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LATEX2 LATEX
by Tobias OetikerHubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Slegl
Version 5.01, April 6, 2011Translator: Mehdi Omidali :
Copyright 1995-2011 Tobias Oetiker and Contributers. All rights reserved.is document is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the
GNU General Public License as published by the Free Soware Foundation; either version2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
is document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANYWARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESSFOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with thisdocument; if not, write to the Free Soware Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge,MA 02139, USA.
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Free Soware Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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GA RENTRAP+REKITEO51 gewraAnetlO 0064dnalreztiwS
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. XETAL-SMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . tupitlum\ ssenkihtenil\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. SMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. SMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. SMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. xcihparg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 XETAL . 2 XETAL . XETAL
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GYWISYW droW SM tcefrePdroW leroC . .
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GYWISYW . .
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uoy rehtehw rettam ton seod tIsecaps lareves ro eno retne.drow a retfa
wen a strats enil ytpme nA.hpargarap
ro eno retne uoy rehtehw ream ton seod tI.drow a rea secaps lareves.hpargarap wen a strats enil ytpme nA
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eht sedivid htunK taht daer Iotni }{XeT\ htiw gnikrow elpoep\\.strep XeT\ dna snaicin}{XeT\.yadot\ si yadoT
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!ereh thgir enil wen a trats ,esaelP!uoy kna
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diputs % na si sihT----< evitcurtsni :retteB %%lacrepuS :elpmaxe
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tnemmoc mitabrev . }mitabrev{egakcapesu\
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rehtona si sihT}tnemmoc{nigeb\,diputs rehtarlufpleh tub}tnemmoc{dne\gniddebme rof elpmaxe.tnemucod ruoy ni stnemmoc
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\documentclass{article}\begin{document}Small is beautiful.\end{document}
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\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}% define the title\author{H.~Partl}\title{Minimalism}\begin{document}% generates the title\maketitle% insert the table of contents\tableofcontents\section{Some Interesting Words}Well, and here begins my lovely article.\section{Good Bye World}\ldots{} and here it ends.\end{document}
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xet. .
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xet.oof xetal
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& ivd.oof ivdx
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sp.oof o- ivd.oof zmcP- spivd
fdpivd ivd. fdp .
ivd.oof fdpivd
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ssalctnemucod\ .
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4A .
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elcitra corp elcitra
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laminim
troper koob
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sedils
xetliof/detroppus/birtnoc/xetal/sorcam
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tp01 .tp21 ,tp11 ,tp01
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repaprettel . repap5arepap5b repapevitucexe repaplagel
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nqelf .
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onqel
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koob .
egapeltiton ,egapeltit
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nmulocowt ,nmuloceno
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elcitra troper koob. . edisowt
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ediseno ,edisowt
epacsdnal )epacsdnal( .
. elcitra . troper koob
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ynanepo ,thgirnepo
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cod
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elacsxe
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cnetnof
od esiwrehtood nehtfi . xtd.nehtfi ][ .
nehtfi
XETAL mysxetal . xtd.mysxetal ][ .
mysxetal
xdiekam . . ][ .ylnotnys .
MBI 058/734 ,2-nitaL OSI ,1-nitaL OSI ,IICSA-resu ,swodniW-ISNA ,txeN ,hsotnicaM elppA ,segap edoc
dened . xtd.cnetupni .
cnetupni
ivd xetal xtd.cod . .
gnidocne tnof
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egakcap snoitpo . ) . (.
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codxet .
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retoofredaehelyts egap
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xet. . .
yts. . egakcapesu\ .
xtd. . . .
sni. .xtd. xtd. sni. . sni. xtd. .
slc. . ssalctnemucod\ .
df. .
:
ivd. . . spivd .
gol. .
cot. . .
fol. cot. .
tol. .
xua. .
xdi. .
xedniekam . . .
dni. xdi. .
gli. xedniekam .
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}emanel{edulcni\
xet.emanel . xet.emanel .
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edulcni\ .
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edulcni\ ylnoedulcni\ .
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edulcni\ . ylnoedulcni\ . .
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ylnotnys . .
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1 elpmaxE %
alumrof sih decudortni nietsniE nehw stodl\}noitauqe{nigeb\
, ;\ 2^c todc\ m = e}noitauqe{dne\nwonk ylediw tsom eht emit emas eht ta si hcihw.alumrof lacisyhp dootsrednu llew tsael eht dna
2 elpmaxE %:wal tnerruc s'ffohhcriK swollof hcihw morf stodl\}noitauqe{nigeb\
. ;\ 0 = k_I }n{^}1=k{_mus\}noitauqe{dne\
stodl\ devired eb nac wal egatlov s'ffohhcriK
3 elpmaxE %.segatnavda lareves sah hcihw stodl\
}noitauqe{nigeb\R_I - F_I = D_I
}noitauqe{dne\stodl\ .ledom rotsisnart tnereffid yrev a fo eroc eht si
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enilwen\ \\
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.
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.
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a ni{fstxet\},tnof }fires-snas{hpme\
ni ro{tttxet\}.elyts }retirwepyt{hpme\
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)-:
.
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.
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enumerate itemize . description
\flushleft\begin{enumerate}\item You can mix the listenvironments to your taste:\begin{itemize}\item But it might start tolook silly.\item[-] With a dash.\end{itemize}\item Therefore remember:\begin{description}\item[Stupid] things will notbecome smart because they arein a list.\item[Smart] things, though,can be presented beautifullyin a list.\end{description}\end{enumerate}
1. You can mix the list environments toyour taste:
But it might start to look silly.- With a dash.
2. erefore remember:Stupid things will not become smart
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. .
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.
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A typographical rule of thumbfor the line length is:\begin{quote}On average, no line shouldbe longer than 66 characters.\end{quote}This is why \LaTeX{} pages havesuch large borders by defaultand also why multicolumn printis used in newspapers.
A typographical rule of thumb for the linelength is:
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is is why LATEX pages have such large bor-ders by default and also why multicolumnprint is used in newspapers.
quotation .versequotation : verse . \\ .
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I know only one English poem by heart. It isabout Humpty Dumpty.
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fall.All the Kings horses and all the
Kings menCouldnt put Humpty together
again.
. .
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.
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.
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.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
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) : XETAL-SMA ( .
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.
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.derauqs c teg ot derauqs b dna derauqs a ddA:hcaorppa lacitamehtam erom a gnisu ,rO2c = 2b + 2a
sa decnuonorp si }{XeT\]tp5[\\$ihc\nolispe\uat\$]tp5[\\retaw fo $}3{^$m~001$tiustraeh\$ ym morf semoc sihT
sa decnuonorp si XETretaw fo 3m 001 ym morf semoc si
. }noitauqe{nigeb\ }noitauqe{dne\ . )lebal\( ferqe\ .
gat\ . ferqe\ gat\ .
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)1.3( 2c = 2b + 2a
syas nietsniE
)2.3( 2cm = E
yas tndid eH
)bmud( 3 = 1 + 1
.)2.3( ot ecnerefer a si si
noitauqe *noitauqe [\ ]\ :
htamsma . htamyalpsid . htamsma. noitauqe . XETAL/htamsma .
.
.
Add $a$ squared and $b$ squaredto get $c$ squared. Or, usinga more mathematical approach\begin{equation*}a^2 + b^2 = c^2
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Add a squared and b squared to get c squared.Or, using a more mathematical approach
a2 + b2 = c2
or you can type less for the same eect:
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:
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is is text style: limnn
k=11k2 =
pi2
6 .And this is display style:
limn
nk=1
1k2
= pi2
6 (3.3)
. \smash .
A $d_{e_{e_p}}$ mathematicalexpression followed by a$h^{i^{g^h}}$ expression. Asopposed to a smashed\smash{$d_{e_{e_p}}$} expressionfollowed by a\smash{$h^{i^{g^h}}$} expression.
A deep mathematical expression followed bya high expression. As opposed to a smasheddeep expression followed by a hi
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. .
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:}R{fbhtam\ ni\ x llarof\$x : R x $0 qeg\ }2{^x dauqq\
0 2
dauqq\0 qeg\ }2{^x$x $}R{fbhtam\ni\x} lla rof{txet\
R x lla rof 0 2
: dlob draobkcalb bbhtam\ bmyssma .
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R x lla rof 0 2x
. . .
.
.
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. .
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A B . .
.
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. .
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.
todc\ . stodc\ stodl\ . stodv\ stodd\ .
. . .
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n )1 n( 2 1 = !n . . . 2v 1v =
enilrevo\ enilrednu\ :
= }3{enilrevo\.0$$}}3/1{enilrednu\{enilrednu\
3/1 = 3.0
ecarbrevo\ ecarbrednu\ :
6^}c+b+a{ecarbrevo\{ecarbrednu\$}9^}f+e+d{ecarbrevo\ todc\$24 = }efil fo gninaem{txet\_
6 c +b +a
9 f +e +d
efil fo gninaem
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.
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. ' :ehportsopa
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2 = )x( f x2 = )x( f 2x = )x(f
0x 0x YX YX
. cev\ . worrathgirrevo\ worratfelrevo\ A B
:
dauqq\ }a{cev\$dauqq\ }BA{cev\$}BA{worrathgirrevo\
BA aBA
:
pusmil\ rek\ pxe\ csc\ soc\ soccra\nl\ gl\ dcg\ ged\ hsoc\ niscra\gol\ mil\ moh\ ted\ toc\ natcra\xam\ fnimil\ fni\ mid\ htoc\ gra\rP\ nim\ hnat\ nat\ pus\ hnis\nis\ ces\
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x nisx
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.
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\\ b domb\a$$}b{domp\ a viuqe\x
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:
.
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:elyts yalpsid nI
83 8/338
:elyts txet nIdauqq\ sruoh~$}2{}1{carf\1$sruoh~$}2{}1{carfd\1$
1 sruoh 21 1 :elyts txet nI1sruoh 2
laitrap\ :
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2x
x 1 + k2
1+kf2
2x
monib\ htamsma :
si elur s'lacsaP}*noitauqe{nigeb\}k{}1-n{monib\= }k{}n{monib\}1-k{}1-n{monib\ +}*noitauqe{dne\
(si elur slacsaPn
k
)=(1 nk
)+(1 n1 k
)
.
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)x(nf1
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}*noitauqe{nigeb\dauqq\ n^}1=i{_mus\dauqq\ }}2{}ip\{carf\{^0_tni\nolispe\_dorp\}*noitauqe{dne\
n1=i
pi 2
0
htamsma kcatsbus\ :
}*noitauqe{nigeb\\\ n
.
.
ngila & . \\ . rebmunon\ . \\
:
}ngila{nigeb\\\}1{lebal\ )b-a()b+a( =& )x(f
\\ 2^b-ab+ba-2^a =&}gnorw{gat\ 2^b+2^a =&
}ngila{dne\.}1{ferqe\ ot ecnerefer a si sihT
)4.3( )b a()b +a( = )x(f)5.3( 2b ab +ba 2a =)gnorw( 2b + 2a =
.)4.3( ot ecnerefer a si si
.
:
}ngila{nigeb\3^x2 + 4^x + 5^x3 =& )x(f
\\ rebmunon\\\ 32 + x21 + 2^x9 + dauqq\&)x(h - )x(g =&
}ngila{dne\
3x2 + 4x + 5x3 = )x(f
)6.3( 32 +x21 + 2x9 +)7.3( )x(h )x(g =
htamsma : ngilalf rehtag eniltlumtilps. .
. .
yarra . ralubat . \\ :
}*noitauqe{nigeb\(tfel\ = }X{fbhtam\}ccc{}yarra{nigeb\\\ stodl\ & 2_x & 1_x\\ stodl\ & 4_x & 3_xstodd\ & stodv\ & stodv\)thgir\ }yarra{dne\
}*noitauqe{dne\
= X
. . . 2x 1x
. . . 4x 3x. . . ... ...
yarra .
:
}*noitauqe{nigeb\{\tfel\ = |x|}lr{}yarra{nigeb\\\0 < x } fi{txet\ & x-\\0 = x } fi{txet\ & 00 > x } fi{txet\ & x
.thgir\ }yarra{dne\}*noitauqe{dne\
= |x|
0 < x fi x0 = x fi 00 > x fi x
yarra htamsma xirtam . : xirtam)( xirtamp(xirtamb[ xirtamB{ xirtamv| xirtamV. yarra
. ) !(.
}*noitauqe{nigeb\}xirtam{nigeb\\\ 2 & 14 & 3
dauqq\ }xirtam{dne\}xirtamb{nigeb\\\ 3 & 2 & 1\\ 6 & 5 & 49 & 8 & 7
}xirtamb{dne\}*noitauqe{dne\
2 14 3
6 5 43 2 19 8 7
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\newtheorem{mur}{Murphy}[section]
\begin{mur} If there are two ormore ways to do something, andone of those ways can result ina catastrophe, then someonewill do it.\end{mur}
Murphy 3.7.1. If there are two or more waysto do something, and one of those ways can re-sult in a catastrophe, then someone will do it.
. Murphy .
. proof amsthm
\begin{proof}Trivial, use\[E=mc^2\]\end{proof}
Proof. Trivial, use
E = mc2
\qedhere .
\begin{proof}Trivial, use\[E=mc^2 \qedhere\]\end{proof}
Proof. Trivial, use
E = mc2
ntheorem .
.
.
.
amssymb . . AMS . AMS . CTAN:macros/latex/required/amslatex
. CTAN:info/symbols/comprehensive
: .
a \hat{a} a \check{a} a \tilde{a}a` \grave{a} a \dot{a} a \ddot{a}a \bar{a} a \vec{a} [AAA \widehat{AAA}a \acute{a} a \breve{a} ]AAA \widetilde{AAA}a \mathring{a}
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. Josef Tkadlec David Carlisle symbols.tex
: .
. \not
< < > > = = \leq or \le \geq or \ge \equiv \ll \gg .= \doteq \prec \succ \sim \preceq \succeq \simeq \subset \supset \approx \subseteq \supseteq = \cong@ \sqsubset a A \sqsupset a 1 \Join a
\sqsubseteq \sqsupseteq \bowtie \in \ni , \owns \propto \vdash \dashv |= \models| \mid \parallel \perp \smile \frown \asymp: : / \notin = \neq or \ne
latexsym a
.
: .
+ + - \pm \mp \triangleleft \cdot \div \triangleright \times \ \setminus \star \cup \cap \ast \sqcup \sqcap \circ \vee , \lor \wedge , \land \bullet \oplus \ominus \diamond \odot \oslash \uplus \otimes \bigcirc \amalg \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \dagger \lhd a \rhd a \ddagger \unlhd a \unrhd a \wr
: . \sum \bigcup \bigvee \prod \bigcap \bigwedge \coprod \bigsqcup \biguplus \int \oint \bigodot \bigoplus \bigotimes
: .
\leftarrow or \gets \longleftarrow \rightarrow or \to \longrightarrow \leftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \Leftarrow = \Longleftarrow \Rightarrow = \Longrightarrow \Leftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow7 \mapsto 7 \longmapsto \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup \leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown
\rightleftharpoons \iff (bigger spaces) \uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow; \leadsto a
latexsym a
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AB \overrightarrow{AB} AB \underrightarrow{AB}AB \overleftarrow{AB} AB \underleftarrow{AB}AB \overleftrightarrow{AB} AB \underleftrightarrow{AB}
.
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( ( ) ) \uparrow[ [ or \lbrack ] ] or \rbrack \downarrow{ \{ or \lbrace } \} or \rbrace \updownarrow \langle \rangle \Uparrow| | or \vert \| or \Vert \Downarrow/ / \ \backslash \Updownarrow \lfloor \rfloor \rceil \lceil
: . \lgroup \rgroup \lmoustache \arrowvert ww \Arrowvert \bracevert \rmoustache
: .
. . . \dots \cdots ... \vdots . . . \ddots~ \hbar \imath \jmath \ell \Re \Im \aleph \wp \forall \exists f \mho a \partial ' \prime \emptyset \infty \nabla \triangle 2 \Box a 3 \Diamond a \bot \top \ \angle \surd \diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \neg or \lnot \flat \natural \sharp
latexsym a
. :
.
deretsigertxet\ thgirypoc\ S\ gad\ %\ % sdnuop\ P\ gadd\
.
.AMS : .
p \ulcorner q \urcorner x \llcorner y \lrcorner| \lvert | \rvert \lVert \rVert
AMS : .
z \digamma { \varkappa i \beth j \gimel k \daleth
: .
. .
ABCDEabcde1234 \mathrm{ABCDE abcde 1234}ABCDEabcde1234 \mathit{ABCDE abcde 1234}ABCDEabcde1234 \mathnormal{ABCDE abcde 1234}ABCDE \mathcal{ABCDE abcde 1234}ABCDE \mathscr{ABCDE abcde 1234} mathrsfsABCDEabcde1234 \mathfrak{ABCDE abcde 1234} amsfonts or amssymbABCDEa1234 \mathbb{ABCDE abcde 1234} amsfonts or amssymb
AMS : .
u \dotplus \centerdotn \ltimes o \rtimes > \divideontimesd \doublecup e \doublecap r \smallsetminusY \veebar Z \barwedge [ \doublebarwedge \boxplus \boxminus \circleddash \boxtimes \boxdot } \circledcirc| \intercal ~ \circledast i \rightthreetimesg \curlyvee f \curlywedge h \leftthreetimes
AMS : .
l \lessdot m \gtrdot + \doteqdot6 \leqslant > \geqslant : \risingdotseq0 \eqslantless 1 \eqslantgtr ; \fallingdotseq5 \leqq = \geqq P \eqcircn \lll or \llless o \ggg $ \circeq. \lesssim & \gtrsim , \triangleq/ \lessapprox ' \gtrapprox l \bumpeq7 \lessgtr ? \gtrless m \BumpeqQ \lesseqgtr R \gtreqless s \thicksimS \lesseqqgtr T \gtreqqless t \thickapprox4 \preccurlyeq < \succcurlyeq u \approxeq2 \curlyeqprec 3 \curlyeqsucc v \backsim- \precsim % \succsim w \backsimeqw \precapprox v \succapprox \vDashj \subseteqq k \supseteqq \Vdashq \shortparallel c \Supset \VvdashJ \blacktriangleleft A \sqsupset \backepsilonB \vartriangleright * \because _ \varproptoI \blacktriangleright b \Subset G \betweenD \trianglerighteq a \smallfrown t \pitchforkC \vartriangleleft p \shortmid ` \smallsmileE \trianglelefteq ) \therefore @ \sqsubset
.
AMS : .
L99 \dashleftarrow 99K \dashrightarrow \leftleftarrows \rightrightarrows \leftrightarrows \rightleftarrowsW \Lleftarrow V \Rrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow \twoheadrightarrow \leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail \leftrightharpoons \rightleftharpoons \Lsh \Rsh" \looparrowleft # \looparrowrightx \curvearrowleft y \curvearrowright \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright( \multimap \upuparrows \downdownarrows \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonright \rightsquigarrow ! \leftrightsquigarrow
AMS : .
\nless \ngtr & \varsubsetneqq \lneq \gneq ' \varsupsetneqq \nleq \ngeq " \nsubseteqq
\nleqslant \ngeqslant # \nsupseteqq \lneqq \gneqq - \nmid \lvertneqq \gvertneqq , \nparallel \nleqq \ngeqq . \nshortmid \lnsim \gnsim / \nshortparallel \lnapprox \gnapprox \nsim \nprec \nsucc \ncong \npreceq \nsucceq 0 \nvdash \precneqq \succneqq 2 \nvDash \precnsim \succnsim 1 \nVdash \precnapprox \succnapprox 3 \nVDash( \subsetneq ) \supsetneq 6 \ntriangleleft \varsubsetneq ! \varsupsetneq 7 \ntriangleright* \nsubseteq + \nsupseteq 5 \ntrianglelefteq$ \subsetneqq % \supsetneqq 4 \ntrianglerighteq8 \nleftarrow 9 \nrightarrow = \nleftrightarrow: \nLeftarrow ; \nRightarrow < \nLeftrightarrow
.
AMS : .
~ \hbar } \hslash | \Bbbk \square \blacksquare s \circledSM \vartriangle N \blacktriangle { \complementO \triangledown H \blacktriangledown a \Game \lozenge \blacklozenge F \bigstar\ \angle ] \measuredangle \diagup \diagdown 8 \backprime@ \nexists ` \Finv ? \varnothingg \eth ^ \sphericalangle f \mho
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\title{Simple Presentation}\author[D. Flipo]{Daniel Flipo}\institute{U.S.T.L. \& GUTenberg}\titlegraphic{\includegraphics[width=20mm]{USTL}}\date{2005}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}\titlepage
\end{frame}
\section{An Example}
\begin{frame}\frametitle{Things to do on a Sunday Afternoon}\begin{block}{One could \ldots}
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\end{itemize}\end{block}and many other things
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!!!!
!!!!
!!!!!!!
"""""""""""""""
###############
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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bej&%'$&%'$behjm"!# "!# &%'$
r u x z}
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picture . diameter ( ) (x, y) .( ) \circle* .
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erutcip . . ][ .
. .
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}erutcip{dne\
H
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A
B
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b
c
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2c +b +a =: s
erutcip tup\ .
.
\linethikness \multiput . .
\setlength{\unitlength}{2mm}\begin{picture}(30,20)\linethickness{0.075mm}\multiput(0,0)(1,0){26}%{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){21}%{\line(1,0){25}}
\linethickness{0.15mm}\multiput(0,0)(5,0){6}%{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,5){5}%{\line(1,0){25}}
\linethickness{0.3mm}\multiput(5,0)(10,0){2}%{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,5)(0,10){2}%{\line(1,0){25}}
\end{picture}
\multiput(x, y)(x,y){n}{object}
:
\linethickness . ! .
. .
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\multiput(0,0)(0,1){5}%{\line(1,0){6}}
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\end{picture}
#" !#
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\put(x, y){\oval(w, h)}
\put(x, y){\oval(w, h)[position]}
b position . h w (x, y) ()right ()le ()boom ()top r l t
.
\linethickness{length} : \linethickness{length} \thicklines \thinlines \thicklines \thinlines ( )
.
.
. .
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}\put(34,26){\line(0,1){102}}\put(14,128){\usebox{\foldera}}\multiput(34,86)(0,-37){3}{\usebox{\folderb}}
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}eman{xobevaswen\
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}eman{xobesu\)y ,x(tup\
.
noitisop . lb . t )( r )( .
eman . : aredlof\ bredlof\ .
lavo\ enil\ .
.
. .
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}5{)1,0()0,0(tupitlum\}}6{)0,1(enil\{
senilkciht\}}5.0{)5,1(enil\{)5.0,5.0(tup\}}2{)1,4(enil\{)3,1(tup\)5.3,3()3,1()5.0,5.0(reizebq\senilniht\}}3{)1-,2(enil\{)2,5.2(tup\}}5.0{)5,1-(enil\{)5.0,5.5(tup\}mm1{ssenkcihtenil\)3,5()5.0,5.5()2,5.2(reizebq\senilniht\)3,3()3,4()2,4(reizebq\)2,2()3,2()3,3(reizebq\)1,3()1,2()2,2(reizebq\)2,4()1,4()1,3(reizebq\
}erutcip{dne\
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.
. ssenkcihtenil\ senilniht\ senilkciht\ .
.
)y ,x( = P ,)y ,x( = P m ,m . )y ,x( = S
= x )y y( xm xm
m m,
.) , = i( )ix x(im+ iy = y) . (
. ][ reizebq\ .
. .
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)0.0,4832.1-()0.0,0.0(reizebq\)2267.2,0.2-(
}mm570.{ssenkcihtenil\}5{)0,1()0,2-(tupitlum\}}3{)1,0(enil\{
}4{)1,0()0,2-(tupitlum\}}4{)0,1(enil\{
}mm2.{ssenkcihtenil\}}4.{)0,1(enil\{)36721.,3. (tup\}}4.{)1,0(enil\{)73270.-,5.(tup\}}4.{)0,1(enil\{)36721.,7.-(tup\}}4.{)1,0(enil\{)73270.-,5.-(tup\}}4.{)0,1(enil\{)80345.,8.(tup\}}4.{)1,0(enil\{)80343.,1(tup\}}4.{)0,1(enil\{)80345.,2.1-(tup\}}4.{)1,0(enil\{)80343.,1-(tup\}}4.{)0,1(enil\{)14253.1,3.1(tup\}}4.{)1,0(enil\{)14251.1,5.1(tup\}}4.{)0,1(enil\{)14253.1,7.1-(tup\}}4.{)1,0(enil\{)14251.1,5.1-(tup\}}2.0{*elcric\{)52.0-,5.2-(tup\}erutcip{dne\
x-
6y
u
x hsoc = y . ) ,( = m . ) . ( . ) ,( ) ,(. .
.
}erutcip{nigeb\ .
. FGP & ZkiT
)52.0-,5.2-()6.3,3.4(}erutcip{nigeb\
) ( ),( .
. .
}mc8.0{}htgneltinu\{htgneltes\)2-,3-()4,6(}erutcip{nigeb\}}5{)0,1(rotcev\{)0,5.2-(tup\}$ihc\${)1.0-,7.2(tup\}}3{)1,0(rotcev\{)5.1-,0(tup\}31{)0,4.0()1,5.2-(tupitlum\}}2.0{)0,1(enil\{
}31{)0,4.0()1-,5.2-(tupitlum\}}2.0{)0,1(enil\{
)4.1,2.0(tup\}$ihc\hnat\=c/v=ateb\${
)3588.0,3588.0()0,0(reizebq\)0469.0,2(
)3588.0-,3588.0-()0,0(reizebq\)0469.0-,2-(
}}2.0{*elcric\{)2-,3-(tup\}erutcip{dne\
-
6hnat = c/v =
t
) . ( . ) ,( = P = m )hnat ,( = P hsoc / = m . ),(
) (.
. FGP & ZkiT XETAL . FGP .
FGP + ][. .
FGP zkit . zkit . erutcipzkit
.
]3=elacs[}erutcipzkit{nigeb\)2.0-,1.0-( pilc\
;)2.1,8.1( elgnatcer]niht yrev,yarg,mc52.=pets[ward\
;)4.3,4.3( dirg )4.1-,4.1-(;)0,5.2( -- )0,5.1-( ward\;)5.1,0( -- )5.1-,0( ward\;)mc1( elcric )0,0( ward\,etihw!02!neerg=llif[wardllif\
]kcalb!05!neerg=ward)mm0,mm3( -- )0,0(
;elcyc -- )mm3:03:0( cra}erutcipzkit{dne\
.
);( . yrarbilzkitesu\
.
%{yrarbilzkitesu\}gnihpromhtap.snoitaroced
[}erutcipzkit{nigeb\]}3.=tcepsa,tneb{=noitaroced
]yargthgil=llif,etaroced[ ward\;)2,5.5( elgnatcer )0,0(
]ward,elcric[edon\;}A{ )5.,5.( ta )A(
]ward,elcric[edon\;}B{ )5.1,5( ta )B(
;)B( -- )A( ]etaroced,>-[ward\;)A( -- )B( ]etaroced,>-[ward\}erutcipzkit{dne\
..A
.
B
. .
FGP .
. FGP & ZkiT
..
+... . . . . . . . . . . .
. . ... . . . E... . . . ... . .... . ... .
-... . . . . . . . . . . .
tolpfgp . . tolpung .
. cip-YXyx . :
}yx{]snoitpo[egakcapesu\
snoitpo cip-YX . . lla YX .
cip-YX :
}htamyalpsid{nigeb\\\ B & A{xirtamyx\
} D & C}htamyalpsid{dne\
B A
D C
xirtamyx\ . . ra\ .
}htamyalpsid{nigeb\\\ ]d[ra\ B & ]r[ra\ A {xirtamyx\
} ]l[ra\ C & ]u[ra\ D}htamyalpsid{dne\
B // A
D
OO
ooC
. punwodthgir el .
}htamyalpsid{nigeb\{xirtamyx\\\ B & ]r[ra\ ]rd[ra\ ]d[ra\ A} C & D
}htamyalpsid{dne\
A
@ @@
@@@@
@B //
C D
.
.
. cip-YX
}htamyalpsid{nigeb\{xirtamyx\\\ & & ]rrd[ra\ ]rd[ra\ ]d[ra\ A} D & C & B
}htamyalpsid{dne\
A
@ @@
@@@@
@
PP''PPP
PPPPPP
PPP
D C B
.
.
}htamyalpsid{nigeb\{xirtamyx\& g_]d[ra\ f^]r[ra\ A
\\ }'g{^]d[ra\ B} C & }'f{_]r[ra\ D
}htamyalpsid{dne\
A// f
g
B
g
D
fC //
.
. : | .
}htamyalpsid{nigeb\{xirtamyx\& g|]d[ra\ f|]r[ra\ A
\\ }'g{|]d[ra\ B} C & }'f{|]r[ra\ D
}htamyalpsid{dne\
// f A
g
B
g
C // f D
eloh\|]...[ra\ .
.
.
\begin{displaymath}\xymatrix{\bullet\ar@{->}[rr] && \bullet\\\bullet\ar@{.}[rr] &&
\bullet\\\bullet\ar@2{->}[rr] && \bullet\\\bullet\ar@3{->}[rr] && \bullet\\\bullet\ar@{=+}[rr] && \bullet}\end{displaymath}
//
oo
_?/o/o/o/o/o/o/o
/o/o/o/o/o/o/o
//
+3
_*4
_
:
\begin{displaymath}\xymatrix{\bullet \ar[r]
\ar@{.>}[r] &\bullet}\end{displaymath}
////
\begin{displaymath}\xymatrix{\bullet \ar@/^/[r]
\ar@/_/@{.>}[r] &\bullet}\end{displaymath}
((66
XY-pic . . XY-pic :
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
}dnammocsl{nigeb\}mud{ic\}dnammocsl{dne\
mud\
dnammocsl ic\ . mud\
mud\ . dnammocsl
. .
. .
}noitined{]mun[}eman{dnammocwen\
: )eman( )noitined(. mun )
(. .
. ssnt\ .2 XETAL ot noitcudortnI trohS oS toN e .
.
ton ehT{}ssnt\{dnammocwen\ot noitcudortnI trohS os}eXeTaL\
}{stodl\ ''ssnt\`` si sihT''ssnt\``
ot noitcudortnI trohS os ton e si siot noitcudortnI trohS os ton e 2 XETAL2 XETAL
. 1# . 2# .
]1[}tisxt\{dnammocwen\trohS }1#{hpme\ eht si sihT{
}eXeTaL\ ot noitcudortnI:ydob tnemucod eht ni %}ezimeti{nigeb\}os ton{tisxt\ meti\}yrev{tisxt\ meti\}ezimeti{dne\
ot noitcudortnI trohS os ton eht si si 2 XETAL
ot noitcudortnI trohS yrev eht si si 2 XETAL
.
: dnammocwener\. dnammocwen\ .
dnammocedivorp\ . dnammocwen\
.
.
.
.
. .
dnammocwen\ tnemnorivnewen\. :
}rea{}erofeb{]mun[}eman{tnemnorivnewen\
tnemnorivnewen\ . erofeb . rea }eman{dne\ .
tnemnorivnewen\ .
}gnik{tnemnorivnewen\%}xe1{}xe1{elur\{
}}}1{hcterts\{ecapsh\%}}1{hcterts\{ecapsh\{
}}xe1{}xe1{elur\
}gnik{nigeb\stodl\ stcejbus elbmuh yM}gnik{dne\
stcejbus elbmuh yM
mun dnammocwen\ . .
tnemnorivnewener\ . tnemnorivnewen\.
. elur\ hcterts\ ecapsh\ .
. .
. secapserongi\ .
. dneretfasecapserongi\ secapserongi\ .
\newenvironment{simple}%{\noindent}%{\par\noindent}
\begin{simple}See the space\\to the left.\end{simple}Same\\here.
See the spaceto the le.Samehere.
\newenvironment{correct}%{\noindent\ignorespaces}%{\par\noindent%\ignorespacesafterend}
\begin{correct}No space\\to the left.\end{correct}Same\\here.
No spaceto the le.Samehere.
. .
Makele . .
:
\usepackage{ifthen}\ifthenelse{\equal{\blackandwhite}{true}}{% "black and white" mode; do something..
}{% "color" mode; do something different..
}
:
latex '\newcommand{\blackandwhite}{true}\input{test.tex}'
\blackandwhite . \blackandwhite . false
.
. .
.
. egakcapesu\ .
rekiteO saiboT yb egakcaP omeD %}kcapomed{egakcaPsedivorP\noitcudortnI trohS os ton ehT{}ssnt\{dnammocwen\
}eXeTaL\ ottrohS }1#{hpme\ ehT{]1[}tisxt\{dnammocwen\
}eXeTaL\ ot noitcudortnI}}etouq{dne\{}}etouq{nigeb\{}gnik{tnemnorivnewen\
. :
yts. .
}eman egakcap{egakcaPsedivorP\
. egakcaPsedivorP\ . .
.
.
. .
) (.
. .
. . . .
.
dna llams ehT llams\{}delur snamoR }dlob{fbtxet\gib taerg fo lla egraL\{}.}ylatI{titxet\
fo lla delur snamoR dlob dna llams e.ylatI gib taerg
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
dna egral EGRAL\{ sekil eH.sreel llams dna egral sekil eH .}srettel }llams llams\{
. }
. :
fires snas }...{fstxet\ namor }...{mrtxet\retirwepyt }...{tttxet\
ecaf dlob }...{fbtxet\ muidem }...{dmtxet\cilati }...{titxet\ thgirpu }...{putxet\C S }...{cstxet\ detnals }...{lstxet\tnof tnemucod }...{lamrontxet\ dezisahpme }...{hpme\
. :
tnof ynit ynit\tnof llams yrev ezistpircs\tnof llams etiuq ezisetontoof\tnof llams llams\tnof lamron ezislamron\tnof egral egral\
tnof regral egraL\
tnof egral yrev EGRAL\eguh eguh\tsegral eguH\
.
: .
size 10pt (default) 11pt option 12pt option\tiny 5pt 6pt 6pt\scriptsize 7pt 8pt 8pt\footnotesize 8pt 9pt 10pt\small 9pt 10pt 11pt\normalsize 10pt 11pt 12pt\large 12pt 12pt 14pt\Large 14pt 14pt 17pt\LARGE 17pt 17pt 20pt\huge 20pt 20pt 25pt\Huge 25pt 25pt 25pt
: .
\mathrm{...} RomanFont\mathbf{...} BoldfaceFont\mathsf{...} Sans Serif Font\mathtt{...} Typewriter Font\mathit{...} Italic Font\mathcal{...} CALLIGRAPHICFONT\mathnormal{...} Normal Font
. rap\ .
!siht daer t'noD egraL\{.eurt ton si tI}rap\!em eveileb nac uoY
.eurt ton si tI !siht daer tnoD!em eveileb nac uoY
.rehtie eurt ton si sihT egraL\{rap\}.rail a ma I rebmemer tuB
-er tuB .rehtie eurt ton si si.rail a ma I rebmem
.
}egraL{nigeb\.eurt ton si sihTeseht si tahw ,niaga neht tuBstodl\ syad}egraL{dne\
,niaga neht tuB .eurt ton si si syad eseht si tahw
.
. .
.
dnammocwen\ .
%{]1[}spoo\{dnammocwen\}}1#{fbtxet\,moor siht }retne{spoo\ ton oD}senihcam{spoo\ yb deipucco s'ti.esoprup dna nigiro nwonknu fo
-am yb deipucco sti ,moor siht retne ton oD.esoprup dna nigiro nwonknu fo seni
fbtxet\ .
. .
:
rap\ .
.
Remember! TheMO RE fonts you use in adocument the more readable andbeautiful it becomes.
! .
.
. .
\linespread{factor}
\linespread{1.6} \linespread{1.3}. .
. \linespread :
\setlength{\baselineskip}{1.5\baselineskip}
{\setlength{\baselineskip}%{1.5\baselineskip}
This paragraph is typeset withthe baseline skip set to 1.5 ofwhat it was before. Note the parcommand at the end of theparagraph.\par}
This paragraph has a clearpurpose, it shows that after thecurly brace has been closed,everything is back to normal.
is paragraph is typeset with the baselineskip set to 1.5 of what it was before. Note thepar command at the end of the paragraph.is paragraph has a clear purpose, it showsthat aer the curly brace has been closed, ev-erything is back to normal.
. .
.
}tp0{}tnednirap\{htgneltes\}xe2.0 sunim xe5.0 sulp xe1{}piksrap\{