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©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Lectu
re #
34
Pro
f. J
oh
n W
. S
uth
erl
an
d
Ap
ril 10, 2006
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Lesso
ns f
rom
Man
ufa
ctu
rin
g L
ayo
uts
�P
rocesses
�P
roje
ct
�B
atc
h
�J
ob
sh
op
�L
ine
Flo
w
�C
on
tin
uo
us
�E
qu
ipm
en
t�
Ge
ne
ral
pu
rpo
se
�S
pe
cia
lize
d
Fro
m V
an B
ennekom
(2005)
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Pro
ce
ss-P
rod
uct
Matr
ix
Pro
ject
Job S
hop
Batc
h
Lin
e F
low
•C
onti
nuous
•D
iscre
te
Flo
w
Patt
erns
Jum
ble
d
Consis
tent
Product
Each U
niq
ue –
Wid
e V
ari
ety
Com
modit
y–
Lit
tle V
ari
ety
????
Opportu
nit
ies
for r
eal
advanta
ge
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Facil
itie
s L
ayo
ut
�F
ixe
d P
os
itio
n l
ayo
ut
�H
ug
e a
nd
im
mo
vab
le�
Sh
ips, b
uild
ing
s e
tc.
�P
roc
es
s L
ayo
ut
�F
ocu
s o
n p
roces
se
s�
Batc
h p
rod
ucti
on
, jo
b s
ho
p
�P
rod
uc
t L
ayo
ut
�F
ocu
s o
n o
ne p
rod
uct
�A
ssem
bly
Lin
e
�C
om
bin
ati
on
La
yo
ut
�M
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g C
ell
s�
Fo
cu
s o
n p
art
fam
ilie
s w
ith
sim
ilar
ch
ara
cte
risti
cs
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Pro
ce
ss L
ayo
ut
Tu
rnin
gD
rillin
g
Millin
gG
rin
din
g
Pain
tin
gA
ssem
bly
&T
est
1
1
1 1
2
2
2
Recep
tio
nR
eco
rds
Ped
iatr
ics
X-r
ay e
tc.
Lab
ora
tory
Inte
rnal
Med
icin
e
Ph
arm
ac
y
1
1
12
2
2
Nu
mb
ers
refe
r to
pa
tie
nts
A t
yp
ical
job
sh
op
/ba
tch
pro
du
cti
on
sh
op
A t
yp
ical
serv
ice o
pera
tio
n
Num
be
rs r
ep
resent jo
bs o
r pa
tients
Pro
duct
travels
to d
edic
ate
d p
rocessin
g
cente
rs.
Obje
ctive:
Min
imiz
e T
ota
l lo
ad *
Dis
tance
Tra
vele
d
The a
rrang
em
ent
should
pro
vid
e
gre
ate
r clo
sen
ess r
ating.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Pro
du
ct
La
yo
ut
–F
low
Sh
op
Can
han
dle
hig
h v
olu
mes o
f th
e s
am
e p
rod
uct
Sta
tion 2
Sta
tion 3
Sta
tion 1
Sta
tion n
-1S
tation n
. . .
Ra
w
Ma
teri
als
Fin
ish
ed
Go
od
s
Additio
nal M
ate
rial,
com
ponents
or
labor
Tota
l id
le t
ime a
t th
e s
tations s
ho
uld
be a
min
imu
m.
Wo
rk m
oves
th
rou
gh
a f
ixed
ro
ute
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Cell
ula
r L
ay
ou
t
La
the
sM
illi
ng
Ma
ch
ine
s
Dri
lls
He
at
Tre
ati
ng
Ge
ar-
cu
ttin
gM
ac
hin
es
Sh
ap
ers
Gri
nd
ing
Ma
ch
ine
s
Sh
ipp
ing
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Pro
cess L
ayo
ut
Mil
lin
gM
ac
hin
eL
ath
eD
rill
Gri
nd
La
the
Mil
lin
gM
ac
hin
eG
ea
r c
ut G
rin
dH
ea
tT
rea
tL
ath
eD
rill
Sh
ap
eM
illi
ng
Ma
ch
ine
He
at
Tre
at
Gri
nd
Shipping
1 2 3 4
Cellu
lar
La
yo
ut
Each p
art
/pro
duct
has its
ow
n
cell
or
gro
up o
f m
achin
es.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Co
mp
ari
so
n o
f L
ayo
ut
Typ
es
No.
Fe
atu
reP
roce
ss
La
yo
ut
Pro
duct
La
yo
ut
Cellu
lar
La
yout
1T
hro
ugh
put
Tim
eH
igh
Lo
wLo
w
2W
IP Invento
ryH
igh
Lo
wLo
w
3F
lexib
ility
- V
olu
me
Hig
hLo
wH
igh
4F
lexib
ility
- P
roduct
Mix
Hig
hLo
wH
igh
5U
tiliz
atio
n -
Equip
ment
Lo
wH
igh
Hig
h
6U
tiliz
atio
n -
Labo
rLo
wH
igh
Hig
h
7Lab
or
skill
s n
ee
de
dH
igh
Lo
wH
igh
8T
ype o
f e
quip
me
nt
Gen
era
lS
pecia
lG
en
era
l
9P
rod.
Pla
nnin
g &
Co
ntr
ol
Difficult
Easy
Difficult
10
Mate
rial H
andlin
gH
igh
Lo
wLo
w
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Serv
ice-s
ca
pes
�T
he p
hysic
al en
vir
on
men
t o
r serv
ice-s
cap
eo
f th
e s
up
po
rtin
g
serv
ice f
acilit
y in
flu
en
ces b
oth
cu
sto
mer
an
d e
mp
loyee b
eh
avio
r an
d s
ho
uld
be d
esig
ned
wit
h a
n
imag
e a
nd
feel th
at
is c
on
sis
ten
t w
ith
th
e s
erv
ice c
on
cep
t to
be
pro
vid
ed
.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Typ
olo
gy o
f S
erv
ices
ca
pes
Wh
o P
erfo
rms
in
Ser
vic
esca
pe
Ph
ysi
cal
Com
ple
xit
y o
f th
e S
ervic
esca
pe
E
lab
ora
te
L
ean
Sel
f-se
rvic
e
(cu
stom
er o
nly
)
Go
lf c
ou
rse
Wat
er s
lide
par
k
Po
st o
ffic
e k
iosk
E-c
om
mer
ce
Inte
rper
son
al
(bo
th)
Lu
xu
ry h
ote
l
Air
lin
e te
rmin
al
Bu
dg
et h
ote
l
Bu
s st
atio
n
Rem
ote
ser
vic
e
(em
plo
yee
on
ly)
Res
earc
h l
ab
L.L
. B
ean
Tel
emar
ket
ing
On
lin
e te
ch s
up
port
Bit
ner
1992
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Service-scapeFramework
Bit
ner
1992
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
En
vir
on
men
tal D
imen
sio
ns o
f S
erv
ice-s
cap
es
�D
esig
nin
g P
hysic
al S
urr
ou
nd
ing
s t
o
Aff
ect
Em
plo
yee a
nd
Cu
sto
mer
Beh
avio
r:�
Am
bie
nt
Co
nd
itio
ns
: b
ac
kg
rou
nd
c
ha
rac
teri
sti
cs
su
ch
as
no
ise
le
ve
l, m
us
ic,
lig
hti
ng
, te
mp
era
ture
, a
nd
sc
en
t.�
Sp
ati
al
La
yo
ut
an
d F
un
cti
on
ali
ty:
rec
ep
tio
n a
rea
, c
irc
ula
tio
n p
ath
s o
f e
mp
loye
es
an
d c
us
tom
ers
, a
nd
fo
ca
l p
oin
ts.
�S
ign
s,
Sym
bo
ls,
an
d A
rtif
ac
ts:
se
lec
tio
n,
ori
en
tati
on
, lo
ca
tio
n,
an
d s
ize
of
ob
jec
ts.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Facil
ity D
esig
n C
on
sid
era
tio
ns
�N
atu
re a
nd
Ob
jec
tiv
es
of
Se
rvic
e
Org
an
iza
tio
n�
a f
ire s
tati
on
mu
st
have a
str
uctu
re l
arg
e e
no
ug
h
to h
ou
se its
veh
icle
s, o
n-d
uty
pers
on
nel,
etc
.�
a b
an
k m
ust
be d
esig
ned
to
acco
mm
od
ate
so
me
typ
e o
f vau
lt�
La
nd
Av
ail
ab
ilit
y a
nd
Sp
ac
e R
eq
uir
em
en
ts�
In a
n u
rban
sett
ing
, b
uild
ing
s o
nly
can
be
exp
an
ded
up
ward
, e.g
., M
cD
on
ald
s in
co
rpo
rati
ng
seco
nd
-flo
or
�F
lex
ibil
ity
�A
dap
t to
ch
an
ges i
n t
he q
uan
tity
an
d n
atu
re o
f d
em
an
d.
“D
esig
nin
g f
or
the f
utu
re”
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Facil
ity D
esig
n C
on
sid
era
tio
ns
�S
ecu
rity
�M
od
ific
ati
on
s s
inc
e 9
/11
�S
ca
nn
ers
, s
urv
eilla
nc
e c
am
era
s
�A
esth
eti
c F
acto
rs�
No
rds
tro
m’s
vs
. E
dd
ie B
au
er
Fa
cto
ry
Ou
tle
t
�T
he C
om
mu
nit
y a
nd
En
vir
on
men
t�
Dry
cle
an
er
ke
ep
ing
ha
za
rdo
us
ch
em
ica
ls
ou
t o
f th
e l
oc
al
en
vir
on
me
nt.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Pro
du
ct
Layo
ut
an
d t
he W
ork
A
llo
cati
on
Pro
ble
m�
So
me
sta
nd
ard
se
rvic
es
ca
n b
e d
ivid
ed
in
to
an
in
fle
xib
le s
eq
ue
nc
e o
f s
tep
s o
r o
pe
rati
on
s
tha
t a
ll c
us
tom
ers
mu
st
ex
pe
rie
nc
e�
Th
is i
s a
n e
xa
mp
le o
f a
pro
du
ct
layo
ut
mo
st
oft
en
as
so
cia
ted
wit
h m
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g
as
se
mb
ly l
ine
s,
wh
ere
a p
rod
uc
t is
a
ss
em
ble
d i
n a
fix
ed
se
qu
en
ce
of
ste
ps
�T
he
mo
st
ob
vio
us
an
alo
gy i
s t
o a
ca
fete
ria
, w
he
re d
ine
rs p
us
h t
he
ir t
rays
alo
ng
as
th
ey
a
ss
em
ble
th
eir
me
al.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Pro
du
ct
Layo
ut
an
d t
he W
ork
Allo
cati
on
P
rob
lem
�S
taff
ing
su
ch
a s
erv
ice
req
uir
es
all
oc
ati
ng
ta
sk
s a
mo
ng
se
rve
rs t
o c
rea
te j
ob
s t
ha
t re
qu
ire
ne
arl
y e
qu
al
tim
e.
�T
he
jo
b r
eq
uir
ing
th
e m
os
t ti
me
pe
r c
us
tom
er
cre
ate
s a
bo
ttle
ne
ck
an
d d
efi
ne
s t
he
ca
pa
cit
y
of
the
se
rvic
e l
ine
�S
ev
era
l o
pti
on
s a
re a
va
ila
ble
:�
Ad
din
g a
no
ther
wo
rker
to t
he jo
b�
Pro
vid
ing
so
me a
id t
o r
ed
uce t
he a
cti
vit
y t
ime
�R
eg
rou
pin
g t
he t
asks t
o c
reate
a n
ew
lin
e b
ala
nce
•"L
ine b
ala
ncin
g p
rob
lem
"
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Dri
ve
r’s L
icen
se O
ffic
e
�A
dri
ve
r’s
lic
en
se
off
ice
is
un
de
r p
res
su
re t
o
inc
rea
se
its
pro
du
cti
vit
y t
o a
cc
om
mo
da
te
12
0 a
pp
lic
an
ts p
er
ho
ur
wit
h t
he
ad
dit
ion
of
on
ly o
ne
cle
rk t
o its
pre
se
nt
sta
ff.
�T
he
lic
en
se
re
ne
wa
l p
roc
es
s c
urr
en
tly i
s
de
sig
ne
d a
s a
se
rvic
e l
ine,
wit
h c
us
tom
ers
b
ein
g p
roc
es
se
d i
n t
he
fix
ed
se
qu
en
ce
lis
ted
in
th
e t
ab
le
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Dri
ve
r’s L
icen
se O
ffic
e
�T
he p
rocess f
low
dia
gra
m f
or
the
cu
rren
t arr
an
gem
en
t id
en
tifi
es t
he
bo
ttle
neck a
cti
vit
y a
s a
cti
vit
y 3
. w
hic
h l
imit
s t
he c
urr
en
t cap
acit
y t
o
60 a
pp
lican
ts p
er
ho
ur.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Dri
ve
r’s L
icen
se O
ffic
e
�B
y f
ocu
sin
g o
nly
on
th
e b
ott
len
eck, o
ne
mig
ht
thin
k t
hat
assig
nin
g t
he
ad
dit
ion
al cle
rk t
o p
erf
orm
acti
vit
y 3
w
ou
ld d
ou
ble
th
e f
low
th
rou
gh
th
e
bo
ttle
neck a
nd
ach
ieve t
he g
oal o
f 120
ap
plican
ts p
er
ho
ur.
�H
ow
ever,
th
e f
low
fo
r th
is s
yste
m
wo
uld
th
en
be lim
ited
to
90 a
pp
lican
ts
per
ho
ur,
becau
se t
he b
ott
len
eck w
ou
ld
sh
ift
to a
cti
vit
y 4
.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Au
tom
ob
ile D
river’
s L
icen
se O
ffic
e�
Th
e p
rop
osed
pro
ce
ss d
esig
n w
ith
7 c
lerk
s c
an
ach
ieve t
he d
esir
ed
cap
acit
y o
f 120 a
pp
lican
ts p
er
ho
ur
becau
se a
cti
vit
ies 1
an
d 4
have b
een
gro
up
ed
to
geth
er
to c
reate
a n
ew
jo
b t
hat
bett
er
bala
nces t
he
wo
rk lo
ad
am
on
g t
he s
taff
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Dri
ve
r’s L
icen
se O
ffic
e
�T
his
exam
ple
len
ds its
elf
to
a r
ad
ical
reth
inkin
g o
f th
e p
rod
uct
layo
ut.
If
mo
ney w
ere
availab
le t
o in
vest
in
co
mp
ute
rs, ad
dit
ion
al eye-t
esti
ng
eq
uip
men
t, a
nd
cam
era
s, th
en
th
e
en
tire
pro
cess c
ou
ld b
e r
een
gin
eere
d.
�C
on
sid
er
train
ing
each
cle
rk t
o p
erf
orm
all f
ive a
cti
vit
ies w
ith
a c
om
bin
ed
tim
e
of
165 s
eco
nd
s, o
r an
in
div
idu
al fl
ow
ra
te o
f ap
pro
xim
ate
ly 2
2 c
usto
mers
per
ho
ur.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Dri
ve
r’s L
icen
se O
ffic
e
�N
ow
, an
arr
ivin
g c
usto
mer
wo
uld
be
faced
wit
h c
ho
osin
g f
rom
am
on
g 6
cle
rks w
ork
ing
in
para
llel
�T
his
syste
m w
ou
ld b
e a
pp
eali
ng
to
cu
sto
mers
, h
ow
eve
r, b
eca
use o
ne c
lerk
w
ou
ld h
an
dle
all
th
e t
ran
sacti
on
s
cu
sto
mers
wo
uld
be r
eq
uir
ed
to
wait
in
b
etw
een
.�
Fu
rth
er,
on
e w
ou
ld e
xp
ect
that
the t
ota
l ti
me c
ou
ld b
e s
ho
rten
ed
becau
se
info
rmati
on
wo
uld
no
t n
eed
to
be
rep
eate
d a
s b
efo
re�
Fin
all
y,
sta
ffin
g o
f th
e o
ffic
e w
ou
ld n
ow
b
e f
lexib
le b
ecau
se o
nly
th
e n
um
ber
of
cle
rks r
eq
uir
ed
to
meet
an
ticip
ate
d
dem
an
d n
eed
be o
n d
uty
. T
his
sa
vin
gs i
n
lab
or
co
uld
ju
sti
fy t
he i
nve
stm
en
t in
6
wo
rk s
tati
on
s.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Pro
ce
ss L
ayo
ut
�A
pro
ce
ss
la
yo
ut:
all
ow
s c
us
tom
ers
to
de
fin
e
se
qu
en
ce
of
se
rvic
e a
cti
vit
ies
to
me
et
the
ir
ne
ed
s -
-p
rov
ide
s s
om
e d
eg
ree
of
cu
sto
miz
ati
on
�F
rom
se
rvic
e p
rov
ide
r’s
pe
rsp
ec
tiv
e,
flo
w o
f c
us
tom
ers
ap
pe
ars
to
be
in
term
itte
nt
–n
ee
d
for
a w
ait
ing
are
a i
n e
ac
h d
ep
art
me
nt
�A
n e
xa
mp
le o
f a
se
rvic
e p
roc
es
s l
ayo
ut
is a
u
niv
ers
ity c
am
pu
s w
ith
bu
ild
ing
s d
ed
ica
ted
to
va
rio
us
dis
cip
lin
es
–s
tud
en
ts g
o f
rom
b
ldg
-to
-bld
g t
o a
tte
nd
cla
ss
es
.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Pro
cess L
ayo
ut
an
d t
he R
ela
tive L
ocati
on
P
rob
lem
�R
ela
tive lo
cati
on
pro
ble
m –
ho
w d
o w
e
form
th
e layo
ut
of
the c
am
pu
s?
�F
or
stu
den
t/fa
cu
lty c
on
ven
ien
ce,
dep
art
men
ts s
uch
as e
ng
ineeri
ng
an
d
ph
ysic
al scie
nces a
re p
laced
in
clo
se
pro
xim
ity t
o e
ach
oth
er,
wh
ile p
erh
ap
s
eco
no
mic
s a
nd
bu
sin
ess
ad
min
istr
ati
on
are
gro
up
ed
to
geth
er
in
an
oth
er
are
a.
�T
he lib
rary
an
d a
dm
inis
trati
on
off
ices
locate
d in
a c
en
tral p
art
of
the c
am
pu
s.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Exam
ple
: O
cean
Wo
rld
Th
em
e P
ark
�T
he a
rch
itect
for
Ocean
Wo
rld
is
beg
inn
ing
to
fo
rmu
late
pla
ns f
or
the
develo
pm
en
t o
f a p
rop
ert
y o
uts
ide
Waco
, T
exas. B
ecau
se o
f th
e h
ot
an
d
hu
mid
Texas w
eath
er
du
rin
g t
he
su
mm
er
mo
nth
s, w
ays t
o m
inim
ize t
he
vis
ito
rs’to
tal tr
avel d
ista
nce b
etw
een
att
racti
on
s a
re b
ein
g c
on
sid
ere
d.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Exam
ple
: O
cean
Wo
rld
Th
em
e P
ark
�D
ata
sh
ow
ing
a t
yp
ical d
ay’s
flo
w
of
vis
ito
rs b
etw
een
att
racti
on
s:
10 0
6 6010
75
0
60
20
43
6
620
1
7010 15
2 8 3
10
15
88
20
63015
030
810
4012
6
8
530 10
10
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
A B C D E F
Net
flo
w
Flo
w m
atri
xT
ria
ng
ula
rize
dm
atr
ix
Des
crip
tio
n o
f at
trac
tio
ns:
A=
kil
ler
wh
ale,
B=
sea
lio
ns,
C=
do
lph
ins,
D=
wat
er s
kii
ng
, E
=aq
uar
ium
, F=
wat
er r
ides
.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Exam
ple
: O
cean
Wo
rld
Th
em
e P
ark
�A
heu
risti
c:
op
era
tio
ns s
eq
uen
ce
an
aly
sis
–u
sed
to
id
en
tify
a g
oo
d
layo
ut
for
this
rela
tive lo
cati
on
pro
ble
m�
Th
is m
eth
od
uses a
s in
pu
t th
e m
atr
ix o
f fl
ow
s b
etw
een
dep
art
men
ts a
nd
a g
rid
sh
ow
ing
th
e g
eo
gra
ph
ic c
en
ter
locati
on
fo
r d
ep
art
men
t assig
nm
en
ts.
�T
he p
revio
us t
ab
le h
as a
tri
an
gu
lari
zed
form
of
the o
rig
inal fl
ow
matr
ix t
o s
um
th
e f
low
s in
eit
her
dir
ecti
on
becau
se w
e
are
in
tere
ste
d o
nly
in
th
e t
ota
l.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Exam
ple
: O
cean
Wo
rld
Th
em
e P
ark
�T
he
he
uri
sti
c b
eg
ins
wit
h a
n i
nit
ial
layo
ut
�O
the
r fl
ow
s o
nly
mo
ve
a d
ista
nc
e o
f 1
un
it�
Th
is i
nit
ial
layo
ut
is a
rbit
rary
bu
t c
ou
ld b
e
ba
se
d o
n j
ud
gm
en
t o
r p
as
t e
xp
eri
en
ce
.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Exam
ple
: O
cean
Wo
rld
Th
em
e P
ark
�T
ab
le s
ug
ge
sts
th
at
att
rac
tio
ns
wit
h h
igh
fl
ow
be
twe
en
th
em
sh
ou
ld b
e p
lac
ed
ne
xt
to
ea
ch
oth
er.
�N
on
ad
jac
en
t a
ttra
cti
on
s,
flo
w-d
ista
nc
e
ob
tain
ed
by m
ult
iply
ing
flo
w b
y n
um
be
r o
f g
rid
s s
ep
ara
tin
g a
ttra
cti
on
s.
�A
ss
um
ed
th
at
dia
go
na
l s
ep
ara
tio
n i
s a
pp
rox
. e
qu
al
to t
he
dis
tan
ce
of
a g
rid
sid
e i
ns
tea
d o
f u
sin
g t
he
Pyth
ag
ore
an
th
eo
rem
.�
Th
es
e p
rod
uc
ts a
re s
um
me
d t
o a
rriv
e a
t a
to
tal
flo
w d
ista
nc
e o
f 1
24
fo
r th
is in
itia
l la
yo
ut.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Exam
ple
: O
cean
Wo
rld
Th
em
e P
ark
�C
on
sid
eri
ng
th
e larg
e c
on
trib
uti
on
m
ad
e t
o t
his
su
m b
y t
he s
ep
ara
tio
n
of
att
racti
on
s A
an
d C
, w
e d
ecid
e
to m
ove C
ad
jacen
t to
A t
o f
orm
th
e f
ollo
win
g layo
ut:
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Exam
ple
: O
cean
Wo
rld
Th
em
e P
ark
�A
nd
th
en
aft
er
exch
an
gin
g
att
racti
on
s A
an
d C
, p
lacin
g C
ad
jacen
t to
D, E
an
d F
.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Exam
ple
: O
cean
Wo
rld
Th
em
e P
ark
�T
he f
inal la
yo
ut
is c
reate
d b
y
exch
an
gin
g B
an
d E
an
d b
y m
ovin
g F
to
fo
rm a
recta
ng
ula
r sp
ace;
exch
an
gin
g
B a
nd
E k
eep
s E
an
d F
ad
jacen
t as w
e
mo
ve F
to
fo
rm a
mo
re c
om
pact
sp
ace:
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Fu
ll D
eta
il –
JW
SA
BC
DE
FD
ist-
1
A--
-1
21
12
B--
-1
11
1
C--
-2
11
D--
-1
2
E--
-1
F--
-
AB
CD
EF
Sum
-1
A--
-15
60
015
12
B--
-12
40
10
8280
C--
-40
88
D--
-30
12
E--
-10
F--
-
AB
CD
EF
Dis
t-2
A--
-1
11
12
B--
-1
11
1
C--
-2
22
D--
-1
2
E--
-1
F--
-
AB
CD
EF
Sum
-2
A--
-15
30
015
12
B--
-12
40
10
8266
C--
-40
16
16
D--
-30
12
E--
-10
F--
-
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Mo
re D
eta
il f
rom
JW
SA
BC
DE
FD
ist-
3
A--
-1
12
22
B--
-1
11
1
C--
-1
12
D--
-1
2
E--
-1
F--
-
AB
CD
EF
Sum
-3
A--
-15
30
030
12
B--
-12
40
10
8253
C--
-20
816
D--
-30
12
E--
-10
F--
-
AB
CD
EF
Dis
t-4
A--
-2
12
11
B--
-1
11
2
C--
-1
11
D--
-1
2
E--
-1
F--
-
AB
CD
EF
Sum
-4
A--
-30
30
015
6
B--
-12
40
10
16
247
C--
-20
88
D--
-30
12
E--
-10
F--
-
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
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Mech
an
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Tech
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Exam
ple
: O
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rld
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e P
ark
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e
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hn
W. S
uth
erla
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rocesses &
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ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
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ng
ineeri
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ng
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Mech
an
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hig
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Tech
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log
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En
vir
on
men
tal O
rien
tati
on
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on
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eed
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ati
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pre
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m a
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isit
ors
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k o
rien
tati
on
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d o
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e o
thers
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r b
eh
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ral cu
es
�O
rien
tati
on
aid
s a
nd
sig
nag
e s
uch
as
“Y
ou
Are
Here
”m
ap
s r
ed
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nxie
ty
