Marine Ecology海洋生態學 邵廣昭 1998國立編輯館 明文書局Nybakken & Bertness 2005 Marine Biology, 6th Ed., Pearson, San Francisco

陳宏遠 海 A2028 5255105 hychen@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

Marine Environment

• Sea water

• Geography & geomorphology

• Water masses

• Marine vs. terrestrial environments

Ocean:• 70%

• 3800m

• 1.4 x 1012 m3

Water: hydrogen bond

• Cohesion

• Surface tension

• Viscosity: temperature; salinity

Water: heat

• Heat capacity

• Latent heat: vaporization & freeze

Sea water:• Salinity: ppt; %o; psu• 34.8 psu: conductivity; refractory index; chlorinit

y• Chloride: 55.04%; Sodium: 30.16%; Sulfate: 7.68

%; Magnesium: 3.69%; Calcium: 1.16%; potassium: 1.1% (99.28%)

• Bicarbonate; Bromide; Boric; Strontium (Sr) (++ = 99.99%)

Organic and inorganic compounds are dissolved because of H-bonds

Molecular polarity dissolves salts

Seawater: 99.99% + 0.01%

• Inorganic salt: phosphate PO4-3 and nitrate NO3

-2

• SiO2

• Most limiting elements in aquatic systems: P (in freshwater); N (in marine environment)

Seawater: Oxygen minimum

• Dissolved oxygen: DO saturation

35 psu 0oC 8 ml/liter vs 20oC 5.4 ml/liter

• Oxygen minimum zone

Tropical Atlantic

Tropical EastPacific

Seawater: pH

• DO (dissolution) vs. CO2 (chemical reaction)

• CO2+H20

• Carbonate buffering system

Seawater:pH

• DO vs. CO2

• Bicarbonate buffering system

• CO2+H20

• pH 7.5 ~ 8.4

Physical factors affecting marine life:

• Temperature: Q10; warm vs. cold blooded

• Solar radiation: PAR

• Salinity: Osmoregulation

• Density: soft tissue density

• Pressure: 1 atm = 10m; swim bladder, diving

Ekman spiral

Atlantic ocean

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean

Sea vs. Land

• Density: 830x

• Viscosity: 60x

• Sound speed: 4x

• Conductivity: 1016x

• Heat capacity:

Sea vs. Land:

• Food source: Protein vs. Carbohydrates

• Feeding: Filter feeding vs. Grazing

• Gravity:

• Light:

• Oxygen:

Sea vs. Land: 33 phyla

• Sea: 32 phyla (14 endemic)

• Land: 12 phyla (1 endemic)

• Land: 90% belong to Phylum arthropoda

• Sea: 90% covers 8 phyla

Sea vs. Land: different picture

• Sea: 250,000 (described) + 150,000 spp.

• Land: 1.5 million (named) + 5~50 million spp.

• Land: 350,000 species vascular plant

• Sea: 60 species flowering plant and 12,000 species algae

Sea vs. Land

• Macroscopic land plants vs. microscopic marine plants

• Long-life land animals vs. short lived marine organisms

• Herbivores and omnivores (land) vs. carnivores (sea)