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Presented at SPIE Optics+Optoelectrics, Prague, Czech Republic, April 19, 2011.
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Laser-powered dielectric-structuresfor the production ofhigh-brightness electron and x-ray beams
Gil TravishParticle Beam Physics LaboratoryUCLA Department of Physics & Astronomy
on behalf of the MAP team
Material stolen from... lots of people including Chris Seers, Chris McGuinness, Eric Colby, Joel England Charlie Brau, Jonathan Jarvis, Tomas Plettner
predictionA particle accelerator “on a chip”, capable of
producing intense pulses of relativistic electrons and x-rays will be widely available
in 10 years
no plasmas were harmedin the making of this presentation
A laser-powered dielectric accelerator can provide relativistic electron beams and x-rays in a chip-scale device
+ laser(s)
Our long term goal is to develop a mm-scale, laser-powered, disposable, relativistic particle source
Large Application Space:
Industrial
• Petroleum Exploration
• Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
X-ray Photolithography
• Medical
• Cardiology
• Veterinary
• Medical Imaging
Defense
• Homeland Security & Military
>10m
<10mm
x1000
Breakdown limits scale favorably with wavelength and dielectric materials support high fields
10-15
10-13
10-11
10-9
10-7
10-5
10-3
10-1
100
102
104
106
108
1010
1012
1014
Pu
lse
Le
ng
th [
s]
Frequency [Hz]
GHz THz IR-VISfs
ps
ns
us
Conventional RF
DWA
L
A
S
E
R
Du (1996)~GV/m
T-481
Breakdown LimitsConventional Structure
Eacc ~ Prf/λ
in metals...
Of available power sources at wavelengths shorter than microwaves, lasers are the most capable
lack of sources, materials and fabrication technology force us to make a leap from Microwave to Optical
Optical-scale dielectric-structures promise GeV/m gradients and naturally short bunches
+ very short pulses+ very high repetition rate+/- low charge- no track record- limited R&D work! The red-headed stepchild of AA
Gradients x10-x100 metalStructural control of fieldsMany possible geometries
Scalable fabrication
Tolerances:PWFA: ~300nmLWFA: ~30nmMAP: ~10nm
The choice of accelerator technology impacts the possible light source configurations...
RF Optical
Gradient
Energy gain per period
Repetition Rate
Charge per Bunch
Bunch Length
10-100 MeV/m 1-10 GeV/m
1 MeV 1 keV
100 Hz 10-100 MHz
0.1 - 1+ nC 0.01-1 pC
1-100 ps 1-100 fs
key: charge and time scale; not gradient
McGuinness
Optical structures naturally have sub-fs time structures and favor high rep. rate operation
3.3 fs charge capture< 1 fs
//
Fill Time ~ 1 ps Fill Time ~ 1-5 ps
Optical Cycles
Laser Pulse
femtosec
picosec
//Emitter Pulse
nanosecEmission Time ~1 ns
100-1000 ns(1-10 MHz)
Macropulse
Micropulse
Laser Cycle
An example of a soft x-ray FEL-based source reveals the need for new undulator approaches
Parameter Value
Wavelength 6 nm
Beam energy 25.5 MeV
Energy spread 10-4
Emittance (norm.) 0.06 µm (doh!)
Charge 1 pC (whew!)
Peak current 750 A
Undulator parameter 1
Undulator period 20 µm
Focusing betafunction ~ 3 mm
Gain length 500 µm
FEL parameter ~3 x 10-3
Saturation length 6 mm (LOL)
x-ray flux per bunch ~5 x 108
Lcoop/σL<1: 1-2 spikes
106 electrons; 108 photons
Pellegrini and Travish
... the undulator technology has at least as much impact on the FEL design.
PM Micro/Pulsed RF Optical
Period
Parameter
Gap
Status
>1 cm 0.1 - 1 mm 0.1-1 cm 1-20µm
1-10 <1 ~1 ~1
5 mm 1 mm 1+ cm 20-100µm?
Mature some SC work stalled paper
!opt " 3# n$4%&Lg
Focusing is an addition issue:
Optical-scale accelerator structures
At SLAC, the E-163 AARD team is producing a set of laser-driven dielectric micro-accelerators
10 µm
HC-1060 Fiber
4 Layer Structure (10/08)
2 Layer Structure (6/08)
PBG
Woodpile
PBG-fiber-based structures afford large apertures and scalability to HEP-length structures
X. E. Lin “Photonic bandgap fiber accelerator,” PRSTAB 4, 051301 (2001)input port!
absorbing boundary!
HFSS: custom dielectric waveguide coupler
Efficient coupling to the accelerating mode of a PBG fiber is complicated by various issues:➡overmoded: coupling to other modes drains away input power➡extra modes are lossy and difficult to simulate➡initial simulation results from overlap with accelerating mode: ~
12%
~2.5 GV/m
Planar structures offer beam dynamics advantages as well as ease of coupling power
Flat beam LS: modes? coherence? undulator?
MAP Logpile Grating
The MAP structure consists of a diffractive optic coupling structure and a partial reflector
cot kz ! "1 b " a( )#
$%& = kza ! "1 ! !
For gap a anddielectric b-a
idealizedresonance:
The design of the relativistic structure is mature and includes realistic material properties.
Ez = E0 cos(! z c) !
laser
Material measurements in the Nanolab are fed back to simulations
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!"
!#$"
!#!"
!#%"
!#&"
!#'"
(#%" (#&" (#'" (#)" (#*" (#+"
!"
#$%&"'&!()*"+,-."
Measured refractive index of ZrO2/Y2O3 deposited by
sputtering
Uniform ZrO2 showing grain size of tens of nanometers with
optimized condition
Discovery Denton Sputterer
Gaertner Ellipsometer
Simulations including acceleration and beam dynamics are underway.Resonant Fields (@ t = 7 ps)
Incident laser
y(m)
x(m)
Ex (V/m)
t(s)
t(s)
Ex (V/m)
Ex (V/m)
Input laser source• can correspond to actual Ti:Al2O3 laser
Energy Distributions
Energy Gain
Prototype structures are starting to be produced.
Full scale structure DBR
96.2nm
96.2nm
92.4nm
130.8nm
134.6nm
Structure Dimension: 300nmX250μmX1000
287.6nm
Integration of a full structure has been developed. Process control improvements of fabrication is ongoing.
We are planning a ß=1 MAP beam de/acceleration experiment at SLAC’s E163
How can we produce a low-beta structure?
at 1 GeV/m, each period only produces 1KeV1000 periods only yields 1 MeV1 TeV requires 1 billion periods
Creating a sub-relativistic MAP is hard: the coupling and periodicity are one and the same
tapered structure
periodicity variation
two-color operation
DTL-like Solutions
periodicity skipping
Thick Glass Substrate
!!/"
!! 2!
laser light
β
z (cm)
0.3
1
0.65
0 0.5 1
rapid change in velocity
The accelerating field may die off before the
particle fullly dephases
The low beta structure is now the critical technical risk. Multiple approaches are being tried.
Reflective DBR is short enough to let F-P modes leak out
Periodic metal layer lets FP leak out, but reinforces standing wave
800 nm 800 nm
800 nm incident laser
400 nm
800 nm incident laser
400 nm
DBR
matching acceleration
Acceleration: coupling slot separation of βλ. Causes strong divergent force.⇒ cannot achieve simultaneous transverse focusing and longitudinal stability
Beam dynamics are challenging in optical scale structures due to large transverse forces
FODO scheme proposed for focusing, stability (being studied)
e-
Ultra-short period undulators
RF & Laser based undulators offer advantages but demand excellent uniformity and are undeveloped
δaUaU
<< ρGood:large aperturehigh fieldssmooth bore (wakefields)tunable
Ugly:
Beating can create larger periodsRF waveguide undulators can work
Bad:betatron motionpower loss along waveguidemodes and cutoffs
Issues:Readily available laser technologyEfficient path to longer periodsBetter than OPO/OPA?Ripples ok?
800nm + 1µm = 20µm
A grating based undulator can produce an intermediate-period device
Plettner and Byer, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 11, 030704 (2008)Barriers:Smith Purcell parasitic radiationAttosecond pulses and synchronizationLow fields?Period limit? (300µm)
Beam powered devices have also been considered: Image charge undulator (Wakefield)
Y. Zhang et al., NIM A 507 (2003) 459–463
Issues:Another beam?Advantage over RF?Energy loss?Acronym challenged (ICU)
A MAP-based undulator structure has been designed
For E=3 GV/m,Beqv=10 Tesla
Undulator Period = Laser Phase Flip
E-field
…………
λu >> λlaser
waveplate
Good mode quality has been found but phase flips are hard laser
an all optical light source
It is possible to have an all-laser-powered x-ray source using optical accelerator structures...
... but compromises must be made
low energy+
optical undulator=
QFEL
high energy+
conventional undulator=
FEL but long
A hard x-ray light source powered entirely by lasers and on a laptop scale will be a Quantum FEL
Parameter Optical Und. Conventional
FEL Wavelength ~0.1 Å (10 keV)~0.1 Å (10 keV)
Beam energy 10s MeV 100s MeV
Emittance (norm.) 0.06 µm0.06 µm
Current 2000 A2000 A
Charge 1 fC (whew! ~104 e-)1 fC (whew! ~104 e-)
FEL Parameter (ρ) 10-5 10-3
Undulator parameter 10-3 ~1
Undulator period 1-20 µm 1 cm
Saturation length ~10 cm ~1 m
!! / E " 6 #10$4becauseone photon emitted recoils > FEL bandwidth, ρ
We have the opportunity to develop a suite of on-chip particle beam tools
all using laser-driven dielectric structure
guns
monolithic structures
undulators
coherent THz/x-ray sourcesIFEL accelerator
sub-relativistic structures
muons, protons, ions
deflecting cavities
ultra-fast sources
focusing
ICS Gamma-Ray Source
Funding:NNSADTRAUCLADOE
Acknowledgments
Team:Rodney YoderJianyun Zhou (Postdoc - Fabrication)Josh McNeur (Grad - Simulations)Hristo Badakov (Engineer)Several past and present students...