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MHDMHD

generatorgenerator 

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UvodUvod

  Magneto HydroDynamic (MHD) system is a non-Magneto HydroDynamic (MHD) system is a non-conventional source of energy which is based uponconventional source of energy which is based upon

Faraday’s Law of lectromagnetic !nduction" whichFaraday’s Law of lectromagnetic !nduction" which

states that energy is generated due to the movementstates that energy is generated due to the movement

of an electric conductor inside a magnetic #eld$of an electric conductor inside a magnetic #eld$

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 Concept given by Michael Faraday in

1832 for the first time.

 MHD ystem !idely "sed in advancedco"ntries.

 Under constr"ction in #$D#%.

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$eed of MHDs$eed of MHDs

  At present a plenty of energy is needed toAt present a plenty of energy is needed to

sustain industrial and agricultural production,sustain industrial and agricultural production,

and the existing conventional energy sourcesand the existing conventional energy sources

like coal, oil, uranium etc are not adequate tolike coal, oil, uranium etc are not adequate to

meet the ever increasing energy demands.meet the ever increasing energy demands.

Consequently, efforts have been made forConsequently, efforts have been made for

harnessing energy from several non-harnessing energy from several non-conventional energy sources likeconventional energy sources like MagnetoMagneto

Hydro Dynamics&MHD' ystem.Hydro Dynamics&MHD' ystem.

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(rinciple )f MHD (o!er(rinciple )f MHD (o!er

*eneration*enerationFaraday’s law of electromagnetic inductionFaraday’s law of electromagnetic induction  ::

When an electric conductor moves across a magnetic field, anWhen an electric conductor moves across a magnetic field, anemf is induced in it, hich produces an electric current .emf is induced in it, hich produces an electric current .

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+orent, Force+orent, Force  on theon the

charged particle !vector",charged particle !vector", 

F - &v / 0'F - &v / 0'here,here, v # velocity of the particlev # velocity of the particle

!vector"!vector" q# charge of the particleq# charge of the particle

!scalar"!scalar" $ # magnetic field !vector"$ # magnetic field !vector"

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Comparison bet!een a "rboComparison bet!een a "rbo

generator and a MHD generatorgenerator and a MHD generator

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 ypes ofypes ofMHDMHD  MM 

(%)&pen cycle 'ystem(%)&pen cycle 'ystem

()losed cycle 'ystem()losed cycle 'ystem

(i)'eeded inert gas systems(i)'eeded inert gas systems

(ii) Li*uid metal systems(ii) Li*uid metal systems

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)($ CC+ MHD M)($ CC+ MHD M 

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H04#D MHD %M (%4H04#D MHD %M (%4

)($ CC+)($ CC+

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C+)D CC+ MHDC+)D CC+ MHD

MM

 

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D#FF4$C 05$ )($D#FF4$C 05$ )($

CC+ %$D C+)D CC+CC+ %$D C+)D CC+

MM  )pen Cycle ystem)pen Cycle ystem  Working fluid after generatingWorking fluid after generating

electrical energy is dischargedelectrical energy is discharged

to the atmosphere through ato the atmosphere through astack .stack .

%peration of &'( generator is%peration of &'( generator is

done directly on combustiondone directly on combustion

 products . products .

)emperature requirement :)emperature requirement :*+C to *C.*+C to *C.

&ore developed.&ore developed.

  Closed Cycle ystemClosed Cycle ystem  Working fluid is recycled to theWorking fluid is recycled to the

heat sources and thus is usedheat sources and thus is used

again.again.

'elium or argon!ith cesium'elium or argon!ith cesium

seeding" is used as the orkingseeding" is used as the orking

fluid.fluid.

)emperature requirement : about)emperature requirement : about/+C./+C.

0ess developed.0ess developed.

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$D F)4 FU4H4$D F)4 FU4H4

4%4CH4%4CH 

)he &'( channel operates on extreme conditions of)he &'( channel operates on extreme conditions of

temperature, magnetic and electric fields .temperature, magnetic and electric fields .

1o, numerous technological advancements are needed1o, numerous technological advancements are needed

 prior to commerciali2ation of &'( systems . prior to commerciali2ation of &'( systems .

1earch is on for better insulator and electrode1earch is on for better insulator and electrode

materials hich can ith stand the electrical, thermal,materials hich can ith stand the electrical, thermal,mechanical and thermo-chemical stresses andmechanical and thermo-chemical stresses and

corrosion.corrosion.

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%D6%$%* )F MHD%D6%$%* )F MHD

MM  Conversion efficiency of about /3 .Conversion efficiency of about /3 .

0ess fuel consumption.0ess fuel consumption. 0arge amount of pollution free poer generated .0arge amount of pollution free poer generated . Ability to reach full poer level as soon as started.Ability to reach full poer level as soon as started.

4lant si2e is considerably smaller than4lant si2e is considerably smaller thanconventional fossil fuel plants .conventional fossil fuel plants .

0ess overall generation cost.0ess overall generation cost.

 5o moving parts, so more reliable . 5o moving parts, so more reliable .

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D#%D6%$%* )FD#%D6%$%* )F

MHD MMHD M  1uffers from reverse flo !short circuits" of1uffers from reverse flo !short circuits" ofelectrons through the conducting fluids around theelectrons through the conducting fluids around theends of the magnetic field.ends of the magnetic field.

 5eeds very large magnets and this is a ma6or 5eeds very large magnets and this is a ma6orexpense.expense.

'igh friction and heat transfer losses.'igh friction and heat transfer losses. 'igh operating temperature.'igh operating temperature.

Coal used as fuel poses problem of molten ashCoal used as fuel poses problem of molten ashhich may short circuit the electrodes. 'ence, oilhich may short circuit the electrodes. 'ence, oilor natural gas are much better fuels for &'(s.or natural gas are much better fuels for &'(s.7estriction on use of fuel makes the operation7estriction on use of fuel makes the operationmore expensive.more expensive.

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%((+#C%#)$%((+#C%#)$ 

4oer generation in space craft.4oer generation in space craft.

'ypersonic ind tunnel experiments.'ypersonic ind tunnel experiments.

 (efense application.(efense application.

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C)$C+U#)$C)$C+U#)$ 

)he &'( poer generation is in advanced stage today)he &'( poer generation is in advanced stage today

and closer to commercial utili2ation. 1ignificant progressand closer to commercial utili2ation. 1ignificant progress

has been made in development of all critical componentshas been made in development of all critical components

and sub system technologies. Coal burning &'(and sub system technologies. Coal burning &'(combined steam poer plant promises significantcombined steam poer plant promises significant

economic and environmental advantages compared toeconomic and environmental advantages compared to

other coal burning poer generation technologies. 8t illother coal burning poer generation technologies. 8t ill

not be long before the technological problem of &'(not be long before the technological problem of &'(

systems ill be overcame and &'( system ouldsystems ill be overcame and &'( system ould

transform itself from non- conventional to conventionaltransform itself from non- conventional to conventional

energy sources.energy sources.

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H%$7 )U H%$7 )U