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8/14/2019 Lecture 9, Ch. 20

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O.J. Simpson capital murder case,1/95-9/95s Odds of blood in Ford Bronco notbeing R. Goldmans:

s 6.5 billion to 1

s

Odds of blood on socks in bedroom not being N. Brown-Simpsons:s 8.5 billion to 1

s Odds of blood on glove notbeing from R. Goldman, N. Brown-Simpson, and O.J.Simpson:

s 21.5 billion to 1

s Number of people on planet earth:

s 6.1 billion

s Odds of being struck by lightning in the U.S.:

s 2.8 million to 1

s Odds of winning the Illinois Big Game lottery:

s 76 million to 1

s

Odds of getting killed driving to the gas station to buy a lottery tickets 4.5 million to 1

s Odds of seeing 3 albino deer at the same time:

s 85 million to 1

s Odds of having quintuplets:

s 85 million to 1

s Odds of being struck by a meteorite:s 10 trillion to 1

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Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA

s Def:Def: DNA in which genesDNA in which genes

from 2 different sourcesfrom 2 different sources

are linkedare linked

s Genetic engineering:Geneti

c engineering:direct manipulation ofdirect manipulation of

genes for practicalgenes for practical

purposespurposes

s Biotechnology:Biotechnolo

gy:

manipulation of organismsmanipulation of organismsor their components toor their components to

perform practical tasks orperform practical tasks or

provide useful productsprovide useful products

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Bacterial plasmids in gene cloningBacterial plasmids in gene cloning

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DNA CloningDNA Clonings Restriction enzymes (endonucleasesRestriction en

zymes (endonucleases):):

in nature, these enzymes protectin nature, these enzymes protect

bacteria from intruding DNA; they cut up thebacteria from intruding DNA; they cut up the

DNA (restriction); very specificDNA (restriction); very specific

s Restriction siteRestriction site::

recognition sequence for a particularrecognition sequence for a particularrestriction enzymerestriction enzyme

s Restriction fragmentsRestrictio

n fragments::

segments of DNA cut by restrictionsegments of DNA cut by restriction

enzymes in a reproducable wayenzymes in a reproducable way

s Sticky endStick

y end::

short extensions of restrictionshort extensions of restriction

fragmentsfragments

s DNA ligaseDNA li

gase::

enzyme that can join the sticky ends ofenzyme that can join the sticky ends of

DNA fragmentsDNA fragments

s Cloning vectorClonin

g vector::

DNA molecule that can carry foreignDNA molecule that can carry foreign

DNA into a cell and replicate there (usuallyDNA into a cell and replicate there (usuallybacterial plasmids)bacterial plasmids)

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Restriction EnzymesRestriction Enzymes

QuickTime and aCinepak decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

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CloningCloning

QuickTime and aCinepak decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

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DNA Analysis & GenomicsDNA Analysis & Genomics

s PCR (polymerase chainPCR (polymerase chain

reaction)reaction)

s Gel electrophoresisGel electrophoresis

s Restriction fragmentRestriction fragment

analysis (RFLPs)analysis (RFLPs)

s Southern blottingSouthern blotting

s

DNA sequencingDNA sequencings Human genomeHuman genomeprojectproject

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

s Amplification of anyAmplification of any

piece of DNA withoutpiece of DNA without

cells (in vitro)cells (in vitro)

s Materials: heat, DNAMaterials: heat, DNA

polymerase,polymerase,

nucleotides, single-nucleotides, single-

stranded DNA primersstranded DNA primers

s Applications: fossils,Applications: fossils,

forensics, prenatalforensics, prenatal

diagnosis, etc.diagnosis, etc.

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DNA AnalysisDNA Analysis

s Gel electrophoresisGel electrophoresis: separates nucleic acids or proteins on the: separates nucleic acids or proteins on the

basis of size or electrical charge creating DNA bands of thebasis of size or electrical charge creating DNA bands of the

same lengthsame length

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Restriction fragment analysisRestriction fragment analysis

s Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

s Southern blottingSouthern blotting: process that reveals sequences and: process that reveals sequences and

the RFLPs in a DNA sequencethe RFLPs in a DNA sequence

s DNA FingerprintingDNA Fingerprinting

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DNA SequencingDNA Sequencing

s Determination ofDetermination of

nucleotide sequencesnucleotide sequences

(Sanger method,(Sanger method,sequencing machine)sequencing machine)

s Genomics: the study ofGenomics: the study of

genomes based ongenomes based on

DNA sequencesDNA sequencess Human GenomeHuman Genome

ProjectProject

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Practical DNA Technology UsesPractical DNA Technology Uses

s Diagnosis of diseaseDiagnosis of disease

s

Human gene therapyHuman gene therapys Pharmaceutical productsPharmaceutical products

(vaccines)(vaccines)

s ForensicsForensics

s Animal husbandryAnimal husbandry

(transgenic organisms)(transgenic organisms)s Genetic engineering inGenetic engineering in

plantsplants

s Ethical concerns?Ethical concerns?