 29-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk

iw.kZ :i ls larq"V gSaA ogha 20-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk orZeku f'k{kk i)fr esa ykxw

vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ls larq"V ugha gSaA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk orZeku f'k{kk i)fr esa ykxw vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ls ek= vkaf'kd

:i ls larq"V gSaA

50.67%

29.00%

20.33%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

222


mŸkjnkrkvksa dks fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dh fLFkfr

tkudkjh dh fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr iw.kZr% 34 11.33

vkaf'kd 173 57.67

ugha 93 31.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-11 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dks fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0

tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k


mŸkjnkrk fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ds ckjs esa vkaf'kd

,oa 11-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dks iw.kZ tkudkjh gSA ogha 31-00 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd mUgsa fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr

izdks"B ds ckjs esa dksbZ tkudkjh ugha gSA


mŸkjnkrkvksa dks fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ds ckjs esa

iw.kZ tkudkjh gSA

57.67%

11.33%

31.00%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

223


mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{kk esa fdlh ljdkjh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vkfFkZd ykHk feyus dh fLFkfr

ykHk feyus dh fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr

gk¡ 221 73.67

ugha 79 26.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-12 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{kk esa fdlh ljdkjh

;kstuk ds vUrxZr vkfFkZd ykHk dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl

lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 73-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk

dguk gS fd mUgsa mPp f'k{kk esa fdlh u fdlh ljdkjh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr

vkfFkZd ykHk feyk gS] tcfd 26-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd mUgsa

mPp f'k{kk esa fdlh Hkh ljdkjh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vkfFkZd ykHk ugha feyk gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-12 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd ,d&pkSFkkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd

¼26-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{kk esa fdlh Hkh ljdkjh ;kstuk ds

vUrxZr dksbZ vkfFkZd ykHk ugha feyk gSA

26.33%

73.67%

gk¡

ugha

224


orZeku esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dks Nk=ofŸk izkIr gksus dh fLFkfr

Nk=o`fŸk feyus dh fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr

gk¡ 134 44.67

ugha 166 55.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-13 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dks orZeku esa Nk=o`fŸk feyus dh


fd 44-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dks orZeku esa Nk=o`fŸk fey jgh gS] tcfd 55-33

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dks orZeku esa dksbZ Nk=o`fŸk ugha fey jgh gSA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dks orZeku esa dksbZ Nk=o`fŸk ugha fey jgh gSA

55.33%

44.67%

gk¡

ugha

225


mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk orZeku esa izkIr gks jgh Nk=ofŸk dks v/;;u dk;Z dh vkfFkZd iwfrZ gsrq i;kZIr ekuus dh fLFkfr

i;kZIr ekuus dh fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr

gk¡ 19 14.18

ugha 115 85.82

;ksx 134 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-14 esa orZeku esa Nk=o`fŸk izkIr djus okys mŸkjnkrkvksa

}kjk Nk=o`fŸk dh /kujkf'k dks v/;;udk;Z dh vkfFkZd iwfrZ gsrq i;kZIr ekuus dh


fd orZeku esa Nk=o`fŸk izkIr djus okys mŸkjnkrkvksa esa ls 85-82 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrk orZeku esa fey jgh Nk=o`fŸk dks v/;;u dk;Z dh vkfFkZd iwfrZ gsrq

i;kZIr ugha ekurs gSa] tcfd 14-18 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl /kujkf'k dks v/;;u

dk;Z dh vkfFkZd iwfrZ gsrq i;kZIr ekurs gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-14 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd orZeku esa Nk=o`fŸk izkIr

djus okys mŸkjnkrkvksa esa ls vf/kdka'k ¼85-82 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl /kujkf'k

dks v/;;u dk;Z dh vkfFkZd iwfrZ gsrq i;kZIr ugha ekurs gSaA

85.82%

14.18%

gk¡

ugha

226


ljdkjh lgk;rk@Nk=ofŸk@ QSyksf'ki@fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dks vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk eukscy c<+kus esa

lgk;d ekuus dh fLFkfr

ekuus dh fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr iw.kZr% 199 66.33

vkaf'kd 68 22.67

ugha 33 11.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-15 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk ljdkjh lgk;rk@Nk=o`fŸk@

QSyksf'ki@fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dks vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk eukscy c<+kus

esa lgk;d ekuus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k

djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 66-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk iw.kZ :i ls ,oa 22-67 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrk vkaf'kd :i ls ekurs gSa fd ljdkjh lgk;rk@Nk=o`fŸk@

QSyksf'ki@fu%'kqYd f'k{kk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk eukscy c<+kus esa

lgk;d gSA ogha 11-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl rF; ls lger ugha gSaA


mŸkjnkrk bl dFku ls iw.kZr% ¼66-33 izfr'kr½ ;k vkaf'kd :i ls ¼22-67 izfr'kr½

lger gSa fd ljdkjh lgk;rk@Nk=o`fŸk@ QSyksf'ki@fu%'kqYd f'k{kk vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk eukscy c<+kus esa lgk;d gSA

22.67%

66.33%

11.00%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

227


ikfjokfjd lalk/kuksa esa deh ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk eukscy detksj gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr


vkaf'kd 95 31.67

ugha 51 17.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-16 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk ikfjokfjd lalk/kuksa esa deh ls

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk eukscy detksj gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr dks


izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk iw.kZ :i ls ,oa 31-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk vkaf'kd :i ls ekurs

gSa fd ikfjokfjd lalk/kuksa esa deh vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds eukscy

dks detksj djrh gSA ogha 17-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl rF; ls lger ugha gSaA


mŸkjnkrk bl dFku ls iw.kZr% ¼51-33 izfr'kr½ ;k vkaf'kd :i ls ¼31-67 izfr'kr½

lger gSa fd ikfjokfjd lalk/kuksa esa deh vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds

eukscy dks detksj djrh gSA

31.67%

51.33%

17.00%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

228


fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh muds 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr


vkaf'kd 83 27.67

ugha 35 11.67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 6-17 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd

fLFkfr dh muds 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr dks


izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk iw.kZ :i ls ,oa 27-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk vkaf'kd :i ls ekurs

gSa fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr mudh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ogha 11-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl rF; ls lger

ugha gSaA


mŸkjnkrk bl ckr ls iw.kZr% ¼60-67 izfr'kr½ ;k vkaf'kd :i ls ¼27-67 izfr'kr½

lger gSa fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr mudh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

27.67%

60.67%

11.67%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

lIre~ v/;k;

ifjorZu ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k

229

lIre~ v/;k;

ifjorZu ds izfr nf"Vdks.k

vuqlwfpr tkfr us tkfr izFkk ds vkjfEHkd dky ls gh 'kks"k.k dk na'k

>syk gSA bls f'k{kk ds fy, vik= ?kksf"kr djus ds lkFk&lkFk rjg&rjg dh

lkekftd&vkfFkZd oapukvksa dk f'kdkj cuk;k x;kA Hkkjrh; ijEijkxr

o.kZ&lekt esa nfyr xSj&ukxfjd Fks vkSj buds f'k{kk izkIr djus ds vf/kdkj ij

yxk izfrca/k lcls dBksj ,oa dkjxj FkkA vaxzsth 'kklu dky ds nkSjku nfyrksa

dh f'k{kk izkfIr ij yxs izfrcU/k dks fczfV'k ljdkj us lu~ 1857 esa gh dkuwuh

rkSj ij mBk fy;k FkkA rc ls nfyr lekt dh fLFkfr dqN cnyuh izkjEHk gqbZA1

okLro esa vaxzsth lŸkk dh LFkkiuk dk lcls cM+k ykHk nfyrksa ds fy,

f'k{kk izkIr djus dh lqfo/kk jgh gSA blls nfyr leqnk; ds fy, f'k{kk dk }kj

[kqy x;kA vusd nfyr fpUrdksa us Hkh vius vius {ks=ksa esa 'kwnzksa dh f'k{kk gsrq

egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA2 LorU=rk ds i'pkr~ bl fn'kk esa vkSj vf/kd /;ku fn;k

x;k vkSj mUgsa vkj{k.k ds ek/;e ls eq[;/kkjk esa vkus dk volj fn;k x;k

tcfd nwljh uhfr ds rgr xjhc vkSj ihNs NwVs gq, yksxksa ds fy, Nk=o`fRr]

fdrkcsa vkSj vU; :iksa esa vkfFkZd enn tSlh O;oLFkk dh xbZA ;|fi detksj

rcdksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj dh n`f"V ls lafo/kku vkSj vuqxkeh fo/kkuksa ds }kjk

mudh 'kkL=h; fu;ksZX;rkvksa dks nwj fd;k x;k ,oa mUgsa fofo/k izdkj ds laj{k.k

vkSj lqfo/kk;sa iznku dh xbZa fdUrq iznŸk vf/kdkjksa] fj;k;rksa] lqj{kkik;ksa dk dksbZ

mYys[kuh; ykHk bu oxksZa dks blfy, ugha fey ik;k D;ksafd budks vkfFkZd n'kk

vkSj lkekftd o 'kSf{kd fLFkfr cgqr [kjkc FkhA vkjfEHkd iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa

1- uoHkkjr VkbEl] 5 vDVwcj] 2005

2- MkW0 ekrk izlkn] mŸkjkapy lfgr mŸkj izns'k dh nfyr tkfr;ksa dk nLrkost] i`0 128-

230

fodkl dk;ZØeksa dk ykHk Hkh fuEure oxksZa rd vf/kd ugha igq¡p ik;kA1 1970

ds eè; esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd izxfr vkSj leL;kvksa ij

fd, losZ{k.k ls irk pyk gS fd dqN fodkl rks t:j gqvk gSA ijUrq 'ksSf{kd

fodkl ds lacaèk esa vHkh Hkh cgqr dqN djuk ckdh gSA2

mPp f'k{kk lkekftd] jktuSfrd rFkk vkfFkZd ifjorZu dk ,d

'kfDr'kkyh ek/;e gS vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa blds egRo dks pkgs og u;s

Kku ds lzksr ds :Ik esa gks ;k fQj vuqla/kku dk;ksZa esa ;ksxnku djuk vFkok

ekuo 'kfDr ds laokgd ds :Ik esa gks] udkjk ugha tk ldrk] ijUrq orZeku esa

fMxzh izkIr djuk gh mPp f'k{kk dk ,dek= mn~ns'; cu x;k gSA mPp d{kkvksa

esa izos'k ysus okys Nk=ksa dks ;g irk ugha gksrk fd os ;g fo"k; D;ksa i<+ jgs gSa\

bl fo"k; rFkk mikf/k dh mi;ksfxrk D;k gS\ i<+s&fy[ks ukStoku csjkstxkj]

grk'kk vkSj fo/oald izo`fRr;ksa dk f'kdkj gks jgs gSaA ;g lc mPp f'k{kk dh

mn~ns';ghurk dk ifj.kke gSA

mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa izpfyr ikB~;Øe Nk=ksa ds thou ls dVk gqvk

furkUr vkSipkfjd] lS)kfUrd vkSj ijEijkxr gSA ikB~;p;kZ dh lajpukRed Øe

dh dBksjrk dks nwj djus ds fy;s 9oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls dgk

x;k Fkk fd os ØsfMV vUrj.k O;oLFkk dk fodkl djsa] blls dBksj laxfBr

vuq'kklujfgr dk;ZØeksa dks Lukrd vkSj LukrdksRrj Lrjksa ij dksj ,sfPNd vkSj

fodklkRed ikB~;Øeksa lfgr ØsfMV ij vk/kkfjr dsQVsfj;k O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu

djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA3

,d le; Fkk tc f'k{kk uhfr;k¡ ns'k ds ckSf)d oxZ }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh

Fkh] vkt 'kSf{kd uhfr;k¡ m|ksxifr;ksa }kjk cuk;h tk jgh gSA xsV~l esa f'k{kk dks

12 lsokvksa esa ls ,d lsok ekuus ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk ds }kj fons'kh

1- lkekftd U;k; ,oa nfyr la?k"kZ] MkW0 jkexksiky flag] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2006] i`0 44

2- fpVful] ,l- 1981- , ykSax os Vw xks] eqacbZ%,ykbM ifCy'klZ izk- fyfeVsM

3- ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk] o"kZ 1997&2002] i`0 128

231

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fy, Hkh [kqy x;s gSaA ;s os nks;e ntsZ ds fo'ofo|ky; gS ftUgsa

vius ns'k esa LFkku ugha fey ik;k gSaA ;s fons'kh O;kikjh Hkkjr dks ,d cktkj ds

:i esa ns[k jgs gSaA QyLo:i futh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa dk

vfu;fU=r foLrkj gks jgk gS] vkSj Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds lekukUrj foRr

vk/kkfjr fMxzh O;oLFkk py jgh gSA

bu futh dkystksa }kjk ,d vkSj nq"pØ pyk;k tk jgk gS] og gS

dsihVs'ku Qhl }kjk v;ksX; Nk=ksa dk O;olkf;d dkslksZa esa izos'kA tks Nk=

ekewyh fMxzh dkyst ds ch-,l&lh- dkslZ esa izos'k dh ;ksX;rk ugha j[krs] os

dsihVs'ku dh eksVh jde }kjk ,e-ch-ch-,l-] ch-Vsd-] ch-bZ-] dEI;wVj lkbal]

fctusl eSustesaV] gksVy eSustesaV o vU; egRoiw.kZ iksLV xzstq,V o iksLV

MkDVjsV dkslsZl esa cM+h vklkuh ls izos'k ik tkrs gSaA bu [kksVs flDdksa us Hkkjr

esa ;ksX;rk o es/kk ds fy, xEHkhj [krjk iSnk dj fn;k gSA1

vkt gekjs lekt esa nks fofHkUu ihf<+;ksa ds ewY;ksa] ekU;rkvksa ,oa fopkjksa

dk vkil esa la?k"kZ py jgk gSA ,d rjQ gekjh iqjkuh ekU;rk,aa vius

lkaLd`frd ewY;ksa dh nhif'k[kk fy;s gq, vius dks izTTofyr djuk pkg jgh gSa

rks nwljh rjQ ;qok ih<+h dh uohu ekU;rk,a] uohu fopkj ,oa ewY; tks ik'pkR;

n'kZu vkSj HkkSfrd laLÑfr] ubZ fQYesa] u;sa QS'ku] eknd nzO;] jkWd jhfeDl vkfn

ls iw.kZ:is.k izHkkfor gSaA viuk izHkqRo LFkkfir djus ds fy;s thrksM+ iz;kl dj

jgs gSaA ,sls O;fDr mŸkstukiw.kZ vkUnksyu vkSj lkekftd vkUnksyuksa ds izfr

vf/kd vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa] tks Åcs gq, gSa] vlek;ksftr O;fDr gSa] jpukRed gksrs

gq, Hkh dksbZ jpuk ugha dj ldrs] nks"kh gSa] iruksUeq[k gSa vkSj os tks vius thou

ls vR;Ur vlUrq"V gaSA os mRrstukRed xfrfof/k ls vius [kkyh thou dks vFkZ

,oa mn~ns'; iznku djrs gSaA2

1- izks0 jkeukFk] ^dsihVs'ku Qhl cuke ;ksX;rk*] ;ksX;rk] esjh twrh] i`0 23 2- gkWQj] bfjd] fn Vªw fcyhoj] gkiZj ,.M jks] U;w;kdZ] 1951

232

vkt f'k{kk ds dsUnz f'k{kk ds dwM+k?kj cu x;s gSaA uo;qodksa dks mPp Lrj

dk usr`Ro iznku djus esa gekjh O;oLFkk vlQy gks x;h gSA 'kSf{kd csjkstxkjh us

;qodksa dks orZeku 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe dks vLohdkj djus ds fy;s etcwj dj fn;k

gSA1 blls f'k{kk ds ekudksa esa fxjkoV izkjEHk gks x;h gS vkSj fo|kFkhZ lQyrk

izkfIr gsrq Nqnz ekxZ tSls uksV~l] xsl isij] dqath vkSj ijh{kkvksa esa vuqfpr lk/ku

viukus yxs gSaA 'kSf{kd thou esa ck/kk vkSj fxjrk Lrj f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa gsrq /kCck

cu x;k gS] blus lkekU; tu fonzksg dks tUe fn;k gSA

Hkkjrh; jktuhfr okLrfod iztkrU= o mldk <kapk cukus esa vleFkZ jgh

gS] lRrk:<+ ny us l'kDr fojks/kh ny ds vHkko esa viuh LokFkZ flf) ds fy;s

iztkrkfU=d <¡kps esa eupkgk Qsj&cny fd;k gSA lalnh; O;oLFkk us {ks=h;

jktuhfr dks tUe fn;k gSA iztkrU= dk ewy gS fd euq"; vius HkkX; dk fuekZrk

Lo;a gS vkSj jktuSfrd laxBuksa dk dk;Z mUgsa l'kDr cukuk gS vkSj dkuwu ds

vuqlkj lkjh O;oLFkk pykuk gSA LorU=rk dk vFkZ dkuwu dks rksM+uk ugha] oju~

dkuwu dks lgh fn'kk iznku djuk gSA2 1960 ds n'kd ls jktuhfr esa Nk=ksa dh

Hkwfedk ds lanHkZ esa fofHkUu ns'kksa esa fd;s tkus okys v/;;uksa ds vUrxZr izkIr

fd;s x;s ifj.kkeksa ds voyksdu ls muds jktuSfrd egRo dk vuqeku yxk;k

tk ldrk gSA Nk=ksa dk jktuSfrd izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds

ifjlj ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA jktuSfrd izf'k{k.k dh ;g izfØ;k ,d lkoZHkkSfed

iz?kVuk gSA3

oLrqr% fo'ofo|ky; esa iznku dh tkus okyh f'k{kk dh xq.koRrk Nk=ksa dh

jktuSfrd izo`fRr dks izHkkfor djrh gSA ,sls fo'ofo|ky;] tgk¡ f'k{kk dk rkRi;Z

ijh{kkvksa dks ikl djkuk ek= gS] ogk¡ Nk=ksa ds leqfpr ns[kjs[k dk vHkko gSA

mUgsa leqfpr izsj.kk izkIr ugha gksrh vkSj tgk¡ os iqjLd`r ugha gksrs] ogk¡ muds

1- feJk] oh0Mh0] ;wFk dYpj % , dEijsfVo LVMh bu fn bf.M;u dkWUVsDLV] b.Vj&bf.M;k

ifCyf'kax] ubZ fnYyh] 1993] i`0 123 2- dksBjh] jtuh] ikWfyfVDl bu bf.M;k] vksfj;UV ykWxeSu] fnYyh] 1970 3- ¶;wjj] ,y0,l0] fn dkWf¶yDV vkWQ tsujs'ku] csfld cqDl] U;w;kdZ] 1969] i`0 7

233

jktuSfrd :i ls lfØ; gksus dh lEHkkouk;sa vf/kd gksrh gaSA ysfdu dqN ,sls

mnkgj.k ik;s x;s gSa tgk¡ mi;qZDr vk/kkjksa ds u gksus ds ckotwn Hkh Nk= mxz jgs

gSa vkSj mUgksaus jktuhfr esa lfØ; lgHkkfxrk dh gSA1

vk/kqfud vkSj if'peh lH;rk ds ifjp; ds lkFk gh orZeku f'k{kk ds

vFkZLo:i] n`f"Vdks.k ,oa fo"k;&oLrqvksa esa egRoiw.kZ ,oa vko';d cnyko gq, gSaA

thou ds vk/kqfud oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k vkSj lekurk dh vo/kkj.kk us jk"Vªh;

vkanksyu ,oa lkekftd iqufuZekZ.k dh Hkkouk ds fy, ekxZn'kZd dh Hkwfedk

fuHkkbZA2 f'k{kk us lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu fd;k gS] mPp f'k{kk

ls yksxksa dh lkekftd lksp esa cnyko vk;k gS] lkFk gh vkfFkZd izxfr ds jkLrs

cus gSaA oafpr lenk; us Hkh f'k{kk dh egRo dks Lohdkj dj fy;k gSA Jhfuokl3

¼1967½ dgrs gaS fd fuEu tkfr;ksa us ;g Hkyh&Hkkafr eglwl dj fy;k gS fd

f'k{kk ds }kjk os vko';d 'kfDr izkIr dj ysaxs] vkSj bl 'kfDr }kjk os ^mPp*

oxZ ds izrhdksa dks vklkuh o csgrj <ax ls viuk ik,axsA jko4 ¼1968½ Hkh ekurs

gSa fd vk/kqfud f'k{kk us Hkkjrh; lekt esa O;olk;ksa ds tkrh; vk/kkj dks cnyus

rFkk iznÙk laLdj.k dks miyfC/k&vk/kkfjr Js.kh;u rFkk cnyko esa f'k{kk us

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

mRrjnkrkvksa ds 'kSf{kd ifjos'k esa ifjorZu ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk v/;;u

djus ds fy, muls orZeku 'kSf{kd ifjn`'; esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa ds fofHkUu

igyqvksa ls lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNs x;s] izkIr lwpukvksa dks lkj.khc) djds fuEuor

izLrqr fd;k x;k gS&

1- fyilsV] ,l0,e0] LVwMsaV fjoksYV] ;wuhoflZVh vkWQ dSyhQksfuZ;k izsl] 1960] i`0 497&98

2- ckcZj] ch- ¼1957½ ^lks'ky LVªsVhfQds'ku*] jkcVZ ds- esVZu ¼,M-½ ^, dEizhgsaflo ,ukfyfll vkQ LVªDpj ,aM ,tqds'ku] gkjkWVZ] U;w;kdZ] i`- 342

3- Jhfuokl] ,e-,u- ¼1967½] vk/qfud Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu] jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyhA

4- jko] MCY;w-,l- ¼1968½] êkfcfyVh bu ukbufVaFk lsapqjh dkLV flLVe*] feYVu flaxj ,aM ch- ,l- dksu ¼,M-½ LVªDpj ,aM psat bu bafM;u lkslk;Vh] f'kdkxks] ,Mykbu ls m)`rA

234

lkfj.kh la[;k & 7-1

orZeku esa mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj vkSj xq.koRrk esa deh vkuk ekuus dh fLFkfr


vkaf'kd 87 29.00

ugha 46 15.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-1 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk orZeku esa mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj vkSj

xq.koŸkk esa deh vkuk ekuus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh

ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 55-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk iw.kZ :i

ls ,oa 29-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk vkaf'kd :i ls ekuuk gS fd orZeku mPp

f'k{kk ds Lrj ,oa xq.koŸkk esa deh vk x;h gS] tcfd 15-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk

bl rF; ls lger ugha gSaA


mŸkjnkrkvksa dk iw.kZ :i ls ¼55-67 izfr'kr½ vFkok vkaf'kd :i ls ¼29-00

izfr'kr½ ekuuk gS fd orZeku mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj ,oa xq.koŸkk esa deh vk x;h

gSA

29.00% 55.67%

15.33%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

235

lkfj.kh la[;k & 7-2

mPp f'k{kk ls lekt dks ykHk u gksdj ek= oS;fDrd ykHk feyus lEcU/kh ljdkjh nf"Vdks.k ls mŸkjnkrkvksa dh

lgefr dh fLFkfr

lgefr dh fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr iw.kZr% 21 7.00

vkaf'kd 72 24.00

ugha 207 69.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-2 esa mPp f'k{kk ls lekt dks ykHk u gksdj ek=

oS;fDrd ykHk feyus lEcU/kh ljdkjh n`f"Vdks.k ls mŸkjnkrkvksa dh lgefr dh


fd 7-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl ljdkjh n`f"Vdks.k ls iw.kZr% ,oa 24-00 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrk vkaf'kd :i ls lger gSa fd mPp f'k{kk O;fDr dks ykHk igq¡pkrh gS u

fd lekt dksA ogha 69-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl ljdkjh n`f"Vdks.k ls lger

ugha gSa fd mPp f'k{kk O;fDr dks ykHk igq¡pkrh gS u fd lekt dksA


¼69-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl ljdkjh n`f"Vdks.k ls lger ugha gSa fd mPp

f'k{kk O;fDr dks ykHk igq¡pkrh gS u fd lekt dksA

24.00%

7.00%

69.00%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

236

lkfj.kh la[;k & 7-3

mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa futhdj.k ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kSf{kd fodkl esa foijhr izHkko iM+us lEcU/kh nf"Vdks.k ds

izfrs mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk;

mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; la[;k izfr'kr iw.kZr% 206 68.67

vkaf'kd 82 27.33

ugha 12 4.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-3 esa mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa futhdj.k ls vuqlwfpr tkfr

ds 'kSf{kd fodkl esa foijhr izHkko iM+us lEcU/kh n`f"Vdks.k ds izfrs mŸkjnkrkvksa

dh jk; dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk

gS fd 68-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk iw.kZr% ekurs gS fd mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa

futhdj.k ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kSf{kd fodkl esa foijhr izHkko iM+k gS] tcfd

27-33 izfr'kr bl n`f"Vdks.k ls vkaf'kd :i ls lger gSa fd mPp f'k{kk ds {ks=

esa futhdj.k ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kSf{kd fodkl esa foijhr izHkko iM+k gSA ogha

4-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls lger ugha gSa fd mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa

futhdj.k ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kSf{kd fodkl esa foijhr izHkko iM+k gSA


¼68-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls iw.kZr% lger gSa fd mPp f'k{kk ds

{ks= esa futhdj.k ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kSf{kd fodkl esa foijhr izHkko iM+k gSA

27.33%

68.67%

4.00%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

ugha

237

lkfj.kh la[;k & 7-4

dsihVs'ku Qhl }kjk v;ksX; Nk=ksa ds O;olkf;d dkslksZa esa izos'k ls ;ksX;rk o es/kk ds fy, xEHkhj [krjk iSnk gksus

lEcU/kh nf"Vdks.k ds izfrs mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk;


vkaf'kd 69 23.00

dg ugha ldrs 48 16.00

ugha 19 6.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-4 esa dsihVs'ku Qhl }kjk v;ksX; Nk=ksa ds O;olkf;d

dkslksZa esa izos'k ls ;ksX;rk o es/kk ds fy, xEHkhj [krjk iSnk gksus lEcU/kh

n`f"Vdks.k ds izfrs mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds

fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 54-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk iw.kZr% ,oa 23-00

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk vkaf'kd :i ls ekurs gSa fd dsihVs'ku Qhl }kjk v;ksX; Nk=ksa

ds O;olkf;d dkslksZa esa izos'k us ;ksX;rk o es/kk ds fy, xEHkhj [krjk iSnk dj

fn;k gS] tcfd 6-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls lger ugha gSa fd

dsihVs'ku Qhl }kjk v;ksX; Nk=ksa dk O;olkf;d dkslksZa esa izos'k us ;ksX;rk o

es/kk ds fy, xEHkhj [krjk iSnk dj fn;k gSA ogha 16-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us

bl lEcU/k dksbZ fuf'pr er izdV ugha fd;k gSA

23.00%

54.67%

6.33%

16.00%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

dg ugha ldrs

ugha

238


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls iw.kZr% lger gSa fd dsihVs'ku Qhl }kjk

v;ksX; Nk=ksa dk O;olkf;d dkslksZa esa izos'k us ;ksX;rk o es/kk ds fy, xEHkhj

[krjk iSnk dj fn;k gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 7-5

futh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds lekukUrj foŸk vk/kkfjr fMxzh O;oLFkk pykus

lEcU/kh nf"Vdks.k ds izfrs mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk;


vkaf'kd 96 32.00


ugha 13 4.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-5 esa futh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh;

f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds lekukUrj foŸk vk/kkfjr fMxzh O;oLFkk pykus lEcU/kh

n`f"Vdks.k ds izfrs mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds

fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 51-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk iw.kZr% ,oa 32-00

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk vkaf'kd :i ls ekurs gSa fd futh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa

egkfo|ky;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds lekukUrj foŸk vk/kkfjr fMxzh

23.00%

54.67%

6.33%

16.00%

iw.kZr%

vkaf'kd

dg ugha ldrs

ugha

239

O;oLFkk pykbZ tk jgh gS] tcfd 12-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls

lger ugha gSa fd futh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk

O;oLFkk ds lekukUrj foŸk vk/kkfjr fMxzh O;oLFkk pykbZ tk jgh gSA ogha 4-33

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl lEcU/k dksbZ fuf'pr er izdV ugha fd;k gSA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk vkaf'kd :i ls ekurs gSa fd futh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa

egkfo|ky;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds lekukUrj foŸk vk/kkfjr fMxzh

O;oLFkk pykbZ tk jgh gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 7-6

mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vkj{k.k dh fLFkfr ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k la[;k izfr'kr iw.kZr% larq"V 11 3.67 vkaf'kd ij larks"ktud 69 23.00 Bhd <ax ls ykxw ugha] dkepykÅ 186 62.00 iw.kZr% vlarq"V 34 11.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-6 esa mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vkj{k.k dh fLFkfr

ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds

fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 23-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk mPp f'k{kk esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vkj{k.k dh fLFkfr ls vkaf'kd rFkk 3-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk

iw.kZr% larq"V gSa tcfd 62-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vkj{k.k dks Bhd <ax ls ykxw ugha fd;k x;k gS] vr% bldh

fLFkfr ek= dkepykÅ gSA ogha 11-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds vkj{k.k dh fLFkfr ls iw.kZr% vlarq"V gSaA

240


mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vkj{k.k dks Bhd <ax ls

ykxw ugha fd;k x;k gS] vr% bldh fLFkfr ek= dkepykÅ gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 7-7

'kks/k Lrj ij f'k{kdksa dk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk O;ogkj ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k la[;k izfr'kr ldkjkRed 41 13.67 lkekU; 154 51.33 udkjkRed 105 35.00

;ksx 300 100-00

23.00%

3.67%

11.33%

62.00%

iw.kZr% larq"V

vkaf'kd ij larks"ktud

Bhd <ax ls ykxw ugha]dkepykÅiw.kZr% vlarq"V

51.33%

13.67%

35.00%

ldkjkRed

lkekU;

udkjkRed

241

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-7 esa 'kks/k Lrj ij f'k{kdksa dk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk O;ogkj ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks iznf'kZr fd;k


mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd 'kks/k Lrj ij f'k{kdksa dk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa

ds lkFk O;ogkj lkekU; gSA ogha 'kks/k Lrj ij f'k{kdksa dk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk O;ogkj dks 13-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ldkjkRed rFkk 35-00

izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk udkjkRed ekurs gSa


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk 'kks/k Lrj ij f'k{kdksa dk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds

lkFk O;ogkj dks lkekU; ekurs gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 7-8

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, mPp f'k{kk esa miyC/k djkbZ tk jgh lqfo/kkvks ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk nf"Vdks.k

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k la[;k izfr'kr larks"ktud 91 30.33 vkaf'kd larks"ktud 157 52.33 vlarks"ktud 52 17.33

;ksx 300 100-00

52.33%

30.33%

17.33%

larks"ktud

vkaf'kd larks"ktud

vlarks"ktud

242

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-8 esa mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, miyC/k

djkbZ tk jgh lqfo/kkvksa ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k


vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, mPp f'k{kk esa miyC/k djkbZ tk jgh lqfo/kkvksa dks

vkaf'kd larks"ktud rFkk 30-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk larks"ktud ekurs gSa] tcfd

17-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, mPp f'k{kk esa

miyC/k djkbZ tk jgh lqfo/kkvksa dh fLFkfr vlarks"ktud gSA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, mPp f'k{kk esa miyC/k djkbZ tk jgh

lqfo/kkvksa dks vkaf'kd larks"ktud ekurs gSaA

lkfj.kh la[;k & 7-9

mŸkjnkrkvksa dh jk; esa mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus gsrq mik;

mik; la[;k izfr'kr vkj{k.k ds ekudksa dks l[rh ls ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,

124 41.33

futh mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Hkh vkj{k.k dks l[rh ls ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,

157 52.33

vuq0 tkfr ds fy, fo'ks"k fo'ofo|ky; ,oa mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku [kksys tkus pkfg,

169 56.33

vkj{k.k dk izfr'kr c<+k;k tkuk pkfg, 213 71.00

vk/kkj 300

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-9 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh n`f"V esa mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus gsrq mik;ksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds

fo'ys"k.k djus ls fofnr gksrk gS fd 71-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mPp

f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus ds fy, vkj{k.k dk izfr'kr c<+k;k

tkuk pkfg,A ogha 56-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mPp f'k{kk esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus gsrq vuq0 tkfr ds fy, fo'ks"k fo'ofo|ky;

243

rFkk mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku [kksys tkus pkfg,] tcfd 52-33 mŸkjnkrkvksa dk

lq>ko gS fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus gsrq futh mPp

f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Hkh vkj{k.k dks l[rh ls ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blh rjg

41-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

fgLlsnkjh c<+kus gsrq vkj{k.k ds orZeku ekudksa dks l[rh ls ykxw fd;k tkuk

pkfg,A

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-9 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd vf/kdrj mŸkjnkrkvksa dk

er gS fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus ds fy, vkj{k.k dk

izfr'kr c<+kus ¼71-00 izfr'kr½] vuq0 tkfr ds fy, fo'ks"k fo'ofo|ky; rFkk

mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku [kksyus ¼56-33 izfr'kr½ rFkk futh mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa

Hkh vkj{k.k dks l[rh ls ykxw djus ¼52-33 izfr'kr½ tSls dne mBk;s tkus

pkfg,A

41.33

52.3356.33

71.00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

vkj{k.k ds ekudksa dks l[rh ls ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,futh mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Hkh vkj{k.k dks l[rh ls ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,vuq0 tkfr ds fy, fo'ks"k fo'ofo|ky; ,oa mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku [kksys tkus pkfg,vkj{k.k dk izfr'kr c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,

244


fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=la?k pquko ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k la[;k izfr'kr Nk=la?k pquko ugha gksus pkfg, 71 23.67

Nk=la?k pquko gksus pkfg, ijUrq fyaxnksg desVh dh flQkfj'kksa ds vuq:i

187 62.33

Lora= :i ls Nk=la?k pquko gksus pkfg, 42 14.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-10 esa fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=la?k pquko ds

izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds

fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 62-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd

fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=la?k pquko rks gksus pkfg, ijUrq fyaxnksg

desVh dh flQkfj'kksa ds vuq:i gh gksus pkfg,] 23-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs

gSa fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=la?k pquko gksus gh ugha pkfg,A

ogha 14-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls lger ugha gSa] mudk ekurk gS

fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=la?k pquko Lora= :i ls gksus pkfg,A


mŸkjnkrkvksa dk er gS fd fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=la?k pquko

fyaxnksg desVh dh flQkfj'kksa ds vuq:i gh gksus pkfg,A

62.33%

23.67%14.00%

Nk=la?k pquko ugha gksus pkfg,

Nk=la?k pquko gksus pkfg, ijUrq fyaxnksgdesVh dh flQkfj'kksa ds vuq:i

Lora= :i ls Nk=la?k pquko gksus pkfg,

245


mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh Nk=kvksa ds 'kks"k.k ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k la[;k izfr'kr 'kks"k.k gksrk gS 185 61.67

etcwjh o'k 69 23.00

le>kSrs ds vk/kkj ij ykHk izkIr djus ds fy,

46 15.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-11 esa mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh Nk=kvksa ds

'kks"k.k ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh

ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls irk pyrk gS fd 61-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd

mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh Nk=kvksa dk fdlh u izdkj ls ges'kk 'kks"k.k

gksrk jgrk gS] tcfd 23-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh Nk=kvksa dk 'kks"k.k mudh etcwjh dk ykHk mBkdj fd;k

tkrk gSA ogha 15-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr dh Nk=kvksa ds 'kks"k.k esa ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, Nk=kvksa dh Hkh lgefr

gksrh gSA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh Nk=kvksa dk

fdlh u izdkj ls ges'kk 'kks"k.k gksrk jgrk gSA

23.00%61.67%

15.33%

'kks"k.k gksrk gS

etcwjho'k

le>kSrs ds vk/kkj ij ykHkizkIr djus ds fy,

246


mPp f'k{kk dks jkstxkjijd cuk;s tkus ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k la[;k izfr'kr ldkjkRed 41 13.67

mnklhu 154 51.33

udkjkRed 105 35.00

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-12 esa mPp f'k{kk dks jkstxkjijd cuk;s tkus ds izfr

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k

djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 51-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us mPp f'k{kk dks

jkstxkjijd cuk;s tkus ds lEcU/k esa mnklhurk izdV djrs gq, dgk gS fd

blls vuqlwfpr tkfr dk dqN Hkh Hkyk ugha gksxk] tcfd 35-00 izfr'kr

mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl lq>ko dks iwjh rjg udkjrs gq, dgk gS fd jkstxkjijd

f'k{kk ds fy, rks igys ls gh vyx dkyst gSaA ogha 13-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa

us mPp f'k{kk dks jkstxkjijd cuk;s tkus ds lEcU/k esa viuk ldkjkRed er

izdV fd;k gSA


izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa us mPp f'k{kk dks jkstxkjijd cuk;s tkus ds lEcU/k esa

mnklhurk izdV djrs gq, dgk gS fd blls vuqlwfpr tkfr dk dqN Hkh Hkyk

ugha gksxkA

51.33%

13.67%

35.00%

ldkjkRed

mnklhu

udkjkRed

247


mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk vkj{k.k ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekufld {kerk dk fodkl ckf/kr gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr

ekuus dh fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr fcYdqy ugha 249 83.00 dHkh&dHkh 17 5.67 dg ugha ldrs 34 11.33

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-13 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk vkj{k.k ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

ekufld {kerk dk fodkl ckf/kr gksuk ekuus dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k


bl rF; ls fcYdqy Hkh lger ugha gSa fd vkj{k.k ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekufld

{kerk dk fodkl ckf/kr gksrk gS] tcfd 5-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd

vkj{k.k ls dHkh&dHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekufld {kerk dk fodkl ckf/kr Hkh gks

ldrk gSA ogha 11-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl lEcU/k dksbZ fuf'pr er izdV

ugha fd;k gSA


mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls fcYdqy Hkh lger ugha gSa fd vkj{k.k ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dh ekufld {kerk dk fodkl ckf/kr gksrk gSA

5.67%

83.00%

11.33%

fcYdqy ugha

dHkh&dHkh

dg ugha ldrs

248


mPp f'k{kk esa vkj{k.k dks vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls lEc) djus ds lEcU/k esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dk nf"Vdks.k

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k la[;k izfr'kr

fcYdqy ugha 263 87.67


;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-14 esa mPp f'k{kk esa vkj{k.k dks vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls lEc)

djus lEcU/kh fopkj ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA

bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 87-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl

n`f"Vdks.k ls fcYdqy Hkh lger ugha gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa vkj{k.k dks vkfFkZd

fLFkfr ls lEc) fd;k tk;sA ogha 12-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl lEcU/k

dksbZ fuf'pr er izdV ugha fd;k gSA


mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls fcYdqy Hkh lger ugha gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa vkj{k.k

dks vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls lEc) fd;k tk;sA

12.33%

87.67%

fcYdqy ugha

dg ugha ldrs

249


fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k

mŸkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k la[;k izfr'kr dksbZ lgk;rk ugha feyrh 126 42.00

dHkh&dHkh lgk;d 43 14.33

tkurs gh ugha 93 31.00

dqN dg ugha ldrs 38 12.67

;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-15 esa fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B dh mi;ksfxrk ds ckjs esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls fofnr gksrk gS fd 42-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd mUgsa fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ls dksbZ lgk;rk ugha feyrh gS] tcfd 14-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ls mUgsa dHkh&dHkh lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA ogha 31-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk bl izdks"B ds ckjs esa tkurs gh ugha gSa vkSj 12-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl lEcU/k dksbZ fuf'pr er izdV ugha fd;k gSA lkfj.kh la[;k 7-15 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZ mŸkjnkrk ¼73-00 izfr'kr½ ;k rks fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ds ckjs esa tkurs gh ugha ¼31-00 izfr'kr½ ;k fQj mudh jk; esa bl izdks"B ls mUgsa dksbZ lgk;rk ugha feyrh gS ¼42-00 izfr'kr½A

14.33%

42.00%12.67%

31.00%

dksbZ lgk;rk ughafeyrhdHkh&dHkh lgk;d

tkurs gh ugha

dqN dg ugha ldrs

250


mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij tkfrlwpd miuke@mikf/k;ksa ds iz;ksx dks lekIr dj nsuk vko';d

ekuus dh fLFkfr

ekuus dh fLFkfr la[;k izfr'kr gk¡ 38 12.67

ugha 96 32.00


;ksx 300 100-00

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-16 esa mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij tkfrlwpd

miuke@mikf/k;ksa ds iz;ksx dks lekIr dj nsuk vko';d ekuus dh fLFkfr dks


izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij tkfrlwpd miuke@mikf/k;ksa

ds iz;ksx dks lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,] tcfd 32-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk ,slk ugha

ekursA ogha 55-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa us bl lEcU/k dksbZ fuf'pr er izdV

ugha fd;k gSA

lkfj.kh la[;k 7-16 ls fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrk gS fd T;knkrj ¼55-33 izfr'kr½

mŸkjnkrkvksa us mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij tkfrlwpd miuke@mikf/k;ksa ds iz;ksx dks

lekIr djus lEcU/kh fopkj ds lEcU/k esa viuk dksbZ er ugha fn;k gSA

32.00%

12.67%

55.33%

gk¡

ugha

dg ugha ldrs

v"Ve~ v/;k;

fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko

251

v"Ve~ v/;k;

fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko









;fn f'k{kk vPNh gks] rks fdlh izdkj dk lq/kkj lekt esa lEHko gks ldrk

gSA orZeku 'kSf{kd lektksa esa f'k{kk] fo'ks"kdj mPp f'k{kk lekt ds lkekftd o

vkfFkZd lajpuk dk ewy vk/kkj gS] D;ksafd f'k{kk gh O;fDr ds in ,oa fLFkfr dks

fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA dsoy Kku ds fy;s gh ugha] cfYd lekt esa lkekftd o

vkfFkZd izxfr ds fy, Hkh f'k{kk vfuok;Z gSA







Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa us vuqlwfpr tkfr dks vukSipkfjd

Je cktkjksa us vo'kksf"kr dj fn;k gS vkSj ftlds dkj.k og lelkef;d vkfFkZd

'kks"k.k izfØ;kvksa ds vlekuqikrh cqjs izHkkoksa dks >sy jgs gSaA /kzqoh; oxZ jpuk ds

252

ry eas LFkku ikdj] og Hk;adj xjhch] foLFkkiu vkSj thfodk dh [kkst esa tcju

iz;kl dh fLFkfr esa jg jgs gSaA bl rjg ds cnyrs oxZ lacaèkksa dk vFkZ gS] ,d

,slh /kq¡èkyh oxZ okLrfodrk ftlesa f'k{kk ds fy, cgqr FkksM+h izsj.kk gSA HksnHkko

vkSj vyxko ds ,sls lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd O;ogkj] ftudh tM+sa tkfr] oxZ] fyax

vkSj jk"Vªoknh gSa] vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vfLrRo dks yxkrkj ifjHkkf"kr dj jgs gSaA

f'k{kk dks udkjus esa] tkfr oxZ lacaèkksa vkSj lkaLÑfrd neu Js.khc) ewY;ksa dh

vfr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA









vkSj lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd 'kks"k.k ls mudh j{kk djsxkA lkE;rk ds lkFk

lqyHkrk esa o`f) djus ds mís'; ls] vuqPNsn 15 esa ,d u;k [k.M ¼5½ tksM+dj

lafoèkku la'kksfèkr djus dh gky gh dh igy dk mís';] 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa

nkf[kys ds ekeys esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxksZa vkSj vuqlwfpr

tkfr;ksa o vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh 'kSf{kd izxfr dh O;oLFkk djuk gSA blls]

detksj oxksZa ls lacafèkr Nk=ksa dks lHkh f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh lqyHkrk dk ykHk

gksxkA






253








;|fi f'k{kk ds lHkh Lrj ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl ds egRoiw.kZ vo;o gS

ijUrq ;g mPp f'k{kk gh gS tks ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds tfj;s tu&lk/kkj.k ds

thou dh xq.koRrk esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA ns'k esa c<+rh tula[;k vkSj mPp f'k{kk

dh ekax dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk ds la[;kRed izlkj ij fo'ks"k /;ku

fn;k x;kA vaxzsth 'kkludky esa mPp f'k{kk izeq[kr% lekt ds mPp oxZ rd gh

lhfer jgh vkSj bl dkj.k ;g mPp&lEiUu oxZ Øe'k% vaxzsth laL—fr dk

iks"kd gksrk pyk x;kA bl izo`fRr ds dkj.k fo'ofo|ky; dh dk;Z&i)fr vkxs

Hkh izk;% iwoZor~ cuh jghA Qyr% leLr 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk esa fo'ofo|ky; fLFkj

vifjofrZr vkSj vxzxfr'khy laLFkkvksa ds :i esa dk;Zjr jgsA lk/ku lEiUu gksus

ds dkj.k lekt dk mPp oxZ rks f'k{kkoku gksrk x;k ij lekt dk ,d

fuEuoxZ mDr lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr gh jgkA ifj.kker% ;s mPp f'k{kk laLFkku

lekt ds fy, rks cus jgs] ij mlds fy, mi;ksxh ugha cu ik;sA









254




dh c<+rh v#fp dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA bu cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd izxfr esa ljdkjh vkSj futh

{ks= dh Hkwfedk vkSj mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa leL;kvksa dk rF;ijd fo'ys"k.kkRed

v/;;u dh furkUr vko';drk gSA

bUgha rF;ksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, 'kks/kkFkhZ us vius 'kks/k v/;;u dk

'kh"kZd ^^vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj f'k{kk** y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; vkSj mlls lEc)

egkfo|ky; dk ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u* pquk vkSj orZeku esa vuqlwfpr tkfr




izLrqr v/;;u dk izeq[k mn~ns'; mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

fLFkfr dk lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u djuk ,oa mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks gksus okyh leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk FkkA fof'k"V :Ik

ls blds mn~ns'; fuEufyf[kr Fks&

1- Hkkjr esa tkfr izFkk rFkk vuqlwfpr tkfr dh lkekftd fLFkfr dk


2- Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds fodkl ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh f'k{kk dh fLFkfr dk


3- vuqlwfpr tkfr dh mPp f'k{kk dh fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.k djukA

4- mŸkjnkrkvksa ds oS;fDrd] ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k dk fo'ys"k.k

djukA

5- mŸkjnkrkvksa dh vkdka{kkvksa ,oa muds lkekftd ewY;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k

djukA

255

6- orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ,oa mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds lEcU/k esa mŸkjnkrkvksa

dh jk; tkuukA


pykbZ tk jgh ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa mŸkjnkrkvksa dh tkudkjh dh fLFkfr

dk irk yxkukA


pykbZ tk jgh ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ykHkkfUor gksus dh

fLFkfr dk irk yxkukA

9- Nk= jktuhfr ds izfr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dk irk yxkukA

10- mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa gksus okyh leL;kvksa dk irk

yxkukA

11- vuqlwfpr tkfr dh mPp f'k{kk ds fodkl ,oa leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k gsrq

mi;ksxh lq>koksa dk izfriknu djukA

fo'ks"kh—r :Ik ls izLrqr v/;;u dh izeq[k ifjdYiuk;sa bl izdkj Fkha&

1- mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr vuqlwfpr tkfr dh leL;kvksa dks le>us esa

ukdke gSA

2- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds lkFk mPp f'k{kk esa HksnHkko

gksrk gSA

3- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekrk&firk vf'kf{kr ;k vYi

f'kf{kr gSaA

4- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl f'k{kk&v/;;u ds fy,


5- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ljdkj }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr



256

izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u dh iz—fr vUos"k.kkRed gS] ftlesa o.kZukRed 'kks/k

izjpuk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blesa Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk ,oa vuqlwfpr

tkfr dh fLFkfr dk ,sfrgkfld n`f"Vdks.k ls fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, Hkkjr esa f'k{kk]

mPp f'k{kk ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd fLFkfr dk dk Hkh ,sfrgkfld foospu

dj ledkyhu fLFkfr dk lekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh orZeku

oS'ohdj.k ls izHkkfor mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh miyfC/k;ksa vkSj

leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djus gsrq y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; ,oa mlls lEc)

egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fopkjksa ij

vk/kkfjr fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u Hkh fd;k x;k gSA blds fy, mŸkjnkrkvksa ds

:i esa y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; ,oa p;fur egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds 300 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lekuqikfrd nSofun'kZu i)fr ds O;ofLFkr fun'kZu

fof/k ls p;u fd;k x;k gSA bu p;fur mŸkjnkrkvksa ls LofufeZr&iwoZijhf{kr

lk{kkRdkj lwph }kjk muds oS;fDrd] ikfjokfjd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa 'kSf{kd

ifjos'k rFkk orZeku cnyrs ifjos'k ds izfr muds n`f"Vdks.k lEcU/kh lwpuk,¡

izkIr dj mudk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA fo'ys"k.k ls izkIr fu"d"kZ fuEuor~ gSa&

o mRrjnkrkvksa dh oS;fDrd ,oa ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dk

fo'ys"k.k djus ij fuEuf[kr fu"d"kZ izkIr gq,&

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼56-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk 22&24 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds gSaA

ek= 2-33 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk 29&32 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds gSaA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼58-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk iq#"k gSaA

• vf/kdka'k ¼82-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk vfookfgr gSaA

• vk/ks ls vf/kd ¼50-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk Lukrd rFkk ,d&frgkbZ ls Hkh

vf/kd ¼36-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ijkLukrd d{kkvksa esa v/;;u dj jgs gSaA

• vk/ks ls vf/kd ¼51-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk dyk oxZ rFkk ,d&pkSFkkbZ ls Hkh

vf/kd ¼29-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk foKku oxZ esa v/;;u dj jgs gSaA

257

• nks&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd ¼67-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk viuh vkfFkZd

vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq [kpkZ ?kj ls ysrs gSaA

• vk/ks ¼50-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe 'kgjh gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼54-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh izÑfr ,dkdh

gSA

• yxHkx vk/ks ¼47-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k 5

ls 6 gSA mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh vkSlr la[;k 5-64 lnL;

izfr ifjokj gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼57-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vukfJr

lnL;ksa dh la[;k 1 gSA ek= 8-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa

vukfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k 3 gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼53-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa vkfJr lnL;ksa

dh la[;k 04 ¼31-67 izfr'kr½ ;k 05 ¼21-67 izfr'kr½ gSA

• yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZ mŸkjnkrkvksa ¼74-67 izfr'kr½ ds ifjokj ds eqf[k;k

muds firk gSaA

• nks&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd mŸkjnkrkvksa ¼67-00 izfr'kr½ ds ifjokj ds eqf[k;k

ls lkSgknZiw.kZ lEcU/k gSaA

• cgqla[; mŸkjnkrkvksa ds firk ¼38-33 izfr'kr½ ,oa ek¡ ¼45-33 izfr'kr½

vf'kf{kr ;k ek= lk{kj gSaA dsoy ,d&pkSFkkbZ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds firk ¼25-67

izfr'kr½ vkSj ek= 9-00 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa dh ek¡ us mPp Lrj dh f'k{kk

izkIr dh gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼50-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk;

5]000 #i;s ls de gSA ek= 10-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh

ekfld vk; #0 30]000 ls vf/kd gSA

258

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼58-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj dk eq[; O;olk;

etnwjh ¼37-67 izfr'kr½ ;k Ñf"k ¼20-33 izfr'kr½ gSA

o mRrjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd&lkekftd o jktuhfr izfLFkfr ,oa mlds ckjs esa

mŸkjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k lEcU/kh lwpukvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij izkIr

fu"d"kZ fuEuor~ gSa&

• cgqr de ¼19-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk viuh ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ls iw.kZr% larq"V

gSa] tcfd ,d&pkSFkkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd ¼27-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk viuh

ikfjokfjd fLFkfr ls vlarq"V gSaA

• vk/ks ls vf/kd ¼55-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgsa vius

ifjokj ls f'k{kk lEcU/kh mfpr ekxZn'kZu dHkh&dHkh gh feyrk gSA

• cgqr de ¼20-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ;g ekurs gSa fd muds ifjokj dh

vkfFkZd fLFkfr mudh i<+kbZ dk [kpZ mBkus esa iw.kZr% l{ke gSA

• vf/kdka'k ¼86-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj muds ifjokj esa yM+ds

yM+fd;ksa] nksuks ds fy, f'k{kk ds leku volj miyC/k gSaA

• rhu&pkSFkkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd ¼75-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mudk

ifjokj fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd laxBu ls ugha tqM+k gSA

• vf/kdka'k ¼85-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa de mez esa fookg ugha

gksrk gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼58-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk leUo;kRed lkekftd ewY;ksa

ij fo'okl djrs gSaA

• ek= 7-67 izfr'kr mŸkjnkrk gh vius lkekftd mŸkjnkf;Roksa dks iw.kZ :i ls

fuHkkus esa l{ke gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼51-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd vuqlwfpr tkfr

ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa /keZ dk izHkko de gksrk gSA

259

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼51-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ;g ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk

gkfly djus ls mudh lkekftd fLFkfr esa dksbZ cnyko ugha vk;sxkA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼52-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izos'k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i gks jgk

gSA

• cgqla[; ¼60-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{kk laLFkku esa tkfrxr

lkekftd HksnHkko dk lkeuk ges'kk djuk iM+rk gSA

• nks&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd ¼69-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk

esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds f'k{kdksa dh la[;k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i ugha

gSA

• rhu&pkSFkkbZ ls vf/kd mŸkjnkrk ¼77-33 izfr'kr½ Nk=kokl esa ugha fey jgs

gSaA

• yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZ mŸkjnkrk ¼74-33 izfr'kr½ mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa

Nk=la?k dk gksuk vko';d ekurs gSaA

• vf/kdka'k mŸkjnkrk ekurs gS fd laLFkku dh euekuh ij vadq'k yxkus ¼78-

54 izfr'kr½ rFkk Nk= leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ¼68-61 izfr'kr½ ds fy, mPp

f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa Nk=la?k dk gksuk vko';d gSA

o 'kSf{kd izfLFkfr ,oa mlds izfr mRrjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k lEcU/kh lwpukvksa

dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij izkIr fu"d"kZ fuEuor~ gSa&

• vf/kdka'k ¼81-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa us b.VjehfM,V rd dh f'k{kk fgUnh

ek/;e ls iw.kZ dh gSA

• vf/kdka'k ¼87-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku esa izos'k gsrq

vkj{k.k dk ykHk feyk gSA

260

• nks&frgkbZ ls vf/kd ¼67-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mPp

f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks le>us esa

fcYdqy Hkh lgk;d ugha gSA

• vf/kdka'k ¼94-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dk iw.kZ ¼70-33 izfr'kr½ ;k vkaf'kd

¼24-33 izfr'kr½ :i ls ekuuk gS fd 'kks/k Lrj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

Nk=@Nk=kvksa ds lkFk HksnHkko gksrk gSA

• vf/kdka'k ¼85-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dks vius f'k{kdksa ls mfpr ekxZn'kZu

o lg;ksx cgqr de ¼39-67 izfr'kr½ ;k dHkh&dHkh ¼46-00 izfr'kr½ izkIr

gksrk gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼51-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vius f'k{kdksa ls lkekU;

lEcU/k gSaA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼54-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls larq"V

ugha gSaA

• vf/kdka'k mŸkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj mPp f'k{kk dk 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe

jkstxkjijd ¼76-67 izfr'kr½] pgq¡eq[kh fodkl esa lgk;d ¼71-00 izfr'kr½

vkSj lkekftd fodkl djus okyk ¼55-00 izfr'kr½ gksuk pkfg,A

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼58-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dks eupkgs fo"k; esa izos'k

ugha feyk gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼50-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk orZeku f'k{kk i)fr esa ykxw

vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ls ek= vkaf'kd :i ls larq"V gSaA

• cgqr de ¼11-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dks fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0

tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ds ckjs esa iw.kZ tkudkjh gSA

• ,d&pkSFkkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd ¼26-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dks mPp f'k{kk esa

fdlh Hkh ljdkjh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr dksbZ vkfFkZd ykHk ugha feyk gSA

261

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼55-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dks orZeku esa dksbZ Nk=o`fŸk

ugha fey jgh gSA

• orZeku esa Nk=o`fŸk izkIr djus okys mŸkjnkrkvksa esa ls vf/kdka'k ¼85-82

izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl /kujkf'k dks v/;;u dk;Z dh vkfFkZd iwfrZ gsrq

i;kZIr ugha ekurs gSaA

• vf/kdka'k ¼89-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl dFku ls iw.kZr% ¼66-33 izfr'kr½ ;k

vkaf'kd :i ls ¼22-67 izfr'kr½ lger gSa fd ljdkjh lgk;rk@Nk=o`fŸk@

QSyksf'ki@fu%'kqYd f'k{kk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk eukscy

c<+kus esa lgk;d gSA

• vf/kdka'k ¼83-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl dFku ls iw.kZr% ¼51-33 izfr'kr½ ;k

vkaf'kd :i ls ¼31-67 izfr'kr½ lger gSa fd ikfjokfjd lalk/kuksa esa deh

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds eukscy dks detksj djrh gSA

• vf/kdka'k ¼88-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl ckr ls iw.kZr% ¼60-67 izfr'kr½ ;k

vkaf'kd :i ls ¼27-67 izfr'kr½ lger gSa fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr mudh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh

gSA

o orZeku 'kSf{kd ifjn`'; esa gks jgs ifjorZu ds izfr mRrjnkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k

lEcU/kh lwpukvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij izkIr fu"d"kZ fuEuor~ gSa&

• vf/kdka'k ¼84-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dk iw.kZ :i ls ¼55-67 izfr'kr½ vFkok

vkaf'kd :i ls ¼29-00 izfr'kr½ ekuuk gS fd orZeku mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj ,oa

xq.koŸkk esa deh vk x;h gSA

• nks&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd ¼69-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl ljdkjh n`f"Vdks.k ls

lger ugha gSa fd mPp f'k{kk O;fDr dks ykHk igq¡pkrh gS u fd lekt dksA

262

• nks&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd ¼68-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls iw.kZr%

lger gSa fd mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa futhdj.k ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kSf{kd

fodkl esa foijhr izHkko iM+k gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼54-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls iw.kZr% lger

gSa fd dsihVs'ku Qhl }kjk v;ksX; Nk=ksa dk O;olkf;d dkslksZa esa izos'k us

;ksX;rk o es/kk ds fy, xEHkhj [krjk iSnk dj fn;k gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼51-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk vkaf'kd :i ls ekurs gSa fd

futh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds

lekukUrj foŸk vk/kkfjr fMxzh O;oLFkk pykbZ tk jgh gSA

• cgqla[; ¼62-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr

tkfr ds vkj{k.k dks Bhd <ax ls ykxw ugha fd;k x;k gS] vr% bldh

fLFkfr ek= dkepykÅ gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼51-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk 'kks/k Lrj ij f'k{kdksa dk

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk O;ogkj dks lkekU; ekurs gSaA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼52-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, mPp

f'k{kk esa miyC/k djkbZ tk jgh lqfo/kkvksa dks vkaf'kd larks"ktud ekurs gSaA

• vf/kdrj mŸkjnkrkvksa dk er gS fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

fgLlsnkjh c<+kus ds fy, vkj{k.k dk izfr'kr c<+kus ¼71-00 izfr'kr½]

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, fo'ks"k fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku

[kksyus ¼56-33 izfr'kr½ rFkk futh mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Hkh vkj{k.k dks

l[rh ls ykxw djus ¼52-33 izfr'kr½ tSls dne mBk;s tkus pkfg,A

• cgqla[; ¼62-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa dk er gS fd

fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=la?k pquko fyaxnksg desVh dh flQkfj'kksa

ds vuq:i gh gksus pkfg,A

263

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼61-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh Nk=kvksa dk fdlh u izdkj ls ges'kk 'kks"k.k gksrk jgrk

gSA

• vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ¼51-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa us mPp f'k{kk dks

jkstxkjijd cuk;s tkus ds lEcU/k esa mnklhurk izdV djrs gq, dgk gS fd

blls vuqlwfpr tkfr dk dqN Hkh Hkyk ugha gksxkA

• vf/kdka'k ¼83-00 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls fcYdqy Hkh lger

ugha gSa fd vkj{k.k ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekufld {kerk dk fodkl ckf/kr gksrk

gSA

• vf/kdka'k ¼87-67 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls fcYdqy Hkh lger

ugha gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa vkj{k.k dks vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls lEc) fd;k tk;sA

• yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZ mŸkjnkrk ¼73-00 izfr'kr½ ;k rks fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0

tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ds ckjs esa tkurs gh ugha ¼31-00 izfr'kr½ ;k

fQj mudh jk; esa bl izdks"B ls mUgsa dksbZ lgk;rk ugha feyrh gS ¼42-00

izfr'kr½A

• T;knkrj ¼55-33 izfr'kr½ mŸkjnkrkvksa us mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij tkfrlwpd

miuke@mikf/k;ksa ds iz;ksx dks lekIr djus lEcU/kh fopkj ds lEcU/k esa

viuk dksbZ er ugha fn;k gSA

bl v/;;u }kjk izkIr fu"d"kksZa ls ;g Hkh Li"V gksrk gS fd gekjh

midYiuk,a vf/kdka'k {ks=ksa esa lR; gSaA v/;;u ds i'pkr geus ik;k fd &

• mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr vuqlwfpr tkfr dh leL;kvksa dks le>us esa

ukdke gSA

• vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds lkFk mPp f'k{kk esa HksnHkko

gksrk gSA

264

• vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekrk&firk vf'kf{kr ;k vYi

f'kf{kr gSaA

• vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl f'k{kk&v/;;u ds fy,


• vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdka'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ljdkj }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr



lq>ko %&

• 'kks/k v/;;u ds fu"d"kZ ;g Li"V djrs gSa fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

fo|kfFk;ksa dks f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ljdkj }kjk pykbZ tk jgh fofHkUu

dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa cgqr de tkudkjh gSA vr% bu

dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa dk leqfpr izpkj&izlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

• fo'ofo|ky; ds vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr izdks"B dks vf/kd

Lora=] vf/kdkj&lEiUu] izHkkoh ,oa tokcnsg cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

• mPp f'k{kk esa vkj{k.k dks vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls lEc) djus dh dksf'k'kksa ij

jksd yxkrs gq, vkj{k.k dh lqfo/kk lHkh ds fy, lqyHk gksuh pkfg,A

• fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, mPp f'k{kk esa vkjf{kr

txg] pkgs og izos'k ds fy, gks ;k fQj f'k{kd&deZpkjh vkfn lsokvksa ds

fy,] fdlh vU; oxZ ds vH;fFkZ;ksa }kjk ugha Hkjh tkuh pkfg,A

• v/;;u ds fu"d"kZ ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds

fy, feyus okyh vf/kdka'k Nk=o`fŸk;ksa dh /kujkf'k i;kZIr ugha gS] vr%

ns; /kujkf'k c<+kbZ tkuh pkfg,A

• mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus ds fy, mPp f'k{kk esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus ds fy, vkj{k.k dk izfr'kr c<+k;k

tkuk pkfg,A

265

• vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, fo'ks"k fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku

[kksys tkus pkfg,A

• futh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa dh izos'k izfØ;k] f'k{k.k dh

xq.koRrk ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk mfpr ekud ds vuqdwy

izos'k lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

• lqnwj {ks=ksa ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls vkus okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ds lHkh

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vko';drkuqlkj Nk=kokl lqfo/kk miyC/k djk;h tkuh

pkfg,A

ifjf'k"V

lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph

266

¼dsoy 'kSf{kd dk;ksZa gsrq½

lekt'kkL= foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ

lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph

^^vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa f'k{kk** ¼y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; ,oa mlls lEc) egkfo|ky; dk ,d

lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u½

I. mRrjnkrkvksa dh oS;fDrd ,oa ikfjokfjd i"BHkwfe %

1- uke &--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- vk;q &-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- fyax & efgyk@iq#"k

4- oSokfgd fLFkfr & fookfgr@vfookfgr

5- vki viuh vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ fdl izdkj djrs gSa \ (i) [kpkZ ?kj ls ysrs gSa (ii) va'kdkfyd ukSdjh (iii) V~;w'ku (iv) Nk=o`fŸk@v/;srko`fŸk

6- 'kSf{kd Lrj & (i) vki fdl d{kk esa i<+ jgs gSa& ------------------------------------------------------------------ (ii) vki fdl oxZ ds Nk= gSa \&

d- dyk [k- foKku x- okf.kT; ?k- f'k{kk ladk; M+- fof/k ladk; p- yfyr dyk ladk;

7- ikfjokfjd i"BHkwfe &xzkeh.k@dLckbZ@'kgjh

8- vkids ifjokj dh izÑfr dSlh gS \ &,dkdh@la;qDr

9- vkids ifjokj ds dqy lnL;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS \&----------------------------

10- vkids ifjokj dh vkfJr ,oa vukfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\&

d- vkfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k %& ---------------------------------------------------------

[k- vukfJr lnL;ksa dh la[;k %&--------------------------------------------------------

11- vkids ifjokj dk eqf[k;k&--------------------------------------------------------------------------

12- ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ls vkids dSls lEcU/k gSa \ d- lkSgknZiw.kZ [k- lkekU; x- vkSipkfjd ?k- rukoiw.kZ

iw.kZr;k xksiuh;

267

14- vius ekrk&firk ds fo"k; esa fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh nsus dk d"V djsa\

d- vki ds firk dh 'kSf{kd Lrj%& -----------------------------------------------------

[k- vki dh ek¡ dh 'kSf{kd Lrj %& -----------------------------------------------------

15- vkids ifjokj dh ekfld vk; D;k gS \&-------------------------------------------------------

16- ifjokj dk eq[; O;olk; \

Ñf"k@ukSdjh@etnwjh@futh O;olk;

II. ikfjokfjd nf"Vdks.k %

01- D;k vki viuh ifjokfjd fLFkfr ls lUrq"V gSa\ &iw.kZr%@vkaf'kd@ughaa

02- D;k vkidks i<+kbZ ds fy, ifjokj ls mfpr ekxZn'kZu izkIr gksrk gSa\ &ges'kk@dHkh&dHkh@cgqr de

03- D;k vki ds ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkids i<+kbZ dk [kpZ mBkus esa l{ke gS\ &iw.kZ@vkaf'kd@ughaa

04- D;k vkids ifjokj esa yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa nksuksa dks f'k{kk ds leku volj miyC/k gSaa \ &gk¡@ugha

05- D;k vkidk ifjokj fdlh jktuSfrd laxBu ls tqM+k gS \ &gk¡@ugha

06- D;k vkids ifjokj esa fookg de mez esa gksrk gS \ &gk¡@dHkh&dHkh@ugha-

III. mRrjnkrkvksa dk lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k %

01- vki fdl izdkj ds lkekftd ewY;ksa esa fo'okl j[krs gSa \ (i) ijEijkxr (ii) vk/kqfud (iii) leUo;kRed (iv) rdZlaxr

02- D;k vki vius lkekftd mRrjnkf;Roksa dks iwjk dj ikus esa l{ke gSa\ &iw.kZ:i ls@vkaf'kd@cgqr de

03- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=@Nk=kvksa esa /keZ dk izHkko de ik;k tkrk gSa\ &gk¡@ ugha@dg ugha ldrs

04- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk gkfly djus ds ckn vkidh lkekftd fLFkfr esa cnyko vk,xka\ &gk¡@ ugha@dg ugha ldrs

05- D;k mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izos'k vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i gksrk gSa\ &gk¡@ ugha@dg ugha ldrs

06- D;k vkidks mPp f'k{kk laLFkku esa tkfrxr lkekftd HksnHkko dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSa\ &ges'kk@ dHkh&dHkh@dHkh ugha

07- D;k mPp f'k{kk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds f'k{kd vkj{k.k ds ekud ds vuq:i gSa\ &gk¡@ ugha@dg ugha ldrs

08- D;k vki Nk=kokl esa jgrs gS\ &gk¡@ugha

268

09- D;k mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Nk=la?kksa dh vko';drk gS \ &gk¡@ugha

09d- ;fn gk¡ rks fdlfy, \a (i) Nk= leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, (ii) Hkz"Vkpkj dk izfrdkj djus ds fy, (iii) laLFkku dh euekuh ij vadq'k yxkus ds fy, (iv) jktuSfrd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus gsrq (v) vU; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. 'kSf{kd ifjos'k ds izfr nf"Vdks.k %

01- b.VjehfM,V rd vkidh f'k{kk dk ek/;e D;k Fkk\ &fgUnh@vaxzsth

02- D;k mPp f'k{kk esa izos'k ds le; vkidks vkj{k.k dk ykHk izkIr gqvk gS\ &gk¡@ughaa

03- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku i)fr vuqlwfpr tkfr dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks le>us esa lgk;d gS\ &iw.kZr%@vkaf'kd@ughaa

04- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd 'kks/k Lrj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=@Nk=kvksa ds lkFk HksnHkko fd;k tkrk gS\ &iw.kZr%@vkaf'kd@ughaa

05- D;k vkidks f'k{kdksa ls vko';d ekxZn'kZu o lg;ksx izkIr gksrk gS\ & ges'kk@dHkh&dHkh@cgqr de

06- f'k{kdksa ls vkids lEcU/k dSls gSa \ & (i) lkSgknZiw.kZ (ii) lkekU; (iii) vkSipkfjd (iv) rukoiw.kZ

07- D;k vki orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls lUrq"V gSa\ &iw.kZ@vkaf'kd@ughaa

08- vkids vuqlkj 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe fdl izdkj dk gksuk pkfg;s \ & --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

09- D;k vkidks eupkgs fo"k; esa izos'k feyk gS \ & gk¡@ughaa

10- D;k vki orZeku f'k{kk i)fr esa ykxw vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ls lUrq"V gSa \&iw.kZ@vkaf'kd@ughaa

11- D;k vki fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ds ckjs esa tkurs gSa \ &iw.kZ@vkaf'kd@ughaa

12- D;k mPp f'k{kk esa vkidks fdlh ljdkjh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vkfFkZd ykHk feyk gS\ &gk¡@ ugha

13- D;k orZeku esa vkidks Nk=o`fŸk izkIr gks jgh gS \ &gk¡@ ugha

14- D;k orZeku Nk=o`fRr v/;;u dk;Z ds fy, i;kZIr gS\ &gk¡@ugha

269

15- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd ljdkjh lgk;rk@Nk=o`fŸk@ QSyksf'ki@fu%'kqYd f'k{kk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk eukscy c<+kus esa lgk;d gS\ &iw.kZ:i ls@vkaf'kd@ugha

16- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd ikfjokfjd lalk/kuksa esa deh vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds eukscy dks detksj djrh gS\ &iw.kZ:i ls@vkaf'kd@ugha

17- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS\&iw.kZ:i ls@vkaf'kd@ugha

VI. 'kSf{kd ifjos'k esa ifjorZu ds izfr nf"Vdks.k %

01- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd orZeku esa mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj vkSj xq.koRrk esa deh vkbZ gS\ &iw.kZ:i ls@vkaf'kd@ugha

02- D;k vki mnkjhdj.k ls izHkkfor ljdkj dh bl lksp ls lger gSa fd ^^mPp f'k{kk O;fDr dks ykHk igq¡pkrh gS u fd lekt dks** \&iw.kZ:i ls@vkaf'kd@ugha

03- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa futhdj.k ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 'kSf{kd fodkl esa foijhr izHkko iM+k gS \&iw.kZ:i ls@vkaf'kd@ugha

04- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd dsihVs'ku Qhl }kjk v;ksX; Nk=ksa dk O;olkf;d dkslksZa esa izos'k us ;ksX;rk o es/kk ds fy, xEHkhj [krjk iSnk fd;k gS\ &iw.kZ:i ls@vkaf'kd@dg ugha ldrs@ugha

05- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd futh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds lekukUrj foŸk vk/kkfjr fMxzh O;oLFkk py jgh gS\ &iw.kZ:i ls@vkaf'kd@dg ugha ldrs@ugha

06- mPp f'k{kk esa vuq0 tkfr ds vkj{k.k dh fLFkfr ds izfr vkidk D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS\

d-&iw.kZr% larq"V

[k-&vkaf'kd ij larks"ktud

x-&Bhd <ax ls ykxw ugha] dkepykÅ

?k-&iw.kZr% vlarq"V

07- 'kks/k Lrj ij f'k{kdksa dk vuq0 tkfr ds 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk O;ogkj ds izfr vkidk D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS\

&ldkjkRed@lkekU;@udkjkRed

270

08- mPp f'k{kk esa vuq0 tkfr ds fy, miyC/k djkbZ tk jgh lqfo/kkvksa ds izfr vkidk dk D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS\

&larks"ktud@vkaf'kd larks"ktud@vlarks"ktud

09- mPp f'k{kk esa vuq0 tkfr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus gsrq D;k mik; djus pkfg,\-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10- fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=la?k pquko ds izfr vkidk D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS\-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11- mPp f'k{kk esa vuq0 tkfr dh Nk=kvksa ds 'kks"k.k ds izfr vkidk D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS\-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12- mPp f'k{kk dks jkstxkjijd cuk;s tkus ds izfr vkidk D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS\----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd vkj{k.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekufld {kerk ds fodkl dks ckf/kr djrk gS\ &fcYdqy ughas@dHkh&dHkh@dg ugha ldrs

14- mPp f'k{kk esa vkj{k.k dks vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls lEc) djus ds izfr vkidk D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS\----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15- fo'ofo|ky; ds vuq0 tkfr@vuq0 tutkfr izdks"B ds izfr vkidk D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS\-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16- D;k vki ekurs gSa fd mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij tkfrlwpd miuke@mikf/k;ksa ds iz;ksx dks lekIr dj nsuk pkfg, \

&gk¡@ughas@dg ugha ldrs

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

271

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph fgUnh iqLrdsa

• vfXugks=h] johUnz] 1993] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk % n'kk vkSj fn'kk] dsnkjukFk jkeukFk ,.M dEiuh] esjBA

• vfXugks=h] johUnz] 2001] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; f'k{kk & leL;k,a vkSj lek/kku] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqjA

• vxzoky] ts0 lh0] 1991] Lora= Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk fodkl] vk;Z cqd fMiks] 30] ubZ okyk] djksyckx] ubZ fnYyhA

• vkRekjke] 2008] f'k{kk vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk] vf[ky Hkkjrh; 3014 p[ksZokyku] fnYyhA

• mik/;k;] MkW0 izfrHkk] 1999] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa uohu izo`fÙk;k¡] 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] ;wfuoflZVh jksM] bykgkcknA

• dqekj] d`".k] 1999] izkphu Hkkjr dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] lkjLor lnu izdk'ku ubZ fnYyhA

• dkSf'kd] ';keyky] 1973] rqyukRed f'k{kk] jktLFkku xzUFk vdknehA

• xqIrk] ,l- ih-] 1998] f'k{kk dk rkuk&ckuk] 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] ;wfuoflZVh jksM] bykgkcknA

• xqIrk] ,l0ih0] 1996] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl ,oa leL;k,a] bykgkckn] 'kkjnk iqLrd HkouA

• frokjh] lqHkk"k pUnz] 1999] o.kkZJe f'k{kk O;oLFkk rFkk vk/kqfud ;qx esa mldh mi;ksfxrk] lEiw.kkZuUn laLÑr fo'ofo|ky;] cukjl

• nsoh izlkn] 1984] fgUnw lekt esa ifjorZu dh izfØ;k] iwokZ laLFkku] xksj[kiqjA

• ukxkSjh] ,l0 ,y0] 1993] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk lEiw.kZ bfrgkl] f}rh; Hkkx] iksbU<j ifCy'klZ] t;iqjA

• ukxkSjh] ,l0 ,y0] 1989] Hkkjr dk lkekftd vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] vkj- oh- ,l- ,l- ifCy'klZ] t;iqjA

• uw:Yyk] lS;n rFkk ukbd] 1995] ts0ih0] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] eSdfeyu bf.M;k fy0] ubZ fnYyhA

272

• ik.Ms;] jke'kdy ,oa feJ] d#.kk 'kadj] 2011] Hkkjrh f'k{kk dh ToyUr leL;k,a] cksgjk ifCy'klZ ,.M fMLVªhC;wVlZ] 36] egkRek xk¡/kh ekxZ ¼dYiuk Vkdht ds ikl½] flfoy ykbu] bykgkcknA

• ik.Ms;] jktsUnz] 1998] Hkkjr dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] m0iz0 fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅA

• ikBd] ih0Mh0] 2004] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ,oa mldh leL;k;sa] fouksn iqLrd efUnj] vkxjkA

• izlkn] dkes'oj] 1981] Vhp ;ksjlsYQ fgLVªh] vkjfEHkd dky ls 1206 bZ-] ¼prqFkZ laLdj.k½ Hkkjrh; Hkou] iVukA

• izks0 jkeukFk] 2010] ;ksX;rk] esjh twrh] xkSre cqd lsUVj] fnYyhA

• izks0 jkeukFk] 2010] ^f'k{kk o lsok esa rnFkZokn cuke ;ksX;rk*] ;ksX;rk] esjh twrhA

• cktis;h] ,y- ch- ,oa lkjLor] ekyrh] 2004] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk fodkl ,oa lkekftd leL;k;sa] vkyksd izdk'ku] 165@64] dPpkgkrk] vehukckn] y[kuÅA

• eyS;k] ds0 lh0] 1971] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx vkSj lfefr;k¡] yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku] 15&,] egkRek xk¡èkh ekxZ] bykgkcknA

• feJ] vkpk;Z nqxkZ'kadj] 1992] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] izdk'ku dsUnz] U;w fcfYMaXl] vehukckn] y[kuÅA

• feJ] vkRekuUn] 1998] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh foÙkh; O;oLFkk] e/;izns'k fgUnh xzUFk vdknehA

• feJ] nqxkZ'kadj] 1992] ^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl*] izdk'kd dsUnz U;w fcfYMaXl] vehukckn] y[kuÅA

• feJ] vkRekuUn] 1977] f'k{kk dks'k] xzUFke] dkuiqjA

• eq[kthZ] johUnzukFk] 2004] Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLd`fr] foosd izdk'ku] tokgj uxj] fnYyhA

• esgrk] f=Hkqou 'kadj rFkk nslkbZ] /kuoUr jke] 2001] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh orZeku leL;k,¡] jkeizlkn ,aM lal] vLirky jksM] vkxjkA

• jeu fcgkjh yky ,oa Ñ".kdkUr 'kekZ] 2012] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl ,oa leL;k,¡] vkj0 yky cqd fMiks] esjBA

273

• oklh] eqfj;y] 1995] jkstxkj ds fy, f'k{kk] f'k{kk foospu] u;h fnYyh] f'k{kk vkSj lekt dY;k.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA

• O;kl] gfj'pUnz ,oa O;kl] dSyk'kpUnz] 1998] 'kSf{kd izca/k vkSj f'k{kk dh leL;k;sa] vk;Z cqd fMiks] ubZ fnYyhA

• fla?ky] egs'k pUnz] 2007] Hkkjr f'k{kk dh orZeku leL;k;sa] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdknehA

• flag] ch0Mh0] 2007] fo|ky; laxBu ,oa lapkyu] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjkA

vaxzsth iqLrdsa

• vkpk;Z] ih- 1987- ^,tqds'ku% ikWfyfVDl ,aM lks'ky LVªDpj*] vkj- ?kks"k ,aM ,e- tdkfj;k ¼laikndx.k½ dh ,tqds'ku ,aM n izkslsl vkWQ psat] u;h fnYyh % lstA

• vxzoky] okbZ- vkSj ,l- flcq] 1994- ,tqdsfVax f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l % , LVMh vkWQ baVj fMLVªhDV ,aM baVªkdkLV fMQjsaf'k;Yl] u;h fnYyh% us'kuy bfLVV~;wV vkWQ ,tqds'kuy Iykfuax ,aM ,MfefuLVªs'kuA

• vgen] vkbZ-] 2003- ^,tqds'kuy MsoyiesaV vkQ ekbukWjhVht bu bafM;k*] ts- ch- th- fryd ¼laiknd½ dh ,tqds'ku] lkslk;Vh ,aM MsoyiesaV % us'kuy ,aM baVjus'kuy ilZisfDVo] u;h fnYyh% ,u-vkbZ-bZ-ih-,-A

• vgen] ,- ¼1984½- ,tqds'ku vkWQ n f'kM~;wYM VªkbCl% le vkWLisDV~l vkWQ bubDokfyVh] u;h fnYyh% ,uvkbZ- bZ-ih-,-A

• vEc"V] ,u- ds- 1970- ,- fØfVdy LVMh vkWQ Vªkbcy ,tqds'ku] u;h fnYyh% ,l- pk¡nA

• ,Iiy] ,e- MCY;w- 1979- vkbZfM;ksykWth ,aM dWfjdqye] yanu% #Vyst vkSj dsxu ikWyA

• cSjkBh] ,l- 1991- LVsV vkWQ ,tqds'ku] Vªkbcy dYpj] bdksukWeh ,aM gsYFk] t;iqj % jkor ifCyds'kalA

• ckyxksikyu] ,l- 2005- ^,u vkbfM;y Ldwy ,aM fn LdwYM vkbfM;y% ,tqds'ku ,V n ekftZu~l*- pksiM+k] vkj- vkSj tsQjh] ih- laikfnr ,tqds'kuy fjfte~l bu daVsEijsjh bafM;k] lst ifCyds'ku] u;h fnYyhA

274

• csrsys] ,- 1983¼ch½] ^^ n cSdoMZ Dyklsl ,aM n U;w lks'ky vkWMZj* ,- csrsys] n vkbfM;y vkWQ uspqjy bUbDosfyVh ,aM vnj ,lsl] u;h fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

• csrsys] ,- 1992] lkslkbVh ,aM ikfyfVDl bu bafM;k % ,lsl bu , daijsfVo ilZisfDVo] fnYyh % vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

• HkV~Vkpk;Z] ,l- 2002- ^baVªksMD'ku % ,u vizksp Vw ,tqds'ku ,aM bubDokfyVh] ,l- HkV~Vkpk;Z ¼laikfnr½ ,tqds'ku ,aM n fMflfizoysTM % ukbuVhaFk ,aM VwosafVUFk lsapqjh bafM;k] gSnjkckn% vkWfj;aV ykSax eSuA

• ckVkseksj] Vh0ch0] 1978] lksf'kykWth % , xkbM Vw izkCye ,.M fyV~jspj] CySd ,.M lal] ckEcsA

• pkye] ds- ,l- 1993- ,tqds'kuy ikWfylh QkWj áweu fjlkslsZl MsoyeiesaV] t;iqj % jkor ifCyds'kuA

• pkye] ds- ,l- ¼2000½] ^baiSDV vkWQ fycjykbts'ku vkWu Vªkbcy MsoyiesaV bu bafM;k] ih-th- ;ksxnaM ¼laikfnr½ U;w bdksukWeh ikWfylh ,aM nfyr~l] t;iqj% jkor ifCyds'kuA

• pklZys] ,l- vkj- vkSj th- ds- dkjaFk ¼laiknd½] 1998] pSysaftax vuVpsfCyVh% nfyr bfuf'k;sfVo ,aM ,Dlisfj;al ÝWke dukZVd] u;h fnYyh % lstA

• pSVthZ] ,l- ds- 2000- ,tqds'kuy MsoyiesaV vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l % yqfdax vgsM] u;h fnYyh % Kku ifCyf'kax gkmlA

• fpVful] ,l- 1981- , ykSax os Vw xks] eqacbZ % ,ykbM ifCy'klZ izk- fyfeVsMA

• DykdZ] ih- 2001- Vhfpax ,aM yfu±x% n dYpj vkWQ isMkxkWth] u;h fnYyh % lstA

• DykdZ ih- vkSj ch- QqYyj] 1997] ^ykbQ bu bafM;u Dykl:El % n ba¶yq,al vkWQ dYpj ,aM dkLV* dqekj] ds- ¼laiknd½] LVMht vkWu Dykl:e izkslslsl ,aM Ldwy bQsfDVousl ,V izkbejh LVst] u;h fnYyh% us'kuy dkSafly vkWQ ,tqds'kuy fjlpZ ,aM Vªsfuax ¼,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-½

• dksjlu] Mh- 1993] ySaXost] ekbuksfjVh ,tqds'ku ,aM tsaMj] fyafdax lks'ky tfLVl ,aM ikWoj] VksjaVks% vksaVkfj;ks bafLVV~;wV QkWj LVMht bu ,tqds'kuA

• Mkaxys] ,- ¼laiknd½] 1992- IoktaM czsM- eqacbZ % vksfj;aV ykSax eSuA • Msyhts] vkj- 1997- n oYMZ vkWQ n ^vkuVpscYl*% isfj;kj~l vkWQ

rfeyukMq] u;h fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA • nslkbZ] ,-vkj- 1969- :jy lksf'k;ksykWth bu bafM;k] eqEcbZ% ikWiqyj

izdk'kuA

275

• Mªst] ts- ,aM ,- lsu ¼laikndx.k½] 1995- bafM;k% bdksukWfed MsoyiesaV ,.M lks'ky vkWijpwfuVh] ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

• Msªt] ts- vkSj th- gSfjl] 1997- ^;w- ih% n cMZu vkWQ bujf'k;k*- ts- Msªt vkSj ,- lsu ¼laikndx.k½] bafM;u MsoyiesaV lsysDVsM jhtuy ilZisfDVo~l] u;h fnYyh % vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

• nwcs] ,l-,e- 1972- ^,tqds'ku] lks'ky psat ,aM ikWfyfVdy dkaf'k;lusl ,eax VªkbCl vkWQ ukFkZ&bZLV bafM;k*- ds- ,l- flag ¼laiknd½] n Vªkbcy flpq,'ku bu bafM;k] f'keyk% bafM;u bafLVV~;wV vkWQ ,MokaLM LVMh ¼vkbZ-vkbZ-,-,l-½sA

• nqjSLokeh] ,e- 2001- ^fMekaM~l QkWj ,aM ,Dlsl Vw Ldwfyax bu rfeyukMq*] ,- oS|ukFku vkSj ih-vkj- xksihukFku uk;j ¼laikndx.k½] ,syhesaVjh ,tqds'ku bu :jy bafM;k % , xzkl:V~l O;w- u;h fnYyh% lstA

• ,MoM~Zl] oh- 1984- ^ySaXost b';wl bu Ldwy*] ,e- Øk¶V ¼laiknd½] ,tqds'ku ,aM dYpjy VwfjTe] yanu% Qkyej izslA

• Ýsjs] ih- 1970] isMkxkWth vkWQ n vkWizsLM] gkMZekaMl~oFkZ % isafXouA • ¶;wjj&gSeuMkWQZ] lh-oh- 1989- VªkbCl vkWQ bafM;k% n LVªxy QkWj

lokZboy] yanu% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA • xSyuVj] ,e- 1984- dEihfVax bDokfyVht% ykW ,aM n cSdokMZ Dyklsl

bu bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA • xksjs] ,e- ,l- 1993- n lks'ky daVsDLV vkWQ ,u vkbfM;ksykWth% vacsMdlZ

ikWfyfVdy ,aM lks'ky FkkWV] u;h fnYyh % lstA • xksfoUnk] vkj- ¼laikfnr½] 2002- bafM;k ,tqds'ku fjiksVZ% , izksQkby vkWQ

csfld ,tqds'ku] ubZ fnYyh % vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA • xksfoank] vkj- ,aM tkslsQkbu] okbZ- 2005- îSjk&VhplZ bu bafM;k% , fjO;w*

dEVsEijsjh ,tqds'ku Mk;ykWx] [kaM 2%2 fLizaxA • ?kq;sZ] th0,l0] dkLV] Dykl ,.M vkD;wis'ku] ikWiqyj cqd fMiks] ckEcs]

1961 • gkyckj] ch-th- 1986- yekuh bdksukWeh ,aM lkslk;Vh bu psat] u;h

fnYyh % feÙkyA • gsyeqB] ts- ¼laiknd½ 1970- fMl,MokaVsTM pkbYM& [kaM 3] daisulsVjh

,tqds'ku % , us'kuy fMcsV] U;w;kdZ% cuZj@ekt+sy] badA • gsufjdl] ts- vkSj th-th- oku[ksM+s] 1985- ou LVsi QkWjoMZ ;sV Vw LVsIl

fcgkbaM % , LVMh vkWQ osLVst ,aM LVSxus'ku bu ,tqds'ku vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l ,aM f'kM~;wYM VªkbCl bu egkjk"Vª] eqacbZ% Vh-vkbZ-,l-,l- fefe;ksA

• bfy;k] dkapk ¼1996½- Ogkb vkbZ ,e ukWV , fgUnw % , 'kwnz fØfVd vkWQ fgUnqRo fQykWLQh] dYpjy ,aM ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] dksydkrk% le;A

276

• bfy;k] dkapk 1998- ^VwokM~Zl n nfyrkbts'ku vkWQ n us'ku] Ýke n ekftZUl Vw n lsaVj*] ih- pVthZ ¼laiknd½] osts~l vkWQ ÝhMe% fQ¶Vh b;lZ vkWQ n bafM;u us'ku&LVsV] u;h fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl-

• bfy;k] dkapk 2001] ^nfyfrT+e olsZl czkã.kfuT+e% n ,fiLVseksykWftdy duf¶yDV bu fgLVªh*] th 'kkg ¼laiknd½] nfyr vkbMsafVVh ,aM ikWfyfVDl% dYpjy lcksfMZus'ku ,aM nfyr pSysat] [kaM&2] u;h fnYyh% lst-

• tCch] ,e- ds- vkSj lh- jkT;y{eh] 2001- ^,tqds'ku vkWQ ekftZuykbT+M lks'ky xzqIl bu fcgkj*] ,- oS|ukFku vkSj ih- vkj- xksfiukFku uk;j ¼laikndx.k½ dh ,syhesaVjh ,tqds'ku bu :jy bafM;k% , xzkl:V~l O;w] u;h fnYyh] lst] i`- 395&458 lsA

• tSu] ih-lh- 1995- fØf'p;sfuVh] vkbfM;ksykWth ,aM lks'ky psat ,eax Vªkbcy~l] t;iqj% jkor ifCyds'kalA

• tSu] ,l-,l- 'kekZ vkSj oh- xks;y 2003- êqDrkaxu% czsfØax Ýs'k xzkmaM*] oh- jkepUnzu ¼laiknd½ dh xsfVax fpYMsªu cSd Vw Ldwy% dsl LVMht bu izkbejh ,tqds'ku] u;h fnYyh] lst-

• tsQjh] vkj- vkSj muds lg;ksxh] 2005- ^lks'ky bubDokfyVht+ ,aM n izkbosVkbts'ku vkWQ lsdsaMjh Ldwfyax bu ukFkZ bafM;k*] pksiM+k] vkj- vkSj ih- tsQjh ¼laikndx.k½ dh ,tqds'kuy fjtkbZEl bu daVsEijsjh bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% lst ifCyds'kuA

• >k] ts- ,.M Mh- >haxju] 2002- ,fyesaVjh ,tqds'ku QkWj n iqvjsLV ,.M vnj fMizkbOM xzqIl% n fj;y pSysat vkWQ ;wfuolZykbts'ku] ubZ fnYyh% lsUVj QkWj ikWfylh fjlpZA

• >haxju] Mh- 2005- ySaXost+ fML,MokaVst] ubZ fnYyh % ,-ih-,p- ifCyds'kalA

• tksxn.M] ih-th- 2000- U;w bdksukWfed ikWfylh ,.M nfyr~l] t;iqj % jkor ifCyds'kalA

• dkfy;k] ,u- 1979- lsfDlT+e bu bafM;u ,tqds'ku] ubZ fnYyh%fodklA • dker] ,-vkj- 1985- ,tqds'ku ,.M lks'ky psat bu bafM;k] eqacbZ %

lksek;k ifCyds'kalA • Ñ".kk th] ,u- 2001- îksoVhZ] tsUMj ,.M Ldwfyax% , LVMh vkWQ Vw

fMfLVªDV~l bu vkUèkz izns'k*] ,- oS|ukFku vkSj ih-vkj- xksihukFku uk;j }kjk laikfnr ,fyesaVjh ,tqds'ku bu :jy bafM;k% , xzkl:V~l O;w- ubZ fnYyh%lstA

• dqekj] Ñ".k] 1989- lks'ky dSjsDVj vkWQ yfuZax] ubZ fnYyh% lstA • dqekj] Ñ".k] 1991- n ikWfyfVdy ,tsaMk vkWQ ,tqds'ku% , LVMh vkWQ

dkWyksfu;kfyLV ,.M us'kufyLV vkbfM;kt+] ubZ fnYyh% lstA

277

• dqekj] Ñ".k] 1992- OgkV bt+ oFkZ Vhfpax\ gSnjkckn% vksfj,.V ykSaxeSuA • dqUMq] ,e- 1990- dYpjy ,UFkzkWiksykWth ,.M Vªkbcy ,tqds'ku] ubZ fnYyh

% vej izdk'kuA • dqUMq] ,e- 1994- Vªkbcy ,tqds'ku % U;w ilZisfDVCl] ubZ fnYyh% Kku

ifCyf'kax gkmlA • ykVu] Mh- 1977- ,tqds'ku ,.M lks'ky tfLVl] yanu%lstA • ekjMsy] xquj] ,f'k;u Mªkek] fefMylsDl] isafXou] 1968 • eq[kthZ] Mh0ih0] MkboflVhZt] ,f'k;k ifCyf'kax gkml] ckECks] 1957 • eq[kthZ] jk/kk deqn] 1989] ,fU'k;sUV bf.M;u ,tqds'ku] eksrhyky

cukjlhnkl izdk'ku] okjk.klhA • etwenkj ,.M enku] 1978] ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw lks'ky ,UFkzksiksykWth • etwenkj] Mh-,u- ,aM enku] Vh-,u- ¼1957½ ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw lks'ky

vUFkzksiksyksth] ,f'k;k ifCyds'ku] cEcbZ • etwenkj] vrhUnz] 1967] n p;kZin~t] dydÙkkA • eS=k] ,-] 1993- izksQkby vkWQ , fyfVy uksu Vªkbc] ubZ fnYyh% feÙkyA • etwenkj] ,e-] 2001] ^,tqds'kuy vkWijpwfuVht+ bu jktLFkku ,.M

rfeyukMq% fMLis;j ,.M gksi*] ,- oS|ukFku ,aM ih-vkj- xksihukFku }kjk laikfnr ,fyesaVjh ,tqds'ku bu :jy bafM;k% , xzkl:V~l O;w] ubZ fnYyh% lstA

• ekFkqj] ih-vkj-th- 1992] Vªkbcy ,tqds'ku bu dsjy] ch- pkSèkjh }kjk laikfnr] ,tqds'ku ,.M fyVjslh izksxzkEl~] [k.M&IV] ubZ fnYyh% bUVj&bafM;k ifCyds'kalA

• esaMsylksu] vks- ,.M ,e- ohdt+hvkuh] 1998] n vuVpscYl%lcksfMZus'ku] iksoVhZ ,.M n LVsV bu ekWMuZ bafM;k] dSfEczt% dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

• feÙky] ,-lh- ,.M ts-ch- 'kekZ] 1998] Vªkbcy ewoesaV] ikWfyfVDl] ,.M fjyhftu bu bafM;k% Vªkbcy ewoesaV bu bafM;k] [k.M I] ubZ fnYyh% jkèkk ifCyds'kUlA

• eqjyhèkju] oh- 1997] ,tqds'kuy izkbvkfjVht+ ,.M nfyr lkslkbVh] ubZ fnYyh% dfu"d ifCy'klZA

• ukx] lh-vkj- 1993] n fet+ks lkslkbVh bu VªkfUl'ku] ubZ fnYyh % fodklA

• uk;j] ,e-ds-,l- 1987] Vªkbcy bdksukWeh bu VªkfUl'ku] ubZ fnYyh% baVj&bafM;k ifCyds'kalA

• ukafclu] th-ch- 2000] ^vkbMsfUVVh] ,DlDywt+u ,.M n ,tqds'ku vkWQ Vªkbcy dE;qfufVt+*] ot+hj ¼laikfnr½ tsUMj xSIl bu fyVjslh ,.M ,tqds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] lstA

278

• ukafclu] th-ch- 2001] ^lks'ky MkboflZVh ,.M jht+uy fMLiSfjVht+ bu Ldwfyax% , LVMh vkWQ :jy jktLFkku*] ,- oS|ukFku vkSj ih- vkj- xksihukFku uk;j }kjk laikfnr] ,fyesaVjh ,tqds'ku bu :jy bafM;k % , xzkl:V~l O;w] ubZ fnYyh % lstA

• ukafclu] th-ch- ,.M ,e- lsnoky] 2002] ^,tqds'ku QkWj vkWy% n flpq,s'ku vkWQ nfyr fpYMªsu*] vkjxksfoUnk ¼laikfnr½] bafM;k ,tqds'ku fjiksVZ% , izksQkby vkWQ csfld ,tqds'ku] ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl-

• uupjS;kg] th- 2000] U;w bdksukWfed ikWfylh ,.M bV~l bQsDV~l vkWu nfyr~l] tksxn.M] ih-th- ¼laikfnr½ U;w bdksukWfed ikWfylh ,.M nfyr~l] t;iqj % jkor ifCyds'kal-

• uupjS;kg] th- 2002] ^nfyr ,tqds'ku ,aM bdksukWfed bDokfyVh* bu ,l- HkV~Vkpk;Z ¼laiknd½ ,tqds'ku ,aM fn fMlfizfoysTM% ukbuVhaFk ,aM V~osaVhFk lsapqjh bafM;k] gSnjkckn% vkSfj;aV ykaxeSu

• uank] ch- ,u- 1994] daVwlZ vkWQ daVhU;qVh ,aM psat% n LVksjh vkWQ n cksaMk gkbZySaMlZ] u;h fnYyh% lstA

• us'kuy dkmafly QkWj Vhpj ,tqds'ku] 2003] fMLØhfeus'ku csLM vkWu lsDl] dkLV] jsfytu ,aM fMlsfcfyVh ,Mªsflax Fkzw ,tqds'kuy baVjosa'ku& , gSaMcqd QkWj lsaflVkbftax VhplZ ,aM Vhpj ,tqdsVlZ] u;h fnYyh % us'kuy dkmafly QkWj Vhpj ,tqds'kuA

• us'kuy QSfeyh gSYFk losZ ¼,u-,Q-,p-,l-½] 2000] us'kuy QSfeyh gSYFk losZ] 2001] eqacbZ% baVjus'kuy bafLVV~;wV QkWj ikWiqys'ku lkbalslA

• uVjktu] ,u- 1977] n fe'kujh vekSax n [kklh] u;h fnYyh% LVfyZax ifCy'klZA

• usg:] ts- 1977] ^,u ,izksp Vw Vªkbcy izkCyEl] ,p-,e-ekFkqj ¼laiknd½ ds ,aFkzksiksykWth bu n MsoyiesaV izkslsl] u;h fnYyh% fodklA

• fuf[kys'k] ds- ¼laiknd½] 1990] Vªkbcy MseksxzkQh ,aM MsoyiesaV bu ukFkZ&bZLV bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% ch-vkjifCyf'kax dkWjiksjs'kuA

• vkWXcq] ts- ;w- 1978] ekWbufjVh ,tqds'ku ,aM dkLV% n vesfjdu flLVe bu ØkWl dYpjy ilZisfDVo] U;w;kdZ% ,dsMfed izsl% badA

• vks* gkuyksu] vkj- 1985] dkLV] duf¶YkDV] ,aM vkbfM;ksykWth% egkRek Qqys ,aM yks dkLV izksVsLV bu ukbufVaFk lSapqjh osLVuZ bafM;k] yanu% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

• vkseosr] th- 1976] dYpjy fjoksYV bu , dkWyksfu;y lkslk;Vh] eqacbZ% lkbafVfQd lks'kfyLV ,tqds'ku VªLVA

• vkseosr] th- 1994] nfyr~l ,aM n MseksØsfVd fjoksY;w'ku% Mk- vacsMdj ,aM n nfyr~l ewoesaV bu dkWyksfu;y bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% lstA

279

• ist bZ- 2005] ûsxksfl,'ku ,aM daizksekbt% tsaMj ,aM xouZesaV ,syhesaVjh ,tqds'ku* pksiM+k] vkj- vkSj tsQjh] ih- ¼laikndx.k½ ds ,tqds'kuy fjthEl bu daVsaiksjsjh bafM;k] u;h fnYyhA

• ikaMs] ,- 2001] ^,tqds'ku vkWQ :jy fpYMªsu bu ;w-ih- fgeky;kt*] ,- oS|ukFku vkSj ih-vkj- xksihukFku uk;j ¼laikndx.k½] ,syhesaVjh ,tqds'ku bu :jy bafM;k% , xzkl:V~l O;w] u;h fnYyhA

• ikaMs] ,u- vkSj vkj- f=ikBh] 1982] ^f'kM~;wYM dkLV fpYMªsu bu gkbZ dkLV Ldwy% le eksfVos'kuy dalhDosU'ksl] Mh- flUgk] vkSj lh- f=ikBh vkSj th- feJk ¼laikndx.k½ ds fMizkbos'ku% bV~l lks'ky :V~l ,aM lkbdksyksftdy dalhDosa'ksl] u;h fnYyh% dalsIV ifCyf'kax da-A

• ikaMs] ds- ,l- vkSj ih-lh- lriFkh] 1989] Vªkbcy bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% vk'kh"kA

• iar] oh- ds- vkSj ch- ,l- fo"V ¼laiknd½] 1999] cSdoMZ dE;qfuVht% vkbMsafVVh] MsoyiesaV ,aM VªkalQksesZ'ku] u;h fnYyh% Kku ifCyf'kax gkmlA

• ijes'oj] ,l- 1990] MsoyiesaV ,aM cSdoMZusl% dks,fDtLVasl vkWj daÝUVs'ku] u;h fnYyh% fjyk;alA

• ilk;r] lh-] 2000] ûhM vkWQ ,tqdsfVax Vªkbcy fpYMªsu bu mM+hlk*] ,l-,u- f=ikBh ¼laiknd½ ds fXyEilst vkWu Vªkbcy MsoyiesaV] u;h fnYyh% fMLdojh ifCyf'kax gkml-

• ikBd] ,-] 2002- lks'ky baIyhds'kal vkWQ Ldwfyax % ukWyst] isMkxkWth ,aM dafl;lusl] fnYyh% jSucks ifCy'klZA

• ikBh] ts-] 1984] Vªkbcy fitsaVjh% Mk;ukfeDl vkWQ MsoyiesaV] u;h fnYyh% ch-vkj-ifCyf'kax dkWjiksjs'kuA

• ikBh] ts-] 2000] ^n ,aM vkWQ feysfu;e% fycjykbts'ku ,aM ,lsapq,'ku vkWQ n Vªkbcy izkscysesfVd* ih- thtksxnaM ¼laiknd½] U;w bdksukWeh ikWfylh ,aM nfyr~l] t;iqj% jkor ifCyds'kal-

• iVuk;d] Mh-ih-] 1987] eYVhfyaxq,fyTe ,aM eYVhdYpjfyT+e% fczVsu ,aM bafM;k] vksdstuy isilZ ua- 6] lsaVj QkWj eYVhdYpjy ,tqds'ku] bafLVV~;wV vkWQ ,tqds'ku] ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ yanu] yanuA

• iVo/kZu] ,-] 2000] Vªkbcy ilsZi'kal vkWQ ,tqds'ku% , dsl vkWQ vkfnoklht+ bu n ,l-,l-ih- jhtu vkWQ n ueZnk oSyh] u;h fnYyh% fMikVZesaV vkWQ ,tqds'ku] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;A

• ikb] lq/kk] 2002] nfyr ,twds'ku ,aM n vufQfuLM MseksØsfVd fjoksY;w'ku % n cgqtu lekt ikVhZ bu mÙkj izns'k] lst ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh

280

• fÝQj] th-] 1997] daVsijsjh LVMht% Vªkbcy LVMht] [kaM&II, u;h fnYyh% dalsIV ifCyflax da-A

• Qqys] ts-] 1991,] lsysD'kal [kaM&II, eqacbZ% fMikVZesaV vkWQ ,tqds'ku] egkjk"Vª ljdkjA

• Qqys] ts-] 1991ch] Lysojh dysDVsM od~lZ vkWQ tksfrck Qqys- [kaM&I ¼ih-th- ikfVy }kjk ejkBh ls vuwfnr½] eqacbZ% fMikVZesaV vkWQ ,tqds'ku] egkjk"Vª ljdkjA

• izkWc Vhe] 1999] ifCyd fjiksVZ vkWu csfld ,tqds'ku bu bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

• iquysdj] ,l- ih-] 2000] U;w bdksukWfed ikWfylh ,aM Vªkbcy fj;fyVh% , dsl vkWQ xqtjkr] tksxnan] ih- th- ¼laiknd½ U;w bdksukWeh ikWfylh ,aM nfyr~l] t;iqj] jkor ifCyds'kal-

• iquysdj] ,l- ih-] 2001] ^nfyr fyVjspj ,aM nfyr vkbMsafVVh*] th- 'kkg ¼laiknd½ fyr vkbMsafVVh ,aM ikWfyfVDl% dYpjy lcksfMZus'ku ,aM n nfyr pSysat] [kaM&2] u;h fnYyh% lst-

• jkepanzu] oh- ¼laiknd½] 2003] xsfVax fpYMªsu cSd Vw Ldwy% dsl LVMht bu izkbejh ,tqds'ku] u;h fnYyh% lstA

• jkepanzu] oh- ¼laiknd½] 2004] tasMj ,aM lks'ky bfDoVh bu izkbejh ,tqds'ku% gkbjkdhZt+ vkWQ ,Dlsl] u;h fnYyh % lstA

• jkepanzu] oh- vkSj lkgth] ,-] 2004] ^,u vksojfo;w vkWQ ekbØks LVMht*] jkepanzu] oh- ¼laiknd½ ds tsaMj ,asM lks'ky bfDoVh bu izkbejh ,tqds'ku% gkbjkdhZt vkWQ ,Dlsl] u;h fnYyh % lst-

• jkepanzu] oh- vkSj ,l- vxzoky] 2003] ^vxzxkeh% fj;y ykbQ ,tqds'ku QkWj Vªkbcy fpYMªsu*] oh- jkepanzu ¼laiknd½ ds xsfVax fpYMªsu cSd Vw Ldwy% dsl LVMht bu izkbejh ,tqds'ku] u;h fnYyh% lst-

• jFkuS;k] bZ- oh-] 1977] LVªDpjy dkalVªsaV~l bu Vªkbcy ,tqds'ku xksaM~l vkWQ vkfnykckn] ,- ih-] u;h fnYyh% LVfyZax ifCy'klZ] izk- fyfeVsMA

• jk; ceZu] ch- ds-] 1964] , fizfyehujh ,izkbty vkWQ n f'kM~;wYM VªkbCl vkWQ bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% jftLVªkj tsujyA

• jk; ceZu] ch- ds-] 1994] VªkbCl bu ilZisfDVo] u;h fnYyh % feÙky ifCyds'kuA

• jk;] ,l-] 1983] dksyh dYpj] u;h fnYyh% dkWleks ifCyds'kalA • lfPpnkuan] 1989] fMlisfjfVt bu ,syhesaVjh ,tqds'ku% , dsl LVMh

vkWQ fcgkj] iapeq[kh] ih- vkj- ¼laiknd½ ds LVMht bu ,tqds'kuy fjQkWeZ bu bafM;k] [kaM&II, ckWEcs % fgeky; ifCyf'kax gkml-

• lfPpnkuan] 1992] Vªkbcy bafM;k% ikLV ,aM iztsaV] dksydkrk% bafLVV~;wV vkWQ lks'ky fjlpZ ,aM ,Iyk;M vaFkzksiksykWthA

281

• lfPpnkuan] 1997] ^n gfjtal bu fcgkj*] lfPpnkuan vkSj muds lg;ksxh ¼laikndx.k½] lks'ky fj;fyVht+ bu fcgkj] iVuk % uksoYVh ,aM dks-

• lfPpnkuan] 1999] okWyasVjh ,D'ku QkWj lks'ky MsoyiesaV ,aM baikWojesaV vkWQ ekftZuykbTM xzqIl] ,- ,u- ,lbafLVV~;wV vkWQ lks'ky LVMht+A

• lkbZukFk] ih-] 1996] ,ojhcWMh yOl , xqM MªkV% LVksjht+ ÝkWe bafM;kt+ iqvjsLV fMfLVªDV~l] u;h fnYyh% isafXou cqDlA

• lDlsuk] ,p- ,l-] 1999] iqfVax fiiqy ykLV% Vªkbcy fMlIyslesaV ,aM fjgsfcfyVs'ku] u;h fnYyh% baVj bafM;k ifCyds'kalA

• lynkuk] Mh-] 1990] ^lksf'k;ksykbts'ku vkWQ fØfVdy FkkWV% jsLiksalsl Vw fyVjslh ,eax vkfnoklhl bu Fkkus fMfLVªDV] ds- dqekj ¼laiknd½ ds MseksØslh bu bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% jSfM;aV ifCy'klZA

• laos'k] 2003] nfyr] vkfnoklh vkSj Ldwy] Hkksiky % Hkksiky fjgsfcfyVs'kuA • lkjaxikf.k] ih-] 2001] pkbYMgqM] xzksbax vi ,aM yfuZax% n cSxkt vkWQ

ukWnuZ DokèkkZ] fjiksVZ lcfeVsM Vw n bafnjk xka/kh us'kuy lasVj QkWj n vkVZ~l] flracjA

• lkjaxikf.k] ih-] 2003 ch] daLVªfDVax Ldwy ukWyst% ,u bFkuksxzkQh vkWQ yfuaZx bu ,u bafM;u foyst] u;h fnYyh% lstA

• lDlsuk] ,l-] 1998] ^,tqds'ku vkWQ n iqvj&, isMkxkWth vkWQ jsfllVsal*] ,l- 'kqDyk vkSj vkj- dkSy ¼laiknd½ ds ,tqds'ku] MsoyiesaV ,aM vaMjMsoyiesaV] u;h fnYyh% lst-

• Ldkjls] Vh- ts-] 1993] best] vkbfM;kykWth ,aM bubDokfyVh% dYpjy Mksfeus'ku] gstekWuh ,aM Ldwfyax bu bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% lstA

• 'kkg] th-] oh- tks'kh vkSj muds lg;ksxh] 1985- Vªkbcy ,tqds'ku bu xqtjkr] lwjr% lasVj QkWj lks'ky LVMht+A

• 'kkg] oh- ih- vkSj iVsy] Vh-] 1985] lks'ky dUVSDLV vkWQ Vªkbcy ,tqds'ku] u;h fnYyh% dalsIV ifCyf'kax da-A

• 'kekZ] ch- Mh-] 1994] nfyr~l csVªs;M] u;h fnYyh% gj&vkuUn ifCyds'kalA • 'kekZ] Mh- ds-] 1994] ,tqds'ku ,aM lksf'k;ksykbts'ku ,eax n VªkbCl] u;h

fnYyh % dkWeuoSYFk ifCy'klZA • 'kekZ] th- Mh- vkSj ds lqtkrk] 1983] ,tqdsfVax VªkbcYl& ,u bUMsIFk

,ukfyfll vkWQ vkJe LdwYl] u;h fnYyh] ,u-vkbZ-bZ-ih-,-A • 'kqDyk] ,l- vkSj dkSy ¼laiknd½] 1998] ,tqds'ku] MsoyiesaV ,aM

vaMjMsoyiesaV] u;h fnYyh % lstA • ';keyky] 1987] ,tqds'ku ,eax Vªkbcy~l] y[kuÅ % fizaVosy ifCy'klZA • falag] ds- ,l-] 1985] Vªkbcy lkslk;Vh bu bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% euksgjA

282

• flUgk] Mh- 1982] ^le lks'ky fMl,MokaVstst+ ,aM MsoyiesaV vkWQ lVsZu ijlsIpqvy fLdYl*] Mh- flUgk] vkjlh- f=ikBh vkSj th- feJk ¼laikndx.k½ esa] fMizkbos'ku] bV~l lks'ky :V~l ,aM lkbdksykWftdy dalhDosalst] u;h fnYyh% dalsIV ifCyf'kax da-

• flUgk] Mh- vkj-] f=ikBh vkSj th- feJk] 1982] ^fMizkbos'ku ,aM bV~l eksfVos'kuy ,aM ilZusfyVh dksfjysV~l*] Mh- flUgk] vkjlh- f=ikBh vkSj th feJk ¼laikndx.k½] fMizkbos'ku] bV~l lks'ky :V~l ,aM lkbdksykWftdy dalhDosa'klst] u;h fnYyh% dalsIV ifCyf'kax da-A

• JhokLro] ,y- vkj- ,u- 1992] MsoyiesaV vkWQ dWfjdqye QkWj Vªkbcy LVwMsaV~l] ch pkS/kjh ¼laiknd½ ds Vªkbcy VªkaliWQkjes'ku bu bafM;k] [kaM&4] ,tqds'ku ,aM fyVjslh izksxzkEl] u;h fnYyh% baVj&bafM;k ifCyds'kal]-

• Jhfuokl] ,e0,u0] 1966] lks'ky psat bu ekMuZ bf.M;k] jktdey izdk'ku izk0 fy0] ubZ fnYyhA

• Jhfuokl] ,e0,u0] 1978] psaftax iksth'ku vkWQ fn bf.M;u oksesu] vkWDlQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl] ubZ fnYyhA

• lqtkrk] ds-] 1987] ,tqds'ku vkWQ n QkWjxksVsu fpYMªsu vkWQ n QkWjsLV&, dsl LVMh vkWQ ;sukMh Vªkbc] u;h fnYyh% dks.kkdZ ifCy'klZA

• lqtkrk] ds-] 1994] ,tqds'kuy MsoyiesaV ,eax VªkbCl&, LVMh vkWQ lc&Iyku ,fj;kTk bu vka/kz izns'k] u;h fnYyh% lkmFk ,f'k;u ifCy'klZA

• lqtkrk] ds-] 1996] flaxy&Vhpj LdwYl bu Vªkbcy ,fj;kTk & , LVMh vkWQ fxjhtu fo|k fodkl dsUnzkl bu vka/kz izns'k] U;w fnYyh% fodkl ifCyf'kal gkmlA

• lqtkrk] ds-] 2002] ,tqds'ku ,eax f'kM~;wYM VªkbCl] vkj- xksfoUnk ds bafM;k ,tqds'ku fjiksVZ% , izksQkby vkWQ csfld ,tqds'ku] u;h fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

• lqUnj] ,u-] 2005] ^vkfnoklh olsZl ouoklh% n ikWfyfVDl vkWQ daolZu ,aM jhdaolZu bu lsaVªy bafM;k*] ,llcjoky] ,e- glu ¼laikndx.k½ ds ,LlfVZo] jsfyft;l vkbMsafVVhTk] u;h fnYyh% ijekusaV CySdAA

• rkfyc] ,e-] 1998] ^,tqdsfVax n vkWiksLM% vkWCtosZ'kal ÝkWe , Ldwy bu , ofdZax Dykl lsVyesaV bu fnYyh*] ,l- 'kqDyk vkSj vkj- dkSy ¼laikndx.k½ ds ,tqds'ku] MsoyiesaV ,aM vaMjMsoyiesaV] u;h fnYyh% lstA

• rkfyc] ,e-] 2003] êksM~l vkWQ yfuaZx&yscj fjys'kal% ,tqds'kuy LVªsVtht+ ,aM pkbYM yscj*] ,u- dchj] thch- ukafclu vkSj vkj- lqczáf.k;e ¼laikndx.k½] pkbYM yscj ,aM n jkbV Vw ,tqds'ku bu lkmFk ,f'k;k % uhM~l clsZl jkbV~l\ u;h fnYyh% lst-

283

• VsyVqEcns] ,-] 1996] vkfFkZd lq/kkj vkuh nfyr 'kksf"kr] vkSjaxkckn% izcq½ Hkkjr ifCyds'kalA

• VsyVqEcns] ,-] 2000] ^baiSDV vkWQ U;w bdksukWfed fjQkeZl vkWu nfyr~l*] ih- th- tksxnaM ¼laiknd½] U;w bdksukWeh ikfylh ,aM nfyr~l] t;iqj% jkor ifCyds'kal-

• FkkWel] ts- ,-] 2001] ^Mk;ukfeDl vkWQ ,tqds'kuy MsoyiesaV % , dsl LVMh vkWQ lsysDVsM cSdokMZ foystsl bu dsjy*] ,- oS|ukFku vkSj ih-vkj- xksihukFku uk;j ¼laikndx.k½ ds ^,syhesaVjh ,tqds'ku bu :jy bafM;k% , xzkl:V~l O;w % u;h fnYyh% lst-

• VksIiks] ,l-] 1979] Mk;ukfeDl vkWQ Vªkbcy ,tqds'kuy MsoyiesaV bu bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% dalsIV ifCyds'ku da-

• VksIiks] ,l-] 1979] Mk;ukfed vkWQ ,tqds'kuy MsoyiesaV bu Vªkbcy bafM;k] u;h fnYyh % Dykfldy ifCyds'kalA

• VksIiks] ,l-] 2000] VªkbCl bu bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% bafM;u ifCy'klZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZA

• oS|ukFku] ,- vkSj ih- vkj- xksihukFku] 2001] ^baVªksMD'ku* ,- oS|ukFku vkSj ih- vkj- xksihukFku uk;j ¼laikndx.k½] ,syhesaVjh ,tqds'ku bu :jy bafM;k% , xzkl:V~l O;w] u;h fnYyh% lst-

• osykldj] inek] 1998] ^vkbfM;kYkkWth] ,tqds'ku ,aM n ikWfyfVdy LVªxy QkWj fycjs'ku % psat ,aM pSysat ,eax egkjk"Vª nfyr~l*] ,l- ,aM vkj- dkSy ¼laikndx.k½ ds ,tqds'ku] MsoyiesaV ,aM vaMjMsoyiesaV] u;h fnYyh% lstA

• osykldj] ih-] 2005] ^,tqds'kuy LVªkfVfQds'ku] MksfeusaV vkbfM;kykWth ,aM n fjizksMD'ku vkWQ fMl,MokaVst bu bafM;k*] ,l- ,e- nghokys ¼laiknd½] ds vaMjLVSafMax bafM;u lkslk;Vh% n ukWu czkg~ef.kd ilZisfDVo] fnYyh% jkor-

• osykldj] ih-] 2005] dkLV ,aM tsaMj bu ,tqds'ku % fjlsaV VªsaM~l bu ,Dlsl ,aM bfDoVh QkWj nfyr~l vkWQ egkjk"Vª] eqacbZ% Vh-vkbZ-,l-,l-A

• fo|kFkhZ] ,y-ih-] 1976] n Vªkcy dYpj vkWQ bafM;k] u;h fnYyh% dalsIV ifCyf'kax da-

• fo|kFkhZ] ,y-ih- ¼laiknd½] 1987] ,Iyk;M ,aFkzksiksykWth bu bafM;k] bykgkckn% fdrkc egyA

• folkfj;k] ,y- vkSj jkepanzu] oh-] 2004] ÔgkV Mh-ih-bZ-ih- ,aM vnj MkVk lkslsZt fjohy] jkepanzu] oh- ¼laiknd½] tsaMj ,aM lks'ky bfDoVh bu izkbejh ,tqds'ku% gkbjkdhZTk vkWQ ,Dlsl] u;h fnYyh% lst-

284

i=&if=dkvksa esa izdkf'kr ys[k

• vczkge] ,y-] 2004] ^fcfYMax dYpjy dSfiVy Vw dEcSV iksoVhZ% Xykscykbts'ku] ,tqds'ku ,aM vjcu iqvj]* vkj- #fpdk] ts- ,p- cSysuVhus] jkseu tksl ¼laikndx.k½ }kjk laikfnr ,tqds'ku ikVhZf'kislu Xykscykbts'ku] dkWUÝsal izkslhfMax~l] izsx 2004 dkWUÝasl] i`"B-la- ,&2@11&18

• vkpk;Z] ih-] 1988] ^bt eSdkys fLVy voj xq#\* bdksukWfed ,aM ikfyfVdy ohdyh] 23 ¼22½] ebZ 28 % 1124&30

• ,sdkjk] ts-] 1997] yuZj ,phoesaV bu izkbejh Ldwy] eqacbZ % VkVk bafLVV~;wV vkWQ lks'ky lkbalst ¼Vh-vkbZ-,l- ,l-½] fefe;ksxzkQA

• vfrZl] bZ-]lh-Mwcs ,aM ds- fy;kWUl] 2003] bdksukWfed] lks'ky ,aM dYpjy jkbV~l QkWj nfyr~l bu bafM;k % dsl LVMh vku izkbejh ,tqds'ku bu xqtjkr ds uke ls ,d i= áweu jkbV~l% le xzkl:V~l djst Vw baVjus'kuy ba¶yq,al ij vk;ksftr fizalVu ;wfuoflZVh esa tuojh 2003 dk;Z'kkyk esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA

• ckjk] ts-] 1997] ôsLVuZ ,tqds'ku ,aM jkbt vkWQ U;w vkbZMsafVVh] eqaMkl ,aM Åjk¡o vkWQ NksVkukxiqj*] bdksukWfed ,aM ikfyfVdy ohdyh] 32¼15½% 785&90

• cUVZlsu] ,e-] 1987] ^vkWcLVsdYl vkWu n iFk Vw Ldwy % ,tqds'kuy izkCyEl vkWQ cSdoMZ Dykl fpYMªsu*] U;w DosLV] tqykbZ&vxLrA

• cUVZlsu] ,e-] 1990] dksySIl ,V n QkmaMs'ku&, LVMh vkWQ fyVjslh ,eax FkMZ LVSaMMZ LVwMsaV~l bu osLVuZ egkjk"Vª] Qkyru] vizdkf'kr ikaMqfyfiA

• csrsys] ,- 2000- fn f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l % ,u bUVj&jhtuy ilZisfDVo] ,- csrsys ¼laikfnr½] tuZy vkWQ bafM;u Ldwy vkWQ ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] 12 ¼3vkSj 4½% 367&80 esaA

• HkV~Vh] ds-] 1998] ^,tqds'kuy fMizkbos'ku bu bafM;k% , losZ vkWQ QhYM buosfLVxs'ku~l] Hkkx&I vkSj II, bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 33 ¼27 vkSj 28½ % 1731&40 vkSj 1858&69

• fpVful] ,l-] 1982] Mªki vkmV ,aM yks i;wfiYl ,fpoesaV veax n vjcu iqvj bu ckWEcsA baVjus'kuy yscj vkWfQl] tsusok ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k i=] 30 vizSy fefe;ksxzkQA

• fpVful] ,l- vkSj ;w- uk;Mw] 1981] vkbMsafVVh vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV LVwMsaV~l] eqacbZ % Vh-vkbZ-,l-,l-] fefe;ksxzkQA

• fpVful] ,l- vkSj ih- csykldj] 1988] ,tqds'ku bu egjk"Vª% LVªsaFk~l ,aM ohdusll] eqacbZ% Vh-vkbZ-,l-,l- fefe;ksxzkQA

285

• nkl xqIrk] ,-] 2000] ^bu n flVsMy vkWQ Hknzyksd ikWfyVhfl;Ul% n f'kM~;wYl dkLV~l bu osLV csaxky]* tuZy vkWQ ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] 12¼3 vkSj 4½] 445&58

• nkl] oh- ¼,u-Mh-½ fØ;sfVax ,u vYVjusV ikjkfMXe] vxzxkeht+ ,Dlisfj;sal bu ,tqds'ku bu n Vªk;cy fMfLVªDV~l vkWQ mM+hlk] vxzxkeh] dk'khiqj] jk;x<+] mM+hlk] vizdkf'kr i=A

• Msªt] ts-] 2004] ^feM&Ms ehYl ,aM fpYMªsal jkbV~l]* bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 39¼19½ %1937&38

• Mªst] ts- vkSj ,- xks;y] 2003] ^¶;wpj vkWQ feM&Ms&feYl*] bdksukWfed ,aM ikfyfVdy ohdyh] 38¼44½%4673 – 83

• Qkjsy] ts-] 1982] ,tqds'kuy ,Dlisa'ku ,aM n Mªkbo QkWj lks'ky bDokfyVh*- ih- vYVckWp vkSj muds lg;ksxh ¼laikndx.k½] daijsfVo ,tqds'ku fjO;w] U;w;kdZ % eSdfeyu] i`- la- 39&53

• QksLVj] ih-] 1977] ^,tqds'ku ,.M lks'ky fMQjsaf'k,'ku bu ysl MsoyIM daVªht* dEijsfVo ,tqds'ku fjO;w] 21¼2 ,.M 3½% 211&29

• xksikyÑ".ku] vkj- vkSj ,- 'kekZ] 1998] ^,tqds'ku xkjaVh Ldhe bu eè; izns'k% buksosfVo LVsi Vw ;wfuolZykbt ,tqds'ku]* bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 33 ¼39½- flrEcj 26] 1998 % 2546&51-

• >k] ,p-] 2000] izkfelsl ,aM ySIlsl % vaMjLVsafMax n ,Dlisfj;al vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l bu fcgkj bu fgLVksfjdy ilZisfDVo*] ,- csrsys ¼laiknd½] tuZy vkWQ bafM;u Ldwy vkWQ ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] 12¼3 vkSj 4½] tqykbZ&fnlEcj% 423&44

• tksèkdk] ,l-,l-] 2000] îzsT;wfMl* fonkÅV ikWY;w'ku\ f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l bu daVsaijsjh iatkc] tuZy vkWQ bafM;u Ldwy vkWQ ikWfyfVdy] bdksukWeh] 11¼3 vkSj 4½%381&404

• tksèkdk] ,l-,l-] 2002] ^dkLV ,.M vuVpsfcfyVh bu :jy iatkc*] bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 37¼19½ % 1813&1257

• dkacys] vkj-] 1999] bestsl vkWQ lfoZfyVh% ,ojhMs vkWD;wis'kuy ,.M lks'ky ,Dlfifj;sal vkWQ pkjesdlZ bu eaqcbZ & i= tksfd bafM;k lkslkbVh ,V VuZ vkWQ n lsapqjh% ilZisfDVo ÝkWe fcyks] fo"k; ij tokgjyky usg# fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh] ekpZ 25&27 dks gq, jk"Vªh; lsfeukj esa izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA

• fdaxMu] th-th-] 1996] îzkbosV Ldwfyax bu bafM;k% lkbt+] uspj ,.M bfDoVh & bQsDV~l*] bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 31¼51½% 3306&14

286

• dqekj] Ñ".k] 1983] ,tqds'kuy ,Dlihfj,al vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l ,.M VªkbCl] bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] [k.M XVII] la[;k 36 vkSj 37 % 1566&1572

• dqekj] ds-,e- fiz;e] ,.M ,l- lkèkuk] 2001] ^yqfdax fovkW.M n LeksdLØhu% Mh-ih-bZ-Mh- ,.M izkbejh ,tqds'ku bu bafM;k]* bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 36¼7½ % 560&68

• dqekj] vkj-] 2004] ,tqds'kuy fMizkbos'ku vkWQ n ekftZuykbTM & n dsl vkWQ eqlgj dE;qfuVh bu fcgkj] i= tks fd izLrqr fd;k x;k dkmafly QkWj lks'ky MsoyiesaV] ubZ fnYyh }kjk 7&8 vDVwcj 2004 dks vk;ksftr lsfeukj esa ftldk fo"k; Fkk & VwoMZ~l DokfyVh ,tqds'ku QkWj vkWy% b';wt ,.M psySatsl fcvkW.M 86ok¡ ,esaMesaVA

• ehuk{kh] ts-oh- vkSj lg;ksxh] 2000] ^,fLVesV~l vkWQ iksoVhZ QkWj ,l-lh-] ,l-Vh- ,.M Qhesy gsMsM gkmlgksYM~l]* bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 35¼20½A

• eqdqy] 1999] ^n vuVpscy izstsa+V ,ojhMs ykbZQ+ vkWQ eqlglZ bu ukFkZ fcgkj*] bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 34¼49½% 3465&70

• ukafclu] th-ch-] 1994] ^ySaXost ,.M Ldwfyax vkWQ Vªkbcy fpYMªsu b';wt fjysfVax Vw n ehfM;e vkWQ bULVªD'ku*] bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 36¼42½%2747&54

• ukafclu] th-ch- ,.M ts-ch-th- lsnoky] 1996] ^gkÅ Ýh bt+ izkbejh ,tqds'ku bu bafM;k] ikVZ I ,.M II*] bdksukWfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 31¼5 ,aM 6½: 275 – 82 ,aM 355 – 66

• ukafclu] th-ch-] 2004] VElZ vkWQ bUDywt+u% nfyr~l ,.M n jkbZV Vw ,tqds'ku] ;g i= izLrqr fd;k x;k Fkk dkmafly QkWj lks'ky MsoyiesaV] ubZ fnYyh }kjk 7&8 vDVwcj 2004 dks vk;ksftr lsfeukj esa ftldk fo"k; Fkk & VwoMZ~l DokfyVh ,tqds'ku QkWj vkWy% ,';wt+ ,.M pSysatsl fcvk.M 86ok¡ ,esaMesaVA

• ikbZ-] ,l-] 2000] ^pasftax lksf'k;ks&bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy izksQkby vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l bu mÙkj izns'k*] tuZy vkWQ bafM;u Ldwy vkWQ ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] 12 ¼3 vkSj 4½] 405&22

• iakfM;u] ,e-,l-,l-] 2000] ^nfyr vllZu bu rfeyukMq% ,u ,DlIyksjsVjh uksV* tuZy vkWQ bafM;u Ldwy vkWQ iWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] 12 ¼3 vkSj 4½% 501&18

• jkgqy] 1999] ^vkWu ,tqds'ku xkjaVh Ldhe bu eè; izns'k*] bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 34 ¼1 vkSj 2½%64

• jko] ,l- ,u- ¼,u- Mh-½- eksfofyVh ,eax n f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l vkWQ vka/kz izns'k% , lksf'k;ksykWftdy ilZisfDVo] vizdkf'kr i=A

287

• jtk] ,e-] ,- vgen vkSj ,l- lh- uwuk] 1985] Vªkbcy fyVjslh bu bafM;k% n jhtuy Mk;esa'ku] vkWdstuy isilZ] us'kuy bafLVV~;wV vkWQ ,tqds'kuy Iykfuax ,aM ,MfefuLVªs'ku] u;h fnYyhA

• jsukds] ch- ¼,u-Mh-½- flf[kTe i)fr vkuh oafpr nfyr] vizdkf'kr i=A • lkjaxikf.k] ih-] 2003] ,- ^bafMtsukbftax dWfjdqye % Dos'pUl iksLM ckb

cSxk fo|k]* daijsfVo ,tqds'ku] 39 ¼2½% 199&209 • lDlsuk] ,l-] 1997] ^ySaXost ,aM n us'kufyVh Dos'pu*] bdksukWfed ,aM

ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 32¼6½] Qjojh 8% 268&72 • lDlsuk] ,l- vkSj ds- egsUnzw] 1993] îkWfyfVDl vkWQ ySaXost*] bdksukWfed

,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 28 ¼45½% 2445&47 • 'kkg] th-] 2000] ^gksi ,aM fMlis;j % , LVMh vkWQ vuVpsfcfyVh ,aM

,VªksflVht+ bu xqtjkr* ,- csÙks ¼laiknd½] tuZy vkWQ bafM;u Ldwy vkWQ ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] 12 ¼3 vkSj 4½% 459&72

• 'kekZ] vkj-] 1998] ^Mk;ukfeDl vkWQ yfuZax 3 R's bu eè; izns'k* bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyVhdy ohdyh] 32 ¼17½% 891&901

• 'kekZ] vkj-] 1998] ^;wfuolZy ,syhesaVjh ,tqds'ku% n Dos'pu vkWQ ^gkm*] bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 33% 1640&47

• 'kekZ] vkj-] 1999] ÔgkV eSuj vkWQ Vhpj% le ys'kal ÝkWe eè; izns'k*] bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 34¼25½% 1597&1607

• flag] ,- ds-] 1987] 1994- MªkWi&vkmV ÝkWe izkbejh LdwYl bu Vªkbcy flag] ,- ds-] 1995] ^n DYpjy daLVªD'ku vkWQ gkse ,aM Ldwy ukSyst bu Vªkbcy bafM;k*] izkLisDV~l] 25¼4½ % 735&47

• flag] ch-] 1996] ^,tqds'ku ,aM MsoyiesaV vkWQ Vªkbcy bu bafM;k]* tuZy vkWQ ,tqds'ku ,aM lks'ky psat] 10¼2½ % 22&39

• Jh/kj] ,e- oh-] 1999] ^fjfpax n vujhPM % buscfyax nfyr xy~Zl Vw xsV Ldwfyax*] ekuq"kh] 111] ekpZ&vizSy% 10&20

• lqUnj] ,u-] 2002] ^bafMtsukbt] us'kuykbt ,aM fLizpqvykbt% ,u ,tsaMk QkWj ,tqds'ku*] baVjus'kuy lks'ky lkbal tuZy] 173 % 373&83

• lqUnj] ,u-] 2004] ^Vhfpax Vw gsV vkj- ,l- ,l-* isMkxkWftdy izksxzke] bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 39¼16½% 1605&12

• lqUnj] ,u-] 2006] ^Vªkbcy ikWfyfVDl*] ,l- okWyiVZ ¼laiknd½] ds bulkbDyksihfM;k vkWQ bafM;k U;w;kdZ% pkYlZ LØkbculZ ,aM lalA

• lqUnj] ,u- , uksV vkWu vkfnoklh ,tqds'ku] vizdkf'kr isijA • LokehukFku] ih-] ts- ft;kjatu] vkj- Jhfuoklu vkSj ds- t;Jh] 2004]

^rfeyukMql feMMs ehy Ldhe Ogs;j ,T;wEM csuhfQV~l Ldksj vksoj gkMZ MkVk*] bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 39¼44½% 4811&21

288

• VsyVqEcns] ,-] 2004] baiSDV vkWQ baihfj;fyLV Xykscykbts'ku vkWu nfyr~l ij eqacbZ jsfllVsal ds lsfeukj esa izLrqr i=] tuojh 2004] eqacbZA

• FkksjkV] ,l- vkSj vkj- ,l- ns'kikaMs] 2001] ^dkLV flLVe ,aM bdksukWfed bubDokfyVh % bdksukWfed F;ksjh ,aM ,foMsal*] th- 'kkg ¼laiknd½] ds nfyr vkbMsafVVh ,aM ikWfyfVDl % dYpjy lcksfMZus'ku ,aM n nfyr pSysat] [kaM 2] u;h fnYyh % lst] ifCyds'kal-

• FkksjkV] ,l-] 2002] ^vkizs'ku ,aM fMuk;y% nfyr fMlØhfeus'ku bu n 1990* bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 37 ¼6½ % 572&77

• fryd] ts- ch- th-] 2000] ,tqds'ku ikWoVhZ bu bafM;k] vksdstuy isilZ] u;h fnYyh % ,u- vkbZ-bZ-ih-,-

• okLoh] ,- vkj-] 2003] ^Ldwfyax QkWj U;w lkslk;Vh\ n lks'ky ,aM ikWfyfVdy cslsl vkWQ ,tqds'ku fMizkbos'ku bu bafM;k*] vkj- lqczáf.k;e vkSj muds lg;ksxh ds ^,tqds'ku buDywtu ,aM ,DlDywtu % bafM;u ,aM lkmFk vÝhdu ilZisfDVOl* vkbZ- Mh- ,l- cqysfVu] 34¼1½ % 72&80

• osykldj] inek] 1986] bubDokfyVh bu gk;j ,tqds'ku% , LVMh vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV LVwMsaV~l bu esfMdy dkWyst vkWQ ckWEcs] eqacbZ % Vh- vkbZ- ,l- ,l-] ih,p-Mh- dk vizdkf'kr 'kks/k izca/kA

• osykldj] inek] 1992] ^vubDoy Ldwfyax ,t , QSDVj bu n jhizksMD'ku vkWQ lks'ky bubDokfyVh*] lksf'k;ksyksftdy cqysfVu] 39 ¼1vkSj 2½%131%46

• osykldj] inek] 2000] ^n ikWfyfVDl vkWQ vuVpsfcfyVh ,aM lks'ky psat % , LVMh vkWQ n f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l vkWQ n egkjk"Vª*] tuZy vkWQ bafM;u Ldwy vkWQ ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh] 12 ¼3 vkSj 4½ % 473&501

• osykldj] inek] 2001] n ueZnk thou'kkyk & ,u ,izsty] eqacbZ% Vh- vkbZ- ,l- ,l- fefe;ksxzkQA

• osykldj] inek] 2003] ^dE;qfuVh ikfVZf'kis'ku bu ,tqds'ku % , ØhfVd* f'k{kk foe'kZ] 5 ¼1½% 23&28A

• osykldj] inek] 2004ch] LVªDpjy bubDokfyfVt+ ,aM ,tqds'kuy bubDokfyfVt% n dsl vkWQ n nfyr~l bu egkjk"Vª] VwokMZl DokfyVh ,tqds'ku QkWj vkWy% b';wt ,aM pSyastsl fo;kaM 80ok¡ vesaMesaV ij izLrqr i= bafM;k baVjus'kuy lsaVj] ubZ fnYyh esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA vk;kstd % lh-,l-Mh- u;h fnYyh] vDVwcj 7&8] 2004

• osykldj] ih- vkSj ,y- vczkg~e] 1995] Dykl] dYpj vkSj dWfjdqye% ,u bosY;w,'ku vkWQ n vcsdl dWfjdqye bufjpesasV izksxzke& , fjiksVZ] eqacbZ% Vh-vkbZ-,l-,l- fefe;ksxzkQA

289

• oku[ksM+s] th- th-] 1987] n lsaVªyh LiksalMZ ,l-lh-,l-Vh- xYlZ gkWLVy bu egkjk"Vª ,aM xqtjkr% ,u bosY;w,'ku] fizis;MZ QkWj n fefuLVªh vkWQ g~;weu fjlkslZ MsoyiesaV] Hkkjr ljdkj] eqacbZ% Vh-vkbZ-,l-,loku[ksM+s] th- th- 1998- baVªkdkLV ,tqds'kuy oSfj,'kal ,eax n f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l vkWQ eaqcbZ eSVªksikWfyl] eqacbZ% Vh-vkbZ-,l-,l- ¼fefe;ks½A

• oku[ksM+s] th- th-] 2001] ,tqds'kuy bubDokfyVht ,eax egkjk"Vªkt f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l] bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy] ohdyh] [kaM XXXVI. la- 18 % 1553&1558

• oku[ksM+s] th-th- vkSj in~ek osyldj] 1999] n iksLV&eSfVªd LdkWyjf'ki Ldhe QkWj ,llh@,lVh bu egkjk"Vª ,aM xksok&,u bosY;w,'ku] eaqcbZ% Vh-vkbZ-,l-,l- ¼fefe;ks½A

• tktk] V0] 1999] ^VªklQWkjes'ku vkWQ VªkbCl bu bafM;k% VElZ vkWQ fMldkslZ] bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy fodyh] 34 ¼24½%1519&24

• tktk] V0] 1999ch] ^VªkbCl ,l baMhtsul ihiqy vkWQ bafM;k*] bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 34 ¼51½ % 3589&95

• tktk] V0] 2001] îzksVsfDVo fMlfØfeus'ku% OgkbZ f'kM~;wYM VªkbCl ySx fcgkbaM f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l*] bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] 36¼29½ % 2765&72

• ctjax Hkw"k.k] xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh tfVy leL;k&fuj{kjrk] dq#{ks= if=dk] flrEcj&2006

• jhuk flag] ys[k& jk"Vª fodkl ds fy, ukjh f'k{kk dh vy[k] dq#{ks= if=dk] flrEcj& 2006

• lDlsuk] ,l- 1995- ^fdl Hkk"kk esa i<+sa\* tu leIyko] 14&16] vxLr&flracj % 6-22

• f=ikBh] th- ,e- 2003- êqlgj lekt vkSj f'k{kk*] f'k{kk foe'kZ 5¼4½] % 24&28

• jk"Vªh; lgkjk 4 flracj] 2008 • jk"Vªh; lgkjk] nSfud lekpkj i=] 12 flrEcj 2008

fjiksVZ

• dydŸkk ;wfuoflZVh deh'ku] OkkY;we II, 1917&19] fizaVsM ,V dydŸkk lqifjUVsUMsUV xouZesUV izsl bafM;k] 1919

• nklokuh] lh-ts- 1993- Vªkbcy LVMh flaFksfll fjiksVZ ¼lejh vkWQ flXuhfQdsaV QkbafMaXl½- u;h fnYyh % ,ulh-bZ-vkj-Vh-A

290

• th- vks- vkbZ- ¼1990½ n fjiksVZ vkWQ n dfe'uj QkWj f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l ,aM f'kM~;wYM VªkbCl V~osUVh&ukbaFk fjiksVZ 1987&89- u;h fnYyh % th-vks-vkbZ-A

• th- vks- vkbZ- 1991- ,tqds'ku vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l ,aM f'kM~;wYM VªkbCl ,aM vnj cSdoMZ dkLV~l] ,FkZ Qkbo bZ;j Iyku MkD;wesaV] u;h fnYyh% th- vks- vkbZ- i`- la- 8&11

• th- vks- vkbZ- 1993- ,tqds'ku vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l ,.M f'kM~;wYM VªkbCl] ubZ fnYyh% fMikVZesaV vkWQ ,tqds'ku] ,e-,p-vkj-Mh-] th-vks-vkbZ-A

• th- vks- vkbZ- 1996- lsysDVsM ,tqds'kuy LVsfVfLVDl] 1995&96] ubZ fnYyh% fefuLVªh vkWQ g~;wesu fjlkslZ MsoyiesaV ¼,e-,p-vkj-Mh-½] th-vks-vkbZ-A

• th- vks- vkbZ- 1998- us'kuy deh'ku QkWj f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l ,.M f'kM~;wYM VªkbCl ¼QksFkZ fjiksVZ 1996&1997 vkSj 1997&1998½] [kaM&I] ubZ fnYyh % th-vks-vkbZ-A

• th- vks- vkbZ- 2000] lsysDVsM ,tqds'kuy LVsfVfLVDl] 1999&2000] u;h fnYyh% ,e-,p-vkj-Mh-] th-vks-vkbZ-A

• th-vks-vkbZ- 2001] lsalsl vkWQ bafM;k] lksf'k;ks&dYpjy Vscy~l ¼lh&lhjht½- u;h fnYyhA

• xouZesaV vkWQ iatkc] 2004- nfyr~l &vkWu n ekftZu vkWQ MsoyiesaV] iatkc áweu MsoyiesaV fjiksVZ 2004] paMhx<+% xouZesaV vkWQ iatkcA

• bf.M;k dUVªh lejh] fefuLVªh vkWQ º;wesu fjlkslZ MsoyiesaV] Hkkjr ljdkj] 2008

• dqyd.khZ] ch- 2001- ejkBokM+k 2001] izkslhfMaXl vkWQ , lsfeukj [k.M I vkSj II] vkSjaxkckn % vkWjxsukbflax desVhA

• eqnkfy;j] y{e.k Lokeh ¼1953½ % ldsUMªh ,tqds'ku deh'ku ¼1952&53½ fjiksVZ] tqfoVj izsl] enzkl-

• us'kuy dkmafly vkWQ ,tqds'kuy fjlpZ ,aM Vªsfuax ¼,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-½] 1999] flDlFk vkWy bafM;k ,tqds'kuy losZ] esu fjiksZV] u;h fnYyh% ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-A

• us'kuy dkmafly vkWQ ,tqds'kuy fjlpZ ,aM Vªsfuax ¼,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-½] fjiksVZ vku fQ¶Fk losZ vkWQ ,tqds'kuy fjlpZ] Hkkx I vkSj II] u;h fnYyh% ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-A

• us'kuy dkmafly vkWQ ,tqds'kuy fjlpZ ,aM Vªsfuax ¼,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-½] 2002] lsosaFk vkWy bafM;k Ldwy ,tqds'kuy losZ] u;h fnYyh% ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-A

291

• us'kuy deh'ku QkWj owesu ¼,u-lh-MCY;w½] 1994] fjiksVZ vkWu MsoyiesaV vkWQ Qhesy ,tqds'ku ,eax Vªkbcy dE;qfuVht] u;h fnYyh% ,u- lh- MCY;wA

• jk.kk] ds- ,- jQhd vkSj ,- lsuxqIrk] 2002- n izfrph ,tqds'ku fjiksVZ] u;h fnYyh% izfrph VªLVA

• fjiksVZ vkWQ bafM;u ;wfuoflZVh deh'ku] 1902] f'keyk] fizaVsM ,sV fn xouZesaV lsUVªy fizafVx vkfQl] 1902

• ;w-th-lh- ¼2007½ % FkzLV~l ,aM fiz;kaLVhl M~;wfjax 11 Iyku ihfj;M] ubZ fnYyh

• ;w-th-lh-] FkzLV ,.M izk;fjVªht M~;wfjax bysoUFk Iyku ihfj;M] 2007 • ;kno] ch- vkSj ,- ,e- 'kekZ ¼,u- Mh-½] bdksukWfed vify¶V vkWQ

f'kM~;wYM dkLV~l] bafLVV~;qV QkWj MsoyiesaV ,aM dE;qfuds'ku] paMhx<+] vizdkf'kr fjiksVZA

• ;w0th0lh0 v/;{k lq[knso FkksjkV dh ^^f'k{kk O;oLFkk vkSj nfyr lekt** fo"k; ij ikf.kuh vkuUn ls ckrphr ds va'k] ch0ch0lh0 fgUnh MkWVdkWe A

• ;w-th-lh- % okf"kZd fjiksVZ&2004&05 % fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh&7

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