Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking about a voter registration drive. Photograph (June 17, 1966).

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The civil rights movement develops and brings about changes in American society.

The Civil Rights Era,1954–1975

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights

The Equal Rights Struggle Expands

The Civil Rights Era,1954–1975

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Changes after World War II help African Americans make progress in their struggle for equality.

Section 1

Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

Postwar Changes Strengthen Protests

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• More Americans see racism as evil, causing Hitler’s rise, Holocaust

1SECTION

• After fighting for freedom, blacks want share of it in the U.S.

Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

• Blacks make more money, move into cities for work

Chart

NEXT

1SECTION

• Plessy v. Ferguson—“separate but equal” doctrine established (1896)

• Brown II gives segregated schools more time to desegregate

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) rules that:- segregation has no place in public education

• NAACP counsel Thurgood Marshall challenges segregation laws

Brown Overturns Plessy

• Most white-controlled schools resist segregation

Map

NEXT

1SECTION

• Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to follow segregation rules on bus

• 13-month boycott, leaders endure death threats, bombings, jailings

• Baptist minister Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., encourages boycott

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Continued . . .

• Montgomery bus boycott—blacks protest Parks’s arrest, trial by:- refusing to ride the buses in Montgomery,

Alabama

• Nonviolent boycott gains national media attention

Image

continued Montgomery Bus Boycott

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1SECTION

• Supreme Court rules Montgomery bus segregation law unconstitutional

• Boycott has several important results: - ends segregation on Montgomery buses- leads to founding of Southern Christian

Leadership Conference (SCLC)- makes Dr. King a very prominent civil rights

leader

Massive Resistance

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1SECTION

• More than 80 percent of Southern whites oppose school desegregation

• Ku Klux Klan use violence to threaten blacks pursuing civil rights

• Segregationists fight African Americans, civil rights organizations

• White opposition to desegregation known as massive resistance

• White Citizens Councils organize to prevent desegregation, effective

Image

Showdown in Little Rock

1SECTION

• Little Rock school board makes plans to integrate Central High School

• 9th student, Elizabeth Eckford, tries to enter despite hostile mob

• 8 of 9 black students are turned away from school by National Guard

• Segregationists, Arkansas governor Orval Faubus blocks integration

• Escorted by U.S. military, black students enter Central High School

• Eckford is escorted away, Faubus refuses integration for 3 weeks

NEXT

Image

Sit-Ins Energize the Movement

NEXT

1SECTION

• 4 black college students do sit-in to desegregate lunch counter

• Segregationists abuse protestors, some protestors jailed, replaced

• Students sit at counter for 45 minutes, come back with more protesters

• Sit-in—protest, people sit, refuse to move until demands are met

• Sit-ins bring about Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

• Sit-ins effective, force many lunch counters to serve African Americans

Image

NEXT

The civil rights movement leads to the end of legal segregation.

Section 2

Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights

Kennedy and Civil Rights

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2SECTION

• Senator John F. Kennedy Democratic candidate for president (1960)

• Gains African-American support

• Kennedy helps arrange release of Martin Luther King, Jr., from jail

• Vice-president Richard Nixon Republican candidate

Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights

Continued . . .

• Kennedy wins election, faces Congress reluctant to act on civil rights

NEXT

2SECTION

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) plans Freedom Rides to: - desegregate interstate buses

continued Kennedy and Civil Rights

• Segregationists attack riders, federal marshals protect riders

• U.S. government issues order integrating interstate bus facilities

Image

Protests in Birmingham

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2SECTION

• African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama, want to:- integrate public facilities- gain better job, housing opportunities

• Police use dogs, firehoses on marchers, shown on TV, public horrified

• Start nonviolent protest, Dr. King joins protestors, is arrested

• Birmingham white leaders agree to:- desegregate lunch counters- remove segregation signs- employ more African Americans

Image

The March on Washington

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2SECTION

• March on Washington—demonstration, 250,000 march to Lincoln Memorial

• President Kennedy promises support

• Martin Luther King delivers “I Have a Dream” speech

• Takes place on August 28, 1963; unites civil rights groups

Image

New Civil Rights Laws

2SECTION

• President Kennedy is assassinated on November 22, 1963

• Acts quickly on civil rights, pushes the Civil Rights Act of 1964:- bans segregation in public places- creates commission to stop job

discrimination

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• U.S. mourns slain leader, factories, businesses close

• Vice-president Lyndon Johnson becomes president

Chart

Fighting for Voting Rights

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2SECTION

• Civil Rights Act of 1964 bars different black, white voting standards

• Martin Luther King, Jr., SCLC have voter registration protest march

• Freedom Summer—voter registration drive for Southern blacks

• 24th Amendment bans poll tax, still difficult for blacks in South vote

• State troopers attack marchers • President Johnson send U.S. troops to protect

marchers

Continued . . .

continued Fighting for Voting Rights

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2SECTION

• President Johnson signs Voting Rights Act into law (1965):- bans literacy test, laws stopping blacks

from registering to vote- sends federal officials to register voters

• Percentage of blacks registered to vote in Selma increases sharply

Map

Johnson and the Great Society

2SECTION

• President Johnson proposes programs called Great Society, provides:- programs to help disenfranchised, poor,

elderly, women- laws to promote education, end

discrimination, protect environment• Many programs, like Medicare, Medicaid, still exist today

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• Elementary and Secondary School Act provides U.S. funds for education

• Laws passed to protect environment, endangered species, wilderness

Image

Divisions in the Civil Rights Movement

2SECTION

• Civil rights groups disagree, some are nonviolent, others aggressive

• King, SCLC protest discrimination in Chicago, have little effect

Continued . . .NEXT

• Frustration about lack of opportunities, political power leads to riots

• Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated (April 4, 1968)

• Nation mourns, African Americans riot across the U.S.

NEXT

2SECTION

• Some blacks reject nonviolence, white cooperation

• SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael fights racism, all-black organization

continued Divisions in the Civil Rights Movement

• Nation of Islam urges blacks to separate from whites

• Popular member Malcolm X rejects separatist ideas by mid-1960s

• Assassinated by Nation of Islam in 1965

Image

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The African-American struggle for equality inspires other groups to fight for equality.

Section 3

The Equal Rights Struggle Expands

Mexican Americans Organize

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• César Chávez starts farm workers union, gains higher wages, benefits

3SECTION

• Mexican Americans form La Raza Unida (1970) works to:- get better jobs, pay, education, housing for

Mexican Americans- elect Mexican Americans to public office

The Equal Rights Struggle Expands

• Mexican American students organize, demand reforms in school system

• Stage walkout, arrested, schools meet protestors, make reforms

Image

Hispanic Diversity

3SECTION

• Hispanics trace roots to Spanish-speaking Latin American countries

• Differences make it difficult for Hispanic Americans to unify politically

• Come from different countries, cultures, often have little in common

• Refer to themselves as Latinos

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Native Americans Unite

3SECTION

• In Declaration of Indian Purpose (1961) Native Americans demand:- right to choose own way of life- responsibility of preserving precious heritage

• National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) leads protests of policy

Continued . . .NEXT

• “Termination policy” leads to decline of Native American cultures

• U.S. government changes policy, inspires Native Americans, gain rights

continued Native Americans Unite

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3SECTION

• American Indian Movement (AIM) demands sovereign rights

• Native Americans win back some of their lands

• Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975, tribal governments get:- more control over social programs, law

enforcement, education

The Women’s Movement

3SECTION

• 1960s, women face discrimination in workplace, limited legal rights

• National Organization for Women (NOW), good jobs, equal pay for women

• Betty Friedan writes book about problems women face in society

• Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1972

Continued . . .NEXT

NEXT

3SECTION

• Supporters say ERA will:- protect women against discrimination- help women achieve equality with men

• Civil Rights Act (1964), Higher Education Act (1972):- outlaw discrimination against women

• States do not ratify ERA

continued The Women’s Movement

Map

NEXT

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