Lecciones de Clusters

7/29/2019 Lecciones de Clusters

1/12

P E T E R G . W . K E E NV I S I T I N G P R O F E S S O R E G A D E

C H A I M R A N , K E E N I N N O V A T I O N S

LESSONS FROM CLUSTER

DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE

WORLD

ADIAT 2012


2/12

NATIONAL PATTERNS OF SUCCESS IN

DEVELOPMENT

Little evidence that national directive-basedgovernment policies work well: Europe, Australia, Asia

Cluster focus emerging as opportunity and second orderproblem: urban/rural interactions

Single strand national technology plans to bridge DigitalDivide too often misdirected

PC is the past; mobile is the catalyst for ruraldevelopment: Africa, India

Globalization is now fundamentally driven by issues ofeducation especially at the non-university level

National agenda should be to shift focus from top-downto enabling cluster development: funding/capital,education, selective infrastructures


3/12

STRANGE ATTRACTORS

A complex dynamic system

looks chaotic and everything

is skipping around

Nonlinear, unpredictable

But it is stable: doesnt break

apart or come to halt

Useful way to think aboutclusters and dynamic

development

Identify and build on the

embedded attractors


4/12

HIDDEN JEWELS:

HOW CLUSTERS EMERGE

1. High-skill, cost effective talent pools:

2. An embedded anchor

3. Coalition of enablers and negotiators

4. Access to first-rate university

5. Activist vocational education and training

6. Undervalued housing and availability of land, livability

7. Strong transportation hubs

8. Appropriate demographics9. Access to financial capital

10. First rate telecommunications and utility infrastructures

11. Strong civil society

12. Media interest and reach


5/12

7

Relative labor cost burden

Low High

Premium Specialist Creative

Skill capabilities economy

base

Commodity Assembly Outsourcing

economy crisis creator

Global Capability Sourcing:

The global search for talent


6/12

ANOMALIES AND ARCHETYPES

Anomalies are different and news

Many are unique, situational, or transient

Over-mythologized: 400 meters in Mumbai

Single variable explanation:

Can fade as fast as they grew: Ireland and high tech firms,

tax incentives

Archetypes are alerts to patterns Toyota, Walmart and Amazon signal new best practices

Sense-making analysis of such regions as Jena (Germany),


7/12

SOME EXAMPLES

Jena, Germany: radical reformation of education system, surroundthe anchor

Omaha, Nebraska: bring together coalition with on the ground clout;governor, mayors, education leaders, business amabassadors

Bratislava, Slovakia: trade gateway heritage, hub for IBM in globalSCM rationalization

Accra, Ghana: SOFTTribe, struggle to leverage IT innovators as acluster; talent base, infrastructure

Chilean salmon farming: talent pool creating an industry

Queretaro, Mexico: Bombardier aircraft repair facility as anchor;

talent pool skilled labor cost edge of 30%; strong training base

Romania: Infosys outsourcing: If thats where the engineers are,thats where well go

Dongguang, China: Chinas Detroit: if wage cost pulls companies in,it can move them out

Vietnam, India: demographics as destiny


8/12

JENA, GERMANY

Per capita income $18,000 vs Western region $30,000,12% unemployment; 90% of Kombinat employees laid off

Talent pool: 1/3 of workers have college degrees

Anchors: Zeiss optics: once 23K of 68K city labor force, dropped to 4K;

surround with specialty parks, labs, companies: materialsscience, photonics, advanced cameras, etc.

Friedrich Schiller University: radical reformation of entrie

education system: new primary and secondary schoolcertification, 85% of Schiller faculty fired and replaced

Fraunhofer Institute scientists 2006 produce videoprojector size of sugar cube


9/12

EMBEDDED ANCHORS

Heritage matters; build on something sound andevolve

Tax incentives often temporary and appeal to

business opportunism; Ireland and computermanufacturers

Mobile talent can be lured and lost quickly; successof Sofia Antipolis, France, telecommunications

cluster, now losing jobs Science parks and consortia: little leverage in

isolation


10/12

THE TRUTH IN ACCOUNTING PROBLEM

Little incentive for most parties to include the fullcosts of development and its impact Labor abuses

Environmental damage Expanding rural-urban divide

Land and housing

Major opportunity in cluster development will be toturn the problems of waste into a blue economy

opportunity (Carlos Scheel, EGADE) Social/political anti-business stance demands solutions that

are often seen as anti-growth

Cluster growth incentives must make solutions economicallyand socially attractive


11/12

SEARCHERS AND PLANNERS

Disillusion with national policy drivers, funding agencies andinstitutional approaches UNIDO-CDP case studies India

Australia Diamond Factor reviews

New realism ICT, Digital Divide reactions Easterley counterview:

Planners determine what to supply; Searchers find out what is indemand.. A Searcher hopes to find answers to individual problems onlyby trial and error experimentation Searchers have better incentivesand better results. When a high willingness to pay for a thing coincides with

low costs for that thing, Searchers will find a way to get it to the customer. Where is the leverage?

Policy and infrastructure?

Self-development by talent pools?

Businesses, agencies?

Rural, urban?


12/12

CONCLUSION: A PERSONAL ASSESSMENT OF

THE KEY ISSUES FOR MEXICO CLUSTERS

1. High-skill, cost effective talent pools:

2. Embedded anchors: life sciences, health logistics, new

generation supply chains, North-South gateways

3. Coalitions of enablers and negotiators

4. Access to first-rate university; retain academics, leveragebusiness networking

5. Activist vocational education and training; requires radical

not incremental moves

6. Undervalued housing and availability of land, livability

7. Strong transportation hubs8. Appropriate demographics

9. Access to financial capital for SMEs10. First rate telecommunications and utility infrastructures

11. Strong civil society

12. Media interest and reach

Documents

Lecciones de Clusters