Marine Ecology海洋生態學 邵廣昭 1998國立編輯館 明文書局Nybakken & Bertness 2005 Marine Biology, 6th Ed., Pearson, San Francisco
陳宏遠 海 A2028 5255105 [email protected]
Marine Environment
• Sea water
• Geography & geomorphology
• Water masses
• Marine vs. terrestrial environments
Ocean:• 70%
• 3800m
• 1.4 x 1012 m3
Water: hydrogen bond
• Cohesion
• Surface tension
• Viscosity: temperature; salinity
Water: heat
• Heat capacity
• Latent heat: vaporization & freeze
Sea water:• Salinity: ppt; %o; psu• 34.8 psu: conductivity; refractory index; chlorinit
y• Chloride: 55.04%; Sodium: 30.16%; Sulfate: 7.68
%; Magnesium: 3.69%; Calcium: 1.16%; potassium: 1.1% (99.28%)
• Bicarbonate; Bromide; Boric; Strontium (Sr) (++ = 99.99%)
Organic and inorganic compounds are dissolved because of H-bonds
Molecular polarity dissolves salts
Seawater: 99.99% + 0.01%
• Inorganic salt: phosphate PO4-3 and nitrate NO3
-2
• SiO2
• Most limiting elements in aquatic systems: P (in freshwater); N (in marine environment)
Seawater: Oxygen minimum
• Dissolved oxygen: DO saturation
35 psu 0oC 8 ml/liter vs 20oC 5.4 ml/liter
• Oxygen minimum zone
Tropical Atlantic
Tropical EastPacific
Seawater: pH
• DO (dissolution) vs. CO2 (chemical reaction)
• CO2+H20
• Carbonate buffering system
Seawater:pH
• DO vs. CO2
• Bicarbonate buffering system
• CO2+H20
• pH 7.5 ~ 8.4
Physical factors affecting marine life:
• Temperature: Q10; warm vs. cold blooded
• Solar radiation: PAR
• Salinity: Osmoregulation
• Density: soft tissue density
• Pressure: 1 atm = 10m; swim bladder, diving
Ekman spiral
Atlantic ocean
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Sea vs. Land
• Density: 830x
• Viscosity: 60x
• Sound speed: 4x
• Conductivity: 1016x
• Heat capacity:
Sea vs. Land:
• Food source: Protein vs. Carbohydrates
• Feeding: Filter feeding vs. Grazing
• Gravity:
• Light:
• Oxygen:
Sea vs. Land: 33 phyla
• Sea: 32 phyla (14 endemic)
• Land: 12 phyla (1 endemic)
• Land: 90% belong to Phylum arthropoda
• Sea: 90% covers 8 phyla
Sea vs. Land: different picture
• Sea: 250,000 (described) + 150,000 spp.
• Land: 1.5 million (named) + 5~50 million spp.
• Land: 350,000 species vascular plant
• Sea: 60 species flowering plant and 12,000 species algae
Sea vs. Land
• Macroscopic land plants vs. microscopic marine plants
• Long-life land animals vs. short lived marine organisms
• Herbivores and omnivores (land) vs. carnivores (sea)