Manish Utpal Yogendra1

7/31/2019 Manish Utpal Yogendra1

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Pollution Control Technologies in Power

Plants : Future Prospects

By

Manish Singh (100721)

Utpal Tiwari (100720)

Yogendra Gautam (100723)

MTA Presentation

13th feb, 09

VSTPP


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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Types of power plants

Power infrastructure in India

Climate Change

Pollution control

CCS

IGCC

Relevant Facts and Figures

Conclusion

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TYPES OF POWER PLANTS

RENEWABLE

NON RENEWABLE

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RENEWABLE POWER

PLANTS HYDRO

WIND

SOLAR

BIOMASS

TIDAL

THERMAL

GAS

NUCLEAR

DIESEL

NON RENEWABLE POWER

PLANTS

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Fuel wise break-up (MW)

(Excluding captive capacity of 14636 MW connected to grid)

Thermal 91,907 64.2%

Hydro 35,909 25.1%

Nuclear 4,120 2.8%

Renewable 11,125 7.9%

TOTAL 143,061 100.0%

Sector wise break-up (MW)

State

Sector

52%

Private

Sector

14%

Central

Sector

34%

Total generation in 2007-08 704.45 BU

(All figures provisional from CEA)

Power Infrastructure in India

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SOURCES OF GLOBAL ELECTRICITY

GENERATION

SOURCE 1973 2002

COAL 38% 39%

OIL 25% 7.2%

GAS 12% 19.1%

HYDRO 21% 16.2%

NUCLEAR 3% 16.6%

RENEWABLE 0.7% 1.9%


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Whats Hot, Whats Not ?

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The Futures Orange !

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Global Land Temperature is Rising

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Increase in Global CO2

Concentrations

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Key to Understanding: POLLUTION

Fine Particles Reduce Visibility

Chicago - Summer 2000.

Hazy Day : PM 2.5 > 35 g/m3

Chicago - Summer 2000.

Clear Day : PM 2.5 < 5 g/m35/24/2012 13


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POLLUTION CONTROL

OUTPUT CONTROL: pollution control

technologies, deal with pollutants after produced

INPUT CONTROL: pollution prevention, dont

make the pollutant

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A Journey Towards

Zero Emission

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Introduction

What is a zero emission plant?

Technology to control PM/SPM

Some technologies for SOX/NOx reduction

Combustion modifications

Clean up systems

Technologies for CO2 capture

CO2 sequestration

Zero Emission

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CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES (CCTS)

To meet increasing demand of power with minimal environmental impact forsustainable development, adoption of clean coal technologies with enhanced

power plant efficiency, fuel switching, use of washed coal, efficient pollution

control systems and proper by-product and waste handling & utilization, is

necessary.

Classification :

Pre-combustion Technologies : Ash, sulphur and other impurities (coal

benefaction) ca n be reduced from the coal

before it is burned

Post combustion technologies : End of pipe treatment (installation pollution

control equipments such as ESP, De NOx &

De SOx systems)

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Dealing with CO2 : CCSCarbon capture and storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an approach to mitigating the

contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming, based on

capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as fossil fuel

power plants. It can also be used to describe the scrubbing of CO2 from

ambient air as a geo engineering technique. The carbon dioxide can then be

permanently stored away from the atmosphere.

Capture

Transport

Storage (Sequestration)

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Capture

Transport

Storage

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Explaining CCS with an example :

IGCC

An Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, or IGCC, is a

technology that turns coal into gas - synthesis gas (syngas). It then

removes impurities from the coal gas before it is combusted. This

results in lower emissions of sulfur dioxide, particulates andmercury. It also results in improved efficiency compared to

conventional pulverized coal.

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Raw syngas from gasified coal

run a gas turbine and exhaust

gases generate steam for

bottoming cycle

As gasifier pressure is high (30

bar or so) syngas volumes are

low, easy CO2 removal (pre GTcombustion)

Carbon conversion and Cold Gas

Efficiency are important for

overall cycle efficiency

Syngas CV low- hence specific

GT technology

Gas turbines are high

technology equipment

IGCC Technology

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IGCC without CCS

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IGCC with CCS

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Carbon capture: Pre combustion

In this technology, the fossil fuel is

partially oxidized, in a gasifier. Theresulting syngas (CO+H2+CO2+H2O)

is shifted into CO2 and more H2. The

resulting CO2 can be captured from

a relatively pure exhaust stream.

The H2 can now be used as fuel; thecarbon dioxide is removed before

combustion takes place.

In this process methanol is

produced from which CO2 can beseparated easily. 95% CO2 is

removed from this process.

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Post Combustion capture

In post-combustion, the CO2 is removed after combustion of the fossil fuel

- this is the scheme that would be applied to conventional power plants. It

captures 90% of CO2.

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Transportation

After capture, the CO2 must be transported

to suitable storage sites. This is done bypipeline, which is generally the cheapest form

of transport. In 2008, there were

approximately 5,800 km of CO2 pipelines in

the United States. These pipelines are

currently used to transport CO2

to oil

production fields where the CO2 is injected in

older fields to produce oil. The injection of

CO2 to produce oil is generally called

"Enhanced Oil Recovery" or EOR.

In addition, there are several pilot programs in various stages to test the long-term storage of CO2 in non-oil producing geologic formations.. Conveyor belt

system or ships can also be used. These methods are currently used for

transporting CO2 for other applications.

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STORAGE (SEQUESTRATION) It is a family of methods for capturing and permanently isolating

gases that could contribute to global climate change

Stores CO2 removed from the atmosphere or captured fromemissions and stores it in another form somewhere else (acarbon sink)

CARBON SEQUESTRATION WILL HAVE TO BE DEPLOYED VERY RAPIDLY AT ANENORMOUS SCALE FOR SAFE GHG STABILIZATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

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Carbon Sequestration: General Modes

Ocean Sequestration

Direct, deep-ocean injection

Geological Sequestration

Saline Reservoirs

Old Oil/Gas fields

Coal Beds

Soil/Plant Sequestration

Chemical Sequestration

Creating terrestrial solids

Creating hydrates

Basalt injection

Absorption into amine soln.

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Carbon Sequestration: General Modes

Ocean & Geological

modes have thehighest storage

capacity, which would

cover from 50 to >250

years of current

emission volumes.They also have long

term sequestration

potential

DOE, Carbon Sequestration Roadmap5/24/2012 31


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EXAMPLES of IGCC plants

Wabash IGCC plant (Indiana) Tampa electric IGCC plant (Florida)

The German industrial area of Schwarze Pumpe, about 4 km

south of the city of Spremberg, is the world's first CCS coal

plant, which began operation September 9, 2008.

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Limitations of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) for Power

StationsLimitation Details

Energy penalty.

The technology is expected to use between 10 and 40%

of the energy produced by a power station. .However

even taking the fuel penalty into account overall levels of

CO2 abatement remain high, at approximately 80-90%

compared to a plant without CCS

Permanence

It is claimed that safe and permanent storage of

CO2 cannot be guaranteed and that even very low

leakage rates could undermine any climate mitigation

effect.

Cost

Greenpeace claim that CCS could lead to a doubling of

plant costs. However CCS may still be economically

attractive in comparison to other forms of low carbon

electricity generation

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Natural gas

combined cyclePulverized coal

Integrated

gasification

combined cycle

CO2 43 (-89%) 107 (87%) 97 (88%)

NOX 0.11 (+22%) 0.77 (+31%) 0.1 (+11%)

SOX - 0.001 (99.7%) 0.33 (+17.9%)

Ammonia 0.002 (before: 0) 0.23 (+2200%) -

Based on [IPCC, 2005]. Between brackets the increase or decrease

compared to a similar plant without CCS.

Emissions to air from plants with CCS

(kg/(MWh))

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Natural gas

combined cyclePulverized coal

Integratedgasification

combined cycle

Without capture

(reference plant) 0.03 - 0.05 0.04 - 0.05 0.04 - 0.06

With capture and

geological

storage

0.04 - 0.08 0.06 - 0.10 0.06 - 0.09

With capture

and enhanced oil

recovery.

0.04 - 0.07 0.05 - 0.08 0.04 - 0.08

A Comparison (cost $/ Kwhr )

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India took a step further to adopt clean technology for

power generation with the foundation stone for an

integrated gas combined cycle power plant being laid

recently in Andhra Pradesh. The 125-mw IGCC plant

proposed in Andhra Pradesh will come up at Vijayawada

and will be developed by Andhra Pradesh Power Generation

Corporation Ltd in association with Bharat Heavy Electricals

Ltd. The capital cost of an IGCC is around Rs 8 crore per MW,which twice that of a conventional combined cycle gas

power plant.

Reliance Industries is planning to build India's first

integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power station.

The company plans to build a pet-coke fed, 1,000-MWgenerating station in Jamnagar that will produce electrical

power and hydrogen in addition to syngas for petrochemical

production. The project is expected to be commissioned in

two years.

IGCC Plants in INDIA **

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NTPC Future Plans

Inducting ultra supercritical units in its fleet

Thus Increase in cycle efficiency :7.5% (compared to 500 MW Unit of std

configuration)

Further Increase in steam parameters of upcoming 500MW units

Thus Increase in cycle efficiency 0.7% (compared to 500 MW Unit of standardconfiguration)

Engaged in developing integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) for higher

efficiency and lower environmental impact

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It is obvious from above discussion that thermal

Power plant may cause serious damage to ecologyIf proper eco-considerations are not timelyincorporated. Use of effective pollution controlequipment may Minimize adverse ecological

impact.

CONCLUSION & RECOMENDATION

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Its for us to observe, accept and tell others

that we are dwelling on a time bomb.

Lets diffuse it together


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Manish Utpal Yogendra1