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Materials and Process
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Materials
Material properties
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Materials
The best Material properties
ASTM (American society for testing and materials)
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Materials properties
The Tensile test
l0 Gage lenghts d0
(Stress) (Strain)
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Materials properties
Low carbon steel Mild steel
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Materials properties
pl proportional
limit
Hookes law 1
E
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Materials properties
Slope pl Youngs modulus modulus of elasticity
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Materials properties
el Elastic limit Plastic deformation
pl el
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Materials properties
Yield strength y elastic limit
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Materials properties
Low carbon steel Mild steel Yield point (2-2a)
Aluminum Medium High carbon steel (2-2b)
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Materials properties
Ultimate tensile strength u (Sut)
Necking
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Materials properties
Normalized Materials density
Specific stiffness Youngs modulus materials Density
Specific strength Strength Materials Density
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Materials properties
Ductility and brittleness
(Ductility)
(Brittleness) % Elongation 5%
Yields point
0.2% Yields point
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Materials properties
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Materials properties
The compressive test
compressive test
Strength Even material
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Materials properties
The compressive test
(2-6b)
Strength Uneven material
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Materials properties
The Bending test
Bending Bending Uniform
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Materials properties
The Torsion test
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Materials properties
The Torsion test
Modulus of rigidity
0l
Gr
12
EG
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Materials properties
The Torsion test
Ultimate shear strength Sus
J
TrSus
yys
utus
utus
SS
SS
SS
577.0
755.0 : material ductileOther
80.0 : Steel
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Materials properties
Homogeneity and Isotropy
Homogeneous (Uniform)
Isotropic Anisotropic Orthotropic
fiberglass
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Materials properties
Hardness 3 Scale Brinell test Vickers test Rock well test
Brinell Ultimate tensile strength low medium alloy steel
MPaHBHBS
psiHBHBS
ut
ut
:2.045.3
:30500
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Materials properties
Carbon steel Low carbon steel
0.03 - 0.3% Medium carbon steel
0.35 - 0.55 % High carbon steel 0.6 - 1.5 %
Cast iron 2 - 4.5%
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Materials properties
Heat treatment Medium High carbon steel Quenching
: Martensite Tempering Quenching
Martensite Ferrite Cementite Annealing Quenching
Normalizing Annealing
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Materials properties
Surface hardening Low carbon steel Carburizing Carbon
monoxide Carbon Nitriding Nitrogen
Iron nitrides Cyaniding
Cyanide Carbide Nitride
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Materials properties
Surface hardening Medium High carbon steel Flame hardening
Oxyacetylene Induction hardening
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Materials properties
Heat treatment Age hardening Aluminum
alloy
Medium carbon steel Aluminum 1/3
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Materials properties
(Mechanical forming and hardening)
Cold working (Rolled)
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Materials properties
(Mechanical forming and hardening)
Hot working Recrystallization
Forging
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Materials properties
(Mechanical forming and hardening)
Extrusion Aluminum Dies Taper Orifice
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Materials properties
(Cast iron) White cast iron Gray cast iron Graphite
ASTM Class 7 Class 20 25 30 35 40 50 60
Malleable cast iron Gray cast iron
Nodular cast iron Graphite
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Materials properties
(Cast steel) (wrought steel)
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Steel numbering system
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Aluminum numbering system
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Materials Selection
Selecting materials
A.F. Ashby 6 Metals, Ceramics, Polymers,
Elastomers, Glasses, Composites
Specific stiffness Youngs modulus materials Density
Specific strength Strength Materials Density
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Materials properties
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Materials properties
