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해외 M&A법적 쟁점 미국/유럽을 중심으로 Selected Intellectual Property Considerations in M&A September 26, 2012 | Seoul Session 1 Nader A. Mousavi

M&A의 법적 쟁점...Proceeds used as acquisition finance by private equity buyers (Francisco, Golden Gate, Thoma Bravo) Consortium reported to be structured in two-stages: -Patent

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Page 1: M&A의 법적 쟁점...Proceeds used as acquisition finance by private equity buyers (Francisco, Golden Gate, Thoma Bravo) Consortium reported to be structured in two-stages: -Patent

해외 M&A의 법적 쟁점 ‒ 미국/유럽을 중심으로

Selected Intellectual Property Considerations in M&A

September 26, 2012 | Seoul

Session 1

Nader A. Mousavi

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Selected Intellectual Property Considerations

in M&A

Nader A. Mousavi

1. Traditional Role of IP in M&A

2. Emerging Role of IP in M&A

3. What to expect

1. M&A시 지적재산권의 전통적 역할

2. M&A시 부각되고 있는 지적재산권의 역할

3. 대비해야 할 쟁점들

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Traditional Role of IP in

M&A

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금전적 노출/가치

위험요소

사업을 운영할 “자유”

- 지적재산권은 타인/타사를 배제할 수 있는 권리

- 보호, 제재수단, 협상카드 등으로 이용

경쟁우위

전략적 가치

지적재산권만으로는 부족함

영업비밀/저작권 (독자적 개발은 저작권의 입증 요소로 쓰일 수 있음)

특허권 (기존의 특허를 침해하지 않도록 한 회피 설계 (design-around))

Why does IP matter?

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Monetary exposure/value

Risk Factor

―Freedom‖ to conduct business

- IP is a right to exclude others

- Shield, deterrent and bargaining chip

Competitive advantage

Strategic value

IP not always

enough

Trade Secret/Copyright (independent development is a defense)

Patents (design-around)

continued Why does IP matter?

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사업 전체의 인수 –

- 지적재산권 관련 위험요소 식별, 인수자와 매각대상회사 사이의 위험요소 할당

합작 투자 사업 –

- 각 파트너社 사이 현존하는/장래의 (합작 투자 사업과 관련되지 않는) 사업활동과

합작 투자 사업 관련 지적재산 소유권과 실시권의 할당

개별 산업 단위, 제품 라인, 기술, 지적재산권 관련 자산의 인수/매각 –

- 인수자와 매도인 사이 지적재산 소유권과 실시권 할당 plus 위험요소의 분담

Primary IP Objectives in M&A

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7

Acquisition of entire business –

- Identification of IP risk and allocation between Buyer and Seller

Joint Venture –

- Allocation of IP ownership and use rights between each Partner’s pre-existing

and prospective (Non-JV) business activities and Joint Venture’s business

activities

Divestiture/acquisition of business unit, product line, technology

or IP assets –

- Allocation of IP ownership and use rights between Buyer and Seller plus risk

allocation

continued Primary IP Objectives in M&A

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지적재산 소유권 관련 이슈

선취권 뿐만이 아닌 일반 담보

인수시 멸실될 수 있는 각종 권리 (예: 양도 금지)

제삼자 소유 지적재산권 침해 (특허권 對 저작권/영업비밀)

오픈 소스 소프트웨어와의 결합에 따른 “오염”을 이유로한 전매

소프트웨어의 강제적인 무상 라이센싱 가능

표준화기구 참여에 따른 강제적인 특허권 라이센싱 가능

NDA 부재와/또는 부적절한 내부보안에 따른 기업비밀 상실 가능

매각대상기업에 대한 라이센스를 통한 인수자 지적재산권 정보 유출

Selected IP Risks in M&A

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IP ownership issues

Encumbrances on IP – not just liens

Termination of inbound rights (e.g., anti-assignment)

Infringement of Third Party IP (patents vs. copyrights/trade secrets)

Potential compulsory royalty-free licensing of proprietary software

due to ―contamination‖ by combining with open source software

Potential compulsory licensing of patents due to participation in

standard setting organizations

Potential loss of trade secrets due to absence of NDAs and/or

inadequate internal security

―Leakage‖ of acquirer IP through Target licenses

continued Selected IP Risks in M&A

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지적재산권은 세가지 부류로

구분할 수 있음:

- 양도

- “이중적 이용” (또는 “크로스오

버”)

- 보유

이중으로 이용되는 지적재산권은

보유 제품/사업과 스핀아웃으로

방출된 제품/사업에 유용함

스핀아웃은 양도된 지적재산권에

대한 권리를 취득함 (또한 스핀아웃

명의로 새로운 지적재산권을 개발)

매도인 스핀

아웃

양도된

지적재산권

지적재산권의

이중적 이용

보유

지적재산권

IP Allocation in a Spin-Out

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Seller Spin out

Assigned IP

Dual Use IP Retained IP

11

IP divides into 3 categories:

- assigned

- ―dual-use‖ (or ―cross-over‖), and

- retained

Dual Use IP is useful to both

retained and spun out

products/businesses

Spin-out will receive title to

assigned IP

(and develop new IP of its own)

continued IP Allocation in a Spin-Out

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어떤 지적재산권을 스핀아웃에 양도하고 어떤 지적재산권을 매도인이 보유

할 것인지에 대한 문제

“이중적 이용” 또는 “공유된 이용”의 지적재산권이 있는가? 그렇다면,

그에 대한 소유권과 실시권을 어떻게 분배할 것인가에 대한 문제

스핀아웃은 매도인이 보유하게 될 지적재산권에 대한 라이센스를 취득해야

하는가? 그렇다면:

- 어느 지적재산권을 라이센스할 것인가?

- 라이센스의 범위는 어떻게 되는가?

매도자는 다음과 같은 지적재산권에 대한 그랜트백 (grant-back) 라이센스를

받아야하는가?

- 스핀아웃에게 양도된 지적재산권

- 스핀아웃 지적재산권의 향후 “개선”

Spin-Outs ‒ Key IP Questions

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What IP should be assigned to the spin-out and what IP retained by

the Seller?

Is there IP that is ―dual-use‖ or ―shared use‖? If so, how should

ownership and use rights be allocated?

Should the spin-out get a license under the IP retained by the Seller?

If so:

- What Seller retained IP should be licensed?

- What is the scope of the license?

Should the Seller receive a grant-back license under:

- IP transferred to the Spin-Out?

- Spin-Out’s IP in its future ―improvements‖?

continued Spin-Outs ‒ Key IP Questions

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Emerging Role of IP in

M&A

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지적재산권은 – 특히 특허권 – 점점 더 다음에 대한 원동력이 되고있음:

- 거래 가치

- 거래 구조

- 주주 가치 보완

- M&A를 위한 자금조달 방법

- M&A를 용이하게 하기 위한 영향력 행사

- 포이즌 필 (poison pill) 또는 거래보호 방법

- 독자적 금적적 가치환산 (monetization)

Emerging Role of IP in M&A

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Increasingly IP, particularly patents, is seen as a driving force in:

- Deal value

- Deal structures

- Capturing stranded value for shareholders

- Financing mechanism for M&A

- Leverage for facilitating M&A

- Poison pill or deal protections

- Independent monetization

continued Emerging Role of IP in M&A

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What to expect

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Seller Buyer Price

Kodak Bankruptcy Auction TBD

InterDigital Intel $375M

Nvidia and Intellectual Ventures IP Wireless Not available

AOL Microsoft $1.1B

Microsoft Facebook $550M

IBM Facebook Not available

MOSAID Sterling Partners $596M

Core Wireless (Nokia/MSFT) MOSAID Royalty split

IBM Google Not available

Novell CPNT (MSFT, Oracle, EMC...) $450M

Motorola Mobility Google [$12B]

Nortel Rockstar Bidco $4.6B

Micron Round Rock Not available

Selected Recent Patent Deals

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특허권 시장의 향상된 유동성

특허권의 가치가 높아지고 있음

금전적 가치환산을 강조

경영기업의 비핵심 특허권 매각

전략적으로 중요성이 증가하는 추세이나:

- 전략적 가치는 시장/시기에 크게 영향을 받음

거래/구조의 고도화

고급자산 선호현상

非미국 기업들이 미국 특허권 관련 중요위치/전략 추구

Patent Market - Trends

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Greater liquidity in patent market

Patent values rising

Increased emphasis on monetization

Operating companies divesting non-core patents

Higher stakes strategically, but:

- Strategic value highly dependent on market/timing

Increased sophistication in deals/structures

Flight to quality assets

Non-US players seeking US patent positions/strategy

continued Patent Market - Trends

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21

2003: Niklas Zennstrom 과 Janus Friis가 설립함

2005: eBay 에 $26 억으로 매각

2009: Silver Lake Partners 에 65%를 매각; 약 $27.5 억 가치액 상당

(투자 컨소시엄의 일부였음)

2009: Skype 와 Skype 창시자간의 복잡한 지적 재산권 분쟁 합의

2011: Microsoft 에 $85 억으로 매각

Case Study: Skype

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2003: founded by Niklas Zennstrom and Janus Friis

2005: sold to eBay for $2.6 billion

2009: sold 65% to Silver Lake Partners (as part of an investment

consortium) at a $2.75 billion valuation

2009: complex IP settlement between Skype and Skype founders

2011: sold to Microsoft for $8.5 billion

continued Case Study: Skype

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Attachmente가 Novell을 $22 억 규모의 거래로 인수

동시에 Novell 은 800개 이상의 특허권을 $4.5 억으로 Microsoft, Apple,

Oracle 그리고 EMC로 구성된 컨소시엄인 CPNT Holdings에 매각

수익금은 사모펀드 구매자들에 의해 인수금융으로 쓰여짐

(Francisco, Golden Gate, Thoma Bravo)

상기 컨소시엄은 2단계로 구성되었다고 알려짐:

- 컨소시엄이 특허권 인수

- 특허권을 컨소시엄 멤버에게 분포

미국 법무부의 개입

Case Study: Microsoft/Novell

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Attachmente acquires Novell in transaction valued at $2.2 billion

Novell concurrently sells over 800 patents for $450 million to

CPNT Holdings, a consortium including Microsoft, Apple, Oracle

and EMC

Proceeds used as acquisition finance by private equity buyers

(Francisco, Golden Gate, Thoma Bravo)

Consortium reported to be structured in two-stages:

- Patent Acquisition by Consortium

- Patent Distribution to Consortium Members

U.S. Department of Justice intervention

continued Case Study: Microsoft/Novell

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Biography of Nader A. Mousavi

25

Nader A. Mousavi

Palo Alto Office

Phone: +650 461 5660

Fax: +1 650 461 5740

[email protected]

Partner since 2010

Stanford Law School, J.D. 1997

University of California, Los Angeles,

B.A. 1993

R

―Nader Mousavi … is a greatly respected

expert on IP transactions. ‗He is

extremely intelligent and is a fantastic

discussion partner on thorny legal

issues.‘‖ IAM Patent 1000, 2012

ecognized as one of the ―Top 100 Lawyers in California‖ by the Daily Journal (2012) and one of the top

―40 under 40‖ business professionals by Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal (2007), Nader A.

Mousavi is a partner and co-head of the Firm’s Intellectual Property Group. He joined the Firm in May 2010.

Mr. Mousavi’s practice includes advising clients on intellectual property and technology issues in a wide range

of corporate and transactional matters. These transactions include:

mergers and acquisitions

joint ventures

collaborations

financings

licensing

outsourcing

monetization

research and development

manufacturing

commercialization

settlements

Mr. Mousavi has extensive experience representing companies and investors in a variety of intellectual property-

intensive industries, including software, semiconductors, communications, Internet, media, services, consumer

products, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, medical devices, clean technologies and financial institutions. Mr.

Mousavi was counsel to Silver Lake Partners and Skype in connection with the $8.5 billion sale of Skype to

Microsoft.

After graduating from Stanford Law School, he joined TCS, an early-stage telecommunications software (SaaS)

company, where he led strategy and legal affairs as TCS pioneered the ―softswitch‖ and ultimately was acquired

by a leading broadband equipment company. Following the acquisition, Mr. Mousavi served as senior counsel for

the acquirer until joining Hale and Dorr (now part of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr) in 2001. Mr. Mousavi

later also served on secondment to Cisco Systems as lead technology counsel to Cisco’s IP communications

business unit. He became a partner at Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr in 2008 and co-founded the firm’s

Palo Alto office before joining Sullivan & Cromwell.

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Biography of Nader A. Mousavi

26

Previous and Pending Transactions

Intel, in connection with (i) its

worldwide patent cross-license and

settlement with Advanced Micro Device

s (AMD); (ii) its patent agreement with

GlobalFoundries; (iii) its world-wide

patent cross-license and settlement

agreement with NVIDIA Corporation;

and (iv) intellectual property and joint

development matters in connection with

entering into agreements to expand the

NAND Flash memory joint venture

between Intel and Micron Technology

The Heyman family, in its $3.2 billion

sale of International Specialty

Products (ISP) to Ashland

An investor consortium led by Silver

Lake Partners, in the $2 billion

acquisition of a 65% interest in Skype

Technologies, S.A. from eBay, Inc.,

including the resolution of all intellectual

property disputes with Skype’s founders

Silver Lake Partners and Skype, in

connection with the $8.5 billion sale of

Skype to Microsoft

Skype in its widely reported agreement

with Facebook to make Skype products

and services available on Facebook

platforms

Kodak, in connection with (i) its

worldwide patent cross-licenses with

Agfa, Samsung and LG and (ii) its

worldwide restructuring, including its pend

ing auction of its portfolio of 1,100

digital imaging patents

Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT), in its establishment

of the Broad Institute for biomedical

research with Harvard University,

affiliated hospitals and The Whitehead

Institute

McCartney Productions Limited, in

an agreement with Hewlett Packard to

digitize and deliver via a private cloud the

music and content library of former Beatle

Paul McCartney

Softbank, in structuring a joint venture

in Japan with Zynga Game Network

VeriFone Systems, in its $485 million

acquisition of Hypercom Corporation

Wells Fargo Securities, in connection

with the transfer of Citadel Securities’

investment banking business to Wells

Fargo Securities for an undisclosed

amount

American Express, in its joint venture with

vente-privee.com to launch an online platform

for private sales of luxury goods in the United

States

Anheuser-Busch InBev, in its pending

$20.1 billion acquisition of the remaining stake

it does not already own in Grupo Modelo

ASML, in worldwide patent cross-licenses

with Nikon and Canon

AVEO, in connection with its biomedical

collaborations with Merck

Avon Products, in the sale of its 75% owners

hip interest in Avon Japan to TPG

Broadcom, in various IP transactions,

including alliances with Nokia for smartphone

technologies

Cablevision, in its $1.4 billion acquisition of

Bresnan Communications

Cisco, in numerous IP transactions relating to

its IP communications and wireless business

units

Millennium Pharmaceuticals, in connection

with collaborations with Bayer and Johnson &

Johnson

Nippon Steel, in its agreement with Ternium

S.A. to form a $350 million joint venture in

Mexico

Novartis, in connection with a collaboration

with Cerimon Pharmaceuticals

Parthus, in connection with the merger with a

spin-out from DSP Group, to form ParthusCeva

Pharmasset, in its $11 billion acquisition by

Gilead Sciences

Cúram Software, in its acquisition by

IBM Corporation

Fiserv in its $465 million acquisition of

CashEdge

Gildan Activewear, in its $350 million

acquisition of Gold Toe Moretz

Michael Rubin, CEO of GSI Commerce,

in the $2.4 billion acquisition of GSI

Commerce by eBay

HSBC Holdings, in the $2.6 billion sale

of its credit card and retail services

business in the United States to Capital

One Financial Corporation

ING Groep, in the pending $3.1 billion

sale of ING Bank of Canada (ING Direct

Canada) to The Bank of Nova Scotia and

the $9 billion sale of its ING Direct USA

online banking operation to Capital One

Financial Corp.

Popular, in the sale of a 51% interest in it

s processing subsidiary, EVERTEC, and

related processing, merchant acquiring

and technology businesses, to Apollo

Management, through the establishment

of a $900 million joint venture

Q-Cells AG, in its alliance with Solaria,

including technical cooperation and

silicon supply agreements

Rhône Capital, in connection with its

$1.3 billion simultaneous acquisitions of

(i) Evonik Carbon Black and related

entities (the ECB Group); and (ii) the ECB

Group’s Chinese joint venture

continued

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Biography of Nader A. Mousavi

27

―Nader Mousavi . . . is an ‗extraordinary,

unusually intelligent lawyer with an

almost encyclopaedic knowledge of the

law‘ and is ‗head and shoulders above

other lawyers when it comes to

negotiation, where he always focuses on

the right issues‘.‖ IAM Licensing 250, 2011

―Nader Mousavi . . . is ‗a hugely

intelligent, service-oriented attorney who

is destined to be a leading figure.‘ His

talents extend across patent licensing,

commercial IT transactions and M&A,

and he acts for such high-caliber clients

as Intel . . . .‖ Chambers USA, 2010

IAM Patent 1000 – The World‟s Leading Patent Practitioners (2012)

Daily Journal – named as one of the ―Top 100 Lawyers in California‖ (2012)

The American Lawyer – named as one of the ―Lateral All-Stars,‖ a list honoring the most significant partner moves of the year

(2010)

IAM Licensing 250: The World‟s Leading Patent and Technology Licensing Lawyers (2010, 2011)

Chambers USA: America‟s Leading Lawyers for Business – recognized for IT and Outsourcing (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)

Northern California Super Lawyers (2009, 2010, 2011)

Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal – recognized as one of the top ―40 under 40‖ business professionals in Silicon Valley

(2007)

Regional Finalist, White House Fellows Program (2005)

Boston Business Journal – recognized as one of the top ―40 under 40‖ business professionals in Boston (2004)

Mr. Mousavi is a frequent speaker on intellectual property and technology matters, including at Stanford Law School, the Silicon

Valley Chapter of the Licensing Executives Society, the Practising Law Institute and various other professional organizations and

conferences.

He is a member of the Advisory Board for Stanford Law School’s Program in Law, Science & Technology, as well as the Silicon

Valley Chapter of the Licensing Executives Society, and a former member of the board of directors of PARSA Community

Foundation.

Mr. Mousavi is a former member of the California Council of Champions for Citizen Schools, a national non-profit organization

dedicated to providing after-school education for middle-school children, and since 2001, he regularly volunteered as a Citizen

Teacher in Citizen Schools’ mock trial program. He is also a founding member of the Northern California Chapter of the Iranian-

American Bar Association.

―The Evolving Role of Intellectual Property in M&A Transactions,‖ Intellectual Asset Management (IAM) magazine (July/August

2011)

―Reach-Through Rights and the Patentability, Enforcement, and Licensing of Patents on Drug Discovery Tools,‖ Hastings

Science & Technology Law Journal (Winter 2009)

(co-author)

―Deals An Evolving Art – New Focus on Accounting Standards May Lead Companies to

Resist Deal-making Structures,‖ Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal (March 23, 2007) (co-author)

―Open Secrets: How Public Records Laws Can Hamper Public-Private Research Partnerships,‖ Biotech Briefing (Spring 2006)

(co-author)

―When the Public Does Not Have a Right to Know: How the California Public Records Act is Deterring Bioscience Research and

Development,‖ Duke Law and Technology Review (2005)

continued

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28

Article:

―The evolving role of intellectual

property in M&A transactions‖ –

Intellectual Asset Management

(July/August 2011)

by Nader A. Mousavi

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Thank You

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해외 M&A의 법적 쟁점 ‒ 미국/유럽을 중심으로

Session 2

Acquiring a U.S. Public Company: What a Non-U.S. Buyer Should Know

Before Making an Offer

September 26, 2012 | Seoul

Francis J. Aquila

Michael G. DeSombre

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Acquiring a U.S. Public Company:

What a Non-U.S. Buyer Should Know Before Making an Offer

Francis J. Aquila

Michael G. DeSombre

1. Acquiring a U.S. Public Company

2. Appendix A:

Key Elements of Acquiring a U.S. Public

Company

3. Appendix B:

Illustrative Timeline:

Cash Tender Offer v. Merger Proxy

4. Appendix C:

Fiduciary Duties of Directors in a Takeover Situation

5. Appendix D:

Speakers Profile

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Fundamental Deal Structuring Decisions

32

합병 對 공개매수

‒ 합병: 이사회의 승인을 받은 후 주주의 표결로 결정됨

(통상적으로 발행주식 과반수)

‒ 공개매수: 직접 주주들을 상대로 매수제의

▶ 종종 합병으로 이어짐

우호적 對 unsolicited

‒ “우호적” M&A 는 일반적으로 협의에 의한 M&A를 일컬으나,

대상회사의 제안 요청에 기하지 않은 (unsolicited) 인수제의에 기해 시작될 수

도 있음

‒ 對價 (deal consideration)의 결정 – 주식 (stock consideration) 對 현금 (cash

consideration), 혹은 주식 + 현금

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Fundamental Deal Structuring Decisions

33

Statutory merger or tender offer?

‒ Merger: must first be approved by Board before voted on by stockholders

(typically, a majority of the outstanding shares)

‒ Tender Offer: made directly to stockholders

▶ Often followed by a statutory merger

Friendly or unsolicited?

‒ ―Friendly‖ generally refers to a transaction that is negotiated but can begin with

―unsolicited‖ offer

‒ Determine whether stock or cash consideration (or both) is to be used

continued

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―One Step‖ Transaction Structure

to Get to 100% Ownership

34

합병의 구조

‒ 정식합병: 대상회사가 인수자와 직접 합병을 함

▶ 세금 등의 관점에서 보면 실익이 떨어짐

‒ 전진형 삼각합병: 대상회사는 인수자가 신규로 설립한 자회사에 흡수되며, 동자회사는 인수자의 100% 자회사로 존속함

▶ 제3자 동의 등이 까다로울 수 있음

▶ 현금+주식 거래 시 주식 부분이 면세 처리를 받을 수 있는 현금 비율은 최고 60% 까지

‒ 후진형 삼각합병: 인수자가 신규로 설립한 자회사가 대상회사에 흡수되며, 대상회사는 인수자의 100% 자회사로 존속함

▶ 대상회사가 존속하기 때문에 계약상 제3자 동의를 득해야 할 필요성이 줄어듬

▶ 현금+주식 거래 시 주식 부분이 면세 처리를 받을 수 있는 현금 비율은 최고 20% 까지

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―One Step‖ Transaction Structure

to Get to 100% Ownership

35

Statutory Merger Structure

‒ Long-form forward merger: Seller merges directly with Buyer

▶ Unlikely to be practical from tax and other perspectives

‒ Forward triangular: Seller merges with and into Buyer’s newly formed

merger subsidiary, and merger subsidiary survives as a wholly-owned

subsidiary of Buyer

▶ May be problematic from a third-party consent perspective

▶ Up to 60% cash allowed for cash/stock deals to achieve tax-free treatment for

stock component

‒ Reverse triangular: Buyer’s newly-formed merger subsidiary merges with

and into Seller and Seller survives as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Buyer

▶ Because Seller survives the merger, reduces need to obtain most contractual

consents

▶ Up to 20% cash allowed for cash/stock deals to achieve tax-free treatment for

stock component

continued

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―Two Step‖ Transaction Structure

to Get to 100% Ownership

36

공개매수+합병

‒ 현금 공개매수 제의 후, 약식/정식 합병

▶ 합병에 비해 시간적 이점이 있을 수 있음

▶ 인수제의가 대상회사의 주주들에게 직접 이루어지기 때문에 적대적 인수자들이 선호하는

구조임

‒ 약식 합병 (공개매수 제의 직후)

▶ 인수자가 대상회사 주식의 90%를 초과하여 소유하는 경우, 델라웨어 주법상 대상회사의 이사회나 다른 주주의 관여 없이 즉시 “스퀴즈아웃(squeeze-out)‖합병을 실행할 수 있음

▶ 모든 주에서 실행 가능한 기법은 아님

(주식의) 교환 공개매수도 가능하지만 당해 주식이 SEC에 실제로

등록이 되어야만 가능

‒ 적대적 교환공개매수가 아닌 이상 보통 “원스텝” 합병 실행

최소 20 영업일 동안 공개매수 제의가 유효해야 함

단, 정부 검토로 인해 시간적 이점이 상쇄될 수 있음

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―Two Step‖ Transaction Structure

to Get to 100% Ownership

37

Tender Offer Plus Back-End Merger

‒ Cash tender offer followed by long-form or short-form merger

▶ Potential timing advantages over merger

▶ Structure for hostile suitors since offer is made directly to Target stockholders

‒ Short-form merger (immediately following tender offer)

▶ Once Buyer owns over 90% of Target stock (in Delaware), it can effect

immediately the ―squeeze-out‖ merger without need for any action by Target

Board or other stockholders

▶ Not available in all states, however

Exchange Offer also available but requires ―effectiveness‖ of

registration of stock with SEC

‒ Usually just do ―one step‖ merger (unless hostile exchange offer)

Must be open for a minimum of 20 business days

Regulatory reviews, however, can eliminate timing advantage

continued

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Deal Consideration: Stock versus

Cash Acquisition (U.S. Requirements)

38

현금 주식

‒ 현금에 의한 공개 매수인 경우

상대적으로 빠른 실행 가능

‒ 인수자에게 있어 법적 위험성이

상대적으로 적음

‒ 인수자가 지급할 금액이 정해져 있음

‒ 레버리지 및 신용등급에 부정적인 영향을

끼칠수 있음

‒ 주주 즉시 과세 가능

‒ 인수자가 미국회사일 경우 일반적으로

주주 동의가 필요하지 않음. 인수자가

미국회사가 아닐 경우 인수규모에 따라

주주들의 동의가 필요할 수도 있음

‒ 대상회사의 주주에게 반대주주의 권리가

부여될 수도 있음

‒ SEC에 주식을 등록해야 하기 때문에 실행

시간이 상대적으로 길어짐

‒ 법적 리스크가 상대적으로 많음

‒ 현존 주주들의 주식가치 하락

‒ 주주에게 면세가 되도록 구성할 수 있음

‒ Flowback (합병 완료전 대상회사의 주주가

보유주식을 투매) 가 인수자 주가에 끼치는

영향

‒ 고정 가치 v. 고정 교환비율

‒ Regulation M

‒ 적대적 M&A인 경우 상대적으로 주식 거래를

하기가 어려움

‒ M&A의 구조와 규모에 따라 인수자 측

주주의 동의가 필요할 수 있음

‒ 100% 주식 거래일 경우 일반적으로

반대주주의 권리가 주어지지 않음

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Deal Consideration: Stock versus

Cash Acquisition (U.S. Requirements)

39

Cash Stock

‒ Quicker execution (cash tender offer)

‒ Less legal risk for buyer

‒ Fixed price to be paid by Buyer

‒ Possible negative impact on leverage

and potentially on credit rating

‒ Immediately taxable to stockholders

‒ Generally, no approval required from

Buyer stockholders that are U.S.

companies. Non-U.S. companies may

require stockholder approval depending

on the size of the acquisition

‒ Target stockholders may have dissenters’

rights

‒ SEC registration of stock lengthens

execution process

‒ More legal exposure

‒ Dilution of existing stockholders

‒ Can be structured to be tax-free to

stockholders

‒ Effects of flowback on Buyer stock price

‒ Fixed value vs. fixed exchange ratio

‒ Regulation M (Federal anti-manipulation

rules)

‒ Harder to use stock for hostile deal

‒ Approval of Buyer stockholders may be

required depending on structure and size of

transaction

‒ Often no dissenters’ rights if all stock

continued

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The Role of Stockholder Rights Plans*

40

주요 근거: 주주권리계획은 이사회가 주주가치를 극대화 하는데 유용함

‒ “점진적” 지분 취득을 통하여 일정한 지분비율을 초과하는 것을 방지함

‒ 이사회가 주주가치를 극대화하는 대안을 평가할 시간을 제공함

‒ 모든 주주들에게 온전하고 적정한 가치를 제공하지 않는 강압적 투스텝 인수제의

또는 부분적 인수제의의 위험성을 줄임

‒ 잠재적 인수자로 하여금 권리계획의 실행에 따라 지분이 희석되는 결과를 방지하기

위하여 대상회사 이사회와 협의하도록 유도함

‒ 권리계획上 권리의 부여 및 회수는 이사회의 전권 사항임

권리계획의 효과: 이사회의 동의 없이 15%**를 초과하는 주식을

취득하지 못하도록 함

‒ 기존에 포이즌 필이 없었던 경우에도, 위협에 대응하여 이사회가 일방적으로

구비/실행 가능

* 일반적으로 ―포이즌필‖로 일컫기도 함. ** 15% 가 일반적인 기준이나, 상황에 따라 달라질 수 있음.

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The Role of Stockholder Rights Plans*

41

Principal Reason: A Stockholder Rights Plan can help a Board

maximize stockholder value

‒ Deters ―creeping‖ acquisitions above the ―triggering‖ percentage

‒ Provides time for Board to evaluate value maximizing alternatives

‒ Reduces risk of coercive two-tiered or partial offers that may not offer full and fair

value to all stockholders

‒ Encourages potential acquiror to negotiate with the Board to avoid triggering dilutive

consequences of rights

‒ Board has unilateral power to issue and redeem rights

Overall Effect of Stockholder Rights Plan: Prevents acquisitions in

excess of 15%** of stock without Board approval

‒ Even if not already in place, Board can unilaterally implement quickly when threat

emerges

* Also commonly referred to as “poison pills”. ** 15% is standard trigger, but can vary.

continued

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Unsolicited Deal Schematic

42

인수 포기

인수제안서

발표/유출

공개매수

발표 / 의결권

위임약정

협의에 의한

M&A

주주가

이사회로 하여금

협의를 진행하

도록 압박하는

것을 기다림

인수 대상 선택

- 대상회사의 방어 체계 (defensive profile) 파악 (접근 타이밍에 영향을 미침)

- 상세한 재무 및 법률 분석

- 입찰가

- 현금인 경우, 자금조달방법

- 각종 규제 분석 (antitrust, CFIUS)

1차 서신 발송

- 우호적 미팅 요청함

- 제안 인수가 또는 범위를 표시함

- 인수금의 가능한 지급형태를 표시함

- 인수제의를 공개할 의향이 없다는 것을 표시함

- “상장기업” 실사를 요청함

- 각종 규제 관련 검토 결과 및 자금조달 리스크의 부존재에 관하여 확인하는 경우도 있음

- Standstill 서명 의향 여부

우호적 미팅

- 짜여진 각본

- 일반적으로 양측 모두 연출된 미팅임

- 그러나 답변의 성질에 따라 많은 정보를 얻을 수 있음

- 자발적으로 만남을 갖는다는 자체가 중요한 의미를 가질 수 있음

- 독점권 권리 요구

2차 서신 발송

1차 서신과 유사하나, 다음과 같은 차이가 있을 수 있음:

- 인수금 인상 가능성 표시

- 자금조달 “확약”의 제시 가능성 표시

- 제안 거절시 “공개적으로 인수를 진행”하겠다는 입장을 묵시적 또는 명시적으로 표시할 수 있음

- 최종 답변 시한 표시

단계가 진행될수록 ―정보 유출‖의 위험성이 높아짐

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Unsolicited Deal Schematic

43

Go Away

Publicly Release Offer Letter / Leak

Make Public Tender Offer / Proxy Contract

Negotiated Deal

Wait for Stockholders to Pressure Board to Negotiate

SELECT TARGET

- Defensive profile of Target (influences timing of approach)

- Detailed financial and legal analysis

- Bid price

- Financing, if cash deal

- Regulatory analysis (i.e., antitrust, CFIUS)

Private Letter #1

- Seeks friendly meeting

- Indicates price or range

- Indicates potential form of consideration

- Indicates no intent to disclose offer

- Seeks ―public company‖ due diligence

- May offer assurance on regulatory review/ no financing risk

- Willingness to sign a standstill?

Friendly Meeting

- Script

- Generally choreographed on both sides

- But nature of response can be informative

- Willingness to meet at all could be significant

- Request for ―exclusivity‖

Private Letter #2

Same as prior except:

- May show price increase

- Likely to show financing ―commitments‖

- Likely to implicitly or explicitly indicate ―going public‖ if rejected

- Deadline for response

Risk of “leak” probability rises with each step.

continued

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Target Options Regarding the Sale Process

44

절차적 타이밍

‒ 이사회가 주도함: (권리계획의 구비여부에 따라) 권리계획에 근거하여 주도함

잠재적 인수자군의 평가

‒ 전략적 투자자 對 사모투자자

다양한 “매각”방법 모색(매각을 추진하는 경우)

‒ 공개 경쟁입찰

▶ “전략적 대안의 탐구”를 주제로한 언론 플레이

▶ “계약 체결 전” 시장 상황 확인

‒ “제한적” 경쟁 입찰 방식

‒ 일회성 협의 방식

▶ “계약 체결 후” 시장 확인 및 “go shop/no shop‖ 에 의존

비밀유지약정 및 standstill 실행

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Target Options Regarding the Sale Process

45

Timing of process

‒ Board determines: supported by rights plan (availability of rights plan)

Assessing universe of potential buyers

‒ Strategic vs. private equity players

Various ―sale‖ methods (assuming sale is to be explored)

‒ Public auction

▶ ―Exploring strategic alternatives‖ press release

▶ ―Pre-signing‖ market check

‒ ―Private‖ auction

‒ One-off negotiations

▶ Rely on ―post-signing‖ market check and ―go shop/no shop‖

Execution of Confidentiality/Standstill Agreements

continued

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When Must Negotiations be Disclosed?

46

미국의 경우 별도의 공개 의무가 없는 한, 침묵 그 자체가 호도를 의미

하는 것은 아님

대원칙: 다음의 경우 외에는 일반적으로 회사가 합병 협의에 관하여 공

개할 의무가 없음:

‒ 자사주식을 거래하는 경우

‒ 정보의 유출에 대해 책임이 있는 경우

‒ SEC에 등록된 경우

‒ 허위 사실을 발표하거나 (진술시 기준) 발표/공시 후의 상황변화로 인해 당해 발표/

공시가 중대한 오해를 유발하는 경우

미국 이외의 지역에서 상장된 non-U.S. 인수자는 현지 상장규정에

따른 공시기준을 준수해야 함

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When Must Negotiations be Disclosed?

47

In U.S. silence, absent a duty to speak, is not misleading

General Rule: A company is generally under no obligation to

disclose merger negotiations unless:

‒ it is trading in its own stock

‒ it is responsible for information leaking into the market

‒ it is in registration, or

‒ it has made statements that were false when made or subsequent developments

have made materially misleading

For non-U.S. acquirors listed on non-U.S. stock exchanges, it is

necessary to coordinate with the disclosure requirements under

the non-U.S. listing rules

continued

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―Public Company‖ Due Diligence

48

대상회사는 인수자가 대상회사의 SEC 제출자료를 비롯한 공개된

자료를 기초로 어느정도 대상회사에 대한 정보를 파악했을것이라고 추

정함

(보다 상세한 기업 정보는 NDA체결 후 제공됨)

‒ 따라서 대상회사는 인수자에게 “확인” 실사 (즉, 공개자료를 토대로 수집한 정보

를 확인)를 빠른 시간안에 끝낼 것을 요구함 (2 ~ 4주)

일반적으로 인수자의 실사팀은 실사 요청 목록을 준비함

‒ 가능한 한 대상회사의 사업 특성에 맞추어 준비하는 것이 바람직함

매도인이 data room (통상 온라인상 가상 data room) 을 설정하여

비밀정보를 제한된 기간 동안 제공함

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―Public Company‖ Due Diligence

49

Target assumes Buyer has done its ―homework‖ based on

public record (e.g., SEC filings) in advance of seeking further

information (which would be provided subject to an NDA)

‒ Target will therefore push Buyer to conduct ―confirmatory‖ due diligence (i.e.,

confirming what is publicly reported) and to move quickly (2-4 weeks)

Buyer due diligence team typically prepares due diligence

request list

‒ Should be tailored as much as possible to fit Seller business

Seller will assemble data room (typically, a virtual data room)

containing non-public information and provide access for

limited time period

continued

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―Public Company‖ Due Diligence

50

continued

인수계약상 매도인 측으로 하여금 진술 보장을 하도록 하는 것은,

진술 보장의 대상에서 제외되는 모든 항목들의 목록 (disclosure

schedule) 을 계약 체결전에 제공하도록 함

‒ 진술 보장은 “MAE 사유” 기준에 따름

‒ 진술 보장은 거래 종결후 효력 상실

미처 발견하지 못한 리스크로부터 보호 받기 위해 인수자가

갖추어야 할 세 가지 요소 :

‒ SEC 제출 자료

‒ 관련 사업 분야 전문가들로 구성된

실사단의 실사

‒ 인수 계약상 ―제한적‖ 진술 보장(및 Disclosure Schedule)

단,

‒ 계약 체결 후 중대하고 부정적인 영향(MAE)을 이유로 인수자가 계약 관계로부터

이탈하는 경우는 극히 드묾

‒ 거래 종결 후 손해배상 부재

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―Public Company‖ Due Diligence

51

continued

Representations and warranties (―reps‖) by Seller made in

acquisition agreement will force Seller to deliver prior to signing

a Disclosure Schedule of all exceptions to the reps

‒ Reps are subject to ―MAE qualifier‖

‒ Reps do not survive closing

Buyer must rely on three principal elements for protection

against undisclosed risk:

‒ Public filings with SEC

‒ Due diligence conducted by team comprised of people with knowledge of business

and relevant areas of expertise

‒ ―Limited‖ representations and warranties in acquisition agreement

(and Disclosure Schedule in response thereto)

BUT:

‒ Once signed, it is rare for Buyer to find an MAE ―out‖ in deal

‒ No indemnity post-closing

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Key Terms of Negotiated Deal

52

중대하고 부정적인 사정 변경 (Material Adverse Change 혹은 MAC)

‒ MAC 발생 시 거래 종결을 거절할 수 있는

근거는 거래 종결 시점까지 진술 보장의 유효성/정확성을 요구하는 것임

▶ MAC 적용 제외 사유의 협상

▶ 대부분의 진술 보장 사항이 MAC의 적용받음

기타 조건

‒ 정부 승인 등 각종 규제 관련 조건

‒ 계약 위반 사항 부존재 조건

‒ 자금 조달 관련 조건?

Break-up Fee/Matching Rights

‒ Break fee는 통상 인수 규모의 2-4%

‒ 최초 인수자에게 최종 결정권 (last look)이 부여됨

Go Shop/No Shop 조항

‒ 다른 인수제의에 응하거나 이를 유인할 수 있는지 여부를 결정함

‒ 이사회의 Fiduciary duty에 기한 계약 관계로 부터의 이탈

경쟁법 관련 조항/조건 ‒ ―Hell or High Water‖ 對 사업 부문 매각을 수반하지 않는 ―reasonable efforts‖

의결 관련 조건

‒ 통상 발행주식수의 과반수가 법정 기준임

기타 사회적 쟁점 (고용계약 ; 복리후생 등)

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Key Terms of Negotiated Deal

53

Material Adverse Change (―MAC‖) Condition

‒ ―Bring down‖ to closing of accuracy of representations is basis for not closing if there is a Material

Adverse Change

▶ Negotiation of ―carve-outs‖ to MAC

▶ Qualifies nearly every representation

Other Conditions

‒ Regulatory

‒ No Breach

‒ Financing Condition?

Size of Break-up Fee/Matching Rights

‒ 2-4% of deal is common break fee

‒ Original buyer gets last look (―matching right‖)

Go Shop/No Shop

‒ Determines ability to respond to (or actually solicit) other bids

‒ Fiduciary out

Antitrust Covenant/Condition

‒ ―Hell or High Water‖ vs. ―reasonable efforts‖ but no divestitures

Vote Required

‒ Statutory vote is typically a majority of outstanding

Social Issues (employment contracts; benefits, etc.)

continued

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Material Adverse Effect

54

거래의 종결은 여러 가지 조건의 만족을 전제로 하는데, 특히 대상회사의 전체적인 재정상태, 사업 또는 영업 성과에 중대하고 불리하거나 그러할 것으로 합리적으로 예상이 되는 영향이 없을 것을 전제로 함

MAE의 정의는 일반적으로 아래와 같은 사정 변경 사유에 의한 영향을 포함하지 않으나,

이러한 예외는 대상회사가 받는 영향이 다른 유사한 회사가 받는 영향에 비해 현저한 불균형을 이루지 않을 것을 전제로 함:

‒ 경제, 사업, 규제, 정치 또는 시장 환경의 전반적인 변화, 혹은 국내/글로벌 금융시장/자본시장의

전반적인 변화

‒ 대상회사의 사업과 연관된 산업에 영향을 주는 전반적인 변화

‒ 법률의 변경

‒ GAAP의 변경

‒ 인수 계약에 따라 이행해야 하는 거래 행위, 작위 혹은 부작위의 발표/공시

‒ 미국이 관련된 전쟁 또는 기타 무력 시위의 발발

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Material Adverse Effect

55

Consummation of transaction is conditioned, among other things, on absence

of an effect that is or would reasonably be expected to be material and adverse

to the financial condition, business or results of operations of Target taken as a

whole.

MAE definition typically excludes effects arising from, among other things,

changes of the kind described below; provided that such changes do not have a

materially disproportionate effect on Target relative to other comparable

companies:

‒ changes in general economic, business, regulatory, political or

market conditions or in national or global financial or capital markets

‒ changes in general affecting any of the industries in which Target operates

‒ changes in law

‒ changes in GAAP

‒ announcement of transaction or any action or omission required to be

taken under acquisition agreement

‒ commencement of war or other armed hostilities involving the U.S.

continued

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Document Creation

56

M&A 개시 초기부터 모든 관계자들은 자신이 작성하는 M&A 관련 문서(이메일 포함) 가

향후에 공개되거나 최소한 정부 당국 혹은 법원이 검토할 가능성이 있음을 염두에 두어야 함

HSR 관련 자료 제출

4(c) 및 4(d) 관련 문서는 매우 포괄적으로 정의되며, 이는 반드시 경쟁법 관계 당국에 제출하여야 함:

‒ 임원 또는 이사가 작성한 문서(이메일 포함) 중 시장 점유율, 매출 성장 또는 시장 경쟁과 관련한

내용을 언급하는 문서들

‒ 컨설턴트, 투자 은행 또는 기타 자문사가 작성한 문서(M&A 당사자의 요청이 없었음에도 제출한

자문 제안서 등 포함) 중 시장 경쟁의 관점에서 당해 M&A를 언급한 문서

‒ 법률 자문사는 관련 모든 자료가 제출 되었음을 인증해야 함

SEC 관련 자료 제출

‒ 대상회사가 상장회사일 경우, 대상회사의 모든 의사 소통 및 활동이 대중에 공개될 수 있음을 고려해야 함 - M&A의 배경, 적정성(Fairness) 평가, 이사회가 M&A를 승인한 이유, 그리고 인수자

또는 매도인이 제공받은 사업전망 (projection) 포함

소송

‒ M&A 발표 후, 이른바 위협 소송(strike suits)이 제기되는 경우가 흔하므로 “문서화” 혹은

“기록”이 중요함

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Document Creation

57

From beginning of transaction, all persons involved should create deal

documents (including e-mails) with thought that it could become public

(or, at minimum, subject to scrutiny by a regulator or judge)

HSR filings

4(c) and 4(d) Documents (broadly defined) must be filed with antitrust regulators:

‒ Documents (including e-mails) produced by senior management or directors discussing market

share, sales growth or competitive implications of a potential transaction

‒ Documents prepared by consultants, investment bankers or other third party advisors, including

unsolicited pitch books, discussing business to be acquired with respect to competitive market

issues

‒ Attorney needs to certify in filing that all documents have been filed

SEC filings

‒ If Target is a publicly traded company, Target’s communications and actions should be taken

with the expectation that they will be disclosed to the public (background of transaction, fairness

evaluation, reasons Board approved transaction; projections provided to Buyer or Seller)

Litigation

‒ Not unusual or uncommon for ―strike suits‖ to be filed upon announcement of transaction, so

―record‖ is important

continued

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Transaction Litigation:

Significant Increase in Past Five Years

58

M&A 관련 소송의 증가

‒ 2011년 한 해만 5억 달러 이상 규모의 M&A 중 96%가 소송 대상이 됨 – 2007년은 53%

M&A 건당 소송 건수의 증가

‒ 2011년 한 해만 소송의 대상이 된 M&A 는 M&A 건당 평균 6.2개의 서로 다른

소송이 제기 됨 – 2007년은 2.8

여러 관할에 걸친 소송의 증가

‒ 2011년도에는 5억 달러이상 규모의 M&A 중 72%가 델라웨어주 및 그 이외의

관할에서도 소송이 제기되었음 – 2007년은 37%

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Transaction Litigation:

Significant Increase in Past Five Years

59

More Transactions Subject to Litigation

‒ In 2011, 96% of transactions over $500 million were subject to litigation – up

from 53% in 2007.

More Litigation Per Transaction

‒ In 2011, litigated transactions attracted on average 6.2 separate suits – up

from 2.8 suits per transaction in 2007.

More Litigation in Multiple Jurisdictions

‒ In 2011, 72% of transactions over $500 million resulted in litigation in

Delaware and at least one other jurisdiction – up from 37% in 2007.

continued

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Transaction Litigation: Focal Points

60

M&A 관련 소송의 주요 쟁점:

‒ 이해 상충 관련 소송

‒ 공시 관련 소송

재무자문사의

이해 상충

예: 대상회사의 재무자문사가 인수자에게도 스테이플드 파인낸싱을 제공 (Del Monte)

예: 대상회사의 재무자문사가 인수자의 주요 지분 보유 (El Paso)

경영진의

이해 상충

예: 협상을 주도한 대상회사의 CEO가 M&A 종결 후 대상회사의 한 부서를 인수자로부터 인수할

숨은 의도가 있는 경우 (El Paso)

매각 절차 및 인수 가격의

적정성에 대한

주의 의무

예: 특별위원회 (Special Committee)가 주총 의결을 권고하기에 앞서 당해 M&A 에 대한 대안을

검토하지 않은 경우 (Southern Peru Copper)

핵심 분야: 대상회사의 재정 전망

대상회사의 재무자문사가 제공한 재무 분석

거의 모든 소송들이 공시 관련 청구 취지를 포함함. 왜냐하면 빠른 소송의 진행 및 예비적 금지 명령

(preliminary injunction)의 빌미를 제공할 수 있기 때문임

2010년과 2011년에 발표된 202 건의 화해 중 166건, 즉 83%가 보충 공시를 하는 것으로 화해가 종결됨

continued

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Transaction Litigation: Focal Points

61

Main focal points of transaction litigation:

‒ Conflicts of interest claims

‒ Disclosure claims

Financial

advisor

conflicts

E.g., Target‘s financial advisor also provided stapled financing to Acquirors (Del Monte)

E.g., Target‘s financial advisor also held significant equity stake in Acquiror (El Paso)

Conflicts of

management

E.g., Target CEO, who was lead negotiator, secretly intended to pursue post-transaction

purchase of one of Target‘s divisions from Acquiror (El Paso)

Attention to

fairness of

sale process

and price

E.g., Special committee failed to explore alternative transaction structures before

recommending shareholder vote (Southern Peru Copper)

Two key

areas:

Target‘s financial projections

Target‘s financial advisor analyses

Almost every complaint include disclosure claims, because they provide a hook for expedited

proceedings and preliminary injunction

Of 202 reported settlements in connection with transactions announced in 2010 and 2011, 166 – or

83% – settled for supplemental disclosures and nothing more

continued

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Transaction Litigation: Acquirer‘s Problem, Not

Just Target‘s

62

M&A 관련 소송은 인수자의 통제하에 이루어지며 관련 비용 역시

인수자가 부담함. 왜냐하면:

‒ 일반적으로 인수자는 합병 계약에 따라 대상회사의 정관 등 설립 문서상 면책 조항의 유효성을 유지해야 하며

‒ 인수자가 합병 계약에 따라 대상회사의 임원들을 M&A 관련 소송으로부터 면책해야

할 의무를 부담하기 때문임

임원배상책임보험 (D&O insurance)은 도움이 되기는 하나 때로는

실효성이 떨어짐

‒ 보험 약관상 제한

‒ 보상 범위상의 문제 – 이사의 duty of loyalty (e.g., 회사의 이익에 반하는 행위 금지)

위반은 보상 범위에서 제외 됨

‒ 보험업자는 법률 자문 비용 환급에 상한을 둠

기타 리스크:

‒ 손해에 대한 직접적인 책임 (교사/방조 관련 청구 취지가 인정되는 경우는 거의 없음)

‒ 불확실성/확실성 (금지명령은 드묾)

continued

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Transaction Litigation: Acquirer‘s Problem, Not

Just Target‘s

63

Transaction litigation is controlled by Acquirer and resolved at

Acquirer‘s expense, since merger agreements:

‒ Invariably require Acquirer to continue in effect the exculpation and indemnification

provisions of Target’s charter documents, and

‒ Typically require Acquirer separately to indemnify Target’s directors and officers

against transaction litigation

D&O insurance helpful, but utility sometimes limited

‒ Policy limits

‒ Coverage questions (policies exclude breaches of duty of loyalty)

‒ Insurers impose reimbursement limits on attorneys’ fees

Other potential risks for Acquirer:

‒ Direct liability for damages (but aiding/abetting claims seldom sustained)

‒ Transaction certainty (but injunctions are rare)

continued

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Implications for Acquirer During Earlier

Transaction Phases

64

기업실사 및

거래 구조

협상 및

문서화 작업

공시 및

거래의 종결

소송 및

결의

1. 각종 전망(projection)의 구조적 안정성 및 전제에 대한 타당성에 집중

2. 차별적 대우에 대한 주의 요함:

(과반수 이상의)최대주주

임직원

1. 다음 사항 존재 여부 주의:

이사회의 강력한 권한

특별위원회 (Special Committee)

이해관계가 없는 경영진

2. ―side deal‖ 불허

1. “합병의 배경설명” 부분의 초안작성 및 검토에 적극적으로 참여

2. 전망 및 적합성 평가 관련 공시에 대한 질의 및 검토에 적극적으로 참여

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Implications for Acquirer During Earlier

Transaction Phases

65

DILIGENCE &

STRUCTURING

NEGOTIATION &

DOCUMENTATION

DISCLOSURE &

COMPLETION

LITIGATION &

RESOLUTION

1. Focus on structural integrity of projections and validity of under-lying assumptions.

2. Beware of differential treatment for:

Majority Stockholders

Executives/ Employees

1. Is there:

Strong board?

Special committee?

Disinterested management?

2. No ―side deals‖

1. Be actively involved in drafting and reviewing ―Background of Merger‖ section.

2. Be actively involved in reviewing and questioning disclosures concerning Projections and Fairness Opinion

continued

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66

외국인에 의한 인수는 일반대중, 노조, 정부 또는 각 단체장의 반대나

이의를 초래할 수 있음

‒ 시장반응을 예측해야 함

예측가능한 반대를 사전에 고려한 후 적절한 전략과 대응책을

강구해야 함

‒ 외국인투자위원회(CFIUS) — 사전협의 고려

PR전문가 또는 경험있는 로비스트를 고용하면 외국 인수자의 입장을

대변하는 데 도움이 될 수 있음

M&A 관련 소송: 대비하되 두려워 할 필요는 없음.

미국 내 M&A 관련 절차의 일부로 볼 수 있음

Importance of PR and Governmental Relations

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Importance of PR and Governmental Relations

67

Certain acquisitions by foreign acquirors can raise opposition

or challenges from public, labor unions, government officials or

elected representatives

‒ Anticipate market reaction

Possible objections should be considered in advance and an

appropriate strategy and responses developed

‒ CFIUS — consider pre-filing consultation

Retaining specialized public relations experts or experienced

lobbyists may be useful in presenting the foreign acquiror‘s

position

Deal litigation: prepare for it but do not be frightened

by it — part of process in U.S.

continued

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Certain U.S. Legal Regimes Implicated

68

13(d) – 5% 초과 취득시 보고 제도

Hart-Scott-Rodino – 경쟁법상 규제

연방 증권법

‒ 공시

‒ 의결권 위임 관련 규정

‒ 공개매수 관련 규정

‒ ―상장폐지(Going Private)‖ 관련 규정

‒ 주가 조작 행위 금지

내부자 거래

외국인투자위원회(CFIUS) – 외국인의 미국 기업 인수 규제

규제 산업(예: 은행업 및 보험업 등)에 관한 특별한 주의/고려 요함

각 주별 기업법 및 기업 인수 관련 법규

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Certain U.S. Legal Regimes Implicated

69

Section 13(d) – over-5% rule

Hart-Scott-Rodino – antitrust review

Federal Securities Laws

‒ Disclosure

‒ Proxy rules for merger

‒ Tender offer rules

‒ ―Going Private‖ rules

‒ Anti-manipulation of stock price

Insider Trading

CFIUS – a review of certain acquisitions by foreign acquirors

Special considerations for regulated industries

(e.g., banks, insurance companies)

State corporation and takeover statutes

continued

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Appendix A: Key Elements of Acquiring a U.S.

Public Company

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Summary: Key Elements of

Acquiring a U.S. Public Company

71

대상회사에 대한 일차적 벨류에이션 실행

실사를 위한 준비

대상 회사의 방어 체계(Defensive profile) 에 대한 평가

자금조달 가능성 평가

기타 잠재적 인수자에 대한 평가

“gun-jumping‖ 검토; 4(c) 쟁점

예측 가능한 각종 규제 관련 쟁점에 대한 일차적 검토 (경쟁법, 외국인투자 위원회 (CFIUS) 등)

대상회사에 대한 접근 방법 결정

입찰가 범위, M&A 구조, 타이밍 및 사회적 쟁점 표시

비밀유지약정 /동결 조항(standstill) 협의/체결

실사팀 구성

실사 시간표 확정

독점적 권리 모색 (?)

Data room 자료 검토

벨류에이션의 전제 검증

법적 책임 평가

규제관련 리스크 평가

대상회사의 경영진 보고

복리후생 관련 제도 검토; 복리후생 관련 비용

필요에 따라 인수제안서 수정

필요한 이사회 승인 확보

계약 조건 협의

임원/이사 관련 사항 협의

필요에 따라, 투자자 및 신용평가기관과의 커뮤니케이션 전략 수립

필요한 경우, 자금조달 확보

타 경로를 통해 정보가 유출되지 않은 경우에는 계약 체결 전 직접 공시/발표하지 말 것

이사회의 최종 승인 확보

공개매수 對 합병

- SEC 공시 자료 준비

- 공시 자료 SEC에 제출

- SEC 질의 답변

대상회사 주주에게 공시 자료 송부

제3자 승인/동의 확보

주주 vote/tender

각종 승인 (경쟁법 등)

거래종결

대상회사

접촉 및 추진에

관한 합의 도출

기업실사

진행

계약조건

협의

공표, 실행

및 거래 종결 준비단계

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Summary: Key Elements of

Acquiring a U.S. Public Company

72

Perform initial valuation of Target

Prepare for due diligence effort

Assess defensive profile

Assess financing availability

Assess other potential bidders

Review ―gun-jumping‖; 4(c) issues

Preliminary assessment of possible regulatory issues (antitrust; CFIUS; etc.)

Determine means to approach Target management

Determine bid range, deal structure, timing, social issues

Negotiate /execute confidentiality agreement/standstill

Assemble due diligence team

Establish due diligence timetable

Seek exclusivity (?)

Review data room

Verify valuation assumptions

Assess potential liabilities

Assess regulatory risk

Management presentations by Target

Review benefit plans; benefit costs

Revise bid if necessary

Obtain appropriate Board approvals

Negotiate definitive agreement

Negotiate any executive arrangements

Develop strategy for communication to investors and rating agencies (if applicable)

Secure committed financing if needed

Don‘t disclose until deal signed (absent leak)

Obtain definitive Board approval

Tender offer vs. merger

- Prepare SEC disclosure documents

- File disclosure documents with SEC

- Respond to any SEC comments

Send disclosure documents to Seller shareholders

Obtain third party approvals/ consents

Shareholder vote/tender

Antitrust; other approvals

Close transaction

Approach

Target

and reach

agreement

to proceed

Conduct

due

diligence

Negotiate

definitive

terms

Announce,

implement

and close

transaction

Preparatory

Phase

continued

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Appendix B: Illustrative Timeline:

Cash Tender Offer v. Merger Proxy

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Illustrative Timeline:

Cash Tender Offer v. Merger Proxy

74

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 주

A

B

C

D

B

인수자와 합병계약 체결

합병

계약 체결 및 인수대가 발표

위임장 설명서(Proxy Statement) 초안 작성 (2-3 주)

HSR 신고 및 대기 기간

(필요 경우) CFIUS 신고 및 당국의 검토

SEC에 위임장 설명서(Proxy Statement) 제출

SEC의 검토 및 질의

SEC 질의에 대한 답변(2-4 주)

위임장 설명서 (Proxy Statement) 배포; 위임장 청구 (SEC의 검토)

주주총회 소집 (통상 20-25 영업일)

합병 인증서 제출; 합병발효

공개매수

계약 체결, 공개매수 및 인수대가 발표

공개매수 개시

HSR 신고 및 대기 기간

(필요 경우) CFIUS 신고 및 당국의 검토

대상회사의 이사회는 반드시 SEC에 14D-9를 제출해야 함

합병 인증서 제출; 합병발효

A. 합병의 경우 최초 대기기간 30일 만료 됨 (현금 공개매수의 경우는 15 일); 2차 서류 제출 요청이 있는 경우, 요청 사항 상당부분을 만족할 때까지 연장 됨.

B. 최초 대기기간인 30일 만료; 단, 다음의 경우 추가로 45일 연장: (x) ―미국이 보유하고 있거나 미국 내에 있는 중대한 사회간접자본‖이 외국인에게 이전 되는 거래 (이러한 거래가 미국의 국가안보를 ―해칠 가능성이 있으며‖ 협약 (mitigation agreement)을 통해 이러한 우려에 충분히 대처할 수 없는 경우), (y) ―외국 정부의 통제하에 이루어지는 거래‖ (단, 재무장관 및 주임 행정기관이 당해 거래가 국가안보를 해치지 않는다는 것을 공동으로 인정한 거래는 제외)

C. SEC 로부터 질의를 받은 후 2주후에 발송 됨을 전제로 함 (질의를 받은 시기와 답변시기 사이의 중간 지점).

D. HSR 대기기간의 만료 또는 종료, CFIUS 관련 허가 획득 및 약식 합병에 필요한 수만큼의 주식이 tender 되었음을 전제로 함. 정식 합병의 경우, 상기 (합병의) 위임장 및 주주총회 소집 단계를 거침.

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Illustrative Timeline:

Cash Tender Offer v. Merger Proxy

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Weeks

A

B

C

D

B

Execute Merger Agreement with Buyer

Merger Proxy

Announce Agreement and Consideration

Draft Merger Proxy (2-3 weeks)

HSR filing and Waiting Period

CFIUS filing (if filed) and Review

File Merger Proxy with SEC

SEC may review Merger Proxy and comment

Resolve SEC comments (2-4 weeks)

Distribute Merger Proxy to Stockholders; Solicit Proxies (SEC Review)

Hold Stockholder‘s Meeting (generally 20-25 business days)

File Certificate of Merger; Merger Effective

Tender Offer

Announce Agreement, Tender Offer and Price

Commence Tender Offer

HSR filing and Waiting Period

CFIUS filing (if filed) and Review

Target Board must file 14D-9 with SEC

File Certificate of Merger; Merger Effective

A. 30 day initial waiting period (for mergers; 15 days for cash tender offers) expires or, if second request received, extended until substantial compliance with second request.

B. Expiration of initial review period after 30 days, subject to 45-day extension for (x) transactions that would result in non-U.S. control of any ―critical infrastructure of or within the United States,‖ if such transaction ―could impair‖ national security and such concerns cannot be satisfactorily addressed in a mitigation agreement; and (y) all ―foreign government-controlled transactions‖, unless the Treasury Secretary and the head of the lead agency jointly determine that the transaction will not impair national security.

C. Mailing assumed to occur 2 weeks after SEC comments received (midpoint of range for when comments received and time to resolve).

D. Assuming expiration or termination of HSR waiting period, receipt of any necessary CFIUS clearances and sufficient shares tendered for a short form merger. If long form merger required ,then follow proxy and shareholder meeting steps above.

continued

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Appendix C: Fiduciary Duties of Directors in a

Takeover Situation

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Fiduciary Duties of Directors

in a Takeover Situation*

77

기본적인 주의의무

(Fiduciary Duties) 델라웨어 주법에 의하면, 이사들은 사적 이해관계를 배제하고, 충분한 정보에 근거하여

자신의 행동이 회사와 주주들에게 최선의 이익이 된다는 선의의 판단에 따라 행동하여야 함.

Business

Judgment Rule

이사들이 위 의무를 이행함에 있어서, 이사들의 결정이 “합리적인 경영 목적”에 부합하는

한, 법원은 이사들의 결정에 관하여 사법적으로 판단하지 아니함. 이는 매우 높은 수준의 사법적 존중을 의미하는 것으로서 “Business Judgment Rule‖이라고 일컬음.

이사들이 충분한 정보에 근거하고 사적 이해관계가 배제된 이상, 인수제의의 승낙 여부에

대한 이사회의 결정은 “Business Judgment Rule‖에 따라 보호를 받으며,

이 경우 이사회의 결정을 법적으로 공격하기가 쉽지 않음.

Just Say No

(―Enhanced

Scrutiny‖

Standard)

델라웨어 주법은 충분한 정보에 근거하여 이사회가 기업인수에 대한 방어책(이른바

“Poison Pill‖)을 사용함으로써 unsolicited 기업인수(unsolicited takeover)를 거절할 수 있는

권한을

인정함. 델라웨어 판례법에 의하면, 기업인수에 대한 방어는 주주들에게 “강압적”이거나

“배타적”이어서는 안 되며, ―위협에 상응하는 상당한” 조치여야 함

(―enhanced scrutiny‖기준 으로 불림).

Revlon Standard 일단 이사회가 현금을 대가로 경영권을 매각하거나 회사를 해산하기로 결정하는 경우,

이사들은 한 가지 주요 의무를 부담하게 됨 – 합리적으로 가능한 범위에서 회사의 가치를

최대한으로 인정하는 거래를 추구함으로써 주주의 직접적인 이익을 극대화할 의무를 부담함.

기타 이해관계자 델라웨어 주법상 “이해관계자” 관련 조항은 없으나, 관련 판례법에 따르면, Revlon Rule

이 적용되는 경우가 아닌 한, 이사들은 자신의 주의의무 (Fiduciary Duty)를 이행함에 있어서

주주 이외의 회사 이해관계자들에 대한 영향 및 장단기적인 이해관계를 고려할 수도 있음.

* 상기 내용은 델라웨어 주 회사법에 준거함. 델라웨어는 미국 상장회사들이 설립시 가장 보편적으로 선택되는 주 임.

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Fiduciary Duties of Directors

in a Takeover Situation*

78

Basic Fiduciary

Duties

Under Delaware law, directors must act on an informed basis, without self interest, and with

the good faith belief that the action taken is in the best interests of the corporation and its

stockholders.

Business

Judgment Rule

To the extent the directors discharge these duties, their decision will not be second-guessed

by a court unless the decision cannot be attributed to ―any rational business purpose‖ —

very high standard of judicial deference known as the ―business judgment rule‖.

As long as the directors are informed and disinterested, the ―business judgment rule‖

will apply to protect a decision by the Board to accept or reject a merger proposal —

very difficult to attack.

Just Say No

(―Enhanced

Scrutiny‖

Standard)

Delaware permits an informed Board to use anti-takeover defenses (i.e., poison pill) to just

―say no‖ to an unsolicited takeover. Under Delaware case law, defensive steps to resist a

takeover must not be ―coercive‖ to stockholders or ―preclusive‖ and must be ―reasonable in

response to threat posed‖ (referred to as the ―enhanced scrutiny‖ standard.)

Revlon Standard

Once the Board has decided to pursue a sale of control for cash, or break-up of the

company, directors are charged with only one primary obligation: to maximize immediate

value to stockholders by seeking the transaction offering the best value

reasonably available.

Other

Constituencies

Delaware does not have a statutory ―constituency‖ provision but applicable case law

supports view that directors, in discharging their fiduciary duties, may consider the impact of

decisions on other corporate constituencies and both long term and short term interests,

except in a Revlon situation.

* This slide describes fiduciary duties under Delaware corporate law. Delaware is the most common state of incorporation for U.S. public companies.

continued

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Appendix D: Speakers Profile

Francis J. Aquila, Partner, New York

Michael G. DeSombre, Partner, Hong Kong

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Biography of Francis J. Aquila

80

Francis J. Aquila

Partner since 1992

Brooklyn Law School, J.D. 1983

Columbia University, A.B. 1979

Selected Transactions

InBev in its unsolicited acquisition of Anheuser-Busch

Anheuser-Busch InBev in its pending acquisition of Grupo Modelo, its pending sale of a 50% interest in Crown to

Constellation Brands and the sale of Busch Entertainment

Amgen in its acquisitions of Abgenix, Alantos Pharmaceuticals, Avidia, BioVex, Ilypsa , KAI Pharmaceuticals and

Micromet, and their collaborations with Kirin, Takeda and Watson Pharmaceuticals

British Airways in its combination with Iberia to form International Airline Group and its joint venture with American

Airlines and Iberia

Diageo in its acquisitions of Seagram Wines and Spirits and the Chalone Wine Group and its divestiture of

Burger King

Avon Products in its acquisition of Silpada Designs and its divestiture of Avon Japan

United Rentals in its acquisition of RSC Holdings and its joint venture with Flour

Pharmacia & Upjohn in its merger with Monsanto, and Upjohn in its earlier merger with Pharmacia

Collective Brands (formerly Payless ShoeSource) in its pending sale to a consortium including Wolverine

Worldwide and in its acquisitions of Stride Rite and Collective International

EchoStar in its attempted acquisition of Hughes Electronics from General Motors

Western Resources in its hostile bids for ADT and KCP&L

Pillsbury in its merger with General Mills

"Dealmaker of the Year" for

representation of InBev in its acquisition

of Anheuser-Busch; his client noted that

Frank is "just one of those guys who

never lets you down."

(The American Lawyer, 2009)

"Global M&A Lawyer of the Year"

(Atlas M&A Awards, 2010)

Two time recipient of the Burton Award

for Legal Achievement (2010 and 2005)

Frank Aquila is a "gifted cross-border

transactional lawyer with capabilities

across multiple industries."

(The International Who's Who of

Merger and Acquisition Lawyers, 2010)

Cited as one of the most important

people in corporate governance and

inside the boardroom by The National

Association of Corporate Directors (2011)

rank Aquila is co-head of Sullivan & Cromwell's General Practice Group and in that role he has

responsibility for 450 lawyers in 12 offices around the world. This group includes the Firm's corporate,

financial institutions, securities, mergers & acquisitions, corporate governance, real estate, leveraged finance,

private equity, project finance, restructuring and intellectual property transactional practices.

Mr. Aquila has a broad multidisciplinary practice that includes extensive experience in negotiated and

unsolicited mergers and acquisitions; complex cross-border transactions; global joint ventures; private equity

transactions and corporate governance matters. He serves as a regular adviser to global leaders such as

Amgen, Anheuser-Busch InBev, Avon, Diageo, International Airline Group and United Rentals.

Mr. Aquila has been repeatedly cited as one of the world's leading mergers and acquisitions lawyers. He has

been recognized as one of a small number of lawyers ranked by Chambers Global in Band 1 (their top tier), as

an American Lawyer "Dealmaker of the Year" and as a recipient of the Atlas Award as "Global M&A Lawyer of

the Year". For his work in corporate governance, Mr. Aquila has been named by the National Association of

Corporate Directors (NACD) to their "Directorship 100" – one of the 100 most influential people in corporate

governance and inside the boardroom. He is also a two-time winner of the Burton Award for Legal

Achievement (2005 and 2010). In 2009 Mr. Aquila was selected by the American Bar Association as a "Legal

Rebel" – one of the profession's 50 leading innovators.

F

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Biography of Francis J. Aquila

81

"The success of the [InBev/Anheuser- Busch]

transaction in the harsh deals climate is a measure

of Aquila's worth."

(The Lawyer, Transatlantic Elite 2009)

"Aquila joins the top tier this year on the back of

praise as a 'superstar who is among the top names

of his generation.'"

(Chambers USA 2010)

"Frank Aquila, M&A lawyer extraordinaire"

(CNBC's "Fast Money," July 2, 2007)

Frank Aquila was cited in Seeing the World

Through Clients' Eyes as an adviser who had

"really gone the extra mile and surpassed your

expectations."

(Nisus Consulting, 2004)

"Frank Aquila in New York is 'incredibly

responsive and an excellent team member on

complex deals. He is also a superb negotiator and

a sound and pragmatic counselor, working hard to

develop sensible options'."

(US Legal 500, 2011)

"Aquila's easygoing, approachable and bigger-

picture mindset is also evident in his interactions

with clients and colleagues, a trait that boosts his

expertise as one of the nation's top dealmakers."

(ABA Journal, October 2009)

"Practical and talented, Aquila is regarded as

'important for the future of the M&A world'."

(Chambers Global 2010)

Professional Activities and Community Involvement

Chairs the Practising Law Institute's annual conference on "going

private" transactions, as well as regularly chairing a number of

PLI's "Hot Topic" Briefings every year

Regular columnist in Business Week and frequent commentator

on M&A, corporate governance and related trends on Bloomberg

Radio, Bloomberg TV, CNBC and Fox Business

Chair, Board of Trustees of The NALP Foundation for Law

Career Research and Education

Board of Directors of the International Institute for Conflict

Prevention and Resolution (CPR)

Board of Directors of Dress for Success Worldwide

Board of Trustees of Brooklyn Law School

Board of Advisors of the Salvation Army of Greater

New York

Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Economic Club

of New York and the Leadership Council on Legal Diversity

Fellow of the American Bar Foundation

Rankings and Recognitions

Recognized in The US Legal 500 (2011)

Listed in the IFLR1000 as a "Leading Lawyer" (2011)

The American Lawyer, "Dealmaker of the Year"

(April 2009)

The American Lawyer, "Dealmaker of the Week" (November 21,

2008)

Recipient of the Atlas Award as the "Global M&A Lawyer of the

Year" in 2010

Selected by the American Bar Association in 2009 as a "Legal

Rebel" – one of the profession's 50 leading innovators

Recognized as a leading M&A lawyer in The Lawyer,

"Transatlantic Elite" (2008, 2009)

Recipient of the Burton Award for Legal Achievement (2005,

2010)

Featured twice in The American Lawyer, "Daddy's Weekend on

the Phone" (January 2002) and "Supersonic Lawyers" (May 2004)

Featured in The Wall Street Journal, "Business Trips Leave Little

Time for Luxuries" (May 31, 1996)

Cited in Seeing the World Through Clients' Eyes (Nisus

Consulting) as an adviser who had "really gone the extra mile

and surpassed your expectations" (2004)

Rankings and Recognitions (continued)

Mergers and Acquisitions

Chambers Global: The World's Leading Lawyers for Business (2000-

2001, 2001-2002, 2002-2003, 2004-2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009,

2010, 2011, 2012)

Chambers USA: America's Leading Lawyers for Business (2003-2004,

2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)

Guide to the World's Leading Mergers and Acquisitions Lawyers,

Euromoney Legal Media Group/International Financial Law Review

(2001, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)

The Definitive Guide to Europe's Leading Advisers: Are Your Advisers

Giving You the Edge? (mergermarket)

PLC Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions Handbook (2006/2007,

2007/2008, 2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2010/2011, 2012)

PLC Global Counsel Mergers & Acquisitions Handbook, Practical Law

Company (2003-2004, 2004-2005, 2005, 2012)

PLC Which Lawyer? Yearbook, Practical Law Company (2002-2003,

2003-2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)

New York Super Lawyers (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)

The Best Lawyers in America (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009,

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013)

The International Who's Who of Merger & Acquisition Lawyers (2010,

2011, 2012)

Lawdragon 500: Leading Lawyers in America (2009-2010, 2011, 2012)

Corporate Governance

The National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) Directorship

100 (2011)

PLC Which Lawyer? Yearbook (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)

PLC Cross-border Directors' Duties and Liabilities Handbook

(2009/2010, 2010/2011, 2012)

PLC Cross-border Corporate Governance Handbook (2007/2008,

2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2010/2011, 2012)

New York Super Lawyers (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)

The International Who's Who of Corporate Governance Lawyers (2010,

2011, 2012)

Leveraged Buyouts and Private Equity

The Best Lawyers in America (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013)

continued

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Biography of Michael G. DeSombre

82

Selected Transactions

M

Michael G. DeSombre

Hong Kong Office

Phone: +852 2826 8696

Fax: +852 2826 1774

[email protected]

Partner since 2004

Harvard Law School, J.D. 1995

Stanford University, M.A. 1990

Stanford University, A.B. 1990

ichael DeSombre is recognized as one of the preeminent M&A and private equity lawyers in the world

and is a frequent speaker on the art of negotiation. Since moving to Hong Kong in 1997, he has

focused his practice on public and private merger and acquisition transactions, leveraged buyouts and direct

investments in China and other countries in Asia. Mr. DeSombre is fluent in Mandarin. Mr. DeSombre is

admitted to practice law in New York and Hong Kong.

Private Equity

Currently advising various private equity funds on the

acquisition of U.S. listed companies, including advising

a consortium of investors, comprising the Carlyle

Group, CITIC Capital Partners, CDH

Investments, China Everbright Limited and

FountainVest Partners, on the $3.5 billion going-

private of Focus Media Holding Ltd.

Advised Anheuser-Busch InBev in connection with

the sale of Oriental Brewery Co., Ltd. to an entity

established by U.S. private equity firm Kohlberg Kravis

Roberts & Co. in the largest private equity deal since

the onset of the global credit crunch

Advised Warburg Pincus Asia LLC on investments

in the People’s Republic of China, including investments

in Zheijiang Kasen and Shanghai Huateng Software

Systems Co., Ltd.

Regular outside counsel for Goldman Sachs PIA on

its investments in Greater China, including the $3.8

billion investment in Industrial and Commercial Bank

of China and its recent approximately $1 billion

acquisition of a stake in Taikang Life Insurance Co., Ltd.

from AXA Life Ltd.

Advised Goldman Sachs in its investment and

formation of Hopu Fund

Advised Mr. Leslie Alexander and Grahamstowe

Investments Limited on investments in ANTA

Sports Products Limited, Xinjiang Xinxin Mining

Industry Co., Ltd., Dongyue Group Limited, China

Railway Group Limited and China National Materials

Limited

Advised Carlyle Asia Growth Partners on

investments in Shanghai Anxin Flooring, Credit

Orienwise Group Limited and in connection with Focus

Media’s acquisition of Target Media Greater China

A consortium of investors, comprising the Carlyle

Group, CITIC Capital Partners, CDH

Investments, China Everbright Limited and

FountainVest Partners, on the $3.5 billion going-

private of Focus Media Holding Ltd.

Advised Jiaflix Enterprises Ltd. in its strategic

alliance with 1905 (Beijing) Technology Company

Limited movie web site

Advised Aluminum Corporation of China Limited

on a long-term coal supply and purchase transaction

Advised The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. on its

$2.25 billion (2010) and $1.9 billion (2009) sales of

ordinary H shares of Industrial and Commercial Bank

of China Limited

Advised American Express Company on its $318

million sale of ordinary H shares of Industrial and

Commercial Bank of China Limited

Advised R.R. Donnelley on its acquisition of Asia

Printers Group in Hong Kong

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Biography of Michael G. DeSombre

83

Korea

Advised Hanwha Corporation in its investment in Komod

o Enterprises, Inc., doing business as Solar Monkey (U.S.)

Advised Doosan Corporation in its sale of certain of

Polo Ralph Lauren franchise assets in Korea to Polo

Ralph Lauren Corporation

Advised Anheuser-Busch InBev in connection with the

$1.8 billion sale of Oriental Brewery Co., Ltd. to an entity

established by U.S. private equity firm Kohlberg Kravis

Roberts & Co.

Advised SK Telecom in a confidential investment in the

United States

Advised Goldman Sachs on its acquisition of Macquarie

IMM Fund Management Company in Korea

Advised the financial adviser to Kookmin Bank on its

contemplated acquisition of Korea Exchange Bank (Korea)

from the Lone Star Funds for an aggregate consideration

of approximately $7 billion

Advised InBev in connection with Bier Securities plc’s

€500 million acquisition of 45% of Oriental Brewery

Advised InBev of Belgium on its $350 million acquisition of

50% of Oriental Brewery, Korea’s second largest brewer

Greater China, continued

Advised C-BONS International on its €317 million sale of

its China haircare business to Beiersdorf AG

Advised Cree Inc. on its $200 million acquisition of

COTCO Luminant Device Ltd., a Hong Kong company

with subsidiaries in Hong Kong, the PRC and Japan

Advised a confidential buyer in a proposed acquisition of

Enric Energy Equipment Holdings Limited, a HKSE listed

company

Advised Goldman Sachs on its purchase, along with an

entity controlled by the Government Investment

Corporation of Singapore, of 12 percent of Taikang Life

Insurance from AXA

Advised Goldman Sachs in connection with the

establishment of Goldman Sachs Gao Hua, a sino-foreign

joint venture investment bank

Advised Bank of Communications on its $1.7 billion sale

of 19.9% of its equity to HSBC

Advised InBev on various investments in China, including

a pre-IPO investment in Zhujiang Brewery and the

acquisition of multiple breweries in China from the Lion

Group

Advised Shandong Huaneng Power Development Co.,

Ltd. in connection with its merger with Huaneng Power

International Inc.

Advised Thomson S.A. on its formation of a joint venture

with TCL Holdings to combine their worldwide television

businesses

Advised DP World in connection with its $1.14 billion

acquisition of CSX’s international port and marine terminal

business and related transfers of interest of Asia Container

Terminals

Advised Allianz in connection with the establishment

of a sino-foreign fund management company with

Guotai Junan Securities

Advised the financial adviser and dealer manager in

connection with the restructuring and exchange offers in

respect of Guangdong Enterprises (Holdings) Limited

Advised Singapore Telecommunications in connection

with its proposal to acquire Cable & Wireless HKT

continued

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Biography of Michael G. DeSombre

84

Philippines

Advised Philippine Long Distance Telephone

Company (PLDT) with respect to U.S. securities law

matters in connection with its pending acquisition of

Digital Telecommunications Philippines, Inc.

Advised Prudential on its sale of its life insurance

business in the Philippines to Manulife

India

Advised Goldman Sachs Asset Management, LP in

its acquisition of Benchmark Asset Management

Company Private Limited (BAMC) and Benchmark

Trustee Company Private Limited (BTC)

Advised Goldman Sachs on the unwinding of its joint

venture with Kotak Mahindra

Advised the board of directors of Philippine Long

Distance Telephone Company in connection with

potential sale of PLDT shares by First Pacific Company

Limited

Advised San Miguel Corporation on its sale of a

minority stake in La Tondena Distillers to two investment

funds

Advised the financial adviser to Satyam Computer

Services Ltd. in connection with the bidding and

selection of a subsidiary controlled by Tech Mahindra

Limited as the acquirer of a controlling stake in Satyam

Taiwan

Advised Royal Philips Electronics N.V. on its $223

million sale of its Mobile Display Systems business unit

to Toppoly Optoelectronics (Taiwan)

Advised ChipMOS Technologies (Bermuda) Ltd. in the

$191 million purchase of all of Siliconware Precision

Industries Co., Ltd.’s equity interest in ChipMOS

Technologies Inc. (Taiwan)

Advised Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing

Company Limited in connection with its initial public

offering and listing on the NYSE and with various

offerings of American Depositary Shares from 1997

through 2007

Advised ChipMOS Technologies (Bermuda) Ltd. on its

listing on the Nasdaq mutual market and various

follow-on debt and equity offerings

Japan

Advised Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Inc. on its

transaction with Morgan Stanley regarding an integration

of their respective securities subsidiaries in Japan

Australia

Advised Goldman Sachs in its acquisition of the

remaining 55 percent of the shares in its Australian joint

venture, Goldman Sachs & Partners Australia (GS&PA)

Mongolia

Advised Goldman Sachs on its investment in Trade &

Development Bank of Mongolia Ltd.

continued

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Biography of Michael G. DeSombre

85

Publications

―M&A: Addressing Corruption Risks at Target

Companies,‖ Financier Worldwide (June 2011)

―Why Deals Fail; Unsolicited M&A in Hong Kong,‖

International Financial Law Review (May 2009)

―A Period of Transition,‖ an introduction to the Hong

Kong section of the 2008 Guide to the World‟s Leading

Private Equity Lawyers

―Companies, Exchanges and Transactions: Regulating

the Re-emergence of China’s Financial Futures

Industry,‖ China Law and Practice (October 2007)

―Landmark Regulations Expand China’s Banking Sector,‖

China Law and Practice (December 2006)

―Paving the Yellow Brick Road: China’s New Rules for

Pension Funds’ Overseas Investments,‖ China Law and

Practice (June 2006)

Recognitions

Asia Pacific Legal 500 – Leading Lawyer: Hong Kong

Private Equity (2012)

Chambers Global: The World‟s Leading Business

Lawyers (2004-2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,

2011)

Chambers Asia (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)

IFLR 1000 (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)

Asia Law & Practice: AsiaLaw Leading Lawyers (2003,

2005, 2006)

Euromoney’s Guide to the World‟s Leading Private Equity

Lawyers (2006, 2008)

Euromoney’s Guide to the World‟s Leading Mergers and

Acquisitions Lawyers (2006, 2009)

―Unloading State-owned Shares: Third Time Lucky?‖

China Law and Practice (June 2005)

―New Capital Rules Bring China’s Banking Regulations

up to Global Standards,‖ China Law and Practice (April

2004)

―Taking US-Listed Asian Companies Private; Look

Before You Leap,‖ Asialaw (September 2003)

―China’s Post-WTO Reforms in Financial Services:

Achievements and Challenges,‖ China Law and

Practice (March 2003)

―Why Asian Companies Should Not Shun US Markets,‖

International Financial Law Review (December 2002)

“Hong Kong-based lawyer Michael DeSombre is a „great

lawyer and a pre-eminent corporate negotiator and

strategist‟. He concentrates on leveraged buyouts and

direct investments in mainland China, Hong Kong,

Taiwan and elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific region.” Who‟s

Who Legal, 2012

“Sullivan & Cromwell LLP‟s M&A practice has a heavy

private equity weighting. In 2011, it represented

Goldman Sachs on its $1.2bn acquisition of a stake in

Taikang Life Insurance. In 2010, it acted for China

Investment Corporation (CIC) on its minority investment

in Triana Energy Investments. Michael DeSombre is a

major Hong Kong name.” Asia Pacific Legal 500, 2012

“Michael DeSombre is the standout partner having

worked on a wide range of Asia private equity deals

over the years.” Asia Pacific Legal 500, 2012

continued

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Thank You

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해외 M&A의 법적 쟁점 ‒ 미국/유럽을 중심으로

해외 M&A 관련 조세상 고려사항

September 26, 2012 | Seoul

Session 3

김규동 회계사

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해외 M&A 관련 조세상 고려사항

김규동회계사

1. 해외 M&A 단계별 조세상 고려사항

2. 해외 M&A 와 조세전략 수립 시 고려사항

1) 해외지주회사의 설립

2) 외국납부세액 공제 제도

3) 조세피난처 과세 제도

4) 지적재산권을 이용한 조세전략

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해외 M&A 단계별 조세상

고려사항

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1. 해외 M&A 단계별 조세상 고려사항 (1)

4

구분 주요검토내용

전략 수립 단계

Target사의

기존 소유구조분석

가급적 기존 소유구조의 존중 → 인수 이후, 회사 실정에 맞는 restructuring 실행

자산양수도 대상회사 vs. 주식양수도 대상회사

투자대상국

조세 규정 및

조세조약 검토

투자대상국 현지세법 및 조세조약상 관련 조세규정 검토

(Ex. 미국의 경우,

- Entity classification (LP, LLC 등) 에 따른 과세 규정

- Thin-cap: IRC Section 163(i), Section 385 규정

- Cost basis step up : IRC Section 338(h)(10) election 규정

- Anti-avoidance: 조세조약상 limitation on benefit 조항, 미국 내국 세법 상,

anti-conduit 규정 등)

단독투자 vs.

합작투자

조세측면에서 자본투자의 효율성, 기술이전 용이성, 투자수익회수의 용이성 등

고려

Joint venture의 경우, 주주간 약정 및 JV형태에 따른 과세문제의 고려

[ex. 미국의 경우, corporation보다 partnership (LLC) 형태 선호]

지주회사 설립

여부의 검토

(직접 vs. 간접투자)

조세피난처과세제도, 외국납부세액공제 (자회사 및 손자회사에 대한 간접

외국납부세액 공제 차이), 배당소득 비과세 규정 등을 고려하여 지주회사의 설립여부 및 후보지국 선정

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1. 해외 M&A 단계별 조세상 고려사항 (2)

5

구분 주요검토내용

전략 수립 단계

Funding 이슈 Equity vs. Loan: target Debt-to-Equity Ratio의 결정

일반적으로 Loan 형태가 유리: 상환의 용이성, 이자비용 공제

투자대상국의 세제혜택 및 기타 세법상 제한 사항 검토: 최소자본금규정,

이전가격규정, Thin-cap규정 등

투자회수방안

및 exit 방안 고려

투자회수 전략: 이자, 배당, 로열티 수취 등에 따른 세무효과 분석

Exit 전략 (주식양도 vs. 사업양도)에 따른 과세 문제 검토

Target과

인수주체의

matching

주식/자산의 인수 주체 결정

신규법인(acquisition vehicle) 설립 여부

Debt pushdown

인수자 입장의

세무효과 검토

지분투자자 (Financial Investor)의 입장에서 최초주식발행, 배당금수취,

지분매각, 옵션 행사, 전환권 행사 등에 따른 세무효과 분석

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1. 해외 M&A 단계별 조세상 고려사항 (3)

6

구분 주요검토내용

인수 단계

Due Diligence

및 리스크 검토 Target 사에 대한 Tax 실사

Deal로 인한 Tax 리스크 검토

‒ Tax Risk: Target 취득에 따른 각종 조세문제, 주식 매각 양도소득세/거래세

관련 원천징수 문제, Target회사의 잠재적 세무 문제

인수계약서 –

유의할 tax조항 Tax indemnification:

완전보상 vs. 부분보상, 통상의 영업활동과

무관하게 발생하거나 매수자 귀책사유로 인한 부채는 보상 제외

Purchase price allocation:

총 인수대금을 개별 주식/자산에 배분하는 방법

Straddle Period Tax 분담 및 세무신고:

매도자와 매수자간 조세 분담(VAT 포함)에 대한 입장이 상충될

가능성이 존재

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7

구분 주요검토내용

운영

회수

단계

투자회사 관리 운영자금조달: 증자 vs 차입 세무 문제

운영 현금흐름 극대화: 계열사간 자산 매각, 합병 및 분할,

IP alignment 등을 통한 restructuring 시 조세 비용 최소화

투자이익

회수방안

배당: 원천징수세율, 직/간접 외국납부세액의 공제 문제 검토

이자: 차입규모(Thin-cap), 현지법인세 절감효과 및 외환규제, 원천징수세율, 이전가격 문제, 직접외국납부세액 공제 검토

로열티: IP restructuring을 통한 효과적인 Licensing 구조 수립, 원천징수세율, 직접 외국납부세액 공제, 이전가격 문제 검토

경영관리수수료 (management service fee): 이전가격 문제 등의 검토

Exit

단계

효과적인

Exit 방안 검토

Exit 방안 별 조세효과 검토: 주식양도 vs. 사업양도, 상위 지주회사의

매각 (“Indirect Transfer”) 등

‒ 주식양도의 경우, capital gain 에 대한 과세/거래세 문제 등의 검토

‒ 원천징수 방법 및 신고 규정 확인

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해외 M&A와 조세전략 수립 시

고려사항

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2. 해외 M&A와 조세전략 수립 시 고려 사항

1) 해외지주회사의 설립 (1)

9

해외지주회사?

- ―자본거래가 자유롭고 유리한 조세 조건을 갖춘 국가에 투자대상회사들의 지분 보유를

주목적으로 설립한 법인‖

- Global 투자환경에 대응하기 위하여 그 도입이 증가

- 종합적 검토의 필요성

(조세 외에 정치/경제 안정성, 외국인투자 incentive/규제, 외환규제, 회사 설립관련 규제,

관리/운영상 편의성 등을 고려)

직접 인수 vs. 해외지주회사 이용?

Pros.

재투자 용이

투자 재원 및 자회사 관리의 집중

투자자금의 효율적 활용

투자 철수 전략의 다양성

현지 Risk의 차단

Cons.

외국납부세액 공제의 제한으로 인한

총 조세부담액의 증가

→ 손자회사에 대한 간접외국

납부세액 공제는 50%만 허용

조세피난처 과세제도의 적용

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2. 해외 M&A와 조세전략 수립 시 고려 사항

1) 해외지주회사의 설립 (2)

10

해외지주회사 설립가능 후보지 선정 시 세무상 고려사항

현지의 과세문제

지주회사의 이자, 배당소득 및 capital gain 비과세

지주회사가 지급하는 배당에 대한 원천징수 없음

조세피난처 과세제도, 과소자본세제가 적용되지 않음

Anti-treaty shopping/GAAR 규정

조세조약의 유무 다수의 국가들과 조세조약을 체결

외환규제의 유무 투자이익의 송금 등에 대한 외환 규제가 엄격하지 않음

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1) 해외지주회사의 설립 (3)

11

해외지주회사 설립가능 후보지 선정 시 세무상 고려사항 (계속)

- 현재 해외 다국적 기업이 많이 선택하고 있는 해외 지주회사 후보지

구분 주요검토내용

유럽 대서양 연안 아시아 기타

a 완전세금면제국가

Bahamas, Bermuda,

Cayman Islands

b

저세율국 Monaco, Gibraltar,

Guernsey, Isle of

Man, Jersey,

Liechtenstein

Netherlands Antilles,

Antigua, Barbados,

Anguilla, British

Virgin Islands

Macao, Singapore

c 국외소득

면세국

Costa Rica, Panama Hong Kong,

Malaysia

d 조세혜택

부여국

Ireland, Luxembourg,

Netherlands, UK,

Belgium, Malta

Philippines Mauritius

(a) 직접세(소득세, 상속세, 증여세, 부유세 등)가 없는 지역 또는 국가

(b) 소득 또는 자본에 대하여 부분적으로 과세하거나 또는 저세율로 과세하는 지역 또는 국가

(c) 일반적으로 정상과세를 하나 해외원천 소득에 대해서 면세하는 지역 또는 국가

(d) 일반적으로 정상과세를 하나, 특별한 경우에 조세혜택을 부여하는 지역 또는 국가

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Korean Co

2. 해외 M&A와 조세전략 수립 시 고려 사항

1) 해외지주회사의 설립 (4)

12

해외지주회사를 이용하는 경우 세무상 이점 (EU의 경우 예시)

한국 모회사

외국에서 원천징수 납부액 최소화

외국납부세액공제 초과액 누적 회피

재투자에 의한 과세 이연 (subject to CFC rules)

이익송금 과세 최소화

Korean Co

Target Co

(Italy)

Target Co

(Italy)

Hold Co

(Luxembourg)

WHT

leakage

0%

WHT

0%

WHT

직접인수 지주회사 설립

EU 지주회사

EU Parent Subsidiary Directive하에서, 배당, 이자, 사용료소득에 대한 원천 징수 의무 면제 → 원천징수에 의한 tax leakage 없음

대부분의 EU국가들은 다수의 국가들과 조세조약을 체결하고 있음

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1) 해외지주회사의 설립 (5)

13

인수 구조별 세무 효과 분석 (EU경우의 예시)

구분 인수 구조별 과세 규정

직접인수 지주회사 설립

배당 원천징수 이태리 → 한국: 10%

이태리 → 룩셈부르그: 0%

룩셈부르그 → 한국: 0% (일정 요건 충족 시)

이자 원천징수 이태리 → 한국: 10% 이태리 → 룩셈부르그: 0%

룩셈부르그 → 한국: 0%

직접외국

납부세액

이태리 → 한국에 지급하는

배당원천세 룩셈부르그 → 한국에 지급하는 배당원천세

간접외국

납부세액 이태리 납부 법인세 룩셈부르그 납부 법인세 + 이태리 납부 법인세의 50%

구분 세액 효과 분석

직접인수 지주회사 설립

세전이익 100 100

세후이익

(FTC이월액 포함) 65.25 (FTC이월공제, 12.75) 66.75

유효세율 34.75% (FTC 이월공제 고려전) 33.25%

순현금 국내모회사 = 65.25 해외지주사 = 72.50 (* 현지국에서 유리한 현금흐름을 이용가능)

국내모회사 = 66.75

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2. 해외 M&A와 조세전략 수립 시 고려 사항

2) 외국납부세액 공제 제도(1)

14

외국납부세액 공제 제도의 개요

- 내국기업의 해외 진출 시, 현지 발생 소득에 대하여 현지국 및 우리나라에서 각각 과세함으로써 초래될 수 있는 이중과세 문제의 방지 규정

- 국내투자와 해외투자간의 조세부담의 중립성을 확보

- 세액공제 vs. 손금산입방법

- 세액공제 방법 적용의 경우, 국별한도액 방법 vs. 일괄한도 방법

직접외국납부세액 공제

- 내국법인의 각 사업연도 과세표준에 포함된 국외원천소득에 대하여 외국정부가

과세하여 납부하였거나 납부할 세액

우리나라와 유사한 외국의 법인세, 즉 소득에 대해 과세되는 조세

공제 법인세액의 한도: 해당 사업연도 과세표준에서 차지하는 국외원천소득의 비율

(국외원천소득 : net vs. gross)

간접투자기구에 대한 외국납부세액 공제 특례 : 14%를 한도로 공제/환급

외국 hybrid entity를 통해 국외 투자 시 외국납부세액 공제 특례

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2) 외국납부세액 공제 제도(2)

15

간주 외국납부세액 공제

- 외자도입 등을 위해 현지국에서 외국법인에 대한 각종 조세감면혜택을 부여하는 경우,

면제나 경감이 없었더라면 납부하였을 조세액을 공제

- 조세조약 이외의 다른 특별법 등으로 조세가 감면된 사실이 있는 경우로서, 조세조약이

정하는 범위 내에서 적용 (주요 개발도상국과의 조세조약에서 허용)

- 실질적인 조세감면의 혜택을 국외 투자자에게 귀속시키는 효과

- 최근 조세조약 개정 및 신규 체결 시 시 간주 외국납부세액규정을 배제

간접 외국납부세액 공제

- 내국법인의 각 사업연도 금액에 외국자회사 (또는 손자회사)로 부터 받은 수입배당금액이

포함된 경우, 그 외국자회사 소득에 부과된 외국법인세액 중 수령한 수입배당금액에

대응하는 법인세액으로서, 간접적으로 외국 자회사 소재국 정부에 납부한 세액을 공제

- 기업의 해외진출형태(지점, 자회사)에 따른 과세 불균형 해소

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2) 외국납부세액 공제 제도(3)

16

간접 외국납부세액 공제 (계속)

- 적용요건

- 외국자회사 법인세 상당액의 경우 100%, 손자회사 법인세 상당액의 경우 50%

한도로 공제

- 지점진출 방식과 손자회사 설립 방식 간의 형평성을 고려하여 외국 자회사가

제 3국 지점에 납부한 세액도 50% 공제 가능

외국자회사의 의결권있는 발행주식총수 또는 출자총액의 10% (해외자원개발 5%)이상 출자

하고 있는 외국법인으로서,

당해 주식 등을 배당확정일 현재 6개월 이상 보유할 것

외국 손자회사의 경우, 외국 자회사를 통하여 10% 지분을 간접 소유할 것

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2. 해외 M&A와 조세전략 수립 시 고려 사항

3) 조세피난처 과세 제도(1)

17

조세피난처 과세제도 (Controlled Foreign Companies Rules)의 개요

- 조세피난처에 소득 유보에 의한 조세회피를 규제

- 조세피난처 외국법인의 각 사업 연도말 현재 배당 가능한 유보소득 중 내국인에 귀속될

금액은 배당한 것으로 간주

조세피난처 과세제도의 적용 대상

- 내국인: 외국법인의 각 사업연도말 현재 발행주식의 10%이상을 직접 또는 간접적으로

보유한 경우

- 조세피난처: 부담세액이 실제발생소득의 15%이하인 국가 또는 지역

- 외국법인 실제발생소득이 2억원 이하인 경우 조세피난처 과세제도 적용을 제외

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2. 해외 M&A와 조세전략 수립 시 고려 사항

3) 조세피난처 과세 제도(2)

18

제조업 영위 외국법인의 조세피난처 과세제도 적용 여부

- 다음의 조건을 모두 충족하는 경우 조세피난처 과세제도 적용 제외

- 법령상 고정시설, 사업의 실질적 영위에 대한 구체적인 기준은 없으며, 업종에 따라

case by case로 판단

해외지주회사의 조세피난처 과세제도의 적용 여부

- 해외지주회사는 다음 조건을 모두 만족 시 고정시설을 통한 사업의 영위여부와

관계없이 조세피난처 과세제도를 적용 제외

사업을 위한 사무소, 점포, 공장 등의 고정시설을 가지고,

그 시설을 통하여 사업을 실질적으로 영위

자회사 주식을 배당기준일 현재 6개월 이상, 40% 이상 소유할 것

해외지주회사 소득금액 중 같은 지역 또는 국가 자회사로 부터 받은 이자, 배당) 등의

소득금액 비율이 90% 이상일 것 (EU, 중국과 홍콩은 같은 지역)

자회사가 조세피난처 세제의 적용 받지 아니할 것

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2. 해외 M&A와 조세전략 수립 시 고려 사항

3) 조세피난처 과세 제도(3)

19

도매업 등 영위 외국법인의 조세피난처 과세제도 적용 여부

- 다음 1. 또는 2의 외국법인은 고정시설 보유 및 사업의 실질성 여부에도 불구하고

조세피난처 과세제도를 적용

- 동일 지역/국가에 소재하는 특수관계없는 자에 대한 매출액이 총 매출액의 50%를

초과하는 도매업은 적용 제외

2. 업종 기준

1. 수입금액 기준

총 수입금액 (또는 매입원가) 중, 도매업, 금융 및 보험업, 부동산업, 임대업 및

사업서비스업 수입금액 (또는 매입원가)이 50%를 초과

도매업 등 수입금액 (또는 매입원가) 중, 특수관계자와의 거래금액이 50%를 초과

주된 사업이 주식, 출자지분 또는 채권의 보유, 지식재산권의 제공, 장비 임대,

투자신탁 또는 기금에 대한 투자인 경우

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2. 해외 M&A와 조세전략 수립 시 고려 사항

4) 지적재산권을 이용한 조세전략 (1)

20

지적재산권을 이용한 글로벌 조세 전략?

- 지적재산권 (IP)의 소유 및 licensing 구조를 이용한 글로벌 절세 전략

- 고 세율 지역에 세무상 손금으로 인정되는 license fee (=royalty)를 발생시키는 반면,

수입으로 계상되는 royalty를 세무상 유리한 환경에 축적

- Royalty에 대한 원천징수세액을 관리

IP 지주회사 (principal) 설립 시 고려사항

- Royalty 지급액에 대해 원천징수가 없거나 낮은 원천징수세율이 적용

- 현지 세법에 의해 법인소득에 대해 낮은 유효세율이 적용되거나 역외 소득에 대해 면세

- 유의사항

Limitation of benefits clause Beneficial ownership Anti-treaty Shopping/GAAR

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4) 지적재산권을 이용한 조세전략 (2)

21

조세조약을 이용한 IP structuring 사례

Parent

(Korea)

Treaty Co (Luxembourg)

License Co

(Cayman)

Op Co

(Italy)

Direct licensing

Royalty

Transfer of

IPs Parent

(Korea)

License Co

(Cayman)

Op Co

(Italy)

Transfer of

IPs

Royalty

Indirect

licensing

Indirect

licensing

Royalty

(+) 현지에서 세액 절감 효과

(royalty 100 지급 시) 27.5

(-) License Co의 납부세액 (0)

(-) 원천징수세액 (22.5)

총 세액절감효과 5.0

(+) 현지에서 세액 절감 효과

(royalty 100 지급 시) 27.5

(-) Treaty Co & License Co의 납부세액 (0)

(-) 원천징수세액 (0)

총 세액절감효과 27.5

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2. 해외 M&A와 조세전략 수립 시 고려 사항

4) 지적재산권을 이용한 조세전략 (3)

22

IP Principal 설립을 통한 IP structuring 사례

Parent

(Korea)

Sales rev (100),

Royalty (5) 100

세액효과 26.13 (Italy법인세)+0.5 (이태리 Royalty

WHT)+0.66 (한국 법인세) = 27.29

유효세율 27.29%

순현금 72.71

Sales rev (100), Royalty (5),

Toll fee (10), Sales com (10) 100

세액효과 5.5 (Italy 법인세)++1.21(한국

법인세) = 6.71

유효세율(*1) 6.71%

순현금 93.29

Op Co

(Italy)

IP licensing

Royalty

3rd party

Customers Sales revenue

Parent

(Korea)

IP licensing

Royalty

Op Co (B)

(Italy)

IP Principal

(Lux.)

Toll mfg. & sales commissionaire agreement

3rd party

Customers

Sales revenue

Toll fee & sales commission

직접인수 IP principal 설립을 통한 인수

(*1) CFC rule 적용 시, 유효세율 26.01%

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Partner Profile

23

김 규 동 회계사

(Kim, Kyu Dong)

업무분야 : 조세

Tel : 02-528-5542

Fax : 02-528-5228

Email : [email protected]

김규동 회계사는 현재 조세(Tax)그룹의 파트너 미국 공인회계사이며 국제조세팀에 소속되어 있습니다. 한양대 수학과 출신으로 2000년 미국 공인회계사 시험을 합격 한 후, 삼일회계법인에서 근무하고 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP London, Manager 직을 역임 이후 삼일회계법인 이사직을 거쳐 현재 법무법인(유한) 율촌에 재직 중입니다. 김규동 회계사는 한국과 영국에서 다국적 기업의 복잡한 세무 이슈 자문과 관련된 방대한 경험과 지식을 쌓아 왔습니다. 또한, 해외펀드의 국내투자 및 국내기업의 해외투자와 관련된 다수의 Structuring 자문 업무를 수행하였습니다.

학력

1999 : 한양대학교 수학과 졸업

주요경력

2012 ~ 현재 : 법무법인(유한) 율촌

2008 ~ 2012 : 삼일회계법인, 이사

2005 ~ 2008 : PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP London,

Manager

2000 ~ 2005 : 삼일회계법인

논문 및 저서

International Fiscal Association - Korean report on service income (2012) (Co-Author)

IBFD : Korean stamp duty (2010) (Co-Author)

PwC Global (Co-Author): Korean permanent establishment (2010), Korean private equity (2010),

Korean Islamic Financing (2009), Korean hedge fund (2009), Korean equity financing (2005),

Korean credit derivative (2004)

신한은행 FSB 연구소 (2009): 이슬람 금융의 소개 및 관련 세무문제

자격사항

공인회계사, 미국 (2000)

언어

한국어, 영어

회원

한국국제조세협회 이사

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Thank You

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해외 M&A의 법적 쟁점 ‒ 미국/유럽을 중심으로

해외 M&A 전후 과정에서의 국내법상 유의사항

September 26, 2012 | Seoul

Session 4

김경연 변호사

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해외 M&A 전후 과정에서의

국내법상 유의사항

김경연 변호사

1. 해외 M&A의 일반적인 절차

2. 투자의사결정 관련 내부절차와 공시의무 등

3. 해외투자 관련 외국환거래 신고의무

4. 계약 조항 중 주의할 부분

5. PMI 관련 고려사항

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1. 해외 M&A의 일반적인 절차

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M&A의 일반적인 절차 개요도

28

매각 결정 및

준비

입찰 참가

요청 발송, 공고

입찰

서류 교부

의향서 제출/

비밀유지계약

체결

구속력 없는

인수 제안서

제출

복수의 최종

입찰 참가자

(Short List)선정

1차 실사

실시

우선협상 대상자

선정/양해각서(MOU)체결

구속력 있는

인수제안서 제출

2차 실사

실시

양수도계약

기타 본계약 협상

양수도계약

기타 본계약 체결

정부 인허가 취득

등 완결(Closing)

조건 이행

완결

(Closing)

완결 후

조건 이행 인수 후 통합

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1. 인수 검토 및 예비 분석

29

M&A의 목적 및 기한, 자금 조달 방법에 대한 의사결정

적정한 대상물의 물색

현지 기초 조사: Business 관점에서의 대상물 파악

자문사 선정 및 자문계약 체결

해당 국가의 외국인 투자 관련 법규와 제도 검토

전체 M&A 일정의 수립

현지 출장을 통한 상대방과의 대면 접촉

[인수의향서의 제출]

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2. 실사와 MOU 체결

30

NDA 내지는 별도의 Confidentiality Agreement 체결

실사팀의 구성과 일정 협의

MOU 또는 MOA 등의 체결 논의

실사 진행(법률, 재무, 조세, 영업 등)

[별도의 Valuation 진행]

실사보고서에 따른 Value와 Risk 파악, 제안 가격의 결정

M&A 진행 관련 내부 의사 결정

MOU 내지는 Termsheet의 작성, 체결

[Binding Offer의 제출]

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3. 본 계약 체결과 Closing

31

효율적인 거래 구조에 대한 사전 검토 :

인수 및 투자회수(Exit) 용이성 고려

상대방과의 본 계약 초안을 전제로 한 협상 진행:

본 계약 이외의 필요 부수계약 체결에 대한 협상 동시 진행

계약 체결

실질적 인수 작업 진행: PMI 작업

자금 조달 방안 확정

Closing을 위한 사전 선결 조건 이행

Closing

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2. 투자의사결정 관련

내부절차와 공시의무 등

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투자의사결정 관련 내부 절차

33

타법인출자지분 취득 또는 금전 대여 등에 해당

- 금액 수준에 따라 대표이사 전결 사항 내지는

이사회/이사회 내 위원회의 결의 사항이 될 수 있음

- 기타 정관 및 재무적 투자자와의 주주간계약 등에 따른 사전승인 등이 필요한지를

점검할 필요가 있음

- 내부절차가 결여된 경우, 선의의 제3자에 대하여는 계약의 무효를 다툴 수 없다고 봄

(상대적 무효설)

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공시의무의 발생

34

상장법인의 경우 이와 관련된 내부 의사결정 시점을 기준으로

공시 의무 발생

- 근거 법령: 자본시장법 제391조, 유가증권시장 공시규정(한국거래소)

- 주요경영사항의 신고(공시)에 해당:

- 법적인 구속력이 없는 MOU 등 체결시에는 이를 공시할 의무가 없으며, 본 거래로

이어지지 못할 경우 시장에 혼란을 초래할 위험이 있음을 주의

대규모기업집단 소속 비상장법인의 경우, 회사의 재무구조에 중요한

변동을 초래하는 사항에 해당할 경우 공정거래법상 공시 의무 발생

- 공정거래법 제11조의3 제1항 제2호 (자기자본의 5% 이상 다른 법인의 주식 및 출자

증권의 취득 또는 처분에 관한 결정이 있는 때) (= 내부의사결정이 있은 때)

- 위 결정이 있은 때로부터 7일 이내에 공시

자기자본의 5%(대규모법인의 경우 2.5%) 이상의 출자 내지는 출자지분의 처분에 대한

결정이 있은 때

자기자본의 5%(대규모법인의 경우 2.5%) 이상을 출자하고 있는 주권비상장법인(코스닥상장법인 포함)이 위와 같은 출자 내지는 출자지분 처분에 대한 결정이 있은 때

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기업결합 신고의무

35

우리나라 회사가 외국 회사를 인수하는 경우로서

다음의 조건이 충족될 경우에 한하여 공정위에 기업결합 신고 필요함

(공정거래법 제12조, 시행령 제18조)

- 직전 사업연도말 기준 자산총액 또는 매출액이 각각 2000억원/200억원 이상

- 직전 사업연도말 기준 우리나라에서 발생한 매출액(직접 우리나라 소재 법인이 일으킨

매출 뿐만 아니라, 우리나라로의 수출을 통해서 일으킨 매출 포함)이 각각 200억원 이상

- 2조원 이상인 경우 사전신고 의무 발생

- 경쟁제한성에 문제가 없는 경우 14일 이내, 검토의 필요성이 있는 경우 통상 30-60일

소요(법상으로는 30+90)

해당 외국 회사 소재국 및 기타 우리나라 회사와 해당 외국회사가

매출을 일으키고 있는 국가에의 기업결합신고 의무 여부를 반드시

확인하여야 함

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3. 해외투자관련

외국환거래 신고의무

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해외직접투자 신고 (신규사업신고)

37

외화증권 취득:

1) 외국법령에 의하여 설립되었거나 설립중인 법인의

2) 경영에 참가하기 위한

- 최소 10% 이상

- 10% 미만인 경우에도 ‘실질적 경제관계’를 수립하는 경우 인정

3) 주식 또는 출자지분의 취득

※ 10% 미만으로, 실질적 경제관계가 없는 경우에는

거주자가 비거주자로부터의 외화증권 취득으로 간접투자 관련 규정 적용

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해외직접투자 신고 (신규사업신고)

38

외화대부채권 취득:

외국에서 영업소를 설치, 확장, 운영하거나 해외사업활동을

영위하기 위하여 행하는 지급

개인기업 영위

1 외화증권 취득으로 기존 지분참여가 있는 경우 한정

2 Loan agreement의 상환기간이 1년 이상

1 해외지점 또는 사무소의 설치비 및 영업기금

2 거주자가 법인 이외의 기업을 설치, 운영하기 위한 자금

3 해외자원개발사업(조사자금과 구매자금 제외) 또는 사회간접자본개발사업을 위한 자금

1 요식업 등 소규모 영업 위한 개인기업 설립

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신고시기와 필요서류

39

해외직접투자를 위한 사업계획 확정 후 신고

- 투자대상국의 투자허가 수령 후

- 합작투자계약 서명된 이후

- 단, 미화 1만불 이내에는 신고 전에도 송금 가능

필요 서류

- 해외직접투자 신고서 2부

- 거래외국환은행 지정(변경)신청서 2부

- 사업계획서

- 투자자확인서류(사업자등록증, 납세증명서)

- 추가서류: 관련 계약서, 국내관계기간 사전신고서류,

주식취득의 경우 회계법인의 주식 평가의견서

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신고기관

40

기획재정부장관: 금융보험업 관련성

- 금융기관이 금융보험업 직접 투자시

- 비금융기관인 거주자가 금융보험업 직접 투자시

- 거주자가 비금융기관인 현지법인을 통해 금융보험업 투자시

- 거주자가 현지법인금융기관을 통해 현지금융보험업영위법인에 투자시 등

외국환은행장

한국은행총재

- 거주자의 역외금융회사에 대한 해외직접투자

- 거주자의 현지법인, 그 자회사, 손회사 또는 해외지점의

역외금융회사 등에 대한 해외직접투자의 경우

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신고 처리 및 후속 조치

41

신고처리기간(신청일로부터 7영업일 이내)

신고시 주요 심사사항

- 투자금액, 투자계획, 자금조달계획, 현물투자가액의 적정성

- 현지법인 등의 현지금융에 대한 거주자 보증한도

- 합작계약서 내용의 유불리 여부

- 투자업종이나 대상국에 대한 제한은 없음

신고후속조치

- 수출입은행장에 일정한 보고서류 제출

- 사후관리보고서 제출(송금보고서, 외화증권(채권) 취득 보고서, 연간사업실적보고서,

해외직접투자사업 청산 및 대부채권 회수보고서)

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신고의무 위반시 제재

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보고서 기한 내 미제출 내지 기한 경과 후 이행의 경우에는

재정경제부 장관 경고처리(외국환거래법 제19조 제1항)

미신고 해외투자시, 허위보고, 신고사항 위반

- 1년 이내의 범위 내 관련 외국환거래 또는 지급 정지, 제한, 허가취소 등

- 2년 이하의 징역 내지는 1억원 이하의 벌금

신용정보 관리규약상 전국은행연합회에 ‚외국환거래법 위반자‛로 등록하여 5년간 기록 보존

기타 보고의무(제9-9조) 위반

- 500만원 이하의 과태료 부과

<외국환거래당사자에 대한 행정처분 세부 운용기준> 참고 필요

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4. 계약 조항 중 주의할 부분

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준거법은 어느 한 당사자에의 유리한 결론을 사전에 담보하지 않음:

- 사적자치의 원칙에 따라 계약의 내용이 자세할 수록 준거법의 비중은 줄어듬.

- 해당 국가 실체법의 내용을 잘 알거나, 관련 자문을 받기에 용이한 국가의 법을

선택하는 것이 유리할 수 있음

- 상대방 국적에 따라 선호하는 준거법이 있을 수 있음

준거법 합의에도 불구하고 당사자 소속국의 강행법규는 적용이 됨

(공정거래관련법 등)

- 부당한 국제계약 체결 제한(공정거래법 제32조) 조항의 적용 여부: 공정거래법을

위반하는 사항을 내용으로 한 일정한 유형의 국제 계약 체결 금지 조항

- 합작계약 협상 과정에서는 하나의 협상 근거가 될 수 있을지는 모르나, 실제로 활용된

예는 적음

준거법 관련

44

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국제 중재 또는 일방 당사국의 법원에서의 소송절차 중 결정되는 것이 일반적

- 분쟁을 중재로 해결하기로 한 합의가 있으면, 법원에서 소송을 할 수 없음

- 그럼에도 불구하고 소를 제기하면 소각하 사유가 됨

국제 중재판정을 받은 경우 집행 문제

- 중재지와 집행지가 일치하지 않는 경우, 집행국 국내 법원이 외국 중재판정을 승인하고

집행하여야 함.

- 외국중재판정의승인및집행에관한협약(이하 ―뉴욕 협약‖이라 합니다) 은 국제중재

일반을 대상으로 하여 이의 승인과 집행을 보장하고 있으며, 국제중재판정이 신속하고

유효하게 집행될 수 있도록 하고 있음.

- 우리나라는 뉴욕 협약 가입국이며, 중재제도가 확립된 대부분의 국가들도 모두 뉴욕

협약 가입국이므로 외국 중재판정이라도 쉽게 집행을 할 수 있는 것이 원칙임.

분쟁해결 조항

45

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외국법원에서의 판결을 받은 경우 집행 문제

- 외국법원 판결의 경우, 우리나라에서 집행을 하기 위해서는 해당 판결이 확정되고, 국내

법원에서 집행판결을 받아 집행권원을 취득하여야 함 (민사집행법 제26조, 제27조)

중재판정이나 외국법원 판결을 승인, 집행하는 못하는 경우

- 외국 중재판정에 적용된 외국법이 우리 실정법상 강행법규에 위반된다고 하여 바로

승인이 거부되는 것은 아니고 해당 중재판정을 인정할 경우 그 구체적 결과가 우리나라

의 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 반하는 경우에 한하여 승인이 거부될 수 있다

(대법원 93다53054 판결)

- 당사자의 방어권이 침해된 모든 경우를 말하는 것이 아니라 그 방어권 침해의 정도가

현저하게 용인할 수 없는 경우만으로 한정되는 것(대법원 89다카20252 판결)

- 국내적인 사정 뿐만 아니라 국제적 거래질서의 안정이라는 측면도 함께 고려하여

제한적으로 해석(대법원 2001다20134 판결)

분쟁해결 조항

46

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영미법상 개념으로, 국가에 따라서는 진술과 보장(Representations and

Warranties)이라는 개념을 인정하지 않는 경우가 있음(예: 러시아)

- 준거법을 영국법 등으로 바꾼 다음 조항을 포함시키는 방법 등이 활용됨

우리나라 법상 진술과 보장에 따른 책임론 (서울고등 2006나11182)

- 하자담보책임/채무불이행 책임 여부에 대한 학설적 논란

- 각 항목별로 별도로 청구기간이 적용되며, (특별히 제소를 요구하지 않는 한) 소멸시효기간으로 봄

- 약정상 진술 보장 책임발생에 일정한 조건(고의 또는 중과실, 발생 손해액이 일정액수를

초과할 것, 일정한 기한 내에 청구될 것)을 요구한다면, 그 조건대로 충족되어야 함

진술과 보장 조항

47

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5. PMI 관련 고려사항

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PMI 준비시 고려할 사항

49

PMI의 담당자와 M&A 담당자는 M&A 전후로 상호 긴밀하게

연락하여야 함

PMI의 준비는 빠르면 빠를 수록 좋음

장기적인 관점에서의 PMI를 염두에 두어야 함

PMI 업무의 매뉴얼화가 필요함: 시간이 지나고 담당자가 바뀌면

일관된 PMI 업무가 어려워짐

현지 문화에 대한 충분한 이해를 바탕으로 PMI 전략이 수립되어야 함

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PMI 준비시 고려할 사항

50

주요 고려사항

한국 본사와 현지 자회사간의 관계 설정 (계약 체결 등)

현지법인 경영진의 선정 및 통제 방법에 대한 현지법 연구 필요

(더 많은 통제, 경영참여 = 더 많은 책임)

자회사 법규위반 등으로 인한 모회사의 법적/계약적 책임

전가의 위험성

본사 파견 직원에 대한 인사상 처우에 대한 계약 및 법적 검토

IT 시스템을 연결을 통한 원활한 정보 공유의 현지법상 문제점 여

부 체크

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Partner Profile

51

김 경 연 변호사

(Kim, Kyoung Yeon)

업무분야 : M&A, 기업일반, 공정거래,

해외투자, 환경에너지

Tel : 02-528-5503

Fax : 02-528-5228

Email : [email protected]

김경연 변호사는 서울대 법대를 졸업하고, 미국 미시간대학교 법학대학원 법학석사(LL.M.)를 받았습니다. 2001년부터 현재까지 법무법인(유한) 율촌에서 재직 중입니다. 김 변호사는 재직 기간 중 2007년에서 2008년에 걸쳐 Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP 홍콩 사무실에 파견근무를 하였으며, 현재 법무법인(유한) 율촌의 파트너 변호사입니다.

주된 업무분야는 공정거래, M&A, 기업일반 그리고 해외투자와 환경에너지 등 규제관련 분야입니다. 주요 수행 프로젝트는 현대상선의 터미널매각, 하이닉스반도체의 하이디스 매각, 크라운제과의 해태제과 인수, 삼성전자와 삼성SDI의 AM OLED 합작, 삼성LED설립, 한국기업데이터의 기업결합 건, 롯데쇼핑의 GS마트/백화점 기업결합 건 등이며, 그 외 다수의 국외기업간 기업결합, 공정거래/규제 관련 소송과 자문 및 회사 일반에 관련된 상시 자문을 제공하고 있습니다.

학력

2007 : 미국 미시간법대 법학석사 (LL.M.)

2001 : 서울대학교 법과대학원 석사과정 수료

2001 : 사법연수원 제30기 수료

1998 : 제 40회 사법시험 합격

1998 : 서울대학교 법과대학 사법학과 졸업

주요경력

2001 ~ 현재 : 법무법인(유한) 율촌

2011 ~ 현재 : 2012 WCC 세계자연보전총회 고문 변호사

2011 ~ 현재 : 법무부 국제투자분쟁 법률자문단

2010 ~ 현재 : 환경부 고문 변호사

2007 ~ 2008 : Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP

홍콩 사무실 파견근무

논문 및 저서

The Merger Control Review (Law Business Research Ltd) (한국 부분) (공저) (2010, 2011)

동일인에 대한 부당지원행위 평가의 접근 방향, 경제법판례연구 제4권 (2007)

공정거래법상 기업결합심사기준에 관한 고찰, 경쟁법연구 제11권 (공저) (2005)

지주회사의 설립방안에 관한 고찰 (공저) (2005)

금융기관간 합병과 관련한 법적 문제점, BFL 제7호 (공저) (2004)

벤처캐피탈과 증권시장의 활성화(번역소개), 증권법 연구, 제2권 제2호 (2001)

자격사항

변호사, 미국 뉴욕주 (2008)

변호사, 대한민국 (2001)

언어

한국어, 영어

회원

대한변호사협회

미국 뉴욕주 변호사협회

한국경쟁법학회

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Thank You

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해외 M&A의 법적 쟁점 ‒ 미국/유럽을 중심으로

Investing in France: Selected Legal Topics

Dominique Bompoint

September 26, 2012 | Seoul

Recent Trends and Selected Legal Issues in Cross-Border Mergers and

Acquisitions

국제 인수‧합병 (cross-border M&A) 최근 동향 및 주요 법적 이슈

Session 5

Investing in Germany: Recent Trends and Selected Legal Topics

Carsten Berrar

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Investing in France:

Selected Legal Topics

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Investing in France: Selected Legal Topics

Dominique Bompoint

South Korean Investments in France

1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

2. Acquiring Control

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South Korean Investments

in France

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South Korean Investments in France

57

South Korean Investments in France

There are nearly 50 South Korean companies doing business in France, employing

over 4,300 people

Nearly half of the South Korean projects in France from 2007-2011 were in business-

to-business services

Selected recent investment projects:

ESSEX-IVA, a subsidiary of LS Cable, a global leader in designing, manufacturing and supplying electric wires

and cables, created a technical varnish unit in 2010 in Meyzieu (Rhône-Alpes region)

Namyeung Vivien Corporation bought out the French lingerie company Barbara in 2010. The operation helped

maintain more than 50 jobs in Arcueil in Ile-de-France (Paris region)

EXR Korea acquired Jean-Charles de Castelbajac from the Sixth Swedish National Pension fund (AP6) in

September 2011 for approximately €3M

Amore Pacific acquired Annick Goutal from Starwood Capital Group in August 2011 for €20M

National Pension Service of Korea acquired 51% of the shares of O‘Parinor Shopping Center from

Hammerson

Plc in August 2010 for €217M

Société minière du Sud Pacifique (SMSP) and Posco Ltd created a 51/49 joint venture (Nickel Mining

Company) in April 2006. The global investment is worth $720M (construction of a $350M plant and mining

assets worth $360M)

The number of South Korean investments in France in 2011 was not in line with this

country‘s economic prowess and technological promise

Source: Invest In France Agency

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1. Providing Equity

Without Taking Control

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Straight Equity (순 에퀴티)

프랑스 주식회사는 특정한 투자자나 특정한 투자자층만을 위한 신주발행을 할 수 있음:

- 주주총회에서 2/3 과반수 득표 필요

- 가격 제약 없음 – 단, 발행가는 액면가 이상이어야 함

상장 기업: 12개월 기간동안 자본금액의 20%까지 특정 투자자에 대한 사모발행 가능:

- 이사회가 사전 임시주주총회에서 자유재량 위임을 받았을 경우 거래 종결 전 임시주주총회 동의는 필요 없음

- 최소가 준수 (시장가 대비 할인이 발행전 3일 간의 가중평균가의 5% 를 넘을 수 없음)).

1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

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Straight Equity

A French company by shares may reserve an issuance of new shares to one or more identified investors or categories of investors:

- Requires a 2/3 majority vote at a shareholders meeting

- No pricing constraints – as long as issuance price is not lower than per value

Public companies: up to 20% of the share capital in any 12-month period may be offered to a group of investors pursuant to a private placement:

- No need for a pre-closing EGM approval if the board has received a blank-check delegation from a prior EGM

- Minimum price requirements will apply (discount to market price may not exceed 5% of the weighted average price observed during the last three trading days).

continued 1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

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프랑스 기업법상 우선주

우선주는 특히 다음과 같은 권리를 부여할 수 있음:

- 우선배당권 그리고/또는 누적배당권

- 종속회사에 대한 통합배당권

- 투표권 등 기업지배구조에 참여할 권리

- ―하이워터마크" 보호

우선주의 환금성은 다음과 같이 얻을 수 있음:

- 보통 상장주로의 전환권, 그리고/또는

- 채권자의 (간주된) 동의하에 발행사는 매도권 (put right)을 제공할 수 있음

위 두가지 경우 투자자는 일부의 경제적 위험을 부담함

우선주의 조건은 법정에 의해 임명된 회계감사관의 검토를 거쳐 주주들의

2/3 승낙을 받아야 함

continued 1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

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Preferred shares exist in French corporate law

They may carry, in particular:

- preferred and/or cumulative dividend rights

- rights to consolidated dividends of controlled affiliates

- voting and governance rights

- ―high water mark‖ protections

The liquidity of preferred shares may be obtained through:

- a right of conversion into listed ordinary shares, and/or

- a put right granted by the issuer, subject to creditors‘ (deemed) consent

In both cases the investor will have to bear some economic risk

The terms and conditions of the preferred shares must be

reviewed by a court appointed auditor and approved by

shareholders at a 2/3 majority

continued 1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

62

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Differed Equity (에퀴티로 상환 가능한 금융상품)

회사자본 연계 채권 인수 가능 (예: 신주 또는 현주식으로 상환 가능한 채권

(OCEANE), 주식으로 환매 가능한 채권 (ORA), 주식으로 상환 가능한 채권 (OCA))

워런트는 채권과 합쳐진 형태로 취급될 수 있으며 워런트만 분리하여 거래될 수 있음

이렇게 상환 가능한 금융상품은 straight equity 상품과 같은 주주 동의를 필요로 함

채권 또는 워런트의 발행시 AMF의 허가를 받은 상장 투자설명서가 있을 경우 상환 가

능한 금융상품 관련 기본 주식은 자동적으로 상장됨

continued 1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

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Differed Equity

Investors may subscribe bonds giving access to share capital e.g., bonds

convertible or exchangeable into new or existing shares (OCEANE), bonds

redeemable in shares (ORA), bonds convertible into shares (OCA)

Warrants may be attached to the bonds and traded independently

The issuance of these differed equity instruments requires the same

shareholder authorizations as for straight equity instruments

The shares underlying the differed equity instruments will be automatically

admitted to trading if a listing prospectus has been approved by the AMF

upon the issuance of the bonds or the warrants

continued 1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

64

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부실기업에 대한 투자시 주주 보호

투자하고자 하는 회사가 계속기업 (going concern)인가에 대해 확실치 않을 경우, 사

법적 파산예방 절차를 시작하는 방법도 고려해 볼 수 있음:

- 회사에 대한 새로운 자금조달을 한 투자자들은 고용인과 법원 수수료를 제외한 모

든 채권자에 있어 우선권을 가지게 됨

- 하지만 자금투입은 이러한 보호의 범위에서 벗어남

새로운 채권자들은 그 후 파산 선고를 받은 회사에 대해 자금을 빌려준 것에 대한

법적 책임을 물지 않음

continued 1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

65

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Investor Protection regarding distressed companies

If there are doubts about the going concern of the company in which the

investment is to be made, it may be helpful to seek the opening of a judicial

pre-insolvency procedure:

- Investors who will bring new financing to the company will rank senior to all creditors

other than employees and court fees

- Capital injections are, however, excluded from the scope of this protection

New creditors cannot be held liable for having lent money to a company

which, subsequently, became insolvent

continued 1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

66

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한국 투자자에 적용되는 조세법

에퀴티 상품

- 배당금: 주식보유량이 주식자본의 10%가 넘을 경우 10% 원천과세 (아닌 경우 15% 원천과세) + 3%

추가부담

- 양도소득: 주식보유량이 주식자본의 25%가 넘을 경우 프랑스에서 19% 과세 (아닌 경우 비과세)

- 양도세 / 금융거래세 (FTT): 비상장 주식 양도에 대해 0.1% 과세. 상장 주식 양도의 경우 보통 비과

세이나 시가총액이 10억유로가 넘는 프랑스 기업에 대한 상장 주식 양도의 경우 0.2% 상당 금융거

래세 부과

부채형 금융상품

- 이자: 원천과세 없음

- 매도 또는 에퀴티 상품으로 상환시 양도소득: 프랑스에서 비과세

- 양도세 / 금융거래세: 해당 없음

혼성 금융상품

- 나라에 따라 같은 금융상품이 에퀴티 또는 부채형 상품으로 간주될 수 있음

- 이로 인해 프랑스에서 이자를 공제하고 국제적 자본이동에 대한 원천과세를 적용하는 등의 유리한

조세 결과를 얻을 수 있음

continued 1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

67

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Tax treatment of a Korean Investor

Equity instruments

- Dividends : 10% withholding tax if the shareholding exceeds 10% of the share capital (15%

withholding tax otherwise) + 3% levy

- Capital gains : 19% tax in France if the shareholding exceeds 25% of the share capital (not taxable

otherwise)

- Transfer taxes / Financial transaction tax (FTT) : 0.1% tax on transfers of non listed shares, no

transfer tax on listed shares except for the transfer of shares in French corporations with a market

capitalization exceeding €1Bn, which is subject to the 0.2% FTT.

Debt instruments

- Interest : no withholding tax

- Capital gains upon sale or conversion in equity instruments : not taxable in France

- Transfer taxes / FTT : not applicable

Hybrid instruments

- Certain instruments may be viewed as debt in a jurisdiction and equity in the other jurisdiction.

- This may result in favorable tax consequences as to the deduction of interest in France and the

withholding tax treatment of the cross-border flows.

continued 1. Providing Equity Without Taking Control

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2. Acquiring Control

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2.1 Regulated Business Sectors – 규제 적용 산업 분야

2.2 Merger Regulation – 합병 관련 규제

2.3 Labor Law Issues – 노동법 관련 문제

2.4 Public Companies – 상장 기업

2. Acquiring control

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A. 보안분야 관련 투자

非EU국가 투자자가 다음과 같은 특정한 산업분야에 속해있는 기업의 주도권을

인수하고자 할 때에는 프랑스 경제부의 사전 동의가 필요함:

- 도박 관련 산업

- 사적 보안 관련 산업

- 국가적 對테러 보안 관련 산업

- 국방산업

- 정보통신 기술 보안 관련 산업

- 암호해독 및 암호작성 관련 산업

- 군사관련 무기 및 탄약 제조 산업

에너지와 인프라 관련 산업은 보호규제가 적용되지 않음

33.33% 수준에서 주도권을 소유한다고 여겨지나 매각대상회사의 주식보유 구조에 따

라 더 낮은 기준 적용도 가능

2.1 Regulated Business Sectors

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A. Security Sensitive Investments

Prior approval from the Ministry of Economy is required for a non EU investor

to acquire a controlling interest in certain protected industry sectors:

- Gambling

- Private Security

- National security against terrorism

- National Defense

- Information technology security

- Cryptology and cryptography

- Weapons and ammunitions for the military

Energy and infrastructure sectors are not protected industry sectors.

A controlling interest will be deemed to have been acquired at 33.33% but

lower thresholds are possible depending upon the shareholding structure of

the target company

continued 2.1 Regulated Business Sectors

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B. 금융업계 관련 규제

범위: 금융기관 및 투자서비스 제공 기업 / 보험회사 / 자산관리 회사

다음과 같은 경우 당국의 사전 허가 필요:

‒ 직접적 경영권 교체 (direct change of control), 또는

‒ 1/10, 1/5, 1/3, 또는 ½ (*) 의 의결권 기준 교차를 (이상 또는 이하로) 초래하는 거래

1/20 의결권 수위 초과를 초래하는 거래는 거래 종결 후 ACP에 공지 의무

continued

(*) 보험회사만 해당

2.1 Regulated Business Sectors

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continued

B. Financial Sector Regulation

Scope: Credit Institutions and Investment Service Providers / Insurance

Companies / Portfolio Management Companies

Prior regulatory approval is required in case of:

‒ a direct change of control, or

‒ a transaction resulting in the crossing (upwards or downwards) of the thresholds of 1/10, 1/5,

1/3 or ½ (*)of the voting rights

Transactions resulting in the crossing (upwards) of the threshold of 1/20 of the

voting rights only trigger a post-closing declaration

2.1 Regulated Business Sectors

74

(*) for insurance companies only

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(i) 프랑스 합병 규제의 범위

프랑스에서 합병 규제가 적용되기 위해서는 다음과 같은 세 가지의 조건이 충족되어야 함

(프랑스 상법전 제 L.430-2조):

- 모든 참가 당사자의 전세계적 세후 매출액의 합이 1.5억유로 초과;

- 두 개 이상의 참가 기업의 프랑스내 세후 매출액의 합이 5천만유로 초과; 그리고

- EC기업합병규제가 적용되지 않는 거래에 한함

더 낮은 세후 매출액 한도 (1.5억유로 대신 7천5백만유로; 5천만유로 대신 1천5백만유로) 적

용 가능:

- 소매업 관련 산업; 또는

- 당사자 중 적어도 하나의 기업이 프랑스 해외영토에서 사업을 하는 경우

거래 종결 이전 허가를 받아야함. 단, 공개매수의 경우 제외

2.2 Merger Regulation

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Scope of the French Merger Regulation

A merger in France must meet 3 conditions to be subject to merger control (Article

L. 430-2 French Commercial Code):

- the total worldwide net-of-tax turnover achieved by all participating parties must exceed €150 million;

- the total net-of-tax turnover achieved in France by at least two of the participating parties must

exceed €50 million; and

- the transaction does not fall within the scope of the EC Merger Regulation

Lower thresholds (€75 m vs. €150 m; €15 m vs. €50 m) are applicable:

- to concentrations in the retail trade sector, or

- when at least one party does business in French overseas departments and territories

Clearance must be obtained before closing, except with tender offers

continued 2.2 Merger Regulation

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프랑스 기업은 – 국유기업 제외 – 이사회에 고용인 대표를 임명할 의무가

없음

하지만, 회사의 경제적 또는 법적 구조상의 변경 이전에 회사의 고용인 대

표들 (IRPs)과의 사전 상의는 필수임. 예:

- 회사가 자회사를 매입하거나 매도할 경우; 또는

- 회사가 매도되는 경우

거래에 관한 최종 결정 또는 법적 구속력이 있는 합의 전 정보 공유와

상의 단계를 거쳐야 함

- 상의 단계의 목적은 IRPs가 당사자들에 의해 고려될 수 있는 시점에서 거래에 대한

IRPs의 입장 표출을 가능하게 하기 위함

- 이에 따라, 상의 의무는 법적 구속력이 있는 계약서에 해제조건으로 포함될 수 없음

2.3 Labor Law Issues

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There is no obligation for French companies – other than state owned – to appoint employee representatives at the board

However, the company‟s employee representatives (IRPs) must be consulted with prior to any change in the economic or legal structure of the company, such as:

- when the company acquires or sells a subsidiary, or

- when the company is sold

The information and consultation process must be completed before definitive decisions or binding commitments are made with respect to the transaction

- The purpose for the consultation process is to allow the IRPs to express their views on the transaction at a time when they can still be considered by the parties

- As a result, this obligation to consult cannot be dealt with by including a condition precedent in the binding agreement

continued 2.3 Labor Law Issues

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IRPs의 의견은 당사자들에게 법석 구속력을 가지지 않음:

- 당사자들은 IRPs가 긍정적 또는 부정적 의견을 표출했느냐에 상관 없이 초기에

계획한대로 거래를 진행할 수 있음

- 하지만, 거래를 진행할지의 여부를 판단하기 전에 상의 절차를 완료해야함 – 결론적

으로 당사자들은 IRPs가 결정을 내릴 수 있도록 모든 관련 정보를 공유해야 함

상의 절차에 적용하는 의무적 추진일정이 있는 것은 아님:

- IRPs는 거래를 검토함에 있어 전문가의 도움을 요청하여 계획된 일정을 방해할 수

있음

- 하지만 거래에 관한 정확하고 명백한 정보와 고용인에 대한 사후 처리 관련 정보를

제공했을 시 이러한 요청을 하는 경우는 드문 편임

- 이 규제를 준수하지 않았을 경우 엄한 형법상 처벌이 적용될 수도 있으나, 실제

IRPs과의 상의 절차는 감당하기 쉬운 수준이며, 대상기업이 상장기업이고 공개매

수를 통해 인수되었을 경우 더 다루기 쉬운 편임

continued 2.3 Labor Law Issues

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The IRPs‟ opinion is not binding upon the parties:

- Whether the IRPs issue a negative or a positive opinion, the parties are free to proceed as they initially envisaged, even without taking into account any of the IRPs‘ views

- However, the consultation process must be completed before the decision to proceed is made – as a result the parties ought to make sure that every relevant information enabling the IRPs to make a decision is made available to them

There is no mandatory timeline for the completion of the consultation procedure:

- The IRPs may derail the envisaged timetable by requiring the assistance of an expert to review the transaction

- They will be less inclined to do so if they have been given precise and clear information about the transaction and its consequences for the employees

- Although severe criminal sanctions are applicable if these rules are not complied with, the obligation to consult with the IRPs is manageable in practice, and is less cumbersome when the target company is listed and acquired through a tender offer

continued 2.3 Labor Law Issues

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c) Mandatory Tender Offers – 의무적 공개 매수

b) Disclosure of Interests and Intentions – 인수지분∙인수의도 공개

a) Access to Information – 정보 입수

d) Key Rules of Tender Offers – 공개 매수에 관한 주요 쟁점

2.4 Public Companies

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a) Access to information

프랑스법상 다음과 같은 방법을 통한 프랑스에 상장된 증권 관련

내부정보 이용 금지:

- 부당한 방법을 통한 정보의 전달, 또는

- 이러한 정보를 소유한 채로 증권 거래

내부정보라 함은 다음과 같은 정보를 뜻함:

- 비밀 정보,

- 정밀한 정보, 그리고

- 가격에 민감한 정보

하지만, AMF는 프랑스 상장회사의 주식을 다량 인수하고자 하는

투자자에게 실사 과정을 거치기를 – 이러한 과정을 통해 내부정보를 입수

할 수 있음 – 권장하는 바임. 특히 자본조달이 따르는 거래의 경우

(현존 주주들이 현주식을 매각하는 방식과 비교할 때) 더 실사가 권장됨.

continued 2.4 Public Companies

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a) Access to information

French law prohibits the use of inside information relating to

securities listed in France, through either:

- improper communication of such information, or

- dealing on the securities in question while in possession of such information

An inside information is an information which is:

- confidential,

- precise, and

- price-sensitive

However, the doctrine of the AMF encourages investors interested

in the acquisition of a significant stake in a company which shares

are listed in France, to undertake due diligence – thus potentially

accessing inside information – particularly when the transaction

consists in a capital raising (as opposed to the sale of existing

shares by an existing shareholder)

continued 2.4 Public Companies

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b) Disclosure of Interests and Intentions

인수 지분 공개

- 프랑스 상장기업에 대한 주식보유량이 다음과 같은 주식자본 또는 의결권 기준을 상향

또는 하향으로 넘는 투자자는:

5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 33.33%, 50%, 66.66%, 90%, 95%

…거래일 나흘 이내에 대상기업과 AMF에게 통지해야함

- 주식이 프랑스가 아닌 다른 유럽거래소에 상장되어있는 경우에도 통지 의무를 준수해야함

- 0.5%의 기준을 넘는 시점에도 대상기업에게 통지해야할하는 경우도 있음

- ‚인수 지분‛의 의미의 범위는 넓은 편이며 같이 행동하는 당사자들의 주식, 콜옵션, 현

금지불 파생상품도 포함

인수 의도 공개

- 10%, 15%, 20% 또는 25%의 기준을 상향초과하는 경우, 투자자는 오는 6개월 동안 발행

회사에 대한 인수 의도가 있는지에 대해 공개해야하며, 이러한 인수를 위해 활용한 자금의 근원에 대해서도 공개해야함

continued 2.4 Public Companies

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b) Disclosure of Interests and Intentions

Disclosure of interests

- Any person who sees its interest in the capital or voting rights of a French public

company exceed, or fall below, the following thresholds:

5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 33.33%, 50%, 66.66%, 90%, 95%

…is required to notify the company and the AMF within 4 trading days

- This obligation must be complied with even if the shares in question are listed on a

European market other than a French market

- The company may have to be notified at thresholds as low as 0.5%

- The definition of ―interest‖ is broad and include in particular concert parties‘ shares, call

options and cash settled derivatives

Disclosure of intentions

- Upon crossing (upwards) the 10%, 15%, 20% or 25% thresholds, the investor must

publicly declare its intentions vis-à-vis the issuer for the next six months, as well as

disclose the sources of financing it has used for the acquisition

continued 2.4 Public Companies

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c) Mandatory Tender Offers

주식자본 또는 의결권 30%를 상향 초과한 경우, 대상기업의 남아있는

모든 에퀴티 상품을 인수하기 위한 공개매수를 개시해야함

인수지분 공개 관련 법규 (2.2.5, c 참조)와 같은 방법에 따라 30% 기준 초과인지 결정할 수 있음. 단, 의무적 공개매수법상 현금지급 파생상품은 기준 계산에 포함되지 않음

다음과 같은 인수형태를 장려하는 측면에서 여러 면제 가능:

- 흡수합병 (statutory merger)

- 부실기업의 특정 투자자를 위한 증자

매수가는 최소한 지난 12개월 동안인수자 (또는 같이 행도하는 당사자)가

매수대상주식을 매입한 가격중 최고가

continued 2.4 Public Companies

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c) Mandatory Tender Offers

Upon crossing (upward) of the 30% threshold in either share

capital or voting rights, a tender offer must be launched for all the

outstanding equity instruments of the target company

The crossing of the 30% threshold is determined by reference to

the same rules as for the disclosure of interests (see 2.2.5, c), with

the only exception of cash settled derivatives, which are not taken

into account in the mandatory tender offer regime

Various exemptions are available, particularly in favor of:

- Statutory mergers

- Reserved capital increase of a distressed company

The offer price must be at least equal to the highest price paid by

the bidder (or concert parties) in the last 12 months

continued 2.4 Public Companies

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d) Key Rules of Tender Offers

AMF의 매수제안 관련 조건과 문서 검토 종료 후 매수제안을 개시할 수 있음

인수자가 인수대가를 지불하겠다는 약속은 최소 하나의 재정적 후원자에 의해 보증되어야함; 결과적으로, 인수자는 후원자에게 종속보증을 해야함

(예: 현금예금, 청구 즉시 지불가능한 은행 보증 (first demand bank guarantee),

“특정한 자금‛ 조항을 포함한 신용대출 등)

非EU 국가 인수자의 경우, 프랑스에서 비초청 (unsolicited) 매수제안을 포함한

여러 매수제안이 성공적으로 완료됨:

- 공개매수안이 매각대상기업의 이사회에 의해 승인 혹은 기각됨은 매수제안 성공의 여부에 근본적

영향을 미치지 않음: 우호적 거래도 실패한 적이 있고 적대적 거래도 성공한 사례가 있음

- 정부가 가진 공개매수를 막을 수 있는 수단은 한정되어있음

백기사 (white knight) 개입을 제외한 다른 M&A 방어수단을 활요하기 위해서는

주주의 동의가 필요하며, 그러한 동의는:

- 제안기간 이외에 동의를 얻었을 경우, 주주의 동의 없이 이사회가 제안을 방해할 수 없는 구조를 가진

인수자에 의해 공개매수가 개시되었다면 위와같은 동의는 법적으로 효력이 없음;

- 위임장 고문 (proxy advisor)의 저항과 증대되어가는 영향력의 결과로 위와같은 동의를 얻는 것은

점점 더 어려워지고 있음

continued 2.4 Public Companies

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d) Key Rules of Tender Offers

Offers cannot open before the AMF has reviewed their terms and documentation

The undertakings of the bidder to pay the offer consideration must be guaranteed by at least one financial sponsor; as a result, bidders must in practice provide the sponsor with a counter-guarantee (e.g. cash deposit, first demand bank guarantee, credit facilities with “certain funds” provisions)

Many offers launched by non EU bidders, even unsolicited offers, have already been successful in France:

- Whether a tender offer is approved or rejected by the board of directors of the target company will not necessarily make a fundamental difference as to its chances of success: friendly deals have already failed; hostile offers have already been successful

- The government does not have a lot of means to bar a tender offer

Takeover defenses other than white knight interventions require shareholders approval; such approval:

- if obtained outside an offer period, will become legally ineffective against an offer launched by a bidder whose board of directors would be prohibited to frustrate an offer without its own shareholders‘ approval;

- has proven increasingly difficult to obtain year after year as a result of the reluctance, and growing influence, of proxy advisors

continued 2.4 Public Companies

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d) Key Rules of Tender Offers

조건 제한

공개매수는 다음과 같은 조건 조항을 가질 수 있음:

동의 수준 관련 조건 – 관행적으로 의결권과 주식자본의 2/3를 넘는 적이 없음;

매수 종료 후 5일의 기간이 지나면 이러한 조건을 포기하거나 낮출 수 없음

합병법상 허가 조건 – 시기가 타당해야함

인수회사의 주주들에 의한 매수 동의 – 이러한 동의가 법적으로 필요할 경우

다른 (프랑스 또는 외국) 기업 주식의 동시 매수 종결

중대하고 부정적인 사정 변경 (MAC: Material Adverse Change) 조항은 금지됨;

하지만, 매각대상기업이 공개매수 전 내린 결정들의 결과로 인해 매수 기간동안

대상기업의 재정적 또는 법적 상태가 악화될 경우, AMF는 인수자의 인수포기를

허가할 수 있음

continued 2.4 Public Companies

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d) Key Rules of Tender Offers

Conditionality

Tender offers may only be conditional upon:

A level of acceptance conditions – which, in practice, never exceed 2/3 of the voting rights and share capital; after the fifth day preceding the end of the offer, this condition can no longer be waived or reduced

Merger control conditions – if their timing is reasonable

The approval of the offer by the shareholders of the bidder – if this authorization is legally required

The closing of a simultaneous offer launched for the shares of another (French or non French) company

Material Adverse Change (MAC) conditions are not allowed; but if, as a result of decisions made by the target company prior to the offer, its financial or legal condition deteriorates during the offer, the AMF may authorize the bidder to withdraw its offer

continued 2.4 Public Companies

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Appendices Appendix A – S&C Paris Office

Appendix B – Biography of

Dominique Bompoint

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Appendix A – S&C Paris Office

CHAMBERS GLOBAL,

CORPORATE/

M&A, 2010

“Sullivan & Cromwell

focuses on high-end

M&A transactions and

is particularly

renowned for its

prowess on

sophisticated cross-

border deals. The six-

partner team [in Paris]

attracts praise for its

availability and

creativity.”

The Firm has been actively engaged in market developments in France for

decades. The oldest of the European offices, the Paris office practice has

continued to develop and is regularly at the forefront of the most strategically

significant transactions in France and throughout Europe.

P ARIS OFFICE

M &A AND

P R IV ATE E QUITY

CAP ITAL M ARKE TS

RE S TRUCTURING

TAX

S&C‘s 25-lawyer Paris-based team with complementary French and US law

practices is focused on M&A, restructuring, capital markets, litigation and tax

matters

Lawyers in Paris regularly advise on large and innovative transactions in France

and throughout Europe involving multinational companies, financial institutions,

private equity funds and governmental entities.

Dedicated, highly skilled Paris-based teams with key relevant experience in

corporate and finance matters offer clients seamless advice in French, US and EU

law with the efficiency and continuity of a single core team.

The Paris office is highly active in cross-border and domestic M&A and private

equity transactions involving French companies, with significant experience with

negotiated transactions, corporate and structuring advice.

S&C maintains a leading position in French M&A and over the last five years

ranked first among US-based law firms and fourth overall in volume of announced

French M&A in 2007–2011 (Bloomberg).

S&C has played a key role in developing the equity and debt capital markets for

French issuers.

Our multidisciplinary approach allow us to find new solutions to highly complex

matters in the area of restructuring.

We are among very few firms who have partners with the unique ability to

combine litigation and transactional skills, a key part of the strategic advice that an

increasing number of clients seek today.

The Paris office enjoys a global reputation for effective and innovative French tax

advice.

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Appendix B ‒ Biography of Dominique Bompoint

Dominique Bompoint

Paris Office

Phone: +33 1 7304 6820

Fax: +33 1 7304 1010

[email protected]

Partner since 2004

University of Bordeaux, D.E.A. 1989

French State, D.E.C.F. 1988

Bordeaux–É cole Supérieure de

Commerce, D.E.S.C.A.F. 1987

Selected Transactions

Mergers and Acquisitions

Groupe Bolloré in the sale of its equity interest in Aegis to Dentsu; EDF in its tender offer for the

shares of EDF Energies Nouvelles; EDF in its €1.3 billion acquisition of SPE; Vallourec in its €150

million acquisition of Sérimax; Vallourec in its cross-shareholding agreement with Japanese

partner Sumitomo; Crédit Agricole in the €6.6 billion combination of Crédit Agricole‘s and Société

Générale‘s asset management businesses; French Government, as shareholder of Thales, in

Dassault Aviation‘s acquisition of a 26% stake (€1.56 billion) in Thales formerly owned by Alcatel-

Lucent; Financial advisers to NYSE in its merger with Euronext NV; Abertis Infraestructuras, as

leader of a consortium of investors, in its bid and €5.3 billion purchase of SANEF; Groupe Bolloré

in its strategic investment in Havas; Financial advisers to Alcatel in its merger with Lucent.

ominique Bompoint joined the Firm as a partner in December 2004. He was previously a partner

at Clifford Chance LLP (2001-2004) and Bredin Prat (1996-2001).

Mr. Bompoint has extensive experience in mergers and acquisitions, capital markets, corporate

restructurings, as well as related corporate litigation matters. He advises private and public

companies, private equity funds, as well as governmental entities on a broad range of corporate

finance matters.

Prior to joining Sullivan & Cromwell, highlights of Mr. Bompoint‘s practice have included the Rhône

Poulenc/Hoechst (Aventis) and Vivendi/Havas acquisitions, as well as the public takeover bids of

BNP/SG/Paribas, Generali/AGF, AXA/UAP and Technip/Coflexip.

D

“Clients and peers applaud “extremely

strong, talented and active” Dominique

Bompoint, agreeing that he is one of the

top M&A partners in France.” Chambers Global, 2012 Restructuring

Natixis in connection with the €35 billion guarantee issued by BPCE, its parent company, to cover

toxic assets held by Natixis; The French State in a series of loan agreements to major French

automobile companies; Financial advisers to Eurotunnel in connection with its refinancing and

restructuring; CCF Recycling (now known as Derichebourg) in its acquisition and subsequent

merger with distressed company Penauille Polyservices.

94

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Appendix B ‒ Biography of Dominique Bompoint

Corporate Litigation and Corporate Governance Matters

TTE Europe in legal proceedings against certain entities affiliated with the latter for damages related to pre-bankruptcy transactions that,

allegedly, occurred before TTE Europe had filed for bankruptcy; a large public company (confidential) throughout different stages of

administrative sanction proceedings brought forth against it by the French Financial Markets Authority (―AMF‖) in connection with various alleged

breaches of market abuse regulations involving the company‘s CEO and Chairman; Groupe Bolloré in proceedings concerning contested proxy

issues in relation to Havas; ING Direct against claims for damages for commercial defamation brought by its French bank competitors; Atos

Origin in a proxy fight it was the object of in 2007.

Recognitions

Named France Corporate Lawyer of the Year by Best Lawyers (France) and recognised as a leading lawyer in Capital Markets and Corporate matters (2010)

Chambers Global: The World’s Leading Lawyers for Business — named Star Individual in corporate and M&A matters (2011, 2012)

Chambers Global: The World’s Leading Lawyers for Business — named as one of the leading practitioners in corporate and M&A and capital markets matters (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)

Chambers Europe: Europe’s Leading Lawyers for Business – Capital Markets (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011) and Corporate/M&A (2011)

The International Who’s Who of Merger & Acquisition Lawyers (2010)

The International Who’s Who of Corporate Governance Lawyers (2010)

IFLR1000 – recognised as a leading lawyer in M&A and Capital Markets (2010, 2011)

Legal Business, European Legal Experts, Banking and Finance — recognised as a leading lawyer in banking and finance (2006, 2007, 2008)

Legal Business, European Legal Experts, Corporate and Commercial — recognised as a leading individual in corporate and commercial law (2006, 2007, 2008)

PLC Which Lawyer? Yearbook, Private Equity/Venture Capital — ranked among leading lawyers in private equity and venture capital matters (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008)

PLC Which Lawyer? Yearbook, Corporate/M&A — ranked among leading lawyers in corporate M&A matters (2005, 2006, 2007-2008)

PLC Cross-border Corporate Governance Handbook (2008-2009, 2009-2010)

PLC Cross-border Capital Markets Handbook (2009)

“[In capital markets,] Particularly lauded

for his equity expertise, Dominique

Bompoint is said to have „an excellent

and extremely thorough grounding in the

subject.‟” Chambers Europe, 2011

Securities

Suez Environnement in its listings on Euronext Paris and Euronext Brussels; the underwriters to EDF in its €7.5 billion privatisation, the largest

IPO ever in France.

continued

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Investing in Germany:

Recent Trends and

Selected Legal Topics

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1. Recent Market and Legal Trends

2. Selected Legal Topics

2.1 Private M&A

2.2 Public M&A

2.3 Joint Aspects

3. Outlook

4. Appendices

Investing in Germany:

Recent Trends and Selected Legal Topics

Carsten Berrar

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1. Recent Market and Legal Trends - M&A Activity in Germany

- M&A Activity in Germany in 2011 and 2012

- General Observations

- Key Drivers and Challenges for M&A

Activity in Germany

- Individualized Private German M&A Market

- Impact of the Eurozone Uncertainty on M&A

Transactions

- General Legal Trends for Public M&A in Germany

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10

60

70

50

40

30

20

Recent Market and Legal Trends - M&A Activity

in Germany

After strong recovery of M&A activity in Germany in the first half of 2011 (e.g.,

NYSE/Deutsche Börse (failed), MAN/Volkswagen, Tognum/Daimer+RollsRoyce,

KabelBW/Liberty Media, SüdChemie/ Clariant), noticeable slow-down in the second

half of 2011 and the first half of 2012, mainly caused by the Euro-crisis

Source: M&A DATABASE, University St. Gallen

99

Tra

nsa

ction

Vo

lum

e in

Eu

ro b

n.

Am

ou

nt o

f T

ran

sa

ctio

ns

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

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Recent Market and Legal Trends – German

M&A Activity in 2011

Top 10 largest transactions in 2011 with German participation

No Target Country Seller Country Buyer Country Transaction

Value

(EUR m)

Sector

1 NEW YORK

STOCK

EXCHANGE

US PUBLIC TAKEOVER

OFFER

DE DEUTSCHE BÖ RSE AG DE 10,000 Financial

Services

2 MAN SE DE PUBLIC TAKEOVER

OFFER

DE VOLKSWAGEN AG DE 3,416 Automotive

3 PORSCHE

HOLDING

SALZBURG

GMBH

AT/DE PORSCHE UND PIË CH

FAMILY

DE VOLKSWAGEN AG DE 3,300 Automotive

4 TOGNUM AG DE PUBLIC TAKEOVER

OFFER

DE DAIMLER AG / ROLLS-ROYCE

GROUP PLC

DE/UK 3,200 Automotive

5 KABEL BW

GMBH

DE EQT PARTNERS AB SE LIBERTY GLOBAL INC US 3,160 TMT

6 HOCHTIEF AG DE PUBLIC TAKEOVER

OFFER

DE ACS ACTIVITDADES DE

CONSTRUCCION Y SERVICIOS

SA

ES 2,494 Construction

7 DEKABANK DE LANDESBANKEN DE SPARKASSEN / DEKABANK DE 2,350 Financial

Services

8 EVONIK

STEAG GMBH

DE EVONIK INDUSTRIES

AG

DE STADTWERKE CONSORTIUM

RHEIN-RUHR

DE 1,923 Energy

9 SÜ D-CHEMIE

AG

DE ONE EQUITY

PARTNERS LLC,

FOUNDER FAMILY

USA/

DE

CLARIANT AG CH 1,381 Chemicals

10 TAKKO

HOLDING

GMBH

DE ADVENT

INTERNATIONAL GMBH

USA/

DE

APAX PARTNERS UK 1,250 Textiles

100

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Recent Market and Legal Trends – German

M&A Activity in 2012

The first half of 2012 has been dominated by a few large scale transactions (e.g.,

Rhön Klinikum/Fresenius), but also by certain sectors (e.g., Open Grid

Europe/Macquarie-Consortium, BauBeCon/Deutsche Wohnen) and cross-border M&A

activity (e.g., Inoxum/Outokumpu)

No Target Country Seller Country Buyer Country Transaction Value

(EUR m)

Sector

1 RHÖ N KLINIKUM DE PUBLIC TAKEOVER

OFFER

DE FRESENIUS SE DE 3.936 Healthcare

2 OPEN GRID

EUROPE

DE E.ON AG DE MACQUARIE LED

CONSORTIUM

AUS 2.945 Energy

3 INOXUM DE THYSSENKRUPP AG DE OUTOKUMPU FIN 2.485 Steel

4 BSN MEDICAL DE MONTAGU PRIVATE

EQUITY LLP

GB EQT SE 1.792 Healthcare

5 LBBW

IMMOBILIEN

DE LBBW DE PATRIZIA IMMOBILIEN AG DE 1.507 Real Estate

6 BAUBECON DE BARCLAYS UK DEUTSCHE WOHNEN AG DE 1.235 Real Estate

7 DKB

IMMOBILIEN

DE DKB/BayernLB DE TAG IMMOBILIEN AG DE 1.019 Real Estate

Largest transactions in the first half of 2012 involving German targets

continued

101

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Recent Market and Legal Trends –

General Observations (1/2)

Growing importance of public takeovers:

- 4 out of 10 of the largest transactions in 2011 involving German companies (NYSE (failed), MAN, Tognum, Hochtief) as well as the largest transaction in H1 2012 (Rhön Klinikum (failed)) were public takeovers

- Historically, this is unusual for the German M&A market, but confirming a trend over at least the last three years. There were also many such transactions observed in Germany in the mid-cap segment

Many listed German companies are deemed to be undervalued with regard to their book value and/or current earnings compared to their current share price and may become attractive targets

A broad range of sectors is covered by recent M&A activity, including healthcare, chemical industry, automotive, financial services, real estate, energy/infrastructure

Big ticket deals seem to be subject to a heightened regulatory scrutiny (NYSE/Deutsche Börse (failed), KabelBW/Liberty Media – exceptional contractual arrangement to fully shift regulatory risk to buyer)

102

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Recent Market and Legal Trends –

General Observations (2/2)

Deals are often driven by financial distress of target (e.g., real estate segment (BauBeCon)) or business reorganizations of seller including disposal of non-core businesses (e.g., utilities sell portfolio companies to finance investments in renewable energies after nuclear technology exit; ThyssenKrupp realigning its business focus; Deutsche Bank to sell SalOppenheim and its asset management)

German distressed M&A situations reappear following a number of high-profile insolvency filings in 2012, including one of the leading drugstore chaines (Schlecker) and several major German solar companies (e.g., Q-Cells, that Korean company Hanwha intends to acquire)

Debt-to-equity swaps have become easier to implement due to new ―Act on Further Facilitating the Restructuring of Companies‖ (Gesetz zur weiteren Erleichterung der Sanierung von Unternehmen – ESUG) that entered into force in December 2011

Asian buyers start becoming more active in the German market (e.g., envisaged acquisition of Q-Cells by Hanwha; Chinese Shandong Heavy Industry‗s intention to acquire a stake of 25% (€700 m) in the German forklift manufacturer Kion)

continued

103

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Recent Market and Legal Trends – Key Drivers

and Challenges for M&A Activity in Germany

Key drivers:

- Cash on corporate balance sheets and growing liquidity of German corporates

- Shareholder pressure to deploy cash in some cases

- Availability of cheap debt, low interest rates allow especially investment grade borrowers access to attractive financing through bonds

- Underinvested private equity funds and likely exits of their current investments

- Favourable valuations, compared to a few years ago

- Consolidation of core businesses leading to divestments and spin-offs of non-core assets

- Need for industry consolidation in some sectors

- Opportunism as quality assets come onto the German market through divestments by distressed sellers

- Weaker Euro levels compared to other currencies leading to attractive opportunities for foreign investors outside the Eurozone to invest in German targets

Challenges:

- Continuing non-resolution of Eurozone crisis and fears of Euro break-up/bank failure persists

- Concerns about potential economic slowdown in Germany as global economic situation worsens

- Restrictions on availability of finance, volatile market conditions in equity, debt and financial markets

- Private equity adjusting to credit squeeze

- Gap between buyers‘ and sellers‘ expectations on valuation

- Shareholder pressure and activism gaining an increased influence on M&A activity

- Increasing complexity of regulatory and antitrust environment (now over 100 merger control regimes worldwide) and deal failures based on antitrust concerns (NYSE/Deutsche Börse)

104

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Recent Market and Legal Trends –

Individualized Private German M&A Market

Gradual structural changes in the German M&A market: from a pure buyer market

(2009) to a balanced, very “individualized market” (2012)

Re-introduction of certain seller friendly contractual provisions in SPA, e.g.:

- Decrease in seller‘s limitation of its liability

- More generous seller friendly de minimis and basket provisions

- Increased number of transactions using so-called ―locked-box‖ mechanisms without purchase price

adjustments to a certain record date

- Growing recognition and willingness to enter into warranty & indemnity insurance as substitute for

guarantees provided by the seller

- However, certain buyer friendly developments can also be observed in recent past, e.g.:

- Increase in non-compete clauses at the expense of the seller

- Larger focus on and increase of collateral (through the use of escrow accounts, retention or bank

guarantees) securing guarantee claims for the benefit of buyer

Transactions tend to take longer as extensive due diligence seems to become a more

common approach; aggressively conducted auction processes tend to be less

common

Decreasing willingness from buyers to step into competitive auctions demonstrated

by rising number of (serious) requests for exclusivity

105

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Eurozone uncertainty on M&A transactions causes parties to pay careful attention to due

diligence as well as contractual and structural considerations in order to minimise

transaction risk

Valuation and risk allocation:

- Inherent uncertainties over valuations of target companies

- Sellers insisting on availability of committed financing (―certain funds‖, beyond pure ―no financing out‖)

- Buyers contemplating contingent considerations/earn-outs to shift valuation uncertainty risk to seller

Due Diligence:

- Special focus during the due diligence on certain subjects, e.g., on hedging contracts of the target,

performance of key business contracts, target‘s business exposure in countries at risk of needing

financial assistance or exiting the Eurozone, redenomination risk, imposition of capital and exchange

controls

Contractual provisions in M&A documents:

- Increased focus on MAC and force majeur clauses

- Conditionality may relate to risks identified in key businesses or regions of operation

- Currency payment obligations drafted to also consider Euro exit scenario

Completion of the transaction/financing documents:

- Efforts by the parties to shorten time period between signing and closing to the extent practicable

- Acquisition financing agreements need to reflect counterparty risk

Recent Market and Legal Trends – Impact of the Eurozone Uncertainty on M&A Transactions

106

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General structure:

- Increased public M&A activity (see above)

- Very stable legal framework due to 10-year market experience with German Takeover

Act and (usually) reliable practice of competent regulator (BaFin)

Specific recent trends:

- Stake building: Use of derivatives (e.g., cash-settled equity swaps) in public M&A

transactions in Germany now limited due to changes in German legal regime

- Financing/financing confirmation: Financing confirmations for public takeover offers

for German companies generally need to cover 100% of the shares outstanding.

However, now exceptions in case of certain non-tender commitments available (e.g.,

ENBW, Audi)

Recent Market and Legal Trends –

General Legal Trends for Public M&A in Germany

107

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2. Selected Topics

2.1 Private M&A

- Selected Topics in Private M&A

2.2 Public M&A

- General Aspects of Investments in German Public Companies

- Stake Building for Minority Investment

- Public Takeover – Prior Stake Building/ Disclosure Obligations

- Stake Building Shareholder Rights after Acquisition of Minority Investments

- Specific Features of Public Takeover Offers

- Follow-on Integration

2.3 Joint Aspects

- Regulatory Restrictions for M&A Transactions

- Corporate Restrictions/Financing

- Labour Law/Due Diligence

- Antitrust – Practical issues for Transaction Planning

2. 주요 주제

2.1 비상장기업 M&A

- 비상장기업 M&A 관련 주요 쟁점

2.2 상장기업 M&A

- 독일 상장기업 투자 일반

- 소수지분 확보를 위한 점진적지분 인수(stake building)

- 상장기업 인수 – 점진적 지분 인수(stake building)/공시 의무

- 소수지분 확보 이후 주주로서의 권리

- 상장기업 공개매수제의의 특징

- 공개매수 후 추가 통합관련 이슈

2.3 일반적 쟁점

- M&A 거래 관련 법적 규제

- 기업법 /자금조달 관련 규제

- 노동법/실사

- M&A 실행 계획 수립 시 경쟁법 관련 고려 사항

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2.1Private M&A

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일반적 고려 사항:

- 각각의 거래의 특수성 – 사업적 상황과 각 당사자 간 이해관계에 따라 법적 구성이

달라짐 – 현재로서는, 비상장기업M&A 관련 주요 쟁점들과 관련하여 관행 (market

standard)라고 할 수 있는 것이 없음

- 많은 인수자들이, 에스크로, 유보금 혹은 은행의 지급보증 등을 활용하여, 매도자에

대한 보증 청구에 대한 담보를 확보하는 등, 보다 신중하게 접근

- 진술보증 위반에 대비한 유보금 혹은 에스크로를 활용하는 경우가 늘어나고 있는

추세

주식양수도계약 조항:

- 매매가격 관련 조항:

▶매도인과 매수인이 계약 체결 전 특정 시점에 대상 회사에 대한 벨류에이션을 통해 매매가격에

합의하고, 이후에 별도의 가격 조정 없이 거래를 종결하는 방식인 ‚락-박스 (locked-box)” 가

가격 조정 (price adjustment) 보다 더 보편적으로 활용됨 (주로 매도인이 재무적 투자자인 경우)

▶협상의 어려움과 분쟁의 여지에 대한 우려 때문에 ‚언-아웃 (earn-out)” 방식의 거래는 미국에

비해 아직은 활용도가 낮은 편임.

매매가격 차이를 충당하기 위해 각종 차입금 등이 보편적으로 활용되고 있느나 향후 ‚언-아웃‛

조항이 더 활용될 수 있을 것으로 봄

Selected Topics – Selected Topics in private M&A (1/2)

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General:

- No Deal is like the other – legal framework is more than ever driven by the

commercial situation and interests of parties – no real market standards seem to

be established on several key topics at the moment

- Buyers were more cautious, with a higher proportion of buyers obtaining some

form of security for their potential guarantee claims against seller – whether

through the use of escrow account, retention or bank guarantee.

- Use of hold back amounts/escrow accounts for breaches of reps & warranties also

seems to become more frequently used

SPA provisions:

- Purchase Price provisions:

▶“Locked box” mechanism much more common than purchase price adjustment (partly

due to larger number of financial sellers)

▶Compared with U.S., still lower number of earn-out deals due to concerns about

difficult negotiations and subsequent disputes. Purchase price gaps still rather being

bridged by vendor loans or option arrangements, but earn-out clauses may become

more frequently used

continued

Selected Topics – Selected Topics in private M&A (1/2)

111

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주식양수도계약 조항 (계속):

- 진술보증 조항:

▶ 진술보증의 범위는 일률적이지 않음. 일반적으로 당해 거래의 특성에 따라 혹은 사례 별로 결정됨 (예:

재무 상태에 관한 진술)

▶ 진술보증 위반 시 매도자에게 유리한 최소 금액 기준 (de minimis provision) 조항, 혹은

위반에 따른 손해의 총합이 합의된 최저 한도 금액을 넘었을 경우에 한해 배상을 청구할 수

있도록 하는 조항 (basket provision) 도 흔히 쓰이는 추세임

▶ 매도자가 진술보증을 거부할 경우에 생길 수 있는 간극에 대한 해결책으로 보증‧배상 보험에

대한 인지도가 점점 높아지고 있음 – 예: 매도자가 재무적 투자자일 경우

- 권리 행사 기간 제한 조항: 권리 행사 제한이 2008/9년 이전 수준으로 돌아옴

(최소 12개월)

- 책임 관련 조항: 진술보증 조항의 위반시 총책임 한도를 매매가격으로 정하는 것이

통상적임

- 경업금지 (non-compete)조항 : 늘어나는 추세

- 중대하고 부정적인 사정 변경 (MAC: Material Adverse Change) 조항: 미국에 비해

사용 빈도가 현저히 낮은 수준이나 현재 시장 환경을 고려한다면 점점 거부하기

어려워 질 것

continued

Selected Topics – Selected Topics in private M&A (1/2)

112

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SPA provisions (continued):

- Representations & Warranties provisions:

▶ Scope of reps & warranties varies, but generally rather deal-specific and determined on a case-by-case basis (e.g., financial reps)

▶ Use of seller-friendly de minimis/basket provisions in case of breaches of reps & warranties still/again a rather common concept

▶ There is a growing recognition of warranty & indemnity insurance as a solution for warranty gap where seller refuses to give warranties – e.g., in case of financial sellers

- Limitation period provisions: Limitation periods are back on pre-2008/9 level (minimum of 12 months)

- Liability provisions: Overall liability cap for breach of reps & warranties at purchase price is still standard

- Non-compete provisions: Increased number of non-compete restrictions

- MAC provisions: MAC clauses much less common than in U.S. – but current market environment makes them become harder to refuse

continued

Selected Topics – Selected Topics in private M&A (1/2)

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2.2 Public M&A

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독일 상장기업에 대한 소수지분 확보를 위한 점진적 지분 인수 (stake

building)가 늘고 있는 추세임 (예: 뮐러社/두글라스社)

점진적 지분 인수의 공시와 관련한 규제의 강화

독일 상장기업 M&A 관련 최근 쟁점:

- 아직 적대적 (hostile) 인수 제안은 드문 편이나 늘어나고 있는 추세임

(예: ACS社/호흐티프社, 섀플러社/콘티넨탈社, 폭스바겐社/포르셰社)

- 인수 제안에 실패한 최근 몇몇 사례가 있으나 특수한 법적 문제 때문이었음

(예: 뉴욕증권거래소/독일증권거래소, 뢴 클리니쿰社/ 프레제니우스社)

- 현금 매수인 경우가 대부분이나 최근 주식 매수를 통한 사례가 있었음

(ACS社/호흐티프社 와 뉴욕증권거래소/독일증권거래소의 경우)

- 아직 부분적 공개 매수는 거의 없는 편임

(즉, 30% 이하 유지를 목적으로 한 매수 – 예: 2008년 휘포리얼이스테이트社)

- ―로우볼 제안 (low balling offer)‖ 활용 사례 많음. 즉 현재 주가에 대한 최소한의 프리미엄을

지급하여 30% 초과한 후 이차적으로 이렇게 매수한 지분을 시장에서의 기회주의적 구매를

통해 증가시키는 것 – 이 때 이차적 지분 확보는 독일의 인수 관련 규제의 적용을 받지 않음

(예: 폭스바겐社/포르셰社)

Recent Market and Legal Trends –

General Legal Trends for Public M&A in Germany

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Increased minority stake building in German public companies (e.g.,

Mueller/Douglas)

Tightened regulatory regime for disclosure of stakebuilding

Recent topics in public M&A in Germany:

- Still few hostile bids (e.g., ACS/Hochtief, Schaeffler/Continental, VW/Porsche), but

increasing trend may be observed

- In recent past some bids failed, but for special legal reasons (e.g., NYSE/Deutsche Börse,

Rhön Klinikum/Fresenius)

- Almost only cash offers – although two recent prominent exchange offers

(ACS/Hochtief and NYSE/Deutsche Börse)

- Still almost no partial public offers (i.e., offers with the goal to stay below 30%, e.g.,

HypoRealEstate in 2008)

- Several cases of ―low balling offers‖, i.e., attempts to exceed 30% threshold at a minimum

premium to current share price and to increase acquired stake in a second step through

opportunistic purchases in the market whereby second step is not subject to German

takeover regime (e.g., VW/Porsche)

Recent Market and Legal Trends –

General Legal Trends for Public M&A in Germany

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독일 상장기업에 대한 점진적 지분 인수 (stake building) 방법:

- 장내 매수

- 블록세일 (block sales)

- 신주 인수권이 없이 10% 유상증자 참여

(예: 2009년 카타르/다임러社, 2010년 카타르/호흐티프社)

▶수권자본. 통상적으로 활용 가능하며, 주주총회 의결을 통해 이사회/감사회에 임의 발행 권한을

부여함

▶우선매수권(Pre-emptive rights)의 배제. 최대 10% 현금 출자를 통해 우선매수권 배제 가능 –

대부분 주주들의 결의안에 포함되어있음

▶개별 투자자를 위한 발행. 독일법상 개별 투자자를 위한 주식 발행은 일반적으로 허용됨

(이사회/감사회의 주의의무(fiduciary duty)을 위반하지 않는 경우에 한함 – 경영 판단(business judgment)으로 간주함)

▶투자설명서 없는 상장. 12개월 내 개별 투자자에게 신규 발행한 주식의 상장은

최대 (10% – 1주)까지 투자설명서 없이 가능

- 전환사채 (convertible bonds) 인수

Selected Topics – Stake Building for Minority

Investments

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Stake building in a publicly listed target company in Germany can

occur in different ways:

- Acquisition through the market

- Block sales

- Subscription of a 10% capital increase without subscription rights (e.g.,

Qatar/Daimler 2009, Qatar/Hochtief 2010)

▶Authorized Capital. Usually available, resolved by general shareholders‟ meeting for

purposes of ad-hoc placements by management/supervisory board

▶Exclusion of pre-emptive rights. Possible exclusion of pre-emptive rights against cash

contribution of up to 10% usually contained in authorizations

▶Placement with one investor. Placement with a single investor is generally legally

permissible under German law (if in line with boards‟ fiduciary duties – business

judgement)

▶Listing without prospectus. No requirement to publish a prospectus for listing of newly

issued shares of up to 10% (minus one share) for an investor during any 12-month

period

- Subscription of convertible bonds

continued

Selected Topics – Stake Building for Minority

Investments

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독일 증권거래소에 상장된 회사의 주식 인수 관련 일반적 제한은 없음. 단,

- 일정 지분율을 초과할 경우 공시 의무 있음 (3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50%,

75%) – 10% 초과시 투자자의 목적과 자금에 대한 추가적 공시 필요

- 주식의 귀속에 관한 규칙 (즉 (i) 투자자의 자회사가 보유한 주식, (ii) 투자자의 이익을 위해 제3자가 보유한 주식, (iii) 투자자를 위해 이용권이 설정된 주식, (iv) 의도를 표명함으로써 인수 가능한 주식, (v) (일정 조건하에) 인수자가 담보 목적으로 제삼자에게 이전한

주식, (vi) (일정 조건하에) 인수자에게 위탁된 주식)

- 주식의 물리적 인도가 가능한 금융상품 (콜옵션, 선물 등) – 단 3%를 초과한 지분율 계산

시에만 산입함

- 총의결권의 30% 초과 보유 시 인수 제안 의무 (mandatory bid) 규정 적용 (투자자와 함께

(acting in concert) 의결권을 행사하는 제3자의 의결권도 포함)

- 참고: 2012년 2월 1일부터 주식의 물리적 인도가 불가능한 금융상품 (예: 현금 결제 주식

스왑 (cash settled equity swaps), 차액정산계약 (contracts for difference)) 도 5%이상

지분 보유에 따른 공시 의무에서 지분율 계산시 산입됨 (인수 제안 의무 (mandatory bid)

규정에 따른 지분율 계산에는 산입하지 않음)

Selected Topics – Prior Stake Building /

Disclosure Obligations

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In general, no restrictions on acquisition of shares in a company listed on regulated market of German stock exchange, however,

- Mandatory disclosure when crossing certain thresholds (3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50%, and 75%) with additional disclosure on investor‗s goals and funds upon crossing 10%

- Comprehensive rules regarding attribution of shares (i.e., shares (i) held by a subsidiary of investor, (ii) held by third party for account of investor, (iii) for which a usufruct right has been created for the benefit of investor, (iv) which investor may acquire by declaration of intent, and - under certain conditions - (v) shares which bidder has transferred as collateral to a third party, as well as (vi) shares which have been entrusted to bidder)

- Attribution of financial instruments with a right of physical delivery of shares (call options, futures, etc.), except for the 3% threshold

- Mandatory bid threshold at 30% of the voting rights (voting rights of third parties acting in concert with the investor are attributed)

- Note: Since February 1, 2012, financial instruments without a right of physical delivery of shares (e.g., cash settled equity swaps, contracts for difference) are attributed as well for disclosure of shareholdings of at least 5%, however, not for the mandatory bid threshold

continued

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Disclosure Obligations

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Selected Topics – Stake Building Shareholder

Rights after Acquisition of Minority Investments

25% + 1 주 보유시: 각종 주요 거래를 막을 수 있는 권리 발생 – 예: 정관의 변경,

회사 자본 관련 조치, 지배 계약 (domination agreements), 합병, 기업분할 (spin-

offs), 회사의 법적 설립 형태 변경 등. 주총 출석률에 따라 보다 낮은 지분율로도

이러한 권리 행사 가능

10% 이상 보유시: (i) 이사에 대한 회사의 손해배상 청구권 포기 또는 화해에 대한

이의 제기 가능 (ii) 감사회의 구성원이 정관에 따라 임용되었으나 정당한 사유가 있을

경우 해당 구성원에 대한 면직 요구 가능

(주식보유액이 1 백만 유로를 이상인 경우에도 행사 가능)

5% 이상 보유시:

- 임시주주총회 소집 가능

- 주주총회 안건 목록에 추가적 안건 등재 가능 (주식보유액이 500,000유로 이상인 경우에도 행사 가능)

- 관할법원에 청산인 (liquidator) 의 임용이나 면직 요구 가능 (주식보유액이 500,000유로 이상인 경우에도 행사 가능)

1주 보유시:

- 감사회 구성원 후보 또는 외부감사 후보 지명이나 動議에 대한 이의 제기 가능

- 주주총회에서 의결권을 행사하거나 정보를 받고 배당금을 받을 권리

- 주주총회 의결 사항의 파기를 청구할 수 있는 권리 (독일에서 강력하고 적극적인 주주의 권리 행사(shareholder activism)가 가능한 이유)

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25% + one share, inter alia: right to block certain major transactions, including amendments to articles of association, capital measures, domination agreements, mergers, spin-offs, or changes of legal form. Depending on attendance rate at shareholder meetings, smaller shareholding may suffice.

At least 10%, inter alia: right to (i) raise objections against waiver or settlement regarding damage claims of the company against its board members or (ii) request the dismissal of a member of supervisory board if such member was appointed on the basis of articles of association and if good cause exists with respect to that member (alternatively, if shareholders‟ shareholdings amount to at least €1,000,000), and

At least 5%, inter alia, right

- to request convening of an extraordinary shareholders‘ meeting,

- to have additional items put on the agenda (alternatively, if the shareholders‘ shareholdings amount to at least €500,000), and

- to file a motion with competent court for appointment or removal of liquidators for cause (alternatively, if the shareholders‘ shareholdings amount to at least €500,000).

One share, inter alia: right

- to make counter-motions and to nominate persons for the election of members to the supervisory board or external auditors,

- to vote, receive dividends and to get information in the shareholders‘ meeting, and

- to bring an action to set aside resolutions of the shareholders‘ meeting (results in strong shareholder activism in Germany).

continued

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Rights after Acquisition of Minority Investments

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상장기업 인수. 상장기업의 주요 (혹은 과반수) 지분을 확보한 후 (혹은 확보하기 위해),

일반적으로 다음과 같은 두 가지 방법으로 상장기업의 주주들에게 접근할 수 있음:

- 주식양수도 거래의 종결 (closing) 이후 보유 지분율이 매각대상회사 (의결권 있는) 주식의 30%가 넘을 경우,

매도자가 소유한 잔여 주식 전부 혹은 일부에 대한 의무적 공개매수 (mandatory tender offer), 또는

- 대상회사 (의결권 있는) 주식의 30% 초과 확보하려는 목적일 경우,주식양수도계약 체결 후 즉시 매도자가 소

유한 주식 전부 혹은 일부에 대한 자발적 공개매수 (voluntary public tender offer)

- 위의 두가지 구조 중 자발적 공개매수가 바람직함

- 참고: 대상회사의 제안요청에 기하지 않은 (unsolicited) 인수제의 혹은 적대적 (hostile) 인수제의는 더 드문 편임

(주주 이외의 이해관계자들에 대한 법적 보호와 주주가 장악하지 않는 경영진, 합의를 중요시하는 문화 등의 영향)

동의 (acceptance levels). 독일 상장기업 공개매수시 초기 단계부터 매각대상기업의 주요

주주 및 경영진의 협조를 통해서 거래를 실행하는 것이 이상적임

- 75% 이상 (혹은 95% 이상) 동의를 얻는 것을 목표로 함

- 독일 기업법상 75% 기준은 조세 목적상 매도자와 매각대상기업간의 재정 통합 (fiscal unity)에 필요한 합병

또는 지배 및 이익 양도 계약 (domination and profit transfer agreement)의 성립 등의 구조적 조치와 관련이

있음

- 보통 잔여지분 스퀴즈 아웃 (squeeze-out)을 위해서는 95%가 필요함

- 최근 헤지 펀드 (hedge funds)들이 스퀴즈 아웃이나 지배 계약의 실행과 관련하여 소액주주에게 지급해야할

대가가 전에 비해 높을 것으로 평가하면서 인수자가 높은 수준의 주주 동의를 얻는 것이 힘들어짐. 인수자가

75% 이상의 동의를 얻는다 하더라도 소액주주에 의해 기업 활동이 저지될 수 있음

Selected Topics – Specific Features of Public

Takeover Offers (1/3)

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Acquisition of Public Companies. After securing (or to secure) a major (or majority) shareholding in listed target company, there are typically two possible structures to approach shareholders of a public company:

- mandatory tender offer after closing of share purchase agreement for (some or all of) the shares currently held by seller if shareholdings exceed 30% of (voting) shares of target, or

- voluntary public tender offer immediately after signing of share purchase agreement for (some or all of) shares of seller in target with intent to acquire more than 30% of (voting) shares of target.

- Typically, choosing voluntary tender offer is preferable of these two structures.

- Note: Unsolicited/hostile bids are traditionally less common (legally entrenched interests of stakeholders other than shareholders, management not shareholder dominance and a culture of consensus).

Acceptance Level. Ideally, takeovers of public companies in Germany are coordinated upfront with both major shareholders and management of target.

- Goal is to achieve acceptance levels above 75% or even 95% of the shares.

- The 75% threshold is relevant under German corporate law for structural measures such as a merger or implementation of a domination and profit transfer agreement, which is necessary to establish a fiscal unity between acquirer and target for tax purposes.

- The 95% threshold is generally required for a squeeze-out of remaining minority shareholders.

- In recent times it has become difficult for bidder to achieve high acceptance levels of the past, in particular due to hedge funds speculating on higher price to be paid to minority shareholders in squeeze-out or under domination agreement. Even if bidder achieves shareholding above 75%, actions of minority shareholders might still block major shareholder in consummating corporate transactions.

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Takeover Offers (1/3)

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현금 지급 합병 불가. 공개매수시, 2단계 현금 지급 합병 (second-step cash merger), (후진형) 삼각합병 ((reverse) triangular merger) 또는 유사한 방법을 통해 현존 주주들의 주식을 주식이 아닌 형태의 지분이나 지급청구권 등으로 전환하는 것이 독일법상 허용되지 않음

인수대가의 형태과 금액. 현금, 주식 또는 혼합 – 대부분의 독일 인수자들은 현금대가만을 제시하나 외국 인수자들은 주식 또는 혼합형태의 대가를 선호함

입찰가. 자발적 공개매수 (voluntary tender offer) 혹은 의무적 공개매수 (mandatory tender offer)의 입찰가 관련 준수 사항:

- 기타 주가 지지선 (floor)이 없는 경우 (아래 참고): 공개매수 결정 발표 전 3개월간의 주가의 가중 평균치 이상일 것

- 공개매수 결정 발표 전 6개월간 인수자가 매수대상주식을 매입한 가격 중 최고가

- 참고: 인수자가 입찰 완료 후 1년 동안 장외에서 입찰가보다 높은 가격에 대상주식을 매수한 경우 입찰가의 자동적 인상

- 조건. 매수제의시 인수자의 통제 범위 밖에 있는 사유들은 종결조건로 규정할 수 있느나 (예: 경쟁법상 합병 승인, 동의), 자금조달 또는 최대인수한도 등의 조건을 다는 것은 불가능함

- 자금조달/자금조달 확인

- 인수자는 매수제안서를 발표하기 전에 충분한 지불 능력 (현금 또는 주식)을 확보하기 위해 필요한 모든 조치를 취해야 함. 인수자가 공개매수로 취득한 주식에 대한 대가를 지불할 수 없을 경우 인수자가 충분한 금액이 있음을 확인한 은행측에게 법적 책임을 물을 수 있음

- 독일 상장기업의 공개매수를 위한 자금조달 확인(서)는, 통상 발행주식 전체를 대상으로 하나, 당사자들의 협의에 의해 매수의 범위에 들지 않는 부분에 대한 액수는 확인(서)의 대상에서 배제될 수 있음 - 비입찰 확약에 관한 예외가 있을 수 있음 (예: ENBW社, 아우디社)

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No cash merger. German law does not allow for second-step cash merger, (reverse) triangular merger or similar means to convert shares of existing shareholders into other interest or payment claims in takeover situation.

Form and amount of consideration. Cash, shares or mix of both, whereby German bidders offer mostly cash only consideration. Foreign bidders are more likely to opt for shares or mix of cash and shares.

Bid Price. Bid price of voluntary and mandatory tender offers has to comply with following rules:

- In absence of other floor (see below): at least average weighted stock exchange price during the three month period preceding announcement of the decision to make a takeover bid.

- The highest price paid by bidder for target shares in the last six months preceding publication of offer document.

- Note: automatic increase of offer if bidder buys shares in the one year period after finalization of bid outside stock exchange for price higher than offer price.

- Conditions. Bids may only be made subject to conditions that are beyond the bidder‘s control (e.g., merger clearance, acceptance level), no financing or maximum acquisition quota conditions are permissible.

- Financing/Financing Confirmation.

- Before publishing offer document, bidder must take all measures required to ensure that sufficient means (cash or shares) are available when due. The bank confirming the availability of sufficient consideration may be held liable if bidder is then unable to pay for shares obtained under offer.

- Financing confirmations for public takeover offers for German companies generally need to cover 100% of the shares outstanding, however, now exceptions in case of certain non-tender commitments available (e.g., ENBW, Audi)

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M&A의 방어: 독일법상 M&A 방어 방법에는 종류가 한정되어 있으며, 미국에서 종종 사용되는 방어수단은 허용되지 않는 경우가 많음 (예: “포이즌 필 (poison pill)” 또는 ‚골든패러슈트 (golden parachute)”)

- 입찰 전 방어수단 – 예: 양도제한 조건부 주식 (restricted shares), 감사회 임용 규칙, 경영진의 방어수단 채택 혹은 주식 환매 (buy-back) 허용

- 입찰 후 방어수단 – 예: ―백기사 (white knight)‖, 수권자본 한도 초과 증자, 특별 배당 지급, 자사주 매입, 자산 처분, 다른 회사에 대한 입찰

거래 보호: 일반적으로 매각대상기업과 공식적인 계약을 체결하는 것은 흔하지 않았으나 주요 주주들과 공식적인 계약을 체결하는 하는 경우는 많음; 다만 최근 몇년 간 매각대상기업과

인수자 사이 ‚원칙적 합의(agreement on principles)”를 이루는 경우가 늘어나는 추세임

- 공시. 매각대상기업은 사전 논의 단계이거나 입찰의 구체적 실현 가능성이 없는 이상 공시 의무가 없음 (그러나,

2012년 6월 유럽재판소 (European Court of Justice)의 판결 이후 이러한 판단을 내리기 어려워짐). 매각대상기업은

입찰에 부정적 영향을 끼치기 위해 협상 내용을 공개할 수 있음. 입찰이 ‚무산되기보다는 실현될 가능성이 높아

보일‛ 경우 (more likely than not) (예: 실사 후 양해각서 (MoU) 체결) 매각대상기업은 원칙적으로 공시 의무가 있으나, 비밀 유지가 가능하고 대중을 호도하지 않는 이상 공시를 연기할 수 있음. 입찰 가능성을 알게 된 이후, 혹은 기타

내부 정보를 지득하게 된 이후에 사전에 협의된 주식 매수 계획을 수정하게 된 경우, 내부자거래의 문제 소지 있음

실사 /정보 수집:

- 상장기업 공개 매수 시 실사는 시간상 제약을 받고 통상 사업, 운영, 재무, 법률, 조세, 환경, 계리, 보험 등에 한정됨

- 거래가 적대적 (hostile)인 경우: 공개된 정보에 한함. 경영진이 실사를 허용해야 할 법적 의무 없음

- 거래가 우호적 (friendly)인 경우: 경영진이 인수자에게 공개할 수 있는 정보에 대한 제한이 있음. 회사에 이익이 되는

경우에 한해 (company‘s best interest) 정보를 공개할 수 있음. 주의의무 (fiduciary duty), 시장교란행위 (market abuse),

경쟁법 등의 측면을 고려해야함. 일반적으로 매각대상기업의 경영진에 의한 정보 제공은 단계별로 이루어짐.

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Takeover Defense Measures: Quite limited arsenal of defense measures under German law, many defensive tactics frequently encountered in the US (e.g., “poison pill” securities or “golden parachutes”) are not permissible - Pre-bid defenses, e.g, creation of restricted shares, supervisory board appointment rules, authorization for

management to take defense measures/share buy-backs

- Post-bid defenses, e.g., ―white knight‖, capital increase out of authorized capital, payment of special dividend, acquisition of own shares, disposal of assets, bid for another company

Deal protection: Traditionally, not common to have a formal agreement with target, but rather with major shareholders; however, during last years increasing number of “agreements on principles” between target and bidder - Disclosure. No disclosure obligations for target as long as talks are exploratory and do not materially

increase likelihood of bid (but analysis more difficult due to decision of European Court of Justice in June 2012). Target may still disclose talks to adversely affect bid. Once bid becomes ―more likely than not‖ (e.g., execution of MoU after due diligence), in principle obligation to disclose, but target may elect to defer disclosure, if confidentiality can be ensured and no misleading of public. Insider trading issues if knowledge of forthcoming bid or other inside information has become known during due diligence and prearranged share acquisition plan is modified thereafter.

Due Diligence/Access to Information: - Due Diligence in public takeover situations is subject to time constraints and generally limited on commercial,

operational, financial, legal, tax, environmental, actuarial and insurance aspects

- Hostile situations: public available sources only. No legal obligation for the management to allow due diligence.

- Friendly situation: Restrictions for the management to provide information to the bidder. Disclosure of information only where in the company‘s best interest. Fiduciary duty, market abuse and antitrust aspects need to be considered. Generally, provision of information by target management to bidder occurs in a staggered process.

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상장기업간의 통합. 다음과 같은 방식을 통해 매각대상기업을 매수자에 추가 통합시킬 수 있음: - 소주주 스퀴즈 아웃 (squeeze-out)

▶ 일반 기업법상 스퀴즈 아웃

▶ 인수법상 스퀴즈 아웃

▶ 신 법인형태변화법상 스퀴즈 아웃

- 매수자와 매각대상기업간의 지배계약서 (domination agreement) 체결

- 매각대상기업의 모든 자산을 매수자 회사에 매도한 후 받은 대금을 모든 주주에게 배당으로 배분하거나 매각대상기업을 청산하고 청산잔액을 모든 주주에게 배분 하는 방법

스퀴즈 아웃이 가장 바람직함: 스퀴즈 아웃은 매각대상기업을 매수자 회사 사업에 통합시키기 위한 최선의 구조임. 일반적으로 이러한 구조는 인수자가 인수대상기업 주식자본의 95% 이상 확보해야 가능함 - 종종 스퀴즈 아웃을 승인하는 주주 결의안에 대한 소송이 제기되는 경우가 있으나 이러한 소송의 가장 흔한

형태인 보상금의 적절성에 대한 이의는 주식 가치 감정 절차에 의해 해결되고 거래 완료 자체를 저지하지는 못함

- 최근 동향: 예비적 소송 절차를 진행하기 위한 요건으로 최소 주식 보유량을 요하는 법률 개정으로 인해 스퀴즈 아웃이 더 수월하게 실행될 수 있게 됨

상장폐지. 스퀴즈 아웃이 불가능하고 매각대상기업이 통합 이후 상장회사로 남아있을 경우, 다음과 같은 방법으로 주주 구조의 변화 없이 매각대상기업을 비상장 회사로 전환할 수 있음: - 독일 증권거래소로부터 공식적 상장폐지

- 매수자 회사의 비상장 자회사로 흡수

- 법인 형태를 바꿈 - 유한주식회사 (GmbH)나 유한책임조합 (GmbH & Co. KG) (이른바 ‚콜드 디리스팅 (cold delisting)‖)

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Integration of Public Companies. The integration of target into operations of bidder may be achieved by:

- A squeeze-out of the minority shareholders.

▶ General corporate law squeeze-out

▶ Takeover law squeeze-out

▶ New transformation law squeeze-out

- The conclusion of a domination agreement between bidder company and target.

- A sale of all assets of target to bidder company, followed by the distribution of the purchase price as

dividend to all shareholders or the liquidation of target and the distribution of the liquidation proceeds to all

shareholders.

Squeeze-out most favorable: Preferable structure for integrating target into operations of bidder is corporate squeeze-out of the minority shareholders. This structure generally requires bidder to reach threshold of 95% of share capital of target.

- Shareholders‘ resolutions approving a squeeze-out are frequently subject to litigation; however, the most

common objection as to the adequacy of the offered compensation may only be brought in an appraisal

proceeding, which would not prevent consummation of the transaction.

- Recent development: easier to implement due to legal changes requiring minimum shareholding for

pursuing preliminary proceedings.

Taking Private. If no squeeze-out possible and target remains listed after integration, the following structures are available for taking target private, but leaving the shareholder structure unaltered:

- Formal delisting from the German stock exchange

- Merger into a non-listed subsidiary of the bidder

- Transformation into another legal form, such as a limited liability company (GmbH) or a limited partnership

(GmbH & Co. KG) (so-called ―cold delisting‖)

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2.3 Joint Aspects

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일반: 간혹 보호주의적인 조치가 있으나, M&A 거래에 장애가 되지는 않음

독일 기업에 대한 투자를 막을 수 있는 법률/절차

- 전통적으로, 독일 외국무역∙지불법 (―외국무역∙지불법‛)에 의해 특정 산업분야에 속한

기업의 주식 매수만이

규제되었음 – 예: 무기 산업 등 다른 군사장비 제조업. 독일연방 경제∙기술부 (―BMWi‖)에

이러한 인수를 통지 해야하며 BMWi의 사전 승인 없이 인수를 이행할 수 없음

- 2009년 4월부터 BMWi 는 (독일 정부와 합의하여) 다음과 같은 경우 독일 기업에 대한

인수를 막을 수 있음:

(i) 非 EU/EFTA 국가권 인수자 또는 입찰자에 의해 (직접적 또는 간접적으로) 25% 이상의

의결권이 인수되었고

(ii) 이러한 인수가 국가 공공질서 또는 공안에 위험을 초래할 수 있는 경우

- 매우 엄격한 기준 적용. 실질적으로 상당히 심각한 위험이 있어야 함

- 가장 밀접한 관련이 있는 기업들은 에너지 공급, 전기 통신 기업들이나, 이러한 제약은

특정 산업분야에만 제한된 것은 아님

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General: Some protectionist moves may be observed, but they do not constitute impediments to M&A transactions

Laws/proceedings which may bar or delay investments in German companies

- Traditionally, only acquisitions of shares in companies in certain industries were restricted by German Foreign Trade and Payments Act (the ―Act‖), e.g., weapon industry and other military equipment producing industry. Such acquisitions must be notified with German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (the ―BMWi‖), and may not be carried out without prior approval by BMWi.

- As of April 2009, BMWi may (in agreement with German Government) prohibit acquisition of a German company if:

(i) 25% or more of voting rights are acquired (directly or indirectly) by a non-EU/EFTA purchaser or bidder, and

(ii) acquisition poses a risk to public order or security of Germany.

- Standard applied is very high. An actual and sufficiently severe risk must be found.

- Most relevant are energy supply and telecom companies, but the restrictions are not per se limited to any specific industry sectors.

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외국무역∙지불법과 그에 관련 된 외국 무역∙지불에 관한 규정 (“외국무역∙지불규정”) 관련 쟁점

- 투자자/입찰자는 사전 통지 의무 없음

- BMWi는 거래 체결, 인수제안서의 발표, 또는 의결권 인수 발표 이후 3개월 도과 후 대상 거래에 관한

공식적 검토를 할 수 있고 당사자에게 정보를 요구할 수 있음

- 공식적 검토 과정 중 서류 제출 완료 시점부터 2개월 동안 인수를 금지하거나 특정한 조건을 적용할

수 있음

- 검토 과정에서 당사자간에 체결된 모든 법적 구속력이 있는 계약 (예: 주식양수도계약)에는 (법정)

해제조건이 적용됨. 주식의 소유권 이전 자체는 법적으로 무효 아님

- 투자자는 인수 전에 BMWi로부터 이의가 없다는 법적 구속력이 있는 인증서를 받을 수 있음

배경/실질적 영향

- 외국무역∙지불법과 외국무역∙지불규정은 2009년에 개정되어 적용범위를 확대함 (즉, 어느 특정한

산업분야에 국한되지 않음)

- 개정된 법률의 영향과 외국 투자자들에 대한 메세지에 대한 상당한 논란이 있었으나 실질적 영향은

그리 크지 않은 편이었음:

▶ 현재까지 (개정) 외국무역∙지불법에 기한 투자 금지령이 내려진 적은 없음 (예: 독일정부가 노드도이쳐 로이드社의 하파그-로이드社 매입에 대해 이의 없음을 공식적 발표를 함)

▶ 공식적 검토 과정은 극소수의 거래에 대해서만 이루어짐

▶ BMWi의 이의가 없음을 표하는 인증서를 신청한 경우도 별로 없었음

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Important points with respect to the Act and the related Foreign Trade and Payments Regulation (“Regulation”)

- No notification obligation for the investor/bidder.

- Ministry may only initiate formal review of transaction and require information from the parties within three months after

▶ signing of the transaction, publication of a takeover offer or the publication of the acquisition of voting rights.

- Acquisition may be prohibited or made subject to specific orders within two months following submission of complete documentation in the formal review process.

- During review process, any binding agreement (e.g., SPA) between the parties is subject to a (statutory) condition subsequent. The transfer of shares as such will, however, not be legally void.

- Investor can obtain legally binding certificate of non-objection from the Ministry prior to the acquisition.

Background/Practical impact

- The Act and the Regulation were amended in 2009 and became significantly broader in scope (i.e., not limited to any specific industry sectors).

- Whereas the impact of this new legislation and its message to foreign investors was subject to intensive debate, the practical consequences have been limited:

▶ To date, no prohibitions have been issued with respect to foreign investments in Germany under the (amended) Act. (e.g., German government publicly expressed no concerns for Norddeutscher Lloyd purchasing Hapag-Lloyd)

▶ Very few formal review proceedings have been initiated.

▶ The number of applications for non-objection certificates has been limited

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기업법/자금조달 관련 규제

- 독일의 주식회사 (AG)의 주식 매입시, 주주들과 계열사에게 회사 자산에 대한 담보제공

(이른바 재정적 지원)이 제한되기 때문에 인수자가 은행에 담보를 제공하는 데에 한계가

있음

- 재정적 지원에 관한 법규 위반은 심각한 결과를 초래할 수 있음:

▶ 이사진의 형법상 또는 다른 법적 책임 (예: 구금, 벌금, 이사자격 박탈)

▶ 매각대상기업의 법적 책임

▶ 재정적 지원의 무효

- 이러한 재정적 지원에 관한 규제는 존재하나, 모회사의 부채를 자회사로 넘기는

푸시다운 (debt push down)은 아직까지 가능하며 독일에서 일반적으로 쓰이고 있음.

매각대상기업은 통상적으로 유한책임회사 (GmbH)로 전환됨

- AIFM (Alternative Investment Fund Managers) 유럽연합명령에 따라 매각대상기업의

자산이나 내부유보금을 활용한 M&A 자금조달은 더 어려워질 것으로 보임 (회사 자산수탈 (asset stripping)과푸시다운). 새로운 제도 하에서는, 경영진이 (배당금이나 주식에

대한 이자를 포함한) 배분, 감자, 주식상환, 또는 포트폴리오 ‚종속‛회사에 의한 자사주 매입을 도울 수 없게 될 것임

Joint Aspects – Corporate Restrictions/Financing

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Corporate Restrictions/Financing

- German stock corporations (AG) are restricted in their ability to provide shareholders and their affiliates with security over their assets (so-called financial assistance) in connection with a purchase of their shares, which limits the ability of bidders to grant security to banks.

- Violations of the financial assistance rules may have serious consequences:

▶ Criminal and other liability of directors (e.g., imprisonment, fine, and disqualification from serving as a director).

▶ Liability of the target.

▶ Invalidity of the financial assistance.

- Despite financial assistance restrictions, debt push down possible so far and constitutes current practice in Germany, targets typically converted into a limited liability company (GmbH)

- European AIFM Directive requires implementation of further restrictions leading to M&A financing by using assets or distributable reserves of the target will be more difficult (asset stripping and debt push-down). Under the new regime, for a period of two years following acquisition of control, the management will (subject to certain exceptions) not be allowed to facilitate any distributions (which includes dividends and interest on shares), capital reductions, share redemptions or purchases of own shares by "controlled" portfolio companies.

Joint Aspects – Corporate Restrictions/Financing continued

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주식 거래 (share deal): 기존의 고용관계나 근로 계약상의 상호간 권리 의무에

끼치는 영향은 없음

거래가 종결되기 전 적당한 시차를 두고 경제위원회 (economic committee)에

통지할 의무를 제외하면 보통 주식 거래의 경우에는 근로자와 경영진 간의 공동결정 (co-

determination)이나 근로자협의체 (works council)의 참여권이 주어지지 않음. 통지의무 위반시 최대 10,000유로의 행정적 과태료가 부가될 수 있으나 경제위원회에 통지를 하지 않았을 경우에도 인수계약의 유효성에 끼치는 영향은 없음

고용인, 노동위원회 (works committee), 노동조합을 접근할 때 고려할 점:

- 시기와 접근방식의 중요성 – 산업분야에 따라 차이를 보이며 비밀유지 관련 중요한 문제가 있음

- 여러 방식이 이용되어왔으나 이러한 문제를 적절히 다루지 않았을 경우 거래 자체의 성공 여부에

악영향을 끼칠 수 있음

- 연금수탁자 역시 거래 종결 전 여러 혜택을 얻을 수 있을 만한 상당한 영향력이 있을 수 있음

실사:

- 대상회사의 이사회는 주의의무 (fiduciary duty) 문제 혹은 경쟁사로의 정보 유출 우려로 민감한 정보에 대한 무제한적 접근 권리를 부여하는 것을 꺼려할 수 있음

- 경쟁법과 내부자거래/시장교란행위 (market abuse) 문제도 고려해야함

- 상장기업 공개매수의 경우, 동등한 대우의 원리에 의해 모든 잠재적 인수자에게 동일한 정보를 제공해야하는 의무가 있을 수 있음 (최초 접근 이후에 참여하는 경쟁사도 포함)

Joint Aspects – Labour Law/Due Diligence

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Share Deal: No impact on existing employment relationships or mutual rights and duties under existing labour contracts.

A share deal is, in general, not subject to any co-determination or participation rights of works council, except for an obligation to inform economic committee in due time before transaction is completed. Non-compliance is subject to an administrative fine of up to €10,000, but failure to inform economic committee would not affect validity of acquisition agreement.

Aspects to consider when approaching employees, works committee, and unions:

- Timing and approach to employees are critical; factors vary greatly by industry and there are significant confidentiality issues to address.

- Various approaches have been tried in the past but failure to address issue properly can have serious impact on success of transaction.

- Pension trustees may also have significant leverage to extract concessions prior to closing the deal.

Due Diligence:

- Target board may be reluctant to grant unrestricted access to sensitive information to avoid fiduciary duty issues/disclosure to competitors.

- Antitrust and insider dealing/market abuse issues need to be considered.

- In a public takeover, principle of equal treatment may require disclosure of same information to all bidders (including competitors coming in after the initial approach has been made).

continued Joint Aspects – Labour Law/Due Diligence

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경쟁법팀이 사전적으로 고려해야할 문제

- 관련 계약서에 포함되어야 하는 경쟁법 관련 거래완결 조건

(즉, 거래 완결 전 승인을 득해야 하는 관할이 어디인지?)

- 승인 취득 관련 인수자의 계약의무의 수준과 경쟁법 관련 실질적인 문제 (즉, 자산을 처분하거나

기타 처리 방안을 제시해야 하는 인수자의 제한적 또는 무제한적 의무 및 이러한 처리 방안의 제시가 어떤 심사 단계 (―Phase I‖ 또는 ‚Phase II‖)에서 이루어져야 하는가의 문제)

- 최종 종결일 (―drop-dead‖ date)까지의 적절한 기간

(즉, 2차 심사가 가능할 정도의 기간을 두어야 하는가의 문제)

거래 당사자가 작성하였거나 당사자를 위해 작성된 문서 중 거래의 원리/정당성,

영향 및 실익을 언급한 문서는 모두 경쟁법 당국에 공개된다고 보아야 함. 이사회를 위해 작성된 메모나 발표물, 투자은행 또는 경영자문위원에 의해 작성된 자료 포함

통지서 작성 및 통지 전 단계를 위한 충분한 시간이 필요함

경쟁법상 승인 없이 기업통합 절차를 시작하는 것은 불법임

경쟁법상 승인 없이 특정 민감한 정보를 주고 받는 것도 불법임 (개별적 상황에 따른 평가가 필요)

거래 종결 후의 기업통합을 위한 계획을 세우는 것은 허용됨

각 당사자의 통합업무 추진팀을 위한 거래 종결 전 행동지침

Joint Aspects - Antitrust - Practical Issues for

Transaction Planning

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Early analysis by antitrust team to determine

- The antitrust-related conditions to closing that need to be included in the transaction documents (i.e., in which jurisdictions is pre-closing approval required?)

- Possible substantive concerns and the level of contractual obligation by purchaser to obtain approvals (e.g., limited or unlimited requirement for purchaser to divest assets or offer other remedies and whether remedy offer must occur in Phase I or can be deferred until Phase II)

- Appropriate period until ―drop-dead‖ date (i.e., should the period be sufficient to allow for a Phase II investigation?)

Assume that documents prepared by or for the merging parties that describe rationale for and effects and benefits of transaction will have to be disclosed to competition authorities. This can include memos or presentations to the Board and materials prepared by investment banks and management consultants

Timetable should allow sufficient time for drafting notifications and for pre-notification stage

Illegal to begin integration prior to competition approval

Illegal to exchange certain types of sensitive information prior to competition approval (case-by-case assessment required)

Planning for post-closing integration is permissible

Pre-closing conduct guidelines for parties‟ integration teams

continued

Joint Aspects - Antitrust - Practical Issues for

Transaction Planning

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3. Outlook

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Macroeconomic Situation:

Challenges in connection with the euro crisis and the worsening of the global

economic situation may continue and have an adverse impact on the M&A market in

Germany; however, Germany has a still low level of unemployment and a relatively

low budget deficit and German companies show still a good earnings situation.

Federal elections in September 2013; no major changes in political environment are

expected at the moment.

Market Developments:

Despite challenging market environment, unlike after the Lehman collapse, strategic

investors seem to be prepared to take risk with large scale transactions (e.g., Rhön

Klinikum/Fresenius (€3.6 bln). Accumulated cash reserves might result in increasing

number of strategic acquisitions.

Exits by financial investors may be expected: Due to the approaching of the end of

investment periods and to increase their cash position and to be able to perform

acquisitions independent of bank loans, financial investors may divest parts of their

portfolio.

M&A activity is expected to increase in sectors like cleantech, mechanical engineering,

chemicals and pharmaceuticals, logistics & transportation as well as non-cyclical

businesses.

Outlook (1/2)

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Still crucial for successful transactions in Germany to get support from all

stakeholders.

German companies continue to be attractive targets as many of them have a strong

market position, healthy financial condition and favorable competitive advantages.

Legal Environment:

Stable legal regime for public M&A transactions.

Very indidualized private M&A market allowing well prepared and well negotiated

transactions.

Increase in inbound cross-border M&A activity into Germany expected

targeting primarily technology, know-how and securing

market position in Europe.

continued Outlook (1/2)

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Appendices Appendix A – S&C Frankfurt Office

Appendix B – Biography of Carsten Berrar

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Appendix A – S&C Frankfurt Office

S&C has been actively engaged in market developments in German-speaking

Europe since it opened the Frankfurt office in 1995. CHAMBERS EUROPE, 2010 ―Focused on getting the

best solution executed.‖

CAP ITAL M ARKE TS

M &A AND

P R IV ATE E QUITY

CORP ORATE F INANCE

FRANKFURT OFFICE Located in the heart of Frankfurt‘s financial district, we offer clients unparalleled

expertise both in a transactional and advisory context

Specialising in M&A, capital markets and corporate finance, providing German

and US advice

Part of an integrated global practice allowing international clients access to the

German-speaking market (including Germany, Austria and Switzerland) and giving

clients from German-speaking Europe the benefit of international firm resources

Highly active in cross-border and domestic M&A and private equity transactions

involving German companies, advising as to both M&A and acquisition financing

aspects

Maintained a leading position in German M&A over the last five years, ranking first

among US-based law firms and sixth overall in volume of German M&A in 2007–

2011

Has played a key role in developing the equity and debt capital markets for

German issuers. For example, we advised on the largest and most complex

equity issue by a financial institution: the €11 billion rights issue by Commerzbank

in 2011

A breadth of expertise in connection with strategic corporate transactions,

including acquisition finance, project finance, refinancings and restructurings.

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Appendix B – Biography of Carsten Berrar

Carsten Berrar

Frankfurt Office

Phone: +49 69 4272 5506

Fax: +49 69 4272 5240

[email protected]

Partner since 2008

University of Munich, Dr. jur. 2001

Harvard University, LL.M. 2000

University of Munich, Second State

Exam 1999

University of Munich, First State

Exam 1997

Université de Paris II Panthéon

Assas,

Licence en droit 1994

Mergers and Acquisitions

Mr. Berrar‘s practice in M&A has focussed primarily on public M&A transactions, representing both principals and financial advisers, and selected high profile private M&A transactions.

Advising principals on public M&A transactions: e.g., adviser to SMARTRAC as target on the takeover offer by OEP Technologies B.V. (2010), UBS on the sale of a stake in Air Berlin to ESAS Holding (2009), Interhyp as target on the takeover offer by ING Direct (2008), PAION on its acquisition of the CeNeS group (2008), United Internet on its proposed acquisition of freenet (2007)

Advising financial advisers on public M&A transactions: e.g., financial adviser to Daimler/Rolls-Royce on their acquisition of Tognum (2011); MAN on the takeover offer by Volkswagen (2011); Hochtief on the takeover offer by ACS (2010); Teva on its acquisition of Ratiopharm (2010), Schaeffler‘s unsolicited bid for Continental (2008); squeeze-out of HypoVereinsbank by UniCredit (2007); Deutsche Postbank on its acquisition of BHW Holding (2006); CVC on its takeover offer for Kromschroeder (2005); sale of Hexal to Novartis (2005); Continental on its takeover offer for Phoenix (2004); sale of Celanese to Blackstone (2004)

Advising principals on private M&A transactions and other privately negotiated transactions, such as Deutsche Wohnen on its €1.235 billion acquisition of companies of the BauBeCon Group (2012); Renault on entering into various cooperation agreements, including cross-shareholdings, among Daimler, Renault and Nissan (2010); RHJ International on its attempt to acquire IKB Deutsche Industriebank (2008); Interhyp on setting up its joint venture with MLP Finanzdienstleistungen (2007).

arsten Berrar joined Sullivan & Cromwell in 2000 and became a partner of the Firm in January

2008. He is a member of the Firm‘s German Law Practice Group, advising on a wide range of

international public and private M&A and capital markets transactions.

C

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Appendix B – Biography of Carsten Berrar

Capital Markets Mr. Berrar has extensive experience in capital market transactions representing issuers, underwriters and selling shareholders on a wide range of IPOs, rights offerings, block trades, secondary offerings as well as equity-linked issuances. His experience includes:

IPOs: advising the underwriters on many of the largest and most significant IPOs in Germany within the last decade,

such as Brenntag (2010); Hochtief Concessions (2009); Tognum (2007); Symrise, Wacker Chemie, Demag Cranes,

Klöckner & Co (all 2006); Wincor Nixdorf and Deutsche Postbank (both 2004), and smaller IPOs such as

SMARTRAC, Crop-Energies, Petrotec (all 2006). He also advised issuers such as Evonik Industries (2012/2011),

Interhyp and Paion (both 2005) on their IPO preparations/IPOs

Rights Issues: advising the underwriters on the rights issues of Commerzbank (2011) – the largest capital raising of a

German issuer ever; IVG Immobilien (2011); Continental (2010); Q-Cells (2010); Draeger (2010); Deutsche Wohnen

(2009); Deutsche Postbank (largest German rights offering in 2008); Merck (largest German rights offering in 2007);

GPC Biotech (2004); Jenoptik (2003). He also advised issuers such as Deutsche Wohnen (2012 and 2011), Sky

Deutschland/Premiere (2010 and 2009), UBS (2008) and Allianz (2003) on their capital increases

Equity-linked/debt: advising the underwriters or the issuer on equity-linked transactions such as Q-Cells‘ convertible

bond offering (2010); Sky Deutschland‘s convertible bond offering (2010); Fresenius‘ exchangeable bond offering in

shares of Fresenius Medical Care (2008); KfW‘s exchangeable bond offerings in shares of Deutsche Telekom (2008)

and Deutsche Post (2003); Deutsche Post‘s exchangeable bond offering in Deutsche Postbank (2004), EPCOS‘

convertible bond offering (2003) and Jenoptik‘s high-yield debt offering (2003)

Combined M&A/ECM transactions: advised on the share issuance and convertible bond offering associated with the

acquisition of DEPFA BANK by Hypo Real Estate Holding (2007) as well as on the IPO track of the trade sales of

Hochtief Airports (2011), Cognis (2010), Evonik Industries (2007–2008), Landesbank Berlin (2006–2007), ista

International (2005) and Viterra (2004).

continued

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Appendix B – Biography of Carsten Berrar

Rankings and Recognition

Chambers Europe: Europe‟s Leading Lawyers for Business (2010, 2011)

Chambers Global: The World‟s Leading Lawyers for Business (2010, 2011)

European Legal Experts (Corporate/M&A) (2009, 2010)

Legal Experts Europe, Middle East & Africa (Corporate/M&A) (2011)

IFLR 1000 – Germany – Capital Markets – Equity (2010, 2011)

The Legal 500 Germany (2010/2011)

Who‟s Who Legal: Germany 2012 – Germany‟s Leading Business Lawyers

JuVe Handbook – German Commercial Law Firms – Recommended Capital Markets Lawyers (2006, 2007, 2008,

2009, 2010, 2011)

continued

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Thank You