Chapter 3 Subject-verb agreement

每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。1 、 Subject ane verb must both exist

（一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句（二）只存在主语不存在谓语的句子也是错误的。(Fragment)

2 、 Subject and verb must make sense together

主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be

able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development 能够不加油就跑几百 miles)

3 、 subject and verb must agree in number

主语和谓语在单复数上要一致4 、 Eliminate the middlemen, and skip the warm-up

（三）容易引起 主语不明显的几个情况1 ， prepositional phrase

Of mice; for mike; by 1800

In Zambia; with her; at that level

这种短语直接划掉。EG：NEAR Galway, the house on the road to piddle is gorgeous

2.Dependent clauses

Begin with the connecting words such as who or because

They are always to attached to independent clauses.

EG. Because she studied hard, she earned a good score on the test.

3.other modifiers

过去分词，现在分词，以及“逗号”（逗号有时会将修饰语与句子其他部分分开）(现在分词短语和过去分词短语都可以做伴随状语，现在分词短语表示与主句的主语在逻辑上有主谓关系，即表主动意义；而过去分词短语则表示与主句的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系，即被动意义)

EG：Limping, the horse once considered one of the favorites was taken away/

5 、 And vs. Additive Phrases

1. 只有 and 连接几个不同的名词的时候才构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。2. 其他连接性的词（additive phrases)（along with, in addition to, as well as, together

with, including,）连接不同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。3. 一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动（aerobics）和一些疾病（diabetes）虽然以 S 结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。6 、 or; either or; neither nor

1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.

2. 若仅仅只有 either 或 neither, 没有 or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数 EG: Neither the children is going to school

7 、 Each and every: Singular sensations

1、each & every 两个词如果放在复数之前用单数

EG:

every dog and cat has paws.

Each of these shits is pretty

2、each & every 两个词如果放复数之后用复数EG: They each are great tennis players.

8 、 Collective nouns:Almost always singular

集合名词是单数形式但是指代复数概念，在 GMAT 中几乎都是单数People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team

Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture

9 、 subject phrases and clauses: always singular

1、短语或者从句：以 who, why, how, whether 或 that 引导主语从句以及-ing 短语，谓语动词用单数例：Why she did this is not known.

Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.

Whatever they want to do is fine with me 2、而 what 引导的从句，要看 what 后面名词的状况来确定。且整个句子的主语，也需 what 从句中所涉及对象的数量，来帮助确认。What is difficult to understand is A.

What are difficult to understand are A,B, and C.

10 、 Indefinite Pronouns: usually singular

非限制性的代词，一般用单数Anyone, anybody, anything,

no one, nobody, nothing,

each, every,

someone, somebody,something,

everyone, everybody, everything

whatever, whoever,either, neither

1，但是如下几个特殊情况，需要根据 of-phrase 后的名词确定单复数：some, any, none, all ,more/most, part

EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.

Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.

2，注意：不要机械运用 of-phrase 法则，None of 和 any of 后面接复数词，也有动词是单数的情况，但是 not one of 一定是单数Right：any of these women is suitable candidate for marriage to my son（指一个女人）Right: not one of my friends is here this weekend

11 、 quantity words and phrases

量词A number of +复数主语+复数谓语The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语1、在一些表示 quantity 和 parts 的习惯表达中（包括 SANAM 和 fractions& percentages）要考虑 of-phrase 后面是单数还是复数，从而决定谓语动词的单数还是复数。（preposition

phrase 判断单复数的例外）

Example: Half of the pie is blueberry, and half of the slices are already gone

2、Majority, minority, and plurality ，根据语境来决定是单数还是复数。1、如果表达不同many individual parts 的概念，用复数；表示 the total itself 用单数。The majority of the students in this class are hard workers

In the senate, the majority has coalesced in to a unified voting block

12 、 Flip it

倒装：主语的单复数向后看注意：当判断倒装句的单复数，要看谓语动词后名词（主语）的单复数

Just around the corner were a fantastic bakery AND a small supermarket.

EG:

1.

Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

2.

Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.

Flip it!: A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.

3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer

pastimes.

Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.

13 、 When in doubt, think singular

当不确定是单数还是复数的时候 选单数，几率高总结：

Chapter 4: parallelism

1 、 superficial parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism

注意：先确定逻辑平行，再确定结构平行，即先确定语义，再确定平行结构Right: Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly,

and leaving late every night

Wrong:Sal applied himself in his new job, arrived early every day, skipped lunch regularly,

and left late every night

This version gives all the activities equal emphasis!!!

2 、 Parallel Markers

And, but ,or,yetboth...and..., either...or...; neither...nor...,

not...but..., not only...but also...,

....rather than...., from...to...

3 、 Parallel Elements

平行元素包括：名词，形容词，动词，不定式，分词，介词短语（介词不一定一样），从句1.平行标志词为 and, but, or, yet, 的时候从第二个开始 Be 动词，情态动词，不定式可以省略掉2.从句平行时，不省略关系词，关系词可以不同There are many people who speak english but whose parents do not

3，确保每个平行元素完整Ralph likes both those who are popular and those who are not

4 、 Lists with And

1，通常逗号List Examples

A and B apples and pears

A ,B, and C apples,pears, and bananas

A,B,C,and D apples,pears,bananas, and peaches

注意：and 只出现在最后一个元素前面，且不可以省略！2．特殊逗号连接两个从句，comma 是 optional 的。如果连接两个元素是长的独立句子时候，曼哈顿推荐使用 A，and B，以免引起歧义I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.

3，分层并列无论并列的元素有多少，同一个并列连词连接的词必须逻辑层次一致，结构和词性相同！可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词，表示不同的层次。Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for

human life AND property. AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.

5 、 idiom with built-In parallel Structure

一些常见的并列习语（1，将 X 当做 Y。2，双宾语。3，比较结构）

6 、 Watch out for linking verbs

系动词两边的成分要并列：系动词表达的是“主语是什么／主语在什么状态下”

Be 动词+become+感官动词+seem/appear+3r 与 stay 和 grow

1，将系动词当成平行标志词，主语和宾语要平行2，主语和宾语在 meaning 上保持平行3，be 动词中，当使用进行时与被动语态时不要求平行Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love. 逻辑不合理Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.

Chapter 5: Pronouns

代词错误在 GMAT 中频率很高，在排除选项时，确保 it,its,they,them or their 使用正确，包括指代正确和数的一致。1 、 The Antecedent Must exist

代词的先行词必须存在！注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格在用，这样的名词不能作为先行词；名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating

to it.

It 无指代对象，因为 park 在此处是形容词。 避免歧义就只能重复名词 parkWrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to determine

how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.

Them 不能指代所有格的 executives'

Better: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives-in order to

determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.

Best: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine

how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded

重复先行词是最好的选择。

2 、 The antecedent & pronoun must make sense together

将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义，说的通EG: Although the term“super” may sound wonderful, it is simply an machine that can produce

many products at one. 此处,it 指代就有问题，因为“term”怎么能是“machine”呢？所以用 refer to

3 、 The Antecedent & Pronoun Must agree in number

代词和先行词的单复数必须一致4 、 The Deadly Five: It 、 Its 、 They 、 Them ， Their

以上称为“第三人称代词”，当这些词出现，他们要指代正确，并且“格”式正确重要：（1）代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。特别是在平行结构中EG:

Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing

heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based

life as we know it. 这样的指代不会有歧义（2）It 和 its 在句子中只能指代同一个单数名词；they,them,their 只能指代同一个复数先行词，中途指代转换是不允许的！1．代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who

2．代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom

3．所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their（常考）, theirs, whose

（3）所有格名词不能成为除了所有格代词之外的其他代词的先行词5 、 This, That, These, and Those

1，this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作 this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。EG：New” nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,

2.that 或 those 可以表明一个关于先行词的新的 copy,避免重复；就相当于新添加了个描述项；EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children

3.that 或 those 表明新 copy 的时候一定前后完全一致（包括单复数），否则需要重复先行词。EG：Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 错，those 与 company 不一致，应将 those 替换为 companies.

4.this、these 不能单独作为名词使用！That、those 也不能当名词使用，除非使用比较结构，表示 copy 或者被修饰。除此之外，使用 it、they、them

5.It ，they 以及人称代词（he/we/she)是完全指代，必须跟前面的是同一个东西The money spent by her parents is more than IT was expected to be.

6 、 What about Pronoun Ambiguity ?

一定的指代模糊是存在的，因为英语表达就是这样。

Chapter 6: Modifiers

1 、 Adjectives and Adverbs

1．形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。2. GMAT 考试中最常出现的修饰结构：[adjective+adjective+n]：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词[adverb+adjective+n]：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词3.Watch Out for Possessives：要注意所有格形式，修饰语不能修饰所有格名词！同位语修饰抽象名词时，修饰必须符合逻辑！Right: Origami，a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago，has developed into a true

art form only in the past century.

2 、 Noun Modifiers

相当于长形容词，包括以下几类

3 、 Position of noun modifiers

1，Touch Rule：名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对2.避免悬垂结构Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.

Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.

3.避免一系列的修饰语修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好

最常见的错误模式就是：【修饰语+修饰语+主谓宾】

这种是对的：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾

4 、 Noun Modifiers with Relative Pronouns

1，Which，that 只能修饰物， who /whom 只能修饰人2，which 和 whom 有时前面接介词。3，who 是在从句充当主语，whom 在从句充当动词或介词宾语4，That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的5，whose既可以修饰人又可以修饰物6，Where: 只能修饰具体的地点，对于一些虚拟的，如 condition, situation, case,

circumstance,

arrangement，用 in which 修饰更好。7，When: 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，如 time, period, age, 1987, decade, 也可以用 in

which 代替；5 ， Essential vs. Non-Essential Noun Modifiers

名词修饰语要么是限制性名词修饰要么是非限制性名词修饰

1，限制性名词修饰；无逗号隔开的，用 that：有必要的名词修饰语 ：需要这个修饰才能识别作者的意图的修饰语2，非限制性名词修饰：有逗号隔开的，用 which：没必要的名词修饰语：不用这个修饰也能 看出作者的意图。之后的 reference 不提到非限制性名词修饰语里的信息3，在有 the +n 的情况下，句子一般是不完整的，需要用限定性定语修饰 用 that 而不用 which 只是因为 which （在没有介词的情况下）必须引导非限定性定从，这样就改变了 作者的逻辑，使得含义不完整；Non-essential : This mansion，WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED， isowned by the tees;

Essential : The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees

4，逗号原则：Put commas between NON-ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns

Put no commas between ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns

Non-essential=====用 which

Essential====用 that

6 ， Verb Modifiers

（1），修饰动词，用来表示方式，时间，地点，原因。

（2），从属结构，通过 because, although, if, while, so that 修饰，有两个重要考点：1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。（3），有些动词修饰语同时修饰动词和动词的主语，如下：

（4），动词修饰语的位置相对灵活，但不是任何位置都可以，必须要避免歧义

7 、 Which vs. The Present Participle -ing

1，Which 只能修饰在他之前的名词，which 不能修饰一个句子Use Which only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it-never to refer to

an entire clause

2，ing 形式做修饰语（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词 the changing season

（2）修饰动词和动词主语，表伴随。I lifted the weight, whistling

（3）可以修饰一个句子，这种形式就是常见的 ing 表示结果的结构。EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

Chapter 7: Verb Tense, Mood, Voice

时态表示动词的动作何时发生；动词语气包括陈述语气，祈使语气；语态包括主动和被动1 ， Simple Tenses

1.一般定义,永恒状态，经常性事件用一般现在时。表示过去现在将来都这样。2 ， Progressive Tenses

1，现在进行时表示当前正在发生的动作！2，不能用现在进行时表示将来，用一般将来时3.表示一般状态的动词不用进行时，比如 know, signify。EG:

Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor's birth.

Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.

3 ， The Perfect Tenses

1，现在完成时表示的是一个行为发生在过去，但持续到现在到现在；或者表示动作结束，但是动作的结果或影响仍然存在

现在完成时的标志词：since+过去一个时间点，since 1986；for/within/over/during/in+时间段(the past five minutes , the last ten days,)

Within the past....../ in the last..../over the past..... 表示.....到现在的一段时间。2，而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去，已经结束且对现在没有影响。Right: We HAVE LIVED in a hut for three days.

我们已经住了三天，而且现在还在住着Right: We LIVED in a hut for three days

住满三天就不再住了。3，总结：The Present Perfect indicates either 'continued action or continued effect of a completed

action.

In contrast, a time phrase that does not include the present( the last month, in 2007, etc) prevents the

use of the present perfect. Use the simple past instead.

Wrong: Veronica HAS TRAVELED all over the world in 2007.

Right: Veronica TRAVELED all over the world in 2007

4 ， 现 在 完 成 时 can be used in -ing forms, infinitives or subordinate clauses to clarify an

ambiguous sequence in time. For instance, the word when can mean either “at the same time” or

“after”，使用现在完成时就可以决定一些语义。

5 ， Past Perfect

1.表示过去的过去。

2，A、注意：不是任何一个发生在过去的过去的动作都要使用过去完成时，只有当 emphasize

a sequence of past events 时，即：the earlier event should somehow have a bearing on the

context of the later event。才能使用过去完成时。Wrong: Joe LEARNED about an epoch in which dinosaurs HAD WALKED the earth.

Right: Joe LEARNE D about an epoch in which dinosaurs WALKED the earth.

尽管我们都知道 learned 在 walked 之后，但是后者对前者没有直接的影响；这个事件的顺序不需要去被澄清

B、and, but 连接的两个句子，如果句子在逻辑上不强调先后顺序，主分句都用一般过去时即可。After 和 before 连接的句子不使用过去完成时。C、A sequence of verbs with the same subject does not require Past Perfect. Rather use the Simple Past for all the verbs

EG：Antonio drove to the store and bought some ice cream

D、Trick 一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一个分句中用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。later

past event 不一定必须使用过去式的形态，我们可以用一个过去的日期或者 another

time reference。EG:

（1）RIGHT：By1945, the United States had been at war for several years

（2）RIGHT：The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early

1980's, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of

popular music.

E、若转述一个人发表的演讲或者报告，要将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态（will---would）

即6 ， Subjunctive Mood

1，虚拟语气常见的两种形式：（1）假设性虚拟语气：看起来不可能或者不真实的条件，引导词为 if, as if, as though

（2）命令型虚拟语气：proposal, desire, request等表“建议”、“命令”的词用 that 引导2，If…then….常见的五种句型 (then 经常会被省略掉)

（1）表示确定: If present（现在时）, then present（现在时）if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.

（2）表示某种程度的不确定: if present（现在时）, then can or mayIf she eats pizza, (then) she may become ill.

（3）确定-用于将来时态（现在发生的某些事情造成将来的影响）：if present,（现在时） then future（将来时）If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.

（4）不确定-将来时态： （在此句型中，be 动词一律用 were.） if hypothetical subjunctive（虚拟语气）, then conditional（情态动词） If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. (使用虚拟语气)

作者认为 S 不太可能吃披萨，所以情态动词 would 是对一个不太可能发生的事情的推测。（5）从未发生-过去式：if past perfect（过去完成时）, then conditional perfect（情态动词完成时）If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)

注意：if..那么就要考虑是否是以上的五种之一。情态动词 would/should永远不会出现在“if”从句中，整个结构中也不能出现 should,

3，命令性的虚拟语气(1).一般形式： Bossy Verb+that+subject+动词原形+…这里要用原型！ Be , do

具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.

形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如 essential, advisable, crucial,

desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital

(2).常见的命令性词汇,只能接 that 的：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend,

request,stipulate, suggest（2d+2r+2s+imp)

(3).只能用 to do 的：advise, allow, want, forbid, persuade

(4).即可以接 that，又可以 to do：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require (abioupr)

(5).例外：prohibit

常见用法：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing，prohibit 不能接不定式(6). whether 后面避免使用虚拟语气 ，因为太陈旧了. Suggest 不一定用虚拟语气，要根据语义来判断！7 ， Active and passive Voices

1.不要使用除了 be 动词以外的动词来构成被动语态；such as getWrong: The pizza GOTEATEN by the hungry students.

Wrong: The pizza must GETEATEN today.

1.by 只跟动作的执行者； through 和 because of 表示动作的设备或者方法THROUGH a quirk of fate, the pizza WAS accidentally EATEN.

2，只有及物动词才能使用被动语态，不及物动词不能使用被动语语态Don’t be biased against the passive.Don’t use voice to eliminate answers

Chapter 8 Comparisons

比较的本质还是平行，要结构和逻辑上平行！

1, Like vs. As

1．Like 是一个介词，因此 like 后面只能跟名词，代词或者名词短语。或者动名词作名

词，如 like swimming, skating is great exercise。

Like 后面绝对不能跟从句／介词短语

2．As 是介词又是连词。其后既可以跟名词，又可以跟句子。

（1）表示列举的时候，只能用 as,不能用 like

（2）like＋句子一定错！

2, Keep Comparisons Parallel

比较的两点重要规则1、比较的对象有具有可比性,logically parallel,即 compare similar thingsRight: Frank's build, LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular.

2、比较要从结构上保持平行, structurally parallel.即 have similar grammatical structural

Right: I like running through forests MORE THAN walking through crowds.

3,Omitted Words

（1）所有格省略

P.S. 所有格或者所有物单复数都可以，只有逻辑意思合理就行。EG: My car is bigger than Brian's [car}. My toes are longer than Brian's [toes}.

（2）比较可以省略宾语、谓语甚至整个从句，只要逻辑意思合理。EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}.

I walk faster than Brian [walks}.

I walk as fast now as [I walked} when I was younger.

注意：1，东西 A自身在时间纵轴上的比较，如果前句没有时间状语，就要补出整个句子，体现出时态不同的变化Making the economy more stronger than it was 5 years ago

2，如果前面有时间状语，就像上上句那样。3，为了不造成歧义，需要补出 Helping verbs（such as be,do, have)，以保持逻辑含义鲜明。EG:

Right：Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts 必须为宾语才能省略)

Wordy：Visual eats more carrots than HE DOES donuts

此时用逻辑判断出 donuts 不能 eat carrots，所以，确定 donuts 是宾语，此时没有歧义Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}

Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)

Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)

总结：主语比较，新的主语+动词（或省略动词）；介宾比较、宾语比较，直接放介宾和宾语即可一个重要例子：A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah. 错A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. (宾语的奔跑速度比较)

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it can a cheetah. (同一主语抓捕速度比较)

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. (主语抓速度比较，补出情态动词 can)

（二）比较重要考点1、对主谓宾全的句型(1)主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB 为对等名词，加 do 是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）(2)介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2 对等名词）

注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在 than 后面

错:The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.,不是介宾比较

对 The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than

did those outside the racks. rack [ræk] n. 齿条；行李架；拷问台

(3)宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2 为对等名词）从逻辑上考虑 ，如果 C2 不能发出 do 这个动作，此时没歧义，C2 一定是宾语比较(4)状语比较A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(直接加状语）2、一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而

不需要重复 do 来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别I eat faster than you do（啰嗦） 但是不要排除一个选项，只是因为他补出了助动词3、AS 族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成 as many as, as hard as 等形式，但 ETS宗旨不变，如Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain(类似于介宾比较）Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较）Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较）4、特殊句型AS poor as they are, they cannot afford a car.

They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.

5、There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型OG89

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as there were four years

ago(主语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as DVD player(宾语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较)

4 ， Comparative and Superlative Forms

1、两个事物之间，用比较级；两个事物以上，用最高级。2、以 ly 结尾的副词的比较级是 more +副词，不要改成 er 形式.一些不以 ly 结尾的副词，可以改成 er 形式EG:

Adam runs more quickly than Jones.

Adrian runs faster than Jacob

3、比较级中一定要有一个 than，不要单独的使用形容词的比较级

Chapter10 Odds & ends

1 ， Connecting Words

1、一个正确的句子至少有一个主句：有完整的主谓结构，且不以 because or if 开头；逗号不足以连接两个主句。2、and 是 GMAT 考试总最重要的连词，看到“，and”的句子特别注意表示两种可能a list（apples, grapes, and pears）。two main clauses（I like apples, and she likes grapes）。3、并列连词：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so,并列连词加上逗号可以连接两个句子，两个句子地位平等；从属连词，although, because, before, after, since,when, if , unless, that, though,

while 是要连接一个主句的，是从属于主句的。4、although, yet 不能同时用。5.连词的使用要有意义；Wrong: She is not interested in sports, AND she likes watching them on TV.

Right: She is not interested in sports, BUT she likes watching them on TV.

2 ， Connecting Punctuation

1、逗号(1)修饰语，items in a list, other sentence elements 会用逗号隔开(2) 一个主语发出的两个动词间的 and 不用逗号。Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.

Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.

Right: Earl walked to school, AND HE later ate his lunch.

(3) 逗号不能连接两个完整的句子。

2、分号(1)分号用以连接两个紧密相关的句子，这两个句子又是互相独立单独成句。（说是“相对”，是因为虽然语法上都能单独成句，但是逻辑意思上第二句单独出来的话就说不通）EG: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.

(2)用分号连接的两句应该是独立、平衡的。如果原句有从属关系，那么应该保留。Right: The dam has created dead zones, WHERE fish have disappeared.

Wrong: The dam has created dead zones; fish have disappeared.

(3)分号后经常跟一些连接副词（注意这些词不是真正的连词，不能用逗号替代分号），如however, therefore, in addition, then.

EG:

Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

(4)分号还有个主要的用法：用来隔开带逗号的一串名词。EG:

Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

3、冒号(1)冒号是对前面提出的信息起补充说明作用，可以在冒号后面加 namely 或者 that is。(2)冒号前的分句必须能够单独成句，冒号后的则不一定。(3)被解释的成分与冒号后的解释成分越近越好。EG: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and

temperature.

(4)冒号后可以加入一个主句，但是这个句子必须要解释冒号前的内容。EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would become

just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable stock market and a

seemingly peaceful world, the country was content.

4．破折号(1) 破折号的用法很富有弹性，既可以作强调作用的逗号，也能充当冒号，分号。(2) 用破折号 to separate an appositive from an item in the list

EG: My three best friends—Danny, Jimmy, and Joey—and I went skiing. (用逗号意思就变 7

个人了)

(3) 破折号还可以重复或者解释前半句的内容。但又和冒号不同，破折号不一定立刻放在被解释内容之后。

EG: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for

management consultants—by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.

3,Quantity

Rule #1:words used for countable things vs. Words used for

uncountable things

1、既可跟可数名词复数 又可跟不可数名词单数的量词：more, most, enough, all 但是 less 只能修饰不可数名词2、（1）对于单位词：如 dollar, gallons, 这些单位词可用复数，但都是修饰不可数名词的，如money volume；我们还是使用 less thanRight: We have LESS THAN twenty dollars. 或者 less than $20。这里是 the amout of money we have

（2）当 fewer than 20 dollars/fewer than twenty dollar bills，we mean actual pieces of paper

Rule #2:words used to relate two things vs. Words used to relate

three or more things

比较级 better, worse, more, less 最高级：best, worst, most, least

两个事物之间用 between,三个或三个以上的事物用 among

Rule #3:the number or number of VS a number or the numbers of

(1)“the number of”is singular ,“a number of”is plural

(2)The numbers of 是错的,而应该用 the number of

(3)如果要做 numbers 比较，一般用 greater than, 而不是 more than

Rule #4: Increase and Decrease VS Greater and Less

（1）increase 和 decrease 表达同一事物的随着时间的变化；Greater 和 less 则是比较不同事物。Right: The price of silver INCREASED by ten dollars.

Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper.

（2）在使用这些词的时候，要避免意思重复：Decrease-fall; increase-rise

Wrong: The price of silver FELL by a more than 35% DECREASE.

Right: The price of silver DECREASED by more than 35%.

Right: The price of silver FELL by more than 35%.

Chapter 11: GM/S-V/Parallelism: Extra

1 ， Concision: Don’t Make It Too Short

GMAC 会利用较短的表达造成“简洁”的错觉。Too short Pattern 1:Keep the Prepositional Phrase If you need to

1．(1) 当 of 的词,表示形容前面的名词时，可以将 of省略。A wall of stone=a stone wall。但是 of 是带有数量、时间、计量性质的固定搭配就不能改了,一定用 of。

(2) 尤其介词不是 of 时，更加有必要保留介词Danube river access < access to the Danube river;

Boston soldier < soldier from Boston

Population changes of honeybees < changes in the population of honeybees

sales increase < increase in sales

Too short Pattern 2,在比较中，that of , those of 常常很重要The faces I see in ads is a famous actor. < The face I see in ads is that of a famous actor

但有时候 that又是多余的The fields I most enjoy are those of math and physics. <The filed I most enjoy are math

and physics

Too short Pattern 3．在一些 reporting verbs 后面一定跟着 that(1)Reporting verb: reports or otherwise inclues a thought or belief. This thought can stand

alone as a sentence

(2)

下面几个词跟 clause(a thought expressed in its own mini-sentence)一定要用 that：Agree, Claim, Contend, Declare, Find, Indicate, Reveal, Rule, Show

其他的一些词：Indicate, claim, contend, report, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold, know, mention ,observe, proclaim, reason, recognize,

repeat, state, think , warn, be convinced , be certain, be assured, agree, declare, find, reveal,

rule ,show

Too Short: The study INDICATES the problem has vanished.

Better: The study INDICATES THAT the problem has vanished.

(3)有一个比较特殊的词就是 say,之后不必跟 that，就可以跟一个句子Right: The water was so cold that people SAID polar bears would shiver.

2,Parallelism:Concrete nouns and Action Nouns

1．名词有两种形式：实体名词(时间、地点、人、事件)，动作名词(eruption, pollution, change,

growth等，从动词里派生的)，二者不能平行

2．动名词：简单动名词，（动名词＋名词；nouns on the outside, Verbs on the inside）Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency.复杂动名词（含有修饰成分，经常是前面加一个冠词 a/an/the+of 的介宾短语）The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency.简单动名词不能和复杂动名词平行。且只有复杂动名词才能与动作名词平行。Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disput- ed regions,

significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND

a general pardon.

其中 withdrawal,reductions,pardon 都是动作名词，而 the raising of 是复杂名词。 The accurate tracking of satellites -复杂动名词； tracking satellites -简单动名词3.

In any list of action nouns，永远选择复杂动名词（通常带 OF）而不是简单动名词。Right:The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions

AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.

4．如果一个动词有具体的名词形式，就不要用动名词，如 extract 就有名词 extraction

5．不定式平行，若有 3 个及以上元素，是否省略 To 看前一个It is critical to suspend activities, notify investors, AND say not

6．总结：可以相互平行的词

名词 其他

1.实体名词 1.working verbs

2.动作名词＋复杂动名词 2.不定式

3.简单动名词 3.形容词和过去分词

4.从句

Chapter 12:Pronouns & Modifiers:Extra

1 ， Other Pronouns

<1>there：there 如果做代词代指某个地方时,there means “in the place”，而且必须是介宾短语形式，不能是形容词成分。但是“There be”句型中的 there 就不需要先行词了。EG:

Right:Oil in Arctic may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental

concerns addressed.

Wrong:Arctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental

concerns addressed.

<2>

A:itself, themselves（反身代词）：作用是:

（1）indicate when the subject acts upon itself.

After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved it. (解散 Agreement)

After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself. (解散 Commission)

（2）itself 和 themselves are also used to intensify a noun

EG：the commission itself was wrong

B:（reciprocal pronouns 相互代词）one another, each other强调 interaction between

parties，不能和 themselves互换Wrong: the guests at the party interacted with themselves

Right: the guests at the party interacted with one another

<3>

such, other, another

以上三个代词一般在后面跟一个概括性的名词指代先行词。Such means “like the antecedent”

After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such

contracts to debate in the future.

以上例子，the land-use is a type of contract. 而 Other and another mean ”additional of the same type” , though not necessarily“exactly alike”

<4>

A：one：指 indefinite selection or a single indefinite part of a collection。After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one.巧克力中一个After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat them.全部的巧克力B：而 it and they/them 指代 definite selection of an entire object or collectionAfter walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE. IT was

delicious, but HE Could eat only half of IT

<5>do so 和 do it

Do so : 可以指代整个的动作，包含这个动作的谓语动词，宾语以及修饰语。Q did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother did so. 指代 eat dinner quickly（so 可省略）Do it : it 必须指代一个确切的名词Q failed to do the homework, but his brother did it. 指代前面相同的 homework.Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ate it.

2 ， Placeholder It （ do not look for a noun antecedent for a

placeholder It ）

（1）不定式做主语时，通常用 it 作形式主语It is futile to resist temptation. 对 TO RESIST temptation is futile. 错（2）that 从句做主语，通常用 it 作形式主语Awkard: THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement.

Better: It gave us encouragement that we scored at all.

Remember, however, that the Awkard form could be the right answer!

但是 it 在其他情况下都不可以指代从句。（3）不定式或 that 从句做宾语，用 it 作形式宾语She made it possible for us to attend the movie. ( 动词形式只能这么用） She made possible our attendance at the movie.

She made our attendance at the movie possible. 都对3,Avoiding Pronouns Altogether

有时候避免代词指代不清的一种方式就是用一个概括性的名词替代，这样还可以避免直

接用之前的名词造成重复。曼哈顿 236页提到的，更好的办法也是符合 GMAT风格的就是使用 generic synonym（种类同义词） for the antecedent，而不重复原词。Right: New "nano-papers" incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.

不仅仅可以使用 such 或者 these，定冠词 the 也经常使用：Right：After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to

hang the meat from.

4, Nuances of Pronoun Reference

有几条原则来确定 how suitable a noun may be as an antecedent.

（1）Number: 先行词和代词必须要单复数一致（2）Gender: 先行词和代词性别上要一致。男性：He and His；女性：she, her, hers；中性：it, its；any gender： they, them, their

（3）Repeats：重复的代词经常被认为指代的是同一个名词,一个句子中所有的 it/they始终指代同一个词（4）Proximity：代词一般指代离其最近的名词，但不能过于近了；EG: In the station house IT is considered taboo. it 不能指代 station house

大多数情况被指代词在代词之前,但也有特殊的，在其之后EG: After he dried his tears, Jack made a smile.

（5）Case：在平行结构中，先行词和代词在格上要一致（主格或者宾格）相同，特别地，一个句子中代词做主语，那么就指代另一个平行句子中做主语的名词。In generl, subject nouns make strong antecedents, even for somewhat distant pronouns.

Note: 如果发现用以上代词指代的 5 原则竟然排除了所有 5 个选项，那么只能放弃这 5 原则，然后找找看其他的错误。

5,Modifiers: Exceptions to the Touch Rule

1．A “mission-critical” modifer falls between

通常这个 modifer 是 of-phrase。of 短语修饰其前面的名词，后面的 less important modifer

修饰 the noun plus the first modifier。如果没有这个 mossion-critical modifier，那么这个noun 就没了意义。（1）He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.

在本句中，that 从句指代 a way of dodging opponents，且 that 省略了更好，而不是单指 a way

Best: His way OF DODGING OPPONENTS impressed the scouts.

（2）An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size of Alaska.

2．A very short predicate falls between, shifting a very long modifier back

Right：A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of

public scorecards.

Awkard：A new CEO who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public

scorecards has been hired.

3．A short non-essential phrase intervenes and is set off by commas.Our system of Presidential elections favors states, such as Delaware, that by population are over-

represented in the Electoral College. （that 修饰的是 states）4．The modifier is part of a series of parallel modifiers, one of which touches the noun.

In heraldry, the term "tincture" refers to a color emblazoned on a coat of arms and labeled with a

special French word.

这种情况也是合理的。总之，名词修饰语一定要紧跟其修饰的对象，少数情况例外。

6,Possessive Nuances

(1) 不要选择 Y of X’s 这样的结构，永远是错的； 要么 of X,要么 X’s

(2) GMAT 在 80%~90%情况下避免使用复数所有格，因为（1）不能修饰所有格 4 名词。（2）with a possessive, you cannot express a relationship other than of.EG: ×: Certain humans' parasites have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and

protection

√: Certain parasites in humans have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and

protection

在这里 certain 明确修饰了 parasites，而且 parasites 和 human 的关系也很清楚。大部分名词用 of X 结构可以清晰替代所有格，少部分如 sales,要用 in 所有格，不等同于普通名词，不能简单修饰

7,Subgroup Modifiers

描述 a part of a large group with a modifier, use one of the following three subgroup modifier

(1) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which were only recently

discovered.

(2) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently

discovered.

(3) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.

其中的 some，可能被替换成 SANAM（any, none, all, more/most），many, each, either, neither,

half, one，以及其他的数词以及 pronoun that picks out a subgroup

8,More on Relative Clauses VS. Participles （ 241 页）

(1) 从句和分词都可以修饰主语或者谓语，一般情况下可以通用，但遇到一些有明显时态变化的句子，要根据具体情况而定。① The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency ultimately culminating in the

survival of just a few languages, according to some.

② The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency that will ultimately culminate

in the survival of just a few languages, according to some.（这种句式又叫独立词组）

第二句好一些，因为根据 ultimately 用将来时要好些。而第一句表明是现在时。在一道题里，如果只有分词 ing 的形式不同，那么通常从句＋动词的形式>分词 ing 形式，因为可以更清晰的表达时态的变化。9 ， Absolute Phrases （ 独立主格 ， 曼哈顿 242 页 ）

实际上有两种修饰前句的方法① 独立主格：n+noun modifier，修饰主句，相当于 verb modifier。② V-ing 形式：V-ing 形式跟在主句后面，有四个情况可用：a.做伴随状语；b.表结果；c.修饰前面整句话Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the

world, suggesting the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.（suggesting 修饰的是前面整句话，那个发现结果）注意：1、at the end of a sentence, either an -ing formor an absolute phrase can indicate a result of the preceding clause

2、独立主格通常用逗号隔开，但是在句末的时候，也可以用 dash（破折号）隔开

Chapter13: Verbs & Comparisons:Extra

1 ， Helping Verbs

Primary helping verbs：Be; Do; Have

1．若出现时态变化，则句子中助动词不能单独的使用Right: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has.

Wrong: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did.

Right: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.此处就不能用 has 替代2．助动词后省略的词一定要是原文之前出现过的错 Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are.

对 Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.

3. 省略而成的 do, are, have都只能代表肯定语气，及时前一个句子表达的是否定语气Right: some people do not eat soup, but others do (= do eat soup)

Right: some people do not eat soup as other do (= do eat soup)

4．情态动词（1）Can, could, may ,might, must, shall , should, will and would,这些词在使用过程中不能相互替换。有时候情态动词会与一些具有类似含义的动词发生重复，要避免。比如在有ensure等强调必须、义务的句子，再用 have to/must显得啰嗦。Wrong: This plan ensures that action must be taken.

Right: This plan ensures that action will be taken.

（2）有些句子 be to 来表示 Obligation 或者将来时，GMAT 认为这个有歧义，所以用 will,

或者 should 替代Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation.

Right: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an invitation.

（3）条件句用 if 来引导，在 GMAT 中不能用情态动词,例如 should 改写成省略形式。Awkward: SHOULD he PASS the test ,he will graduate.

Right: IF he PASSES the test, he will graduate.

2 ，动词的形式

1．不定式：可以做名词，形容词或副词Noun: I love to swim

Adjectives: The person to meet is here

Adverb: She paused to eat lunch

最后一个例子中，不定式做副词表目的（purpose），解释了 why she paused or for what

end 。 这时可以用 in order to 来替换，这里不存在 wordy 的问题。(1) 不定式的使用要符合逻辑意思：Wrong：The building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. (was demolished

的主语是 the building，the building 也是不定式 to avoid 的 implied subject，然而 building

不能 avoid something untentionally)

Right：The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally. 对（was

demolished 的主语是 the building，the building 也是不定式 to avoid 的 implied subject。但是 it 指代的是 building，这时的被动语态意思就是表示某个不知名的人来发出这个目的）(2) 作为名词，不能被形容词或者冠词修饰。不定式做主语最好用 it 代替。不定式可以作为动词的宾语，但是不能作为介词的宾语。Awkward: TO ERR is human.

Right: IT is human TO ERR.

2．动名词（可作主语，动词和介词的宾语）（1）简单动名词和复杂动名词不能平行；如果动词有名词形式，避免使用复杂动名词。（2）一个名词放于动名词之前，如果该名词是动名词的发起者，那么要用所有格Wrong：Mike Swimming is the product od new coaching techniques

Right：Mike’s swimming is the product of new coaching techniques.

但是注意：要分清动名词是作为名词还是名词修饰语，上面的例子就是作为名词使用。（3）尽量使用人称代词（its, theirs, his, her）来表示所有。如果动词的名词形式存在，优先使用该名词，如 her action>her acting

3．分词（1）the -ing DynastyVerb( progressive Tense) She is FIXING the fauce

Noun( Gerund) FIXING the faucet is not fun

Adjective( Present Participle) The person FIXING the faucet is tired

Adverb( Present Participle) She crouched under the sink, FIXING the faucet

（2）Past ParticipleVerb (Perfect tense) She has BROKEN the lamp

Adjective( Past Participle) The BROKEN lamp is on the stairs

一个特殊的句型： Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night.

3 ， When to use which verbal or verb

1，现在分词和不定式在句尾的区别：（1）现在分词： Investors sold the stock rapidly, CAUSING panic

在这里，现在分词表达了一个结果，但是在这里我们只知道结果不知道目的。在这里投资者目的是想导致恐慌，或者恐慌自然而然地发生了（2）不定式：Investors sold the stock rapidly TO CAUSE panic

在这里，不定式表达了一个目的：抛售股票是为了导致恐慌，但是我们不知道结果是怎样，恐慌也许发生了也许没有发生。（3）rule of thumb：water droplets freeze to form snow，这种表达可以接受。

2，现在分词（或者从句）和不定式修饰名词的区别：（1）Present Participle: A technique ALLEVIATING pain is growing popular.

Relative Clause: A technique THAT ALLEVIATES pain is growing popular

technique 就是 ALLEVIATING 的主语，the technique itself alleviates pain.

（2）A technique TO ALLEVIATE pain is growing popular.

Technique 不是 TO ALLEVIATE 的主语这个句子表明 you or someone else can alleviate pain by means of this technique. In other words,

techique not meant to be the subject of the action ALLVIATE. Often, when you modify a noun with an

infinitive, that noun is not the implied subject of the infinitive. 例如：There is a book to read ;to read 的主语不是 book ,maybe someone

有时这种区别相当明显：

Unlikely：A plan conquering the world is in his files.

Unlikely：A plan that will conquer the world is his files.

Probable：A plan to conquer the world is in his files. 计划本身不会去征服世界，肯定是某个使用这个计划去征服世界；这里最后一个句子不定式更合逻辑

4 ， more on like & as

1．Like means “similar to”或者“in a manner similar to”可以修饰名词和动词，但 like 后只能跟名词或代词。修饰名词：Like you, I danced last night

修饰动词：I danced like you last night

Like放在句尾时，小心有歧义：(1) I want to coach divers LIKE Greg Louganis.

= I want to coach divers WHO ARE LIKE Greg Louganis.

= I want to coach divers in the same way as Greg Louganis does.

(2) I want to coach divers, LIKE Greg Louganis. 注意逗号在 like 之前，此时没歧义

= LIKE Greg Louganis ，I want to coach divers. (he coaches divers; I want to do

so.)

unlike 和 like 用法一样Right: Most materials under a wide range of conditions resist the flow of

electric current to some degree, UNLIKE superconductors ， which

demonstrate zero electrical resistance. 这种情况通常会是和主语比较

2、as 既是连词又是介词（1）as 作为连词，通常的三种用法：Duration AS： As I strolled to the store, I smelled the air. (while, during)

Causation AS: I will not tell you, as you already know. (since, because)

Comparison AS: You should walk as she wants you to. (in the same way) 正如，像….一样A: Comparison AS 有时 just, so,或者 so too 连用：Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are late today.

Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today. 部分倒装B: Comparison AS can also appear with a phrase, rather than a full clause：

Right: AS in the previous case， the judge took an early break.

（2）AS 作为介词，有三种用法Function AS: As your leader, I am in charge. (in the role of) 具有...功能Equation AS: I think you as my friend. (= you are my ftiend) 当做Stage AS: AS a child, I thought I could fly. (when I was...) 当我……的时候作为介词时，AS 没有 similar to 的意思！Right： I will jump up LIKE a clown （= in a clownish manner）Right： I will jump up AS a clown （=in a clown suit）（3）as…as 结构第一个 As（副词） 后面跟形容词或副词，第二个 as（连词）后面跟名词，短语，或者 一个句子They are AS hungry AS you.

They are AS hungry AS you are.

They are as hungry as they were last night.

（4）举例（introduce examples）不能用 like，只能用 such as。 GMAT规定的Wrong :I enjoy fast food LIKE hamburgers.(=fast food SIMILAR TO hamburgers)

Right: I enjoy fast food SUCH AS hamburgers.

4 ， Numbers in Comparisons & Other comparison constructions

1．倍数的数量比较，use times and as....as....togetherRight: The man is FIVE TIMES AS OLD AS his grandson.

这个男人的年龄五倍于他的外孙 man's age = 5 x his grandson's age

Wrong: The man is FIVE TIMES OLDER THAN his grandson.

意思是男人的年龄六倍于他的外孙 the man is six times as old as his grandson、In one GMAT problem(#72 in the Verbal Supplement) 正确答案为：numbers are "5 times greater than

... " other numbers，但是一般还是要避免这种用法

（2）有时候用 times, 不要 as 或 than, 表示直接的倍数The cost of a ticket is $12, six times the cost ten years ago.

The concert was attended by 300 people, twice the previous attendance.

2，数量的加法和减法的比较，用 more than 或者 less thanRight: I am TEN years OLDER THAN you. 我的年龄= 你的年龄+10

Wrong: I am TEN years AS OLD AS you. 无意义

(2)more, less 很灵活，可作名词，形容词或副词I own more than I should. 名词 I own more shirts than I should. 形容词I sleep more than I should. 副词但是 higher, greater, lower 等只能用作形容词错：I spend lower than I did last year. 对：My bills are lower than they were last year.

(3)重点 ：more 和 less 的位置，特别是在一个 adj+ n 的前面,容易引起歧义 因为 more

less 词性很多(1)We have even more efficient engines than before. 此句意思模糊,应改为：We have even more engines that are efficient than before. 发动机数量的比较或者 We have engines even more efficient than before. 有效性的比较

3，一些表示比较词，exceed, surpass，前后比较对象也要对等。Wrong: The incidence of the disease among men exceeds women

Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS the incidence among women.

Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS its incidence among women.

Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS that among women.

没有必要做出 that 是否只是指代 incidence 的区别，此处 that含义上肯定指代整个短语 The

incidence of the disease ，单独指代 incidence 是没有意义的4，In addition to，放在句首时，用这个结构 add another example to the subject，也可以 add

another example to a different noun in the sentence，比如动词的宾语或者其他名词。IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable . (添加在主语)

IN ADDITION TO Munster cheese, I like Swiss. (添加在宾语)