1N

2Niz'u 1- fuEufyf[kr dkO;ka'kksa dh yxHkx 300 'kCnkas esa lizlax O;k[;k dhft,%(d) ppkZ gekjh Hkh dHkh lalkj esa loZ=k Fkh]

og ln~xq.kksa dh dhfrZ ekuks ,d vkSj dy=k FkhAbl nqnZ'kk dk LoIu esa Hkh D;k gesa oqQN ;ku Fkk\D;k bl iru gh dks gekjk og vrqy mRFkku Fkk\mr jgk gksxk dHkh tks gks jgk vour vHkh]tks gks jgk mr vHkh] vour jgk gksxk dHkhAglrs izFke tks i| gSa] re&iad esa iQlrs ogh]eqj>s iM+s jgrs oqQeqn tks var esa glrs oghAA

mkjizlaxizLrqr dkO;ka'k eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr }kjk jfpr gSA bu iafDr;ksa }kjk dfo us ns'k osQ Lof.kZe ,oa xkSjo'kkyh vrhrdks Lej.k djus osQ lkFk orZeku voufr ,oa nqnZ'kk ij nq[k trk;k gS rFkk ns'kokfl;ksa dks lkokku jgus dk laosQr fd;k gSA

O;k[;kdfo dgrk gS fd dHkh ,slk le; Fkk tc lalkj eas pkjksa vksj gekjh kwe FkhA lkjk lalkj gekjs xq.kksa ,oa Kku osQizfr ureLrd FkkA gekjs ln~xq.kksa dh dhfrZ dk gj dksbZ c[kku djrk Fkk foaQrq vkt tks ijra=krk osQ dkj.k gekjh nqnZ'kk gS fd dHkhgeus mlosQ fo"k; esa lkspk FkkA gesa Lo;a dks bruk ghu ekus ysaxs D;k dHkh ,slk fopkj vk;k FkkA geus tks ;g dhfrZ gkfly dhFkh og bl iru dh n'kk rd tkus osQ fy, Fkh\ vkt tks gekjk ns'k bruk ghu] detksj vkSj ykpkj gS og dHkh bruk mUur Fkkfd lalkj gekjs vkxs >qdrk FkkA dfo dg jgk gS fd ftl izdkj dey osQ izFke f[kyus okys iRrs vakdkj osQ dhpM+ esa iQl tkrsgSa mlh izdkj Kku dk ?keaM djus okys Hkh tYnh gh u"V gks tkrs gSa tcfd tks iwQy eqj>k, jgrs gSa var esa os glrs gSa ;kuh xaHkhj,oa khj yksx gh vkf[kj esa liQyrk izkIr djrs gSaA vr% gs ns'kokfl;ksa fujk'k er gksA kS;Z ,oa lkgl ls fLFkfr dk eqdkcyk djksAge viuk [kks;k xkSjo vo'; okil ik ysaxsA

fo'ks"k1- n`"VkUr vyadkjizfr dh izf;k }kjk dky dh xfr js[kkafdr dh xbZ gSA2- orZeku dh 'kkspuh; fLFkfr dk o.kZu djosQ ikBdksa dks txkus rFkk oqQN djus dk vkku] Lora=krk&laxzke eas Hkkx ysus dh

izsj.kk gSA3- dfo dk ns'kizse] ns'k dh fpUrk Li"V gSA([k) tks rqe vk tkrs ,d ckj!

fdruh d#.kk fdrus lns'kiFk esa fcN tkrs cu ijkx_xkrk izk.kksa dk rkj rkj

ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)M.H.D.-2vk/qfud fgUnh dkO;

Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in theAssignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidanceof the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracyof these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answersmay be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. Asthese solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exactinformation, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

3N

vuqjkx Hkjk mUekn jkx]vklw ysrs os in i[kkj!gl mBrs iy esa vknZz u;u?kqy tkrk vksBksa ls fo"kkn]Nk tkrk thou esa olUryqV tkrk fpj lafpr fpjkxvk[ksa nsrh loZLo okj!

izlaxizLrqr iafDr;k Nk;koknh ;xq dh izeq[k dof;=kh egknsoh oekZ osQ dkO; ls mn~k`r gSaA bu iafDr;ksa esa dof;=kh us viusizseh ls vius fojg dh ihM+k vkSj mlls feyus dh vkdka{kk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA

O;k[;kdof;=kh eu gh eu fojg dh vfXu esa tyrs gq, vius fiz;re dks ;kn djrh gqbZ dgrh gS fd ;fn rqqe ,d ckjvk tkrs] rks esjh lkjh d#.kk iFk esa ijkx cudj fcN tkrhA esjk eu vR;ar izlUu gks tkrk vkSj eu dk ,d&,d rkj izlUurkvkSj feyu osQ xhr xkrkA bl mUekn esa rqEgkjs feyu dk vuqjkx gksrkA eSa vius vklqvksa ls rqEgkjs iko kksrh ftlls esjh fojg dhihM+k de gks tkrh vkSj esjk eu gydk gks tkrkA thou ls lkjs nq%[k nwj gks tkrs vkSj esjs ;s u;u ftuls cjkcj vJq cgkus osQ dkj.kvknzZrk lnSo cuh jgrh gSA ;s lHkh eqLoQjk mBrsA thou dk lkjk fo"kkn [kRe gks tkrkA esjs thou esa Hkh ir>M+ osQ ckn olUr vktkrk vkSj vk[ksa] tks rqEgsa ns[kus osQ fy, rjl jgh gSa r`Ir gksdj viuk loZLo rqe ij U;kSNkoj dj nsrhaA

fo'ks"k(1) fojkskh fLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu dj] fojkskkHkkl vyadkj vk[kksa dk gluk vkSj gksBksa dk fo"kkn nwj gksuk&^gl mBrs iyesa vknZZZz u;u] kqy tkrk gksBksa ls fo"kkn*]

(2) izfr osQ lkFk n; dh jkxkRed fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeatL;(3) osnuk dh vR;ar ljy 'kCnksa esa eked vfHkO;fDrA(x) ,d vkneh

jksVh csyrk gS,d vkneh jksVh [kkrk gS,d rhljk vkneh Hkh gStks u jksVh csyrk gS] u jksVh [kkrk gSAog fliZQ jksVh ls [ksyrk gSAeSa iwNrk gw^;g rhljk vkneh dkSu gS\*esjs ns'k dh laln ekSu gSA

izlaxizLrqr dkO;ka'k lqnkek ikaMs ^ kwfey* dh dfork ^ iVdFkk* ls vorfjr gSA ;g ,d yach dfork gSA bl dfork esa Lora=krkosQ le; turk osQ tks lius Fks muosQ eksgHkax gksus dh ihM+k vkSj nq[k dk eked o.kZu gSA Lora=krk osQ ckn vke turk dk tksiwthifr ,oa LokFkhZ jktusrk 'kks"k.k dj jgs gSa] mls dfo us bu iafDr;ksa esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA

O;k[;kdfo dgrk gS fd gekjs etnwj vkSj fdlku fnu&jkr dM+h esgur dj tks oqQN iSnk djrs gSa] mlls lcdk thou pyrkgS ijarq mudh esgur dk iQy mUgsa gh ugha feyrkA 'kks"kd iwthifr u rks Lo;a esgur djrk gS vkSj u gh esgur djus okyksa dksmudk gd nsrk gSA og vius ku osQ cy ij etnwjksa dk 'kks"k.k djrk gSA mls fdlh osQ nq[k&nnZ ls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gS] mldky{; osQoy T;knk ls T;knk ku dekuk gSA 'kks"kd iwthifr dk ;g 'kks"k.k vke turk dks Hkh fn[k jgk gS vkSj gekjh ljdkj dkspyk jgs jktusrkvksa dks Hkh] ysfdu os lc pqi gSa D;ksafd os Lo;a LokFkZ vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj esa fyIr gSaA os 'kks"kd iwthifr;ksa dk 'kks"k.kesa iwjk lkFk nsrs gSaA vke vkneh lc oqQN pqipki lg jgk gS vkSj gekjh laln mldh n;uh; gkyr ij ekSu cSBh gSA

fo'ks"k1- izrhdkRed ,oa lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk gS] tks lkekU; ikBd osQ fy, oqQN dfBu gSA2- opu ork gS3- ekDlZoknh fopkjkkjk dk izHkko gSA

iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr izR;sd iz'u dk mkj yxHkx 800 'kCnksa esa nhft,(d) uotkxj.k dkyhu fganh dfork dh fo'ks"krk, crkb,A

4N

mkjifjorZu l`f"V dk fu;e gSA le; osQ lkFk&lkFk lekt ifjofrZr gksrk jgrk gSA lekt dh cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;k] leL;k,avkSj mudk ncko lkfgR;dkj vkSj mldh jpukvksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSdkO; dk fo"k;] Lo:i] f'kYi] dkO;&Hkk"kk lc esa ifjorZugksrk gSA vaxzsth vkSj fgUnh nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dk lkfgR; bldk lk{kh gSA

HkkjrsUnq dky dks uotkxj.k dky dgk x;k gSA ;|fi HkkjrsUnq vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh dfo;ksa dks cztHkk"kk dh rhu&pkj lkS o"kZdh ,d le` ijEijk fojklr osQ :i esa izkIr gqbZ Fkh] ijUrq bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa] baXyS.M osQ 'kklu dk dk;Z&Hkkj laHkkyus osQ fy,vk, vaxzstksa dks fgUnh dh f'k{kk nsus osQ fy, dydkk osQ iQksVZ fofy;e dkWyst osQ v;kidksa lny feJ] ba'kkvYyk [kka] yYywyky] lnklq[k yky rFkk jktk f'koizlkn flrkjs fgUn vkSj jktk y{e.k flag osQ ek;e ls [kM+h cksyh Hkh ubZ 'kfDr ik jgh FkhA vaxzstksaosQ 'kklu&dky esa jktHkk"kk mnwZ gh FkhA vr% is] vkyL;] izekn] vakfo'okl vkfn R;kx dj deZ.; cusA

HkkjrsUnq bl rF; ls ifjfpr Fks fd ;fn turk rd igqapuk gS] dfork dks tu&ekul esa izos'k djkuk gS] viuk lans'k mUgsalqukuk gS rks dkO; dh Hkk"kk dks turk dh Hkk"kk] lkekU; Hkk"kk cukuk gksxkA yksd laxhr yksd&Nan vkSj xkoksa esa izpfyr ,oa yksdfiz;jkx&jkxfu;ksa dk lgkjk ysuk gksxk] ftUgsa xzkeh.k tu pko ls lqurs gSa vkSj euksjatu izkIr djrs gSaA

mUgksaus jk"Vh; psruk dks ;ku esa j[kdj lHkh dfo&ys[kdksa ls vius fucak ^tkrh; laxhr* esa xzkexhrksa vkSj yksdNanksa dksviukus dk vkku Hkh fd;k;g lc yksx tkurs gSa fd tks ckr lkkkj.k yksxksa esa iSQysxh] mldk izpkj lkoZnsf'kd gksxk vkSj ;gHkh fofnr gS fd ftruk xzkexhr 'kh?kz iSQyrs gSa vkSj ftruk dkO; dks laxhr }kjk lqu dj fpk ij izHkko gksrk gS] mruk lkkkj.kf'k{kk ls ugha gksrkbl fo"k; esa eSa] ftudks oqQN Hkh jpuk 'kfDr gS] muls lgk;rk pkgrk gw fd os yksx Hkh bl fo"k; ij xhr;k Nan cukdj Lora=k izdk'k djsa ;k esjs ikl Hkst nsa] eSa mudks izdk'k d:axk vkSj lc yksx viuh eaMyh esa xkus okyksa dks ogiqLrd nsaA--- dtyh] Bqejh] [kseVk] dgjok] vk] pSrh] gksyh] lklh] ycs] ykouh] tkrs osQ xhr] fcjgk] puSuh] xT+ky bR;kfn xzkexhrksaesa budk izpkj gksA

5N

HkkjrsUnq dks dkO;&Hkk"kk osQ :i esa cztHkk"kk fojklr osQ :i esa feyh Fkh] mldk iz;ksx fiNys rhu&pkj lkS o"kks ls gksrk jgkFkkA mldh dkseyrk] laxhr ekkqjh] loS;k&HkfDr vkfn ijEijkxr Nanksa esa mldk iz;ksxbu lc xq.kksa osQ dkj.k HkkjrsUnq Hkh cztHkk"kkdks gh dkO;&jpuk dh mi;qDr Hkk"kk ekurs FksA lwjnkl] fcgkjh] cztHkk"kk dks izoh.k ?kukuUn osQ dkO; osQ og iz'kald FksA vr% mUgksausvkjaHk esa cztHkk"kk esa gh dkO; fy[kuk vkjaHk fd;kA ij mudh eeZHksnh n`f"V us 'kh?kz gh jhfrdky osQ dfo;ksa }kjk iz;qDr cztHkk"kkdh =kqfV;ksa dks] tM+rk dks igpku fy;k vkSj cztHkk"kk dk dk;kdYi fd;kA

vr% ijEijkxr cztHkk"kk dks T;ksa dk R;ksa Lohdkj u dj] mlesa ifjorZu dj ,slh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tks cksypky dh Hkk"kkFkh] tulkekU; dh le> esa vkus okyh Hkk"kk FkhA ,slh Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd muosQ thou&dky gh esa muosQljl vkSj jliw.kZ dfok&loS;s yksxksa dh tqcku ij pus dk] foosd&iFk ij pyus dk vkxzg djrs gSaA

mUgksaus u,&u, lkfgfR;d :iksa] fokkvksa esa fy[kk rFkk yksd&laxhr] yksd Nanksa dks viukdj dkO; dks turk rd igqapkus dk'yk?kuh; dk;Z fd;kA muosQ lkearoknh] lkezkT;oknh fojkskh Loj us f'kf{kr oxZ rFkk vui

6N

;ksxnku fuLlUnsg mYys[kuh; vkSj egoiw.kZ gSaAlexz :i ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd HkkjrsUnq ,d lkFk dfo osQ :i esa viuh ijEijk ls tqM+rs gq, vius dkO; osQ }kjk

tuekul ij viuk O;kid izHkko Mkyrs gq, fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA og lekt vkSj jk"V osQ lHkh izdkj osQ nq%[k&nnks dks viuh dforkdk fo"k; cukdj izLrqr djrs gSaA bl izdkj osQ iz;kl djrs gq, fczfV'k jkT; dh lkezkT;oknh mifuos'koknh ekufldrk dks le>rsgq, mlosQ fojksk esa Hkh gks tkrs gSaA os ijEijkxr czt Hkk"kk dh lqoqQekjrk vkSj lgtrk osQ lkFk&lkFk mnwZ] xqtjkrh] iatkch] caxyk]vaxzsth vkfn esa Hkh dfork,a fy[kdj os vius ns'k&izse] Hkk"kkvksa osQ izfr jk"Vh;&n`f"V dk Hkh ifjp; nsrs jgsA nwljh ckr ;g gS fdiqutkZxj.k&dky esa jpukdkjksa osQ fy, nks cgqr cM+h pqukSfr;k FkhaA ml le; osQ ns'k&lekt esa kekZUkrk] :f

7N

;fn ukjh dh O;Fkk&dFkk dgrh gSa] rks mudh ^fdlku* dfork Hkkjrh; "kd osQ izfr vU;k; osQ fo# dfo dh ekfeZd ihM+k dhvfHkO;fDr gSA

xqIrth fgUnh dh jk"Vh;&lkaLfrd dkO;kkjk osQ izeq[k dfo rks gSa gh] [kM+h cksyh dks izkaty rFkk dkO;ksfpr Hkk"kk cukus esaHkh mudk ;ksxnku de egoiw.kZ ugha gSA tuHkk"kk dks lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk cukus dk tks vfHk;ku HkkjrsUnq us vkjaHk fd;k Fkk] mls liQycukus rFkk [kM+h cksyh dks x| osQ lkFk&lkFk dkO; dh Hkk"kk cukus dk Js; Hkh xqIrth dks gSA

muosQ vfkdka'k dkO; izcUkdkO; gSa vkSj muosQ dFkk izlax iqjk.k&bfrgkl ij vkkkfjr gSa] ijUrq mUgksaus viuh izfrHkk ,oaekSfyd mn~Hkkouk&'kfDr ls u;k eksM+ nsdj mUgsa vkkqfud lUnHkZ ls tksM+dj ,slk dk;Z fd;k gS] tks vfoLej.kh; dgk tk,xkA muosQjke u okYehfd osQ jke gSa vkSj u gh rqylh osQA jke osQ thou dks dfo;ksa osQ fy, ojnku ekuus okyk dfo Hkh dgrk gS]

jke rqe ekuo gks bZ'oj ugha gks D;k;k fiQj jke osQ eq[k ls dgyokrk gS]

lUns'k ;gka eSa ugha LoxZ dk yk;kbl Hkwry dks gh LoxZ cukus vk;kAkeZ leHkko dh ckr tks vkt cM+s tksj&'kksj ls dgh tkrh gS] mldk leFkZu xqIrth us fofHk keks osQ izfr viuh lnk'k;rk

vkSj lEeku Hkkouk izdV dj cgqr igys ns fn;k FkkA fgUnw nsoh&nsorkvksa] vorkjh iq#"kksa ij dfork,a fy[kus osQ lkFk&lkFk mUgksausflD[k xq#vksa] bLyke rFkk bZlkbZ kekZoyafCk;ksa osQ izfr Hkh vknj vkSj lEeku dk Hkko izdV fd;k gSA

xqIrth osQ lexz dkO; dk ewY;kadu djrs gq, rFkk muosQ fgUnh dkO; osQ izfr ;ksxnku dh ljkguk djrs gq, MkW- jes'kpUnz'kkg us Bhd gh fy[kk gSbu xq.kksa osQ dkj.k Nan&f'kYixr] LiwQfrZ rFkk vizR;kf'kr vFkksZkstukdkjh mn~Hkkouk le`f osQ dkj.k ghbuesa vkt Hkh rktxh cuh jg ldh gSA vU;Fkk le;&lsok djosQ ;s dc dh >j pqdh gksrhA vxj buesa vHkh Hkh >qfjZ;k ugha iM+h]rks bldk dkj.k buosQ rFkkdfFkr e; dh izklafxdrk esa gh ugha] buosQ f'kYi dh thouh&'kfDr esa Hkh gksuk pkfg,A mlthouh&'kfDr esa] ftlls fdlh uotkr Hkk"kk dk [kwu c

8N

ctzkax rst ?ku cuk iou dks] egkdk'kAigqapk] ,dkn'k #nz {kqCk dj vV~VgklAiwoZnhfIr&ifr esa izLrqr Lo;aoj osQ n`';kadu esa] jke dh fujk'kk osQ fp=k.k esa] 'kfDr dh vkjkkuk esa layXu jke osQ fp=k

esa] loZ=k n`';&fokku (Spectacular Element) dk lkS"Bo ik;k tkrk gSAlafpr f=koqQVh ij ;ku f}ny nsoh&in ijti osQ Loj yxk dkairs Fkj&Fkj vEcjnks fnu fu%Lian ,d vklu ij jgs jkevfiZr djrs banhoj tirs gq, uke^jke dh 'kfDriwtk* esa fujkyk us dksey fp=k Hkh izLrqr fd, gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fujk'k eu%fLFkfr esa jke dk eu tc

fonsg&okfVdk dh vksj tkrk gS] rks muosQ efLr"d ij feyu dk fp=k vafdr gks mBrk gS] ftls i

9N

[kks jgk fn'kk dk Kku LrCk gS iou&pkjvizfrgr xjt jgk ihNs vEcqfk fo'kkyHkwkj T;ksa ;kueXu osQoy tyrh e'kky;|fi vk[;kukRed dkO; (Ballad) esa euksfoKku vFkok pfj=kksa osQ euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, dksbZ vodk'k ugha gksrk]

rFkkfi fujkyk us viuh jpuk dks vfkd ;FkkFkZ Hkwfedk nsus vkSj izHkfo".kq cukus osQ fy, lw{e euksoSKkfud varnZ`f"V ls dke fy;kgSA jke dks mksftr djus osQ fy, foHkh"k.k us ftu ;qfDr;ksa dk vkJ; fy;k gS] os euksfoKku ls iw.kZr% ifjiq"V gSa]

fdruk Je gqvk O;FkZ] vk;k tc feyu le;rqe [khap jgs gks gLr tkudh ls funZ;jko.k&jko.k yEiV [ky dYe"k xrkpkjftlosQ fgr dgrs fd;k eq>s ikn&izgkjcSBk miou esa nsxk nq%[k lhrk dks fiQjdgrk j.k dh t;&dFkk ikfj"kn~&ny ls f?kjlqurk clar esa miou esa dy&owQftr fideSa cuk fdUrq yadkifr] fkd~ jk?ko] fkd~&fkd~AHkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k dh n`f"V ls ;fn bl dkO; esa ohj] ka`xkj vkSj d#.k jl dh izkkurk gS] rks ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k esa tks

pkj jl (Sentiments) ekus x, gSalqUnj (Beautiful)] mnkk (Sublime)] d#.k (Pathetic) vkSj gkL; (Humorous)muesa ls bl dkO;esa mnkk dh gh izkkurk gSA

dFkk esa vkfn ls var rd ukVdh; rhozrk (Tempo) gS] D;ksafd og var dh vksj rhj dh rjg f{kiz osx ls c

10

N

fkd~ thou tks ikrk gh vk;k fojkskfkd~ thou ftlosQ fy, lnk fd;k 'kksktkudh gk;! mkj fiz;k dk u gks ldkAfujkyk dh Hkk"kk esa bruk dlko vkSj xBu gS fd mlesa dksbZ Hkh Nan fujFkZd rFkk vuko';d ugha gSA lekl 'kSyh osQ iz;ksx

ls mudh Hkk"kk esa vkSj Hkh vfkd xEHkhjrk vkSj izHkko'khyrk vk xbZ gSA mudk 'kCn&fokku gh Hkko vkSj fopkj osQ vuqlkj ugha]cfYd mudh Hkk"kk Hkh dgha f{kiz vkSj dgha ean&eaFkj xfr ls pyus okyh gks xbZ gSA ;q dk o.kZu esa Hkk"kk dh xfr ;fn f{kiz gS]rks jke dh lkkuk osQ le; dh Hkk"kk ean&eaFkj xfr ls pyrh gS]

e e ls gq, ikj] jk?ko osQ iap fnolp ls p eu p

11

N

oLrqr% fujkyk dk dkO; Art of reading dk lqUnj mnkgj.k gSA blesa ofu;ksa osQ vkorZu ls y; mRiUu dh xbZ gS] tksmrkj&pk tkrk Fkk fd ;krks og fujkyk dh ekSfyd mn~Hkkouk gS] vFkok ^nsoh Hkkxor~ iqjk.k* vkSj ^f'ko&efgEu Lrks=k* ls izsj.kk xzg.k dj mUgksaus bl dkO;dh uohu ifjdYiuk dh gSA oqQN yksxksa dk ;g Hkh fopkj Fkk fd fujkyk caxky esa jg pqosQ Fks] vr% ogka dh 'kfDr&iwtk ls izHkkforgksdj mUgksaus bl dFkk dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA

oLrqr% bl dkO; dk ewy izsj.kk&lzksr caxyk dh ^ fkokl jkek;.k* gS] ftlesa ;g izlax T;ksa dk R;ksa iwjs foLrkj osQ lkFk feyrkgSA 'kfDr dk jko.k osQ i{k esa gksuk] jke dh fpUrk] 'kfDr dh mikluk osQ fy, lkfFk;ksa }kjk ijke'kZ vkSj nsoh dh mikluk djrsle; muosQ }kjk yh xbZ ijh{kk] mlesa liQy gksus ij ojnku;s lHkh izlax nksuksa jpukvksa esa miyCk gksrs gSaA ^fkokl jkek;.k*vkSj ^jke dh 'kfDriwtk* esa izlaxxr lkE; gh ugha gS] o.kZuksa vkSj fp=kksa esa Hkh i;kZIr lekurk feyrh gSA ;fn ^fkokl jkek;.k*esa uhy dey ykus dk izlax fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa of.kZr gS %

foHkh"k.k cys] rcs guqeku dkNsvouhrs nsohnsgs uhyin~e vkNsjkepUnz iz.kfe;k ohj guqekunsohng ms'ksrs dfjy iz;k.kA

rks ^jke dh 'kfDriwtk* dk ;g izlax bl izdkj gS]tkvks nsohng] m"k%dky gksrs lRojrksM+ks] ykvks os dey] ykSV dj yM+ks lej^jke dh 'kfDriwtk* dh ewy izsj.kk Hkys gh dfo dks ^fkokl jkek;.k* ls izkIr gqbZ gks] ijUrq ekSfyd izfrHkklEiUu vkSj ;qx

dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ izfr tkx:d fujkyk us jke osQ pfj=k dks bZ'ojh; kjkry ls mrkj dj ekuoh; Lrj ij izfrf"Br fd;k gSA bldfork esa jke loZxq.k&lEiUu] fuLi`g rFkk 'kkS;Z vkSj ijke dh lkdkj ewfrZ fpf=kr ugha dh xbZ gSa] vfirq ;q ls ifjJkar vkSjfujk'kk ls vkkar lkekU; ekuo osQ :i esa izLrqr fd, x, gSaA ;q ls ykSVrs le; og 'kjhj ls Jkar vkSj Dykar gSa]

'yFk kuq xq.k gS] dfV&cak lzLr] rw.khj kj.kn`

12

N

dfo us lhrk osQ izfr jke osQ eu esa d#.kk dk Hkko txkdj vkSj muosQ eu esa ;g Hkko mRiUu djosQ fd jko.k lhrk dksd"V nsxk vkSj lHkk esa f?kjk viuh t; xkFkk xoZ ls dgsxk] euksfoKku dh lgk;rk ls ,d vR;ar ekfeZd fp=k izLrqr fd;k gSA fujkykjke dks izksRlkfgr djrs le; foHkh"k.k osQ eq[k ls ftu rdks vkSj ;qfDr;ksa dk vkJ; ysrs gSa] os vR;ar euksoSKkfud gSa]

cSBk miou esa nsxk nq%[k lhrk dks fiQjdgrk j.k dh t;&dFkk] ifj"kn ny ls f?kjlqurk clar esa miou esa dy&dwftr fideSa cuk fdUrq yadkifr]fkd~] jk?ko] fkd~&fkd~foHkh"k.k }kjk mn~cksku vkSj HkRlZuk nksuksa jke osQ pfj=k dks lkkkj.k ekuo osQ Lrj ij vfkf"Br djrs gSa vkSj yxrk gS tSls

lsod Lokeh dks ugha] vfirq ,d fe=k nwljs dks dkZO; ls ifjfpr djkus osQ fy, mls dkZO;&iFk ij vk: esa ;g nSoh fokkujko.k vkeZjr Hkh viuk] eSa gqvk vij;g jgk 'kfDr dk [ksy lej 'kadj&'kadjosQoy lR; vkSj U;k; osQ ekxZ ij pyuk i;kZIr ugha gS] 'kfDr dk miktZu Hkh fot; osQ fy, vko';d gSA ns'k 'kfDr lap;

djosQ gh nklrk dh ka`[kykvksa dks rksM+ ldrk gS]gs iq#"k flag rqe Hkh ;g 'kfDr djks kkj.k

vkSj jke Hkh fujkyk dh ckr ekurs gq, dgrs gSa];g esjk izrhd ekrk le>k bafxr]eSa flag blh Hkko ls d:axk vfHkufUnrlkjka'k ;g gS fd fujkyk us jke dks 'kfDr dh mikluk djrs gq, fn[kkdj ;g crk;k gS fd bl ;qx esa fcuk 'kfDr] ikS#"k

vkSj iq#"kkFkZ osQ liQyrk izkIr ugha dh tk ldrh] Hkys gh ekxZ lR; vkSj U;k; dk gh D;ksa u gksA

13

N

fujkyk us 'kfDr dh ifjdYiuk HkkSfrd vkSj ck :i esa gh u djosQ vkfRed :i esa Hkh dh gSA dfork dh vafre iafDr;kablh lR; dh vksj laosQr djrh gSa]

dg egk'kfDr jke osQ cnu esa gqbZ yhumudk Li"V er gS fd vklqjh Hkkoksa dk neu djosQ gh lPph 'kfDr izkIr dh tk ldrh gS]y[k egkHkko eaxyin&ry kal jgk xoZekuo osQ eu dk vlqj ean gks jgk [kpZliQyrk osQ fy, cMs+ ls cM+s cfynku dh vko';drk gS vkSj ogh O;fDr thou esa liQy gks ldrk gS] tks fujk'kk esa Hkh

vk'kkoku cuk jgsA jke tc dey dks pqjk, tkus osQ mijkar fujk'k gksdj dgrs gSa]fkd~ thou tks ikrk gh vk;k fojkskfkd~ lkku ftlosQ fy, lnk gh fd;k 'kksktkudh! gk; mkj fiz;k dk gks u ldkml le; Hkh mudk vopsru eu nSU; vkSj fou; ugha Lohdkj djrkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd mUgsa ri'pj.k iwjk djus dh ;qfDr

lw> tkrh gS]og ,d vkSj eu jgk jke dk tks u Fkdktks ugha tkurk nSU;] ugha tkurk fou;dj x;k Hksn og ek;koj.k izkIr dj t;Ajke dh blh fLFkjrk vkSj 'kfDr&mikluk dk iQy gS fd og var esa liQy gksrs gSa]gksxh t;] gksxh t;] gs iq#"kkske uohubl dfork esa jke osQ la?k"kZ dk fp=k ftruk izHkko'kkyh gS] mruk mudh fot; dk ughaA blosQ }kjk Hkh ekuks og ^xhrk* osQ

fuLi`g deZ;ksx ^deZ.;sokfkdkjLrs ek iQys"kq dnkpu~* dk lans'k ns jgs gSaA dfo osQ Lo;a vius thou esa Hkh la?k"kZ gh lR; :i esavk;k] fot; dh dkeuk viw.kZ gh jghA ^ fkd~ thou tks ikrk gh vk;k fojksk* ;g iafDr iwjh dfork dk lw=k gS vkSj dfo osQ viusthou ij Hkh iwjh rjg ?kfVr gksrh gSA ftl izdkj fujkyk us thou dh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls VDdj yh] muosQ vkxs og dHkh >qosQugha] mlh izdkj ^jke dh 'kfDriwtk* osQ jke dk eu ijkftr gksdj Hkh ijkt; Lohdkj ugha djrk;q osQ fy,] fot; osQ fy,]lhrk osQ mkj osQ fy, iqu% iz;Ruoku curk gSA ^jke dh 'kfDriwtk* dk ;gh egku~ vk'kkoknh lans'k gS fd euq"; dk eu Hkh"k.kls Hkh"k.k vkSj fo"ke ls fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ijkt; Lohdkj u djsA ;fn fxjs rks iqu% mBus dk iz;kl djs] vius vHkh"V rdigqapus dk ckj&ckj iz;Ru djs_ var esa fot;Jh muosQ daB esa fot;&ekyk vo'; iguk,xhA

^jke dh 'kfDriwtk* ,d vksj xkakh osQ usr`Ro esa Hkkjrokfl;ksa osQ fczfV'k vR;kpkjh] vkeZjr] 'kks"kd lkezkT;okn osQ fo#la?k"kZ dk fp=k izLrqr djrh gS] Hkkjr dh Lora=krk dk dkj.k jk"V dk vlarqyu crkrh gSjke dk iFk U;k; vkSj lR; dk iFk gSvkSj jko.k dk vU;k;] vlR; rFkk 'kks"k.k dkA ij pwfd fczVsu bl le; fo'o dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh jk"V Fkk vr% Hkkjr ijra=k cukjgk vkSj jke lhrk dk mkj djus esa vleFkZ jgs] dkaxzsl osQ vkUnksyu Hkkjrekrk dks ijra=krk dh csfM+;ksa ls eqDr djkus esa vliQyjgsA tc fujkyk ekSfyd 'kfDr dh mikluk dk ijke'kZ nsrs gSa] rks mudk rkRi;Z gksrk gS ns'k dh tu'kfDr lsA tc tu'kfDr Lora=krkosQ ;K esa vkgqfr nsxh] cfynku djsxh] fczfV'k lkk ls tw>sxh] rHkh Hkkjr vktkn gksxk vkSj ;gh gqvk HkhA bl vFkZ esa jke dh'kfDriwtk Hkfo";ok.kh dh bygkeh ;k izksiQsfVd dfork gSA

bl dfork esa ns'k] dky vkSj vius ;qx esa lekt osQ lanHkZ rks gSa gh] og ,d lkoZHkkSfed lkoZdkfyd lR; dh vksj Hkh laosQrdjrh gSvU;k;&ihfM+r] 'kksf"kr tu'kfDr pkgs og futh gks] ns'k ;k lekt dh gks tc laxfBr gksdj vU;k;] 'kks"k.k] vuhfr ijvkkkfjr lekt O;oLFkk ls la?k"kZ djrh gS] kafr osQ iFk ij vk:

14

N

blosQ foijhr tu'kfDr tc rd vKku] izyksHku] Hkze] >wBs vk'okluksa osQ pDdj esa iM+dj vU;k;&'kks"k.k djus okyh 'kfDr dklkFk nsrh gS] rc rd og liQy ugha gksrhA la'k;xzLr f}fokk esa iM+h ekufldrk] Hkze] fujk'kk vkSj ddkZO;foew

15

N

fpard] f'kYidkj] urZd pqi gSajDrik;h oxZ ls ukfHkukyc , lc yksxckSfd oxZ gS hrnklAe;oxZ Hkh viuh ladh.kZrk vkSj LokFkZijrk osQ dkj.k vius dkZO; ls P;qr gks x;k gS]mnjEHkfj cu vukRe cu x,Ayksdfgr firk dks ?kj ls fudky fn;ktu eu d#.kk lh eka dks gdky fn;kLokFkks osQ Vsfj;kj oqQkksa dks iky fy;klkkkkjh yksx ,d vksj izyksHku nsdj fonzksfg;ksa dks kafr djus ls jksdrs gSa vkSj nwljh vksj neu] vR;kpkj vkSj mRihM+u }kjk

fonzksg dks lekIr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA dfork esa ek'kZy ykW rFkk dfo dh ekufld mf}Xurk dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS] tks mlsml le; gqbZ Fkh] tc mlus 'kklura=k esa dkys dkjukes ns[k fy, Fks vkSj 'kklu viuh iksy [kksyus dh Mj ls mls feVkus osQ fy,rladYi gks mBk Fkk]

ns[k fy;k gedkso tku x;k og lcekj Mkyks] mldks [kRe djks] ,dnexSyjh ls Hkkxk eSa ilhus ls ljkcksj,d vU; LFky ij eqfDrcksk us LVwy ij fcBkdj flj dh gM~Mh rksM+us dk ykseg"kZd n`'; mifLFkr dj ml vkrad dk laosQr

fd;k gS] ftlosQ }kjk kafrdkfj;ksa dh tqcku can djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk Fkk]VwVs ls LVwy ij fcBk;k x;k gw'kh'k dh gM~Mh tk jgh rksM+hyksgs dh dhy ij cMs+ gFkkSM+siM+ jgs yxkrkjfNis gq, fizafVx izsl dks [kkstkstgk fd pqipki [;kyksa osQ ipsZNirs jgrs gSa] ckaVs tkrsLhfuax djksfeLVj xqIRkkkWl ,Dkkfeu fge FkkWjksyhiwathoknh lkk oSpkfjdrk ls ysdj vkLFkk vkSj vkRek rd dks jkSanrs gq, cqfthfo;ksa] dFkkdkjksa dks viuk vuqpj cuk ysrk

gSA bl fLFkfr dks ns[kdj eqfDrcksk vkSj muosQ leku&kekZ lkfgR;dkjksa ij tks izfrf;k gksrh gS] muosQ eu esa ftl izdkj dk var}}fNM+ tkrk gS vkSj ftl ;kruk osQ chp ls os xqtjrs gSa] ml lcdk fp=k.k djuk dfo dk eq[; mn~ns'; gSA rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksadk Hk;kog n`'; osQoy i`"BHkwfe dk dke djrk gS] okLrfod n`'; dfo osQ eu osQ var}} dk gSA ;g var}} dfork dh igyhiafDr ls izkjEHk gksrk gS vkSj dfork osQ var rd pyrk jgrk gSA ;g }a} okLro esa dfo osQ psru eu vkSj vareZu osQ chp gSA psrueu lqfokkHkksxh gS] le>kSrkijd gS vkSj fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ [krjk mBuk ugha pkgrkA og nqcZy gS]

detksfj;ksa ls yxko gS eq>dksvareZu vius nkf;Ro dks le>rk gSA vr% fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ykuk pkgrk gS vkSj mlosQ fy, fonzksg vkSj kafr djuk pkgrk

gSA og kafrdkjh lkfgR; fy[kus osQ fy, O;xz gSA psru vkSj vopsru eu nksuksa ijLij fojkskh gSa,d lqfokkHkksxh gS] [krjs mBkukugha pkgrk] nwljk viuk nkf;Ro le>dj ckj&ckj [krjs mBkus osQ fy, psru eu dks mdlkrk jgrk gS]

vc vfHkO;fDr osQ lkjs [krjsmBkus gh gksaxsrksM+us gksaxs gh eB vkSj x

16

N

dfo vius vopsru eu dh ckr lqudj fonzksg vkSj kafr djuk pkgrk gS] ij mldk psru eu ckj&ckj mls ,slk djus lsjksd nsrk gSA eqfDrcksk osQ bl var}} dks dfork esa fofHkUu fcacksa }kjk fpf=kr fd;k gSA loZizFke vaksjh dksBjh esa fdlh dh inpkilqukbZ nsrh gS] ij og fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk]

lqukbZ tks nsrk ij ugha nsrk gS fn[kkbZrnqijkar dfo dk psru eu vopsru eu esa mBus okys fopkjksa dks FkksM+k&FkksM+k le>us rks yxrk gS] ij iwjh rjg ugha le> ikrkA

dkSu og fn[kkbZ tks nsrk] ij ugha tkuk tkrk gSAvkxs Hkh dfo vaksjh xqiQk] mlesa cSBh gqbZ vkfr] e'kky vkSj mlosQ cq>us ls mRiUu fLFkfr dk fp=k vafdr dj vius bl

}a} dks vksj laosQr djrk gSAfdlh [kM+h ikbZ dh lwyh ij eSa Vkax fn;k x;kvopsru eu dks lq>ko nsus osQ dkj.k gh dfo dks ;g ;kruk gksrh gSA }kj osQ ckgj fdlh osQ }kjk lkady [kV[kVkus vkSj

ml vkokt dks lqudj flVfduh [kksyus vkSj vkus okys ls feyus dk fopkj rks vkrk gS] ijUrq og mB ugha ikrk] D;ksafd og Hkh#vkSj dk;j gS]

vjs gk] lkady gh jg&jg] ctrh gS }kj ij-------------------------------------------------------------------n; dks nsrk gS fctyh osQ >VosQ

ij dfo mB ugha ikrk]'kfDr gh ugha gS fd mB lowaQ tjk Hkh-----------------------------------------------------------ctus nks lkadyvki pyk tk,xk vk;k Fkk tSlkbl fp=k esa dfo us liQy fcac }kjk ml vkarfjd }a} dks lkdkj dj fn;k gS] ftlosQ chp ls dfo xqtj jgk gSA vius eu

dks le>kus osQ ckn Hkh dfo cspSu gS]ugha&ugha mldks eSa NksM+ ugha lowaQxklguk iM+seq>s pkgs tks Hkys gh,d vU; fp=k esa Hkh tgk izkr%dky osQ le; ikuh dh VksaVh ls lwa&lwa dh vkokt fudyus vkSj ty osQ [ka[kkjus dk fp=k

izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] ogk Hkh dfo dk var}} ewfrZeku gks mBk gS];|fi vkaxu esa uy tksj ekjrkty [ka[kkjrkfdarq u 'kjhj esa cy gSvaksjs esa xy jgk fny ;gbl izdkj lEiw.kZ dfork dk dF; gS dfo osQ psru vkSj vopsru eu dk }a}] vopsru eu dk lq>ko u ekuus vkSj

lqfokkHkksxh thou fcrkrs jgus osQ dkj.k mRiUu gksus okyh ekufld ;krukA blh dks vkykspdksa us vfLerk dh [kkst vkSjO;fDrRokarj.k osQ fy, iz;kl dgk gS] ftlosQ fy, vko';d gS Jfedksa osQ larki ls nzfor gksuk vkSj ;qok ih

17

N

Toayr Vk;jkafr osQ fy, ifjJe vkSj deZBrk dks Hkh eqfDrcksk vko';d ekurs gSa];s lc n`s] mudfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus dk mik; crk,A turk dh eqfDr esa gh dfo dh eqfDr gSA ^vaksjs esa* osQ izfrik| osQ eq[; fcUnq gSa %

(1) orZeku iwthoknh O;oLFkk vkSj mlosQ gkFk dh dBiqryh cus 'kklura=k }kjk tu&lkkkj.k osQ mRihM+u] 'kks"k.k] vR;kpkj]vU;k; osQ ohHkRl] oqQfRlr dkjukeksa dks crkukA

(2) iwathoknh O;oLFkk dk Hkhrj gh Hkhrj Hk;Hkhr vkSj vkrafdr gksdj viuh lqj{kk osQ fy, Hk; vkSj izyksHku fn[kkdj muyksxksa dkscqfthfo;ksa vkSj fopkjdksa] lekpkji=kksa osQ lEikndksa rFkk xqaMksa] ekfiQ;k ljxukvksa dks vius i{k esa djuk] ftuls muosQvfLrRo dks [krjk gks ldrk gSA

(3) ikBdksa dks crkuk fd iwathoknh O;oLFkk osQ leFkZdksa us vius oSpkfjd] lkaLfrd] jktuhfrd vkfFkZd fopkjksa osQ e

18

N

eqfDrcksk }kjk iz;qDr iQSaVslh f'kYi dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a gSa %(1) muosQ }kjk iz;qDr iQSaVslh osQ jax thou&rF;ksa osQ jax ls feyrs&tqyrs gSaA(2) iQSaVslh iz;ksx osQ dkj.k mudh dforkvksa esa foHkko i{k usiF; esa jgrk gS] Hkko&i{k dk fp=k.k izkku gksrk gSA dfo

miekuksa] izrhdksa] :idksa] fcEcksa vkfn osQ ek;e ls ;k ;ksa dgsa fd dkYifud ?kVukvksa] oLrqvksa] n`';ksa vkfn osQ vkfn osQ lgkjs Hkko;k izHkko&i{k dk fp=k.k djrk gSA

(3) dfo us iQSaVslh f'kYi osQ }kjk viuh ;FkkFkZoknh n`f"V }U}kRed HkkSfrdoknh le> dks oqQ'kyrk ls izLrqr fd;k gSA(4) og dHkh vius vuqHkwr thou&rF;ksa dks lqnwj vrhr ls lac djrs gSa] dHkh orZeku osQ fdUgha vU; rF;ksa ;k fHkUu

fLFkfr;ksa ls tksM+ nsrs gSa] dHkh orZeku osQ thoar rF;ksa dks Hkfo"; osQ LofIuy vkn'kZ y{;ksa osQ lkFk tksM+dj xgjh ftKklk iSnk djrsgSaA blfy, mudh vfkdka'k dforkvksa esa mudk iwjk O;fDrRo] lEiw.kZ vuqHkwr thou&lkj] bfPNr thoukn'kZ lekfo"V gqvk gSA mUgksausgesa ,d fo'o&n`f"V iznku dh gSA

(5) mUgksaus y{k.kk&O;atuk] :id&miek] izrhd& fcEc&feFkd vkfn osQ 'kkL=kh;