Energy and Fuels

Laura Schaefer

McMurtry Professor and Department Chair Mechanical Engineering

Rice University

http://laura.schaefer.web.rice.edu/

Presentation Overview

•  Overall Energy Outlook –  Global –  National –  Sectors + Food-Energy-Water Nexus

•  Conventional vs. Renewable Electricity Generation

•  Residential and Commercial Sectors •  Transportation Sector •  Industry •  Broader Impacts and Solutions

Global Energy Outlook

•  Energy consumption has serious economic, environmental and social ramifications

Sources for all charts and numbers are given at the end of the presentation.

World Energy Consumption

Per Capita World Energy Consumption

Environmental Consequences: CO2 Emissions

Mill

ion

Met

ric T

ons

We’ll Just Use Renewables, Right?

Renewable Energy Share of Global Energy Consumption

Renewable Energy Share of Electricity Production

Economic Consequences: Global New Investment in Renewables

Other Economic Consequences

Social Consequences

Social Consequences

•  Millennium Development Goals –  To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger –  To achieve universal primary education –  To promote gender equality and empower women –  To reduce child mortality –  To improve maternal health –  To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases –  To ensure environmental sustainability –  To develop a global partnership for development

Energy Consumption in the U.S. and North America

•  What about closer to home? •  How does U.S. energy consumption

compare to the rest of the world? •  How has it changed over time?

Consumption Per Household

Consumption Per Person

CO2 emissions M

illio

n M

etric

Ton

s

U.S. Renewable Energy Consumption by Source and Sector

Energy Consumption by Sector

•  Electricity Generation •  Residential and Commercial •  Transportation •  Industry

Food-Energy-Water Nexus

Food-Energy-Water Nexus (1)

•  Water and Energy Are Inextricably Linked – Water has been used to generate energy for

hundreds of years – Energy input is required to create clean water.

Food-Energy-Water Nexus (2)

Food-Energy-Water Nexus (3)

•  Sewage Treatment: Up to 50+ kBtu/GPD •  Water “Transportation” •  Desalination

Desalinization via Reverse Osmosis Traditional water treatment: $0.50 per 1000 gallons RO for seawater: $2–3 per 1000 gallons RO for brackish water: $1–1.50 per 1000 gallons RO Costs:

Fixed Costs: 37% Electricity: 44% Membrane replacement: 5% Labor: 4% Maintenance: 7% Consumables: 3%

Energy and Water: An Integrated View

Food-Energy-Water Nexus (1)

•  Food as a producer of energy –  In 2000, 90% of corn crop went to feed people

and livestock, <5% to produce ethanol –  In 2015, 40%+ of corn crop went to produce

ethanol – Grain required to fill a 25-gallon gas tank =

food for one person per year – Direct emission are less, indirect + direct

emissions are equivalent

Food-Energy-Water Nexus (2)

•  Food as a consumer of energy – Direct Use: Harvesting, Drying, Transport,

Livestock, etc. –  Indirect Use: Fertilizers, Pesticides, etc.

Food-Energy-Water Nexus (3)

Electricity Generation: Conventional and Renewable

•  Current State •  New Technologies Using Conventional Fuels •  Renewable Energy Technologies

U.S. Electric Utilities

Year

Pow

er G

ener

atio

n

Emis

sion

s

(Buildings account for 40% of energy consumption)

350.0

400.0

450.0

500.0

550.0

600.0

650.0

700.0

750.0

800.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

2500.0

3000.0

3500.0

4000.0

4500.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Net Power Generation (Billion kWh)

Emissions (Million Metric Tons Carbon)

Natural Gas-Fired Electricity Generation Expected to Reach Record Level in 2016

Monthly U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation in 2016 Surpasses Previous Years

Renewables’ Share of North America Electricity Mix Expected to Rise

New Technologies Using Conventional Fuels (1)

•  New Extraction and Processing Techniques – Fracking

New Technologies Using Conventional Fuels (2)

•  New Extraction and Processing Techniques – Syngas

New Technologies Using Conventional Fuels (3)

•  Higher Efficiency Power Plants – Energy Recovery – Dry Cooling

New Technologies Using Conventional Fuels (4)

•  Advanced Technologies –  Fuel Cells (SOFC, etc.) –  Cascading Energy Systems –  Waste Heat Recovery –  Distributed Generation

SupporttubeAir flow

Anode

Fuel side

Interconnection

Electrolyte

Cathode

xro

Current in

Joule heating

Electrochemicalreaction heat

Current outNickel belt

Nickel belt

Distributed Generation: Optimal Power Network Design

•  Use Waste Heat at Plant Location •  Location

– Cost – Transmission Losses – Deterministic and Stochastic Issues

•  Reliability – Back-Up Power – Failure Probabilities

Renewable Technologies

•  Solar (PV/T) •  Wind (Turbines) •  Water (Hydropower/hydrokinetics) •  Energy Harvesting •  CHP/Cascading Energy Systems

Solar Technologies

•  Photovoltaics – Nano-based technology – Organic cells – High concentration MJ cells – Building integrated PV (Tesla Solar Shingles)

•  Thermal – Heating – Power towers – Organic Rankine cycles

Wind Technologies

•  Wind Turbines – On land – At sea

Water Technologies (1)

•  Traditional techniques have involved dams

Three Gorges Dam produces ~10X power of Hoover Dam, yet displaces hundreds of thousands

Water Technologies (2)

•  New approaches include: – Run-of-river hydrokinetic turbines – Piezoelectrics – Wave Generation

•  Imbedded •  Floating

Energy Harvesting

•  Thermoacoustic Refrigeration •  Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

Stack Length vs Cooling Power

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.005 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.015

Stack Length (m)

Cool

ing

Pow

er (W

)

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%

Combined Heating and Power

•  Multijunction PV Cells (GaInP/GaAs/Ge) Have Very High Efficiencies

•  Can Minimize Cell Area (and Cost) With Concentrating Lenses

•  Increased Temperatures Lead to Decreased Efficiency

Useful Waste Heat

Qloss

Qoffset

Wpump

Can Combine Renewable and Traditional Energy Systems in Cascading Energy Systems

PV

SOFC

Turbine

Chiller

Boiler

Electricity

ChilledWater

Hot Water

PV

SOFC

Turbine

Chiller

Boiler

Electricity

ChilledWater

Hot Water

U.S. Residential and Commercial Consumption

•  39% of U.S. Primary Energy Use •  11 Trillion kWh (38 Quadrillion Btu) •  $200 Billion •  30% of Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions •  600 Million Metric Tons of Carbon •  4.6 Million Commercial Buildings •  12% of Potable Water Consumption

U.S. Residential and Commercial Consumption

•  Focus on efficiency – high performance buildings – Equipment within a building

•  HVAC units, electronics, unused resources, etc.

– Design of the building envelope •  Also, distributed generation again

High Performance Buildings

•  High-performance buildings use minimal energy input (i.e. - electricity, natural gas, biomass) to provide all of their electrical, heating, and cooling needs

•  Flexible, Functional Workplaces •  Protect the Natural Environment •  Integrated “Whole-Buildings” Approach

Definition of Bioclimatic Architecture

•  The design of buildings or urban spaces that takes into account climate and environmental conditions to help achieve thermal comfort.

•  Deals with architectural elements, avoiding mechanical systems, which are regarded as support rather then solution.

•  Vernacular architecture as good examples:

Climate Consciousness

•  Characteristics of specific climate: –  Dry bulb temperature –  Wet bulb temperature –  Maximum and minimum temperatures –  Wind velocity –  Direction of predominant winds –  Relative humidity –  Precipitation – rain, snow etc.. –  Annual distributions – distinct periods –  Macro and Micro climate

Learning From the Vernacular

•  High thermal mass •  Protection against solar radiation •  Use of solar radiation •  Use of natural resources •  Conscious choice of built form •  Protection against wind

–  Entrance protection •  Capturing wind

–  Location of openings •  Protection against cold temperature •  Town planning (site, shape, street orientation)

Not all vernacular is all that comfortable. Don’t romanticize!

Transportation

•  New fuels •  Hybrid vehicle design

– Battery capacity •  Light-weighting, streamlining, other design

improvements

U.S. Biodiesel Production

384.74 million gallons of gas consumed each day

Vehicle Types

Vehicle Types

Vehicle Types

Vehicle Types

Vehicle Types

Advantages/Disadvantages

•  Whether Using Natural Gas or Electricity, Not Really Zero Emissions

•  Methane ⇒ Hydrogen – Steam reforming – CH4 + H2O => 3H2 + CO – CO + H2O => H2 + CO2 –  80% efficiency

•  Power Plant Emissions –  33%-45% efficiency

Industry

•  Everything is interconnected

Approximately 32 liters of water to produce a 2-gram microchip; a microchip manufacturing plant can easily use one million gallons of water per day. 16000 tons of water per ton of chips!

Industry & Sustainable Water Use

225 tons of water per ton of paper (US, Europe); 450 tons of water per ton of paper (China)

6 tons of water per ton of steel (US & Europe); 20-60 tons of water per ton of steel in China

What Do We Need?

•  “Better” Means To: – Convert – Utilize – Distribute

Energy •  Better = Lower Emissions, Lower Costs,

Higher Security, Higher Safety, Etc.

How Do We Solve These Problems?

•  Science and Engineering Fundamentals •  Working with Military, Public Health, Policy,

Other Agencies •  Local and International •  Research, Education,

Outreach

Research

Education Outreach

Now is the Time

•  Climate change may be escalating so fast it could be ‘game over,’ scientists warn – Independent, 11/9/16 –  New research suggests the Earth’s climate could be more sensitive

to greenhouse gases than thought, raising the spectre of an ‘apocalyptic side of bad’ temperature rise of more than 7C within a lifetime.

•  As we recover from this recession, the transition to clean energy has the potential to grow our economy and create millions of jobs - but only if we accelerate that transition. Only if we seize the moment. – President Barack Obama (1/29/2012)

Organize and Measure the Best of our Energies and Skills

September 12, 1962

We meet at a college noted for knowledge, in a city noted for progress, in a State noted for strength, and we stand in need of all three, for we meet in an hour of change and challenge, in a decade of hope and fear, in an age of both knowledge and ignorance. The greater our knowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds. Despite the striking fact that most of the scientists that the world has ever known are alive and working today, despite the fact that this Nation¹s own scientific manpower is doubling every 12 years in a rate of growth more than three times that of our population as a whole, despite that, the vast stretches of the unknown and the unanswered and the unfinished still far outstrip our collective comprehension. This is a breathtaking pace, and such a pace cannot help but create new ills as it dispels old, new ignorance, new problems, new dangers. Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas? We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win.

Sources

•  Renewables 2016 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/

•  DOE, EIA, Today in Energy: http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/ •  Burn, An Energy Journal:

http://burnanenergyjournal.com/how-much-energy-are-we-using/ •  International Renewable Energy Agency:

http://www.irena.org/home/index.aspx?PriMenuID=12&mnu=PriPriMenuID=12&mnu=Pri

•  Alternative Fuels Data Center: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/ •  Bloomberg, Energy Revolution:

https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-11-09/trump-cannot-halt-the-march-of-clean-energy

Sources (cont.)

•  DOE Report On The Water-Energy Nexus: http://energy.gov/under-secretary-science-and-energy/downloads/water-energy-nexus-challenges-and-opportunities

•  Watergy: https://www.ase.org/projects/watergy •  Agriculture’s Supply and Demand for Energy and Energy Products:

http://ers.usda.gov/data-products/ •  Netanir:

http://www.netanir.ir/VisitorPages/show.aspx?IsDetailList=true&ItemID=638,1

•  American Wind Energy Association: http://www.awea.org/Resources/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=5059

•  DOE, EIA, Everything Explained: http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm/data/index.cfm

Acknowledgments

•  NSF EFRI-1038139, CBET-1233106,CBET-0729905, DGE-0504345, CBET-0238841, ECCS-052463, and EEC-0203341

•  AFOSR F49620-03-1-0278 •  ASHRAE 702237 •  PITA 1040310-152757

Acknowledgments

Extra Slides

Renewable Energy Consumption and Energy CO2 Emissions

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

SOFC Advantages: •  High efficiency •  Environmentally friendly •  All solid parts •  No expensive catalysts •  Flexible fuel option •  High temperature waste

heat (around 1000°C ) suitable for cogeneration/ bottoming cycles

Cooling

Cooling η cycle =

Cooling Energy

Solar Energy

η cycle = Cooling Energy

Electricity

Cooling η cycle =

Cooling Energy

Fossil fuel

Comparing Conventional and Renewable Technologies: Apples to Oranges

Cooling η cycle =

Cooling Energy

Solar Energy

Cooling Cooling Energy

Solar Energy

η cycle =

Back to the Beginning

Efficiency Comparison

= 5110

U.S. Crude Oil Production and Energy Consumption