Lubricant Base Oils润滑油基础油

September, 2007

Overall lubricant performance comes from both base oil and additives.润滑油的总体性能由基础油和添加剂共同决定。

Fluid Lubricant Composition液体润滑油组成成份

Base Oil

基础油 Additive Package

复合添加剂 80% – 99% 1% – 20%

• Petroleum (mineral)

原油（矿物油）• Synthetic

合成的 • Natural (vegetable)

天然的（植物的 ）

Base Oil Types基础油类型

Mineral oils (derived from crude oil)

矿物油（从原油中提取）

• most commonly-used base oil for many years

为多年来最常用的基础油• good combination of properties

needed to provide effective lubrication

具有良好的有效润滑的综合特性Synthetics (esters, synthesized hydrocarbons, etc.)

人工合成油（酯类，合成烃类等）

generally used to provide performance lacking with mineral oils

通常用于弥补矿物油所缺乏的性能

Natural oils (vegetable or animal derived)

天然油（从植物或动物中提取）

usually chosen for environmental considerations

通常在考虑环境保护时使用

Lubricant Base Oils’ Important Properties润滑油基础油的重要特性

Viscosity

粘度 internal resistance to flow – the ability to separate surfaces under operating conditions

流阻性－即将处于运行状态中的表层与其他层分离开的能力Viscosity Index

粘度指数

resistance to change in viscosity with change in temperature

温度发生变化时粘度保持不变的能力

Chemical stability

化学稳定性

resistance to oxidation and degradation, especially at high temperature

抗氧化降解的能力，尤其当处于高温条件下时 Hydrolytic stability

水解稳定性

resistance to change in the presence of water

遇水时性能保持不变的能力

Demulsibility

乳化分解性 ability to separate water

与水分离的能力

Origins of Crude Oil原油的成因

The traditional and most popular “Organic Theory”:

传统而最常见的“有机说”“Crude oil is derived from plant and animal matter laid down in ancient sea beds over millions of years. It was gradually covered by mud and rock and under pressure, heat and time became crude oil.”“动植物沉到几百万年之久的古老海底后，被厚厚的泥沙沉积物所覆盖，并由于化学变化、压力和温度的作用过程，在漫长的时间中变成了我们所知道的石油 ”

Organic material laid down determines product (s) found when drilling into reservoir. 钻头钻进原油的储层时得到的原油的产品种类由沉积的有机物类型决定。

Crude Oil Origins 原油的成因

IF, predominant material was…如果主要的材料为：

THEN, product will be…

那么产品将是：Animal

动物Natural gas

天然气 Plant

植物Crude oil

原油

Often, reservoir will contain both crude oil and natural gas.

通常情况下，储层里既包含有原油也包含天然气。

• Crude oils’ physical and chemical properties vary considerably from type to type, and from location to location so crudes are “classified” by one, or more, criteria.

原油的物理性质和化学性质随类别和产地的不同而各异，因此人们采用一个或多个标准对原油进行“分类”。

• Traditionally, crude oil has been classified by:

• 按传统，原油的分类标准有：– Chemical composition 化学成分– Geography in which it is found 产地– Sulfur content 硫含量

Crude Oil Classification原油的分类

All petroleum products, fuels or lubricants, are composed of hydrocarbon molecules—chemical combinations of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms.所有的石油产品，燃料或润滑油，都是由烃分子组成的，即氢原子和碳原子按照一定的化学形式结合在一起 。

Chemical Composition化学成分

Example

示例Composition

组成成份Content

含量Water

水Compound

化合物 H20 = 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom.

Contains only Hydrogen and Oxygen and only in H20 structure

一个水分子含有两个氢原子和一个氧原子，仅包含氢和氧两种元素，只包含一个 H20 结构。

Crude Oil

原油Mixture

混合物1,000s of combinations of hydrogen and carbon in different molecular structures

1000 个氢原子和碳原子按照各种分子结构结合在一起。

It’s been said that the he only thing more chemically complex than crude oil is the human body.有一种说法说原油是复杂性仅次于人体的事物。

Complex Crude Oil Mixture复杂的原油混合物

Gases

气体• Methane 甲烷• Ethane 乙烷• Propane 丙烷 • Butane 丁烷

Liquids

液体 •Gasoline 汽油 •Kerosene 煤油 •Diesel 柴油

Asphaltics or Residuum (bottoms)

沥青或残余产物 （渣油 ）•Lube Oils 润滑油 •Asphalt 沥青 •others 其他

Crude Oil Chemical Composition原油的化学成分

IF, classification is…

如果分类标准为：THEN, molecules are

那么分子为：Paraffinic

链烷类predominantly Paraffinic

以链烷为主Naphthenic

环烷类 predominantly Naphthenes

以环烷为主

Mixed Base

混合基类mixture of Paraffinic and Naphthenic

链烷和环烷的混合

Paraffinic crude oils contain a majority of molecules where hydrogen and carbon atoms are arranged in straight chains, like a ladder.链烷类原油的大部分分子中的氢原子和碳原子是以直链的形式结合在一起的，状若梯子。

Methane 甲烷 Ethane 乙烷 Propane 丙烷

Paraffinic Chemical Composition链烷类原油的化学成分

Naphthenic crude oils contain a majority of hydrocarbon molecules having a ring-shaped structure.环烷类原油的大部分烃类分子的结构呈环状。

Cyclohexane

环己烷

Naphthenes Chemical Composition环烷类原油的化学成分

Ring-shaped molecules that occur in crude oil called Aromatics, make good solvents, but are generally not desirable in lubricants. They can be removed or altered into desirable structures in some refining processes shown a bit later.包含有环状结构的分子的原油叫芳香类原油，虽然它是很好的溶剂，但一般不属于润滑油中保留成份。可以将环状结构的分子移除或改成其他需要的结构。在随后的某些提炼工序的介绍中将说到这一点。

Aromatics Chemical Composition芳香类原油的化学成分

Mixed-base crude oils do not have a majority of either Paraffinic or Naphthenic molecules.混合基原油中既不包含大量的链烷类分子，也不包含大量的环烷类分子。

Mixed-base Chemical Composition混合基原油的化学成分

原子和分子

碳原子 氢原子典型汽油分子

典型润滑油分子

Carbon碳原子

Carbon has four places where it can attach to something else. In the examples of Paraffins below, the carbon is attached either to another carbon, or hydrogen leaving no “spaces” unattached to something. These molecules are “saturated” or full.当与其他原子结合时，碳原子有四个位置可供连结。在下面所举的链烷类分子中，碳原子要么与其他碳原子相连，要么与氢原子相连，而不存在某处无连接的情况。这些分子均处在“饱和”的状态。

Aromatics and Olefins are “unsaturated.” They are not fully-bonded to either carbon or hydrogen.芳香烃和烯烃为“不饱和”化合物，即指其碳原子的位置没有全部连满其他碳原子或氢原子。

Aromatic and Olefin Molecule芳香烃和烯烃分子

Aromatic芳香烃

Olefin

烯烃

The most common example of instability is oxidation; a tendency to combine with oxygen.最常见的不稳定性的例子为氧化现象；即具有与氧原子结合的趋向。

Chemical Composition化学成分

IF, molecule is…

如果分子是：

THEN, it tends to be…

那么，它趋向于：

SUCH as…

比如：

Saturated饱和的

Stable

稳定• Paraffins (straight chain) 链烷类（直

链）• Naphthenes (cyclic) 环烷类 （环状）

Unsaturated

不饱和的

Unstable

不稳定• Olefins (straight chain)烯烃（直链）• Aromatics (cyclic) 芳香烃（环状）

Crude Oil Type 原油的类型

Advantages

优点

Disadvantages

缺点 Paraffinic 链烷类

High viscosity index 高粘度指数

Good oxidation stability 良好的抗氧化性

Poor low temperature performance 低温下性能较差

Low solubility 可溶性较差

Naphthenic 环烷类

Good low temperature properties 低温下性能良好

Good solubility可溶性良好

Low viscosity index 低粘度指数

Poor oxidation stability 抗氧化性较差

Mixed-Base 混合基类

Combination of properties, depending on predominant molecular type 其综合性能取决于占主要地位的分子类型。

Crude Oil Types Performance Characteristics 原油特性分类

Paraffinic and Naphthenic Uses

链烷和环烷的用途Paraffinic

链烷 Most industrial and automotive

lubricants

用作大部分工业和汽车方面的润滑油

Diesel fuel, kerosene, jet fuel, and home heating fuels

用作柴油机燃料，喷气燃料及家庭加热燃料

Naphthenic

环烷 Industrial lubricants (refrigeration

oils)

用作工业润滑油（冷冻油 ） Process oils (rubber extenders,

etc.)

用作加工油 （如橡胶软化油等）

• Paraffinic: East Coast or “Pennsylvania” crude 链烷：产于美国东部海岸地区或被称作“宾夕法尼亚”原油 • Naphthenic: West Coast 环烷：产于美国西部海岸地区• Mixed-Base: Texas or Oklahoma; “Mid-continent” crudeThese descriptors are still often used even though most crude production in these areas is now fairly limited. Over 48% of our current crude oil needs are served by imported oil. By 2020, that number is expected to increase to 62%

混合基石油：产于美国德克萨斯州或俄克拉荷马州；被称为“中大陆”原油 这些叫法仍被经常使用，尽管现在这些地方大部分的原油生产已被明令禁止。眼下我们需求的原油超过 48％的部分依赖进口。到 2020 年，这个数字将增加到 62％。

Geographic Description产地描述

– Sweet crude: low sulfur

低硫原油：硫含量低– Sour crude: high sulfur

高硫原油：硫含量高

Classification by Sulfur Content

按硫含量进行分类

Refining炼油厂

• Crude oil refining products are raw materials for thousands of other products

原油提炼后得到的产品是许多其他产品的原材料

• In order to make products, the crude must first be separated into its various components

• 在生产产品前，必须先将原油按其成分进行分离。

• The primary method used is distillation

蒸馏是用来分离原油成份的主要方法

Simple Distillation粗蒸馏

Heat is added to something until it boils and turns into a gas. That gas can then be cooled until it turns back into a liquid.粗蒸馏是指将某物体加热直到其达到沸点，变成气体状态，然后将该气体冷却，使其重又变回液体。In this example, water is boiled. The steam condensed back into distilled water. The minerals that were dissolved in the water remain in the flask.在这个例子中，水被烧开了变成了水蒸气。水蒸气冷凝后变成蒸馏水。先前溶解在水中的矿物质被留在了烧瓶中。

温度计

玻璃烧瓶

加热量筒

冷凝器

Principles of Distillation蒸馏原理

Crude oil is a mixture of many hydrocarbons, each with it’s own boiling point原油是各种烃分子的混合物，每种烃分子的沸点都不同

液体成分 沸点 挥发性 加热时 蒸气冷凝时

轻质烃 低

重质烃高

高

低

最先汽化

最后汽化

最后液化

最先液化

Below 0°F Gases温度低于 0°F 气体

About 32-400°F Gasoline, Solvents温度约为 32-400°F 时 汽油，溶剂 About 400-650°F Diesel, Heating Oils 温度约为 400-650°F 时 柴油，民用燃料油

650°F+ Lube Oils, Fuels 温度为 650°F+ 时 润滑油，燃料

Hydrocarbon Boiling Ranges烃分子沸点范围

Fractional Distillation分馏

• Fractional distillation is used to separate components of complex mixtures such as crude oil

分馏是用来分离复杂混合物如原油中的各种组成成分的一种方法

• Crude oil is heated to about 6500F and brought into the bottom of a distillation column

将原油加热至华氏 650 度后将其装入分馏塔底部

• As vapors rise in the column, they cool and condense at different levels or “cuts”

蒸汽在从底部往上升的过程中逐渐变冷并最终在不同的温度下冷凝

冷却

逆流

加热

塔底产品

提升管 球状盖

进料处塔顶馏分

下落管

Distillation Column/Tower分馏塔

Butane & lighter <90ºF丁烷及更轻质烷Straight run gasoline 90º - 220ºF 直馏汽油 Naphtha 220º - 315ºF挥发油 Kerosene 315º - 450ºF煤油 Light gas oil 450º - 650ºF轻瓦斯油 Heavy gas oil 650º - 800ºF重瓦斯油 Straight run residue 800ºF+直馏柴油

Typical Modern Fractionating Tower & Products典型现代分馏塔及其产品

加热器

原油

汽油

非稳定性直馏汽油

煤油 柴油

瓦斯油 重瓦斯油

待真空蒸馏的直馏柴油

球状盖

Refinery Schematic炼油厂示意图

• Additional processes are required to turn “cuts” into finished products. Some are shown here.

要将各种馏分变成成品则需许多额外的工序，图中所示为其中的某些工序

• Lubricant base oils start here, but follow different path through refinery.

润滑油基础油在相同的地方开始精炼，但接下来的精炼工序则各异

Lubricant Refining润滑油精炼法

Vacuum Distillation 真空蒸馏

• At atmospheric pressure, the temperature required to boil the lube fraction (1000°F) is high enough to damage or “crack” oil molecules

在常压下，润滑油馏分达到沸点所需的高温 (1000°F)会破坏或“裂解”油分子

• Thermally cracked material results in product quality problems and operating problems in the atmospheric distillation unit

热裂解后的物质将导致产品质量问题和常压蒸馏设备的操作问题• Under a vacuum, boiling temperatures are reduced to a safe level

and oils can be vaporized without thermal cracking 在真空条件下，沸点温度降低至安全的范围，各种油均可以在不被热裂解的前提下得到汽化

• Vacuum distillation is used to separate lube oil fractions, or “cuts” 真空蒸馏可以用来分离润滑油的各种馏分

The lube stream

Vacuum distillation unit真空蒸馏装置

Vacuum Distillation真空蒸馏

已加热的原油

润滑油料

真空蒸

馏

残渣

原油蒸

馏

直馏汽油

汽油

直馏汽油

高辛烷值汽油 普通汽油 高级汽油

煤油 柴油

民用燃料油

脱硫作用

混合与添加处

理

高辛烷值汽油

重油及柴油机燃料 裂化装置

重整装置

煤油及轻重油

亮滑油料

中性油 溶剂精炼

溶剂精炼

脱腊

脱腊

混合与添加处

理成品润滑油

流体润滑油

Base Oils or Base Stocks基础油• Additional processes,

such as deasphalting, dewaxing, and solvent extraction, yield finished base oils

通过增加若干工序后，如：脱沥青、脱蜡、溶剂萃取等，成品基础油最后得以生产出来。

• The lube stream produces several Neutral “cuts” and one Bright Stock “cut”

从流体润滑油可以得到多种中性油和一种亮滑油料。

真空蒸馏

丙烷脱沥青除去真空渣油中的沥青

溶剂萃取 提高润滑油的稳定性

溶剂脱蜡 降低润滑油的凝固

点

真空渣油沥青

丙烷脱沥青经脱沥青的油

萃取

有毒无效成分 疏松石蜡

高凝固点成分

甲基乙基酮 中性油

亮滑油料

– Neutrals 中性油

• Name derived from being pH neutral 以 pH值为中性而得名• Low to moderate viscosity blend components for ATFs, engine oils, hydraulic fluids, etc .

具有中低等粘度，为 ATFs 、机器润滑油、液压机液体等的调和组分– Bright Stocks 精致润滑油料

• Name derived from bright color 以浅色得名• High viscosity blend components for heavy engine oils, gear oils, and industrial oils 具有高等粘度，为重发动机油、齿轮油、工业用油等的调和组分Base oils produced using this process are called “solvent refined mineral oils” 通过该工序制成的基础油被称为“溶剂精制矿物油”

Base Oil Types

基础油的类型

• Solvent refined mineral oils have been backbone of the lubricants industry for many years and still make up large share of base oils used to make lubricants

许多年来，溶剂精制矿物油一直是润滑油产业的支柱部分，到现在它仍然是生产润滑油用的基础油的重要组成部分

• Performance required from lubricants in some areas, however, is too much to expect from these base oils, and new, higher performing base oils, are needed

然而因为用于某些用途的润滑油对基础油的性能有很多要求，所以人们开始需求一种新的性能更优越的基础油

• New refining technology has been developed to produce these base oils

新的精炼技术已经研发成功用以生产这类基础油

Base Oil Types

基础油的类型

Development of new base oils, prompted the need to differentiate them. API (American Petroleum Institute) set up Base Oil Groups that identify one base oil from another. Qualities that make base oil groups different are sulfur, % saturates, and viscosity index.随着新的基础油的出现，需要对基础油进行重新分类。美国 API设立了基础油分类标准用以区分不同的基础油。基础油质量的区分标准包括硫含量，饱和烃含量和粘度指数 。

API Base Oil Group美国 API 基础油分类标

准

Sulfur content

含硫量 Contaminant that can be corrosive to machinery under certain conditions.

在一定条件下对机器造成腐蚀的杂质

% Saturates

饱和烃含量Very stable oil molecules. Higher saturates % means oil will resist oxidation and remain in service longer.

饱和烃是非常稳定的油分子。饱和烃含量越高，则意味着该种油的抗氧化性和稳定性越强。

Viscosity Index

(VI)

粘度指数

Measure of how well oil retains its viscosity. Higher VI = better viscosity stability over wide temperature range.

粘度指数用以衡量该种油的粘性。粘度指数越高，则该种油在大跨度的温度范围内的粘性越强。

API Base Oil Groups美国 API 基础油分类标

准

Base Oil Category

基础油类别

Sulfur (%)

硫含量(%)

Saturates (%)

饱和烃含量(%)

Viscosity Index

粘度指数

Group I

类别I

>0.03 and/or

和（或）

<90 80 to 120

Group II

类别II

<0.03 and

和

≥90 80 to 120

Group III

类别III

≤0.03 and

和

≥90 ≥120

Group IV

类别IV

All polyalphaolefins (PAOs)

所有的聚a-烯烃（PAO）合成油

Group V

类别V

All others not included in Groups I, II, III or IV

(i.e., diesters, silicones, napthenics)

不包括在I-IV类的其他基础油（也就是二元酸酯类、硅树脂类、环烷类等）

Base oils are grouped (I to V) based on their sulfur content, % saturates, and Viscosity Index

根据硫含量，饱和烃含量和粘度指数，基础油被分为以下几类

• Group I base oils are basically the solvent refined mineral oils we have previously mentioned

I 类基础油基本是上述溶剂精制矿物油• Treating base oil to further refining in the presence of catalysts and

hydrogen, can lower the sulfur content and increase the percentage of saturates. These are “hydrotreating” type processes

在加催化剂和高压氢气的条件下对原油进一步精炼可以降低硫含量，增加饱和烃含量。这些属于“加氢处理”类型的过程

• Since saturates are stable molecules, increasing their percentage increases the stability of the base oil so it can resist oxidation and other forms of thermal degradation

由于饱和烃是稳定分子，增加它们的含量可以增加原油的稳定性，从而增加它们的抗氧化性和的耐其他形式的热降解的能力

• These, more saturated base oils, would be Group II 这些饱和烃含量更高的原油属于 II 类

API Base Oil Groups美国 API 基础油分类标

准

• If more severe refining steps are taken, low Viscosity Index molecules can be changed and the Viscosity Index of the base oil will be increased. These are “hydrocracking” type processes

在经过更严格的精炼后，粘度指数低的分子将发生改变，从而原油的粘度指数将得到提高。这些属于“加氢处理”类型的过程

• If base oil Viscosity Index goes above 120, it is now considered a Group III

在原油的粘度指数变为 120 以上后，则将被归为 III 类• Base oils with VI this high can perform equally or better in some

applications than base oils traditionally thought of as “synthetic” (PAOs, diesters, etc.)

VI 类的原油在某些用途上具有和传统的原油像“合成油” (聚 a- 烯烃 、二元酸酯类等 ) 同样或比其更好的性能

• For this reason, lubricants made with Group III base oils can be sold as “synthetics”

出于这个原因，用 III 类的基础油制成的润滑油可以当作“合成油”出售

API Base Oil Groups美国 API 基础油分类标

准

• Group IV is reserved for Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) IV 类专门指的是聚 a- 烯烃 (PAOs)• These are chemical synthetic base oils that are synthesized

hydrocarbons 这些化学合成的基础油为合成烃• These base oils have: 这些基础油具有如下性质：

– High temperature stability 高温稳定性– Low temperature fluidity 低温流动性– High VI (>140) 高粘度指数– Low volatility 低挥发性

API Base Oil Groups美国 API 基础油分类标

准

Group V is a “catch-all” category. It not only contains most of the remaining chemical synthetic base oils, but also Naphthenic mineral oils

V 类是属于“全捕捉”类型的基础油，它不仅包含余下未归类的大部分化学合成的基础油，也包括环烷类的矿物油

API Base Oil Groups美国 API 基础油分类标

准

Group I

类别 I

• Solvent-refined mineral oils

溶剂精制矿物油• Oldest and least refined base oils

使用历史最久和精炼程度最低的基础油Group II

类别 II

• Undergo further refining to increase % of saturates

经进一步精炼增加了饱和烃含量 ％• More stable and will last longer in some applications than Group I base

oils

比 I 类的基础油更具稳定性，在某些用途上更经久耐用Group III

类别 III

Severely hydroprocessed. Technology improves performance characteristics to the point where they can be marketed as synthetics.

经严格加氢处理，其特性得到改善，可以被当作合成油出售。 Group IV类别 IV

Polyalphaolefins PAOs are chemical synthetics called ‘synthesized hydrocarbons’ (SHC).

聚 -α-烯烃，为化学合成的“合成烃” Group V类别 V

Contains all remaining types of base oils, some chemical synthetics like diesters, some mineral oils like naphthenics.

包含所有余下未归类的基础油，有些为化学合成的，如二元酸酯类，有的为矿物油，如环烷 类。

Summary总结

API Group 美国 API分类

Properties 性质

Advantages 优点

Disadvantages 缺点

I >10% Aromatics 芳香烃含量>10% > 0.03 Sulfur 硫含量> 0.03 VI = 80-119 粘度指数为 80-119

Solvency 具溶解性 Seal compatibility 具密封适应性 Low cost 低成本 Natural Oxidation stability氧化安定性中等

Inhibited oxidation stability 氧化安定性较弱

II < 10% Aromatics 芳香烃含量< 10% < 0.03% Sulfur 硫含量< 0.03% VI = 80-119 粘度指数为 80-119

Inhibited oxidation stability 氧化安定性较弱

Solvency 具溶解性 Seal compatibility 具密封适应性 Natural oxidation stability 氧化安定性中等 Loss of bright stocks 亮滑油料流失

III < 10% Aromatics 芳香烃含量< 10% < 0.03% Sulfur 硫含量< 0.03% VI ≥ 120 粘度指数≥ 120

Inhibited oxidation stability氧化安定性较弱 Low temperature properties 具低温性能 Low volatility at a given viscosity 粘度一定时挥发性较弱

Solvency 具溶解性 Seal compatibility 具密封适应性 Natural oxidation stability 氧化安定性中等 Supply Cost 供应价格较高

IV < 0% Aromatics 芳香烃含量< 0% < 0% Sulfur 硫含量< 0%

Same as Group III 与 III类同

Same as Group III 与 III类同

Performance of Base Oils基础油性能

What is Hydrocracking?什么是加氢裂化 ？

• Refining process in which middle and heavy distillate fractions are cracked (broken into smaller molecules) and reformed in presence of hydrogen at extreme pressures and temperatures.

一种精炼工序，将中油和重油馏分裂化成更小的分子，并在超高压和超高温下加氢进行重组

• An alternative to solvent refining technology which allows production of a far more pure and stable base stock.

一种可用来替代溶剂精炼技术生产纯度更高和性能更稳定的基础润滑油

• Hydrocracking chemically rearranges less stable crude oil molecules into stable molecules.

加氢裂化是指通过化学作用将不够稳定的原油分子重组，使其变成更稳定的分子

• Result: stable structure lubricant, water clear and free of impurities. ConocoPhillips refines and markets these base oils as “Hydroclear”

效果：润滑油结构稳定，无水，无杂质。康菲将基础油进行精炼并将其当作“氢净分子 ”出售

What is Hydrocracking?什么是加氢裂化 ？

The Hydrocracking Process加氢裂化过程

Catalytic Isodewaxing

催化异构脱蜡

Catalytic Hydrocracking

催化加氢裂化

Final Catalytic Hydrotreating

最终催化加氢裂化

VacuumDistillation真空蒸馏

Solvent-Refining Process溶剂精炼过程

Solvent Dewaxing溶剂脱蜡

Solvent Extraction溶剂萃取

Atmospheric Distillation常压分馏

Vacuum Distillation真空蒸馏

Hydrocracking Process

Vacuum Distillation真空蒸馏

Catalytic Isodewaxing催化异构脱蜡

Atmospheric Distillation常压分馏

Catalytic Hydrocracking催化加氢裂化

Final Catalytic Hydrotreating

最终催化加氢裂化

Comparison of Processes加工过程比较

Solvent-refined

mineral oil溶剂精炼矿物

油

Hydroclear TM

Hydrocracked Base Oil

Hydroclear TM 加氢裂化基础油

Comparison of Base Oils基础油比较

• Cleaner products...99.9% pure 产品更纯净 ......纯度达 99.9%

– Free of Aromatics and heavy metals 不含芳香烃和重金属– Non-toxic (reduced environmental risks) 无毒性（减少环境污染的风险）– No staining from base oil (water white) 不带有基础油颜色（无色透明 ）

• Superior thermal and oxidation stability 优良的热稳定性和氧化安定性

– Higher VI’s = improved thermal stability 粘度指数更高，相当于提高了热稳定性– Extended oil service life (2-5 times) 油的使用寿命延长（ 2到 5倍）– Reduced lubricant consumption 润滑油的消耗量减少

• Lower oil refill or top-off costs 降低了重新注油的费用

Hydrocracked Product Benefits 加氢裂化产品的益处

• Low carbon forming tendencies 减小了形成碳类物质的可能

– Less deposits (cleaner equipment) 堆积物减少（环境更清洁）– Lower maintenance costs 设备的维护费用降低

• Superior demulsibility 更优良的反乳化分解性

– Separates from water 20 times faster 与水分离的速度加快 20倍– Extended equipment life 设备使用寿命延长

• Excellent low temperature properties 出色的耐低温性

– Easier cold starts 低温启动更容易

• Better low temperature pumpability 低温输送量更大

Hydrocracked Product Benefits 加氢裂化产品的益处

Paraffinic

NaphthenicOxygen

Aromatics,Nitrogen,

SulfurMetals, Thermal Stability热稳定性

Low Temperature耐低温性

PAO

Esters

PAG

Oxidation Stability氧化安定性

Synthetic合成

Hydrocracked加氢裂化Solvent Refined

溶剂精炼

链烷类 环烷类

氧气芳香类氮

金属类，硫

聚 -α-烯烃

酯类 聚烷乙二醇

Base Oil

基础油Solvency

溶解性Pour Point

凝固点Oxidation

Resistance

抗氧化性

Wear Protection

磨损防护

Seal Effect

密封效果

Aromatic

芳香烃类Very High

很强Low

低Very Low

很低Very Low

很低Bad

差

Naphthenic

环烷类High

强Low

低Low

低Low

低Fair

一般

Paraffinic

链烷类Low

低High

高Good

良Good

良OK

良

Hydrocracked

加氢裂化类Low

低Low

低Excellent

优Excellent

优Excellent

优

Summary of Base Oil Advantages/Disadvantages基础油的优缺点总结

Property

性质Solvent Refined

Paraffinic

溶剂精制的链烷类

Synthetic

Blends

半合成油

Hydrocracked

Paraffinic

加氢裂化的链烷类

Full

Synthetic

全合成油Viscosity Index

粘度指数High

高High to Very High 高

到极高之间High to Very High 高

到极高之间Very High

高到极高之间

Typical VI

代表性粘度指数90-95 95-120 95-120 120-150

Volatility

挥发性 Medium

中等Low

低Very Low

很低Very Low

很低

Wax Present?

是否含蜡？Yes

是Yes

是No

否No

否

Pour Point

凝固点Medium

中等Low

低Very Low

很低Very Low

很低

Typical Values ºF/ºC

典型值+10/-12 -30/-34 -50/-46 -70/-56

Thermal Stability

热稳定性Good

良Good

良Excellent

优Excellent

优

Additive Solubility

添加剂溶解性Good

良Good

良Fair to Good

一般到良Fair to Good

一般到良

Color

颜色Amber

琥珀色 Light Amber

淡琥珀色 Water White

无色透明Water White

无色透明

Base Oil Properties基础油的性质