Lý thuyết cạnh tranh ngân hàng

8/3/2019 L thuyt cnh tranh ngn hng

1/12

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010

194

NNG CAO NNG LC CNH TRANH CA CC NGN HNGTHNG MI VIT NAM

IMPROVING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAMESECOMMERCIAL BANKS

ng Hu MnTrngi hc Kinh t,i hc Nng

TM TT

Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip l vn lun c cc nh khoahc, gii qun tr v chnh quyn cc cp quan tm do nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip lct li ca nng lc cnh tranh ca mt a phng hay mt quc gia. Bi vit nhm mc tiunh gi ng thc trng nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam da trn vic phn tchcc yu t cnh tranh, nh: nng lc ti chnh, cht lng ngun nhn lc, trnh cng ngh,th phn, h thng knh phn phi, pht trin sn phm mi v cng tc xy dng v qung bthng hiu. T, bi vit trnh by mt s kin ngh v xut nhm nng cao nng lccnh tranh ca cc NHTM ni a trong bi cnh Vit Nam bt u thc hin cc cam kt ivi T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO) v m ca hon ton th trng dch v ngn hng.

ABSTRACT

Improving organizational competitiveness has become an increasingly important topic,and received significant attention by a large number of researchers, corporate managers, and

authorities at various levels, since company competitiveness is an essential element ofprovincial competitiveness or national competitiveness. This article focuses on evaluating thecompetitiveness of Vietnamese commercial banks based on the analysis of competitive factorssuch as financial power, human resources quality, technological levels, market-share growth,distribution systems, new product development and trademark building and propagation. On thebasis of such real situations, the paper discusses suggested solutions to the improvement ofcompetitiveness in domestic commercial banks in the context that Vietnam has been openingup the banking sector completely and starting the WTO commitments.

1. t vn

Vn nng cao sc mnh cho h thng ti chnh Vit Nam ni chung v ngnhng thng mi (NHTM) Vit Nam ni ring trong xu th hi nhp quc t bt uc tho lun t ln sng dch chuyn vn u t nc ngoi n cc quc gia ang

pht trin nrnhng thp nin na cui th k 20. S thay i t duy qun l kinht ca Vit Nam tip tc gp phn cng mnh m xu th lch s ny. Vit Nam dnthnh lp c th trng ngoi hi, ri th trng chng khon v cc hnh thi thtrng ti chnh th cp khc tn ti an xen trong mt nn kinh t th trng cha nhhnh r nt. Vic gia nhp T chc Thng mi Quc t (WTO) tip tc l liu thucth mnh hn cho sc mnh ca h thng ti chnh Vit Nam vn cn qu non tr.Tht vy, vi nguyn tc i Ng Ti Hu Quc v i Ng Quc Gia ca WTO, cc


2/12


195

nh ch ti chnh khng l nc ngoi s c nhiu c hi hot ng phong ph, adng ti Vit Nam v c i x ngang bng vi cc ngn hng ni a. Thc t nyt ra nhim v cp bch cho c gii khoa hc, nhng nh qun tr ngn hng v cquan qun l, hoch nh chnh sch ca Vit Nam:Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh cah thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong bi cnh hi nhp.

Mc tiu chnh ca bi bo l nh gi ng thc trng nng lc cnh tranh cacc NHTM Vit Nam; t, trnh by mt s kin ngh v xut nhm nng cao nnglc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam trong bi cnh Vit Nam bt u mca honton dch v ngn hng v thc hin cc cam kt mca th trng.

2. Thc trng nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam

2.1 Nng lc ti chnh

Theo s liu c cng b, trong nhng nm qua cc NHTM Vit Nam khng

ngng nng cao sc mnh ti chnh ca mnh. Quy m vn iu l ca nhng NHTM(nh nc v c phn) c s tng nhanh, c bit l khi c phn (xem Bng 1).

Bng 1. Quy m vn iu l ca mt sNHTM Vit Nam

Nm 2007 Nm 2008Ngn hng T

VNDTriuUSD1

TVND

TriuUSD

%

Agribank 10.464 596 10.543 601 0,75

BIDV 7.629 435 8.756 499 14,77

Vietinbank 7.608 434 7.717 440 1,43

Sacombank 4.448 253 5.116 292 15,02

VCB 4.429 252 4.429 252 0,00

Eximbank 2.800 160 7.220 411 157,86

ACB 2.630 150 6.355 362 141,63

Techcombank 2.521 144 3.642 208 44,47

VPB 2.000 114 2.117 121 5,85SCB 1.970 112 2.180 124 10,66

DongAbank 1.600 91 2.880 164 80,00

MHB 744 42 810 46 8,87

(Ngun: Tng hp tcc Bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM nm 2007, 2008)

1 Chng ti quy i theo t gi bnh qun giai on 2007-2008 do NHNN Vit Nam bo co thng nin.Theo , t gi quy i USD/VND = 17.550


3/12


196

Mc d vy, nu so snh vi mt s NHTM trong khu vc ng Nam th quym vn iu l ca cc NHTM Vit Nam l qu nh b (xem Bng 2).

Bng 2. Quy m vn ch shu ca mt sNHTM trong khu vc ASEAN nm 2009

VT: triu USD

Ngn hng Quc gia Vn ch shu

Development Bank of Singapore Limited Singapore 18.649

Maybank Malaysia 7.917

Bangkok Bank Public Company Limited Thi Lan 6.263

Banco de Oro Unibank, Inc. Philippines 1.505

(Ngun: Tng hp tcc Bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM nm 2009.

Cc Bo co thng nin c ly ttrang web ca cc NHTM ktrn)

Mt khc, v phng din mc an ton vn, vi s gia tng vn iu l, t lan ton vn ti thiu (CAR) ca a s NHTM u trn mc ti thiu 8% theo yu cuca Basel II, v v vy m bo hot ng an ton ca cc NHTM (xem Bng 3).2

Bng 3. T l CAR ca mt sNHTM tiu biu qua cc nm

VT: %

Ngn hng Nm 2005 Nm 2006 Nm 2007 Nm 2008

Agribank 0,41 4,97 7,2 -BIDV 6,80 5,50 11,00 8,94

Vietinbank 6,07 5,18 11,62 -

Vietcombank 9,57 12,6 9,20 8,9

MHB 10,19 9,31 9,44 -

Techcombank 15,72 17,28 14,30 13,99

ACB 12,10 10,89 16,19 -

Sacombank 15,40 11,82 11,07 -

DongAbank 8,94 13,57 14,36 -

(Ngun: Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng do Cng ty chng khon Bo Vit thc hin nm 2008)

V cht lng Ti Sn C, t l n xu trn tng d n ca nhng ngn hng

2 Tuy vy, theo Thng t s 13/2010/TT-NHNN ngy 25/5/2010 ca NHNN Vit Nam, k t ngy1/10/2010 t l an ton vn ca cc NHTM ti thiu phi l 9%. iu ny tip tc l mt p lc ln chocc NHTM Vit Nam.


4/12


197

chim th phn ln Vit Nam c xu hng tng ln, mc d u nm trong gii hn anton cho php3(xem Bng 4).

Bng 4. T l nxu trn tng dnca mt sNHTM

VT: %

STT Ngn hng 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1 Agribank 1,74 2,30 1,90 2,50 2,68

2 BIDV 14,56 11,64 11,9 4,80 2,75

3 Vietinbank 1,96 2,40 1,38 1,02 1,81

4 VCB - 3,64 2,65 2,66 4,61

5 MHB - - 0,40 -

6 Techcombank - - 3,10 1,40 -

7 ACB 0,43 0,30 0,20 0,08 0,90

8 Sacombank 1,07 0,55 0,72 0,24 0,62

9 DongAbank - - 0,80 0,40 -

10 Eximbank - 1,00 0,80 0,88 4,71

(Ngun: Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng do Cng ty chng khon Bo Vit thc hin nm 2008)

Tuy vy, sang nm 2009, t l nxu, trong nxu cc nhm nc ri rotn dng cao (nhm 3-5) li c xu hng tng mnh. iu ny l kt qu ca s gia tngtn dng qu mc ca cc NHTM, c bit l cc NHTM khi nh nc. Theo Trungtm Thng tin Tn dng (CIC), t trng d nnhm 3, 4 v 5 ca khi ngn hng qucdoanh trn tng d nton ngnh ngn hng tnh n thng 5/2009 ln lt l 57,58%,35,95% v 59,69%.

Cng vi s gia tng ca t l nxu, mc trch lp d phng ri ro tn dngca cc NHTM cng v th m tng ln qua cc nm.

Bng 5. T l dphng ri ro trn tng dnca mt sNHTM

VT: %

STT Ngn hng Nm 2006 Nm 2007 Nm 2008

1 Agribank 1,14% 1,83% 1,90%2 BIDV 1,50% 2,20% 2,55%

3 Vietcombank 2,20% 2,48% 2,66%

4 Vietinbank 0,07% 1,67% 1,78%

5 MHB 1,35% 1,24% 1,04%

6 Techcombank 1,31% 0,97% 2,30%

3 Theo Ngn hng Thanh ton Quc t (BIS), t l nxu trn tng d n(NPL) c th chp nhn c lt 3%- 5%.


5/12


198

7 EXimBank 0,40% 0,40% 1,77%

8 ACB 0,40% 0,40% 0,65%

9 Sacombank 0,60% 0,50% 0,72%

10 DongAbank 0,20% 0,40% 0,84%(Ngun: Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng do Cng ty chng khon Bo Vit thc hin nm 2008)

Cui cng, v phng din kh nng sinh li, theo Bo co ca Ngn hng Nhnc, ROE trung bnh nm 2008 ca ton h thng ngn hng Vit Nam t 16,42% vkh ngang bng so vi mc trung bnh trong khu vc l 16,47%. Biu 1 di y chra ROA v ROE nm 2008 ca mt s NHTM tiu biu. Theo , kt qu hot ng cacc NHTM c phn kh quan hn nhiu so vi cc NHTM nh nc.

Biu 1. ROA v ROE nm 2008 ca mt sNHTM

VT: %

(Ngun: Tng hp tBo co thng nin ca cc NHTM nm 2008)

2.2 Nng lc thphn

Biu 2a, 2b ch ra th phn huy ng v th phn cho vay ca cc NHTM nm2008 vi mt c im r nt l s vt tri ca cc NHTM khi nh nc. Theo nh

gi ca Hip hi Ngn hng Vit Nam, u th ny s t c kh nng thay i trongtng lai gn. Mc d vy, cng vi s nng ng trong vic cung ng cc sn phmdch v mi, tha mn nhu cu ngy cng cao ca x hi, cc NHTM khi c phn cd bo s tip tc khng nh c v th v chim gi th phn ngy cng cao trn thtrng.


6/12


199

(Ngun: Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng do Cng ty cphn chng khon MHBS thc hin nm 2009)

2.3 Nng lc cnh tranh vngun nhn lc

Theo VPC,4 cht lng ngun nhn lc ti cc NHTM Vit Nam cha cao, chatht s nhy bn vi nhng thay i ca ngnh, c bit ti cc NHTM khi nh nc.Do lc lng lao ng c cn nhiu, nn trnh lao ng ca cc NHTM Nh nccn nhiu bt cp: nhiu cn b nng cao trnh di hnh thc hon chnh i hclm cho s trnh i hc tng ln v lng (xem Bng 6) nhng cha tht s nng

cao trnh v cht.

4 Tham kho t Website ca Trung Tm Nng sut Vit Nam (VPC): http://www.vpc.org.vn

Biu 2a. Th phn huy ng nm 2008

Biu 2b. Th phn cho vay nm 2008

VT: %


7/12


200

Bng 6. Ccu lao ng theo trnh chuyn mn ca mt sNHTM nm 2008

VT: lao ng / %

Ngn hng

Tng s

lao ng

Trn

i hc i hcCao ng,trung cp

Trnh khc

Agribank 33.967 1,22% 71,63% 6,30% 20,85%

Vietinbank 13.000 1,77% 55,77% 6,37% 21,11%

BIDV 11.585 4,02% 74,43% 12,78% 8,77%

Vietcombank 6.478 3,44% 76,30% 10,59% 9,67%

MHB 2.848 71,00% 29,00%

Techcombank 4.224 82,00% 15,00% 3,00%

Eximbank 2.360 1,35% 62,07% 16,00% 20,58%

Sacombank 5.470 0,88% 58,94% 17,73% 22,45%

ACB 4.600 1,78% 85,41% 9,37% 3,44%


Mc d vy vn phi khng nh rng trnh lao ng ca cc NHTM cnng ln ng k, t l trn i hc v i hc trong ccu lao ng ca cc NHTM,c bit l khi c phn kh cao. iu ny chng t cc NHTM c phn ang y mnh

vn tm kim, b sung thm ngun lc con ngi, c bit l ngun nhn lc chtlng cao, thm ch xem y l yu t tin quyt nng cao nng lc cnh tranh cangn hng.

2.4 Nng lc cnh tranh vcng ngh

Vi s thnh cng ca D n Hin i ha Ngn hng v H thng Thanh tondo World Bank ti tr, nng lc cng ngh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam tip tc c nngcp, th hin qua vic h thng thanh ton khng ngng pht trin theo hng hin iha, ph hp vi tiu chun quc t. mt kha cnh lin quan, s lng my ATM v

POS c trang b khng ngng tng ln qua cc nm to iu kin gim ti cc giaodch ti cc ngn hng, nng cao cht lng phc v cho khch hng c nhn v phttrin dch v ngn hng bn l.


8/12


201


2.5 Nng lc cnh tranh vhthng knh phn phi

Biu 4 cho thy s lng chi nhnh, phng v im giao dch ca cc NHTM c s tng trng u n qua cc nm, phn nh s nng ng ca cc NHTM trongvic cng c, mrng v pht trin th phn cng nh mng li bn l.

Biu 3a. Slng my ATM nm 2008

Biu 3b. Slng my POS nm 2008


9/12


202

Biu 4. Mng li (chi nhnh, phng v im giao dch) ca mt sNHTM nm 2008

VT: chi nhnh, phng v im giao dch

(Ngun: Tng hp tBo co thng nin ca cc NHTM qua cc nm)

Tuy vy, vic tng cng h thng knh phn phi trong thi gian qua, c bit lmng li bn l cng t du hi v hiu qu kinh doanh. Ly v d ti Nng, hin cn 54 chi nhnh ngn hng cp 1 v 192 phng, im giao dch,5 ginh git nhau mtth trng cha y 1 triu dn (s liu thng k thi im 1/4/2009). iu ny t ra mtvn trong phn b mng li ca cc TCTD, va to ra nhng ln sng cnh tranh ddi khng cn thit, va c th gy lng ph trong hot ng ngn hng.

2.6 Nng lc cnh tranh vmrng v pht trin dch v

Vic cc NHTM Vit Nam cha pht huy ht hiu qu ca mng li rng khpcng nh trnh nhn lc ngn hng c gii hn hn ch s pht trin cc sn phmdch v vi nhng tin ch mi v phong ph hn; v v th gy lng ph rt ln i vi

khng ch ngn hng m cn cho c khch hng. Tht vy, trong mt thi gian kh di,ngi dn k c cc i tng c trnh nh cn b cng nhn vin chc, nm gi ccloi th ngn hng ch rt tin lng hng thng. Tnh hnh ny thi gian gn yc v kh quan hn khi mt s ngn hng cung cp thm cc dch v, tin ch giatng nh thanh ton ho n, thu h tin bn hng, thu chi,v.v

Biu 5. Xp hng ca 5 loi dch v ti mt sNHTM tiu biu 6

5 S liu cp nht n thng 8/2010.6 Trch t cuc iu tra ca Trung tm Nghin cu ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip cng b nm2008. Theo , c 7 mc xp hng theo th t t mc cht lng cao nht (mc 1) n mc cht lngthp nht (mc 7).


10/12


203

Biu 5 cho thy cc NHTM c phn lun dn u v tnh t ph khi cho rai nhng dng sn phm mi p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng c bitl dng sn phm th, dch v ti khon, sn phm lin quan n vng v ngoi t, v.v

2.7 Nng lc cnh tranh vthng hiuVi s nhn thc vai tr thit yu ca thng hiu trong mi trng cnh tranh

khc nghit, mt s NHTM hng u Vit Nam y mnh cng tc xy dng vqung b thng hiu, bc u to c thng hiu ring, c th gn vi cc sn

phm v th mnh ring c. Chng hn, Agribank vi b dy truyn thng hot ngtrong lnh vc nng nghip, nng thn v nng dn; BIDV trong tn dng pht trin csh tng v xy dng cbn; VCB vi nhng sn phm c cht lng cao trong thanhton ni a v quc t; Sacombank, ACB vi cc dch v lin quan n vng v ngoit,v.v

Tuy vy, cc NHTM Vit Nam vn cha xy dng c cc thng hiu mnh,c kh nng cnh tranh trn th trng khu vc v quc t. Mt s NHTM c gngthit lp cc chi nhnh, i l ti mt s nc pht trin nhng mi ch dng li dihnh thc thu nhn, chuyn tin kiu hi hoc thm d th trng l chnh.

3. Gii php nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam

3.1 Gii php i vi cc NHTM

- Tng cng nng lc ti chnh theo hng tng quy m vn iu l, m bomc an ton vn theo chun mc quc t v tun th php lut ngn hng Vit Nam.7Theo , cc NHTM cn xc nh mt t l hp l li nhun rng c s dng hng

nm tng vn iu l hoc c th tin hnh sp nhp v mua li (M&As) cc ngnhng nh hnh thnh nn mt ngn hng c tim lc ti chnh ln hn. Tht vy, hotng M&As l mt trong nhng phng thc quan trng nng cao nng lc cnhtranh ca cc NHTM ni a Vit Nam thng qua vic gia tng gi tr v nng cao hiuqu qun tr ri ro trc s cnh tranh khc lit ca nhng tp on ti chnh khng lnc ngoi khi m Vit Nam ang hi nhp su hn vo nn kinh t quc t v thchin cc cam kt mca th trng.

- Xy dng c mt i ng nhn vin c trnh nghip v cao, c tinh thntrch nhim v phm cht o c tt. Tch cc o to, o to li, tp hun nghip v

thng xuyn cho cn b nhn vin i vi cc sn phm dch v mi cung ng. cbit, cc NHTM nn cn nhc xy dng v nng cp h thng E-Learning n ginha cng tc tp hun, o to.

- Xy dng v pht trin sn phm mi vi nhng tin tch mi v phong phhn. Tht vy, pht trin sn phm mi l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh nng lccnh tranh ca NHTM bi v suy cho cng cc NHTM cnh tranh ln nhau thng qua

7 Theo Nghnh 141/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph, mc vn php nh ca tt c cc NHTM n nm2010 l 3.000 t VND, CAR ti thiu l 8%, t l nxu di 5%.


11/12


204

chui cc sn phm cung ng ca h. Ngoi ra, sn phm dch v ngn hng khng ctnh c quyn, d b sao chp, v vy cc ngn hng ch c th to th mnh hay skhc bit cho ngn hng bng cch s dng cc dch v cng thm. nng cao nnglc cnh tranh ca sn phm, NHTM cn xy dng chin lc pht trin sn phm miv c su t tha ng trong nghin cu v pht trin sn phm mi.

- Ngoi ra, tip tc hon thin cng ngh, m rng cc loi sn phm mi trncsm bo tnh chnh xc, kp thi, bo mt v an ton.

- R sot li h thng knh phn phi, u t c trng im, c chin lc dihn, khng chy theo s lng, trnh tnh trng d tha, gy kh khn cho trin khaing b, hin i ha cng ngh, gy s lng ph trong giao dch, chi ph cnh vnhn s.

- Xy dng, cng c v pht trin thng hiu ngn hng.

Thng hiu ca ngn hng khng nh v th ca n trn th trng. V th cangn hng c th hin qua th phn sn phm so vi sn phm cng loi, uy tnthng hiu sn phm i vi khch hng, s hon ho ca cc dch v v c o

bng th phn ca cc sn phm dch v trn th trng. Theo , ngn hng cn cgng theo ui chin lc pht trin thng hiu ring, c th gn vi cc sn phm vth mnh ring c.

3.2 Mt skin ngh, xuti vi Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam

- Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam (NHNN) vi t cch cquan qun l ngnh,hng nm t chc nh gi v xp hng nng lc cnh tranh ca cc TCTD.

- NHNN cng nn xem xt li Thng t s 13/2010/TT-NHNN do Thng cNgn hng Nh nc ban hnh ngy 20/5/2010, bt u c hiu lc t ngy 1/10/2010[4]. Thc t, theo chng ti, mt vi iu trong Thng t ny l kh bt cp, v do cth lm gim nng lc cnh tranh (xt v phng din vn) ca cc NHTM. Chng hn,Thng t 13 quy nh, ngun vn huy ng s dng cho vay khng bao gm tin gikhng k hn ca t chc kinh t, Kho bc Nh nc, Bo him X hi v cc t chckhc. Quy nh ny l khng hp l, v tin gi khng k hn ca nhng i tng trnthng chim t l t 15% - 20% trong tng ngun vn huy ng ca cc t chc tndng.8iu ny s lm cho phn ngun vn m bo kh nng thanh ton c th ln

n 35% trn tng ngun vn huy ng, v v th t l ny l qu cao, cn trmnhhot ng s dng vn ca NHTM; t lm gim nng lc cnh tranh ca ngn hng.

- Ngoi ra, NHNN cn thnh lp mt s t chc h trt vn cho cc NHTM vnh cung cp v cch thc chuyn giao cng ngh ngn hng, trnh nhp khu bi thicng ngh hoc cng ngh km cnh tranh.

8 Tham kho t Website Hip Hi Ngn hng Vit Nam (VNBA): http://www.vnbaorg.info


12/12


205

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Cng ty c phn chng khon Bo Vit (2008), Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn

hng.[2] Cng ty c phn chng khon MHBS (2009),Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng.

[3] NHNN,Bo co thng nin qua cc nm.

[4] NHNN, Thng t s 13/2010/TT-NHNN ngy 25/5/2010 ca NHNN Vit Nam

[5] NHTM,Bo co thng nin qua cc nm.

[6] Trung tm Nghin cu ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip (2008),Xp hng ca 5loi dch v ti mt sNHTM nm 2008.

[7] Porter. Michael (1990); The Competitive Advantage of Nations. London

[8] Porter M.. On Competition. Harvard Business Review. Boston. 1998.[9] Schmuck. Roland (2008); Measuring Company Competitiveness; Proceedings

Papers of Business Sciences: Symposium for Young Researchers (FIKUSZ) 2008.pages 199-208 Budapest Tech. Keleti Faculty of Economics.

Documents

Lý thuyết cạnh tranh ngân hàng