Microstructure and function of the thyroid gland may ... and function of the thyroid gland may relate to feed efficiency in the bovine J. Ormon1, ... estrous cycle in lactating Holstein

Microstructure and function of the thyroid gland may relate to feed

efficiency in the bovine

J. Ormon1, S. Bourgon1, J. Munro1, A. Macdonald2, S. Lam2,

S. Miller2,3, Y. Montanholi1

1 2 3

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2

3

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Metabolomics Immune Calorimetry Rumen Repro

Heart

BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF FEED EFFICIENCY

Outline

Thyroid hormones: simple examples

Oestrous detection

Liver abscess detection

Feed efficiency & spot sampling

Thyroid hormones: complex examples

Circadian patterns (T3 & T4)

Other organs and tissue structure

6

44 + 12 g

“Simple examples”

Thyroid hormones: simple examples

Oestrous detection



7

Oestrous detection

T3: Major indicator of oestrous

8 Crane et al (2016), Reproduction in Domestic Animals, in press

0

1

2

3

4

5

ALP AST BHBA CK T3

Cert

ainty

of

oest

rous

Blood plasma analyte

Logistic regression

92% of certainty

Biological characterization of the estrous cycle in lactating Holstein cows

Y. Montanholi1, S. Bourgon1, A. Macdonald2, P. Park2, S. Lam2, M.

Kozak2, B. Potvin2, K. Colliver2, L. Haas2, A. Rocha2, S. Miller2,3

1 2 3

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Session # 70


T4: indicator of liver abscess

10 Macdonald et al (2016), Veterinary Record Open, in press

Poor performance: Reduced FG & ADG

Analyte Abscessed Normal P

T3 (nmol/L) 2.77 2.80 0.84

T4 (nmol/L) 89.43 102.0 0.01

Glucose (mmol/L) 5.14 6.09 0.03

Cholesterol (mmol/L) 2.43 3.04 0.01

Albumin (g/L) 32.11 36.35 0.01

?


Feed efficiency determination: residual feed intake (RFI)

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Koch et al 1963:

Feed intake = BW + BWvariation


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Owens et al. 1995.

Feed intake = BW + Bwvariation + Backfat + Marbling + Rump_fat + Ribeye

RFI determination: growing cattle

Montanholi et al (2009), Livestock Science, 125:22-30.


13 Gonano et al (2014), Animal, 10:1684-1698.

Feed intake = BW + Bwvariation + Backfat +

Marbling + Rump_fat + Ribeye + Age + Gestation

RFI determination: growing and pregnant cattle

NRC Beef, 1996.

Montanholi et al (2015), JAS Biotec., 6:27.


14 Crane et al (2016b), Animal Production Science, in review.

RFI and T3: grass-fed replacement heifers

120 d on test, every 28 d

Traits Efficient Inefficient P

RFI (kg/d) -0.83 +0.85 0.01

Feed to Gain 7.92 9.70 0.01

ADG (kg/d) 0.71 0.74 0.35

Body weight (kg) 339 349 0.25

Rib-eye (cm2) 48 49 0.16

Backfat (mm) 2.31 2.35 0.82

54 53

Mean cell hemoglobin (pg)

16.0 16.4 0.01

Red blood cell count (106 cells/uL)

7.65 7.67 0.92


15 Crane et al (2016b), Animal Production Science, in review.

RFI and T3: grass-fed replacement heifers

Traits P

T3 (nmol/L) 1.81 1.90 0.06


16 Bourgon et al (2016), Livestock Science, in review.

RFI and T3: grain-fed young bulls on-farm

No difference: T4

2.79 2.60


17 Bourgon et al (2016), Livestock Science, in review.

Transportation and non-routine handling effects

Analyte On-farm Slaughter P

Creatine kinase (U/L) 100 304 0.01

Cortisol (ng/mL) 24.3 49.3 0.03

IGF-1 (ng/mL) 485 396 0.02

Osmolality (mmol/L) 285 296 0.01

T3 (nmol/L) 2.66 2.78 0.98

T4 (nmol/L) 84.6 97.8 0.01

Complex examples

Thyroid hormones: complex examples

Circadian patterns (T3 & T4)

Other organs and tissue structure

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Circadian patterns

T3 and T4: physiological state and feed efficiency

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puberty early pregnancy late pregnancy

Circadian patterns

T3 by physiological state

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2.06

1.77

1.40

a

b

c

Circadian patterns

T4 by physiological state

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114

104

104

a

b b

Circadian patterns

Feed efficiency & T3 by physiological state

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a

b

1.96

2.14 PUBERTY

Circadian patterns


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LATE PREGNANCY

EARLY PREGNANCY

a

b

a

b

Circadian patterns


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PUBERTY

Circadian patterns


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LATE PREGNANCY

EARLY PREGNANCY

b

a

b

a

Circadian patterns

T3 & T4: oxygen consumption

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LATE PREGNANCY

Circadian patterns

T3: oxygen consumption

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LATE PREGNANCY

Circadian patterns

T3 and oxygen consumption

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LATE PREGNANCY

a

b

a

b

Relationships with liver O2

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LATE PREGNANCY


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Oxygen probe

Chamber

LoggerPro

Water heater

Stirrer


T3 and oxygen consumption

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LATE PREGNANCY

2.54 μmol/min/g DM

1.57

μmol/min/g DM

a b

O2

T3 T4

r 0.46 0.44

Relationships with radiant heat

Infrared thermography

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Relationships with radiant heat

T4 and thermographs

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T4 -0.36

-0.29

35

36

Other organs & tissue structure

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TSH

T3 T4


Heart physiology & structure research

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The feed inefficient cattle heart

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Structure:

Lower R-ventricle weight

Thinner R-ventricle wall

Larger myocyte width

Function:

Increased resting heart rate

Diminished stroke volume

Larger blood volume

Munro et al (2016), MSc Thesis.

Other organs & tissue structure Thyroid hormones & heart structure and function

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A

B

Myocyte width

1000x

Sarcomere length

TSH

T3 Blood volume

Other organs & tissue structure Thyroid hormones and heart rate overnight

41 Munro et al (2016), Animal, 1:1-9.

TSH

T3

-0.35

0.55

T4 ns


Thyroid hormones & HR during transport and slaughter

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TSH

T3

ns

T4 0.89

-0.72

ns

ns

ns


Thyroid hormones & blood cells

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ns

T3

0.40

white

T4

TSH

0.28

-0.31

T3

0.42

T4

TSH

0.27 red


44

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+


Fontoura et al (2015), Animal, 10:96-105; Bourgon et al (2015), EAAP.


Thyroid hormones & sexual development

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-0.34

T3

0.35

T4

TSH

0.30 pixels

Fontoura et al (2015), Animal, 10:96-105.

Higher pixel intensity


Thyroid hormones & sexual development

47 Bourgon et al (2016), AAAA.

200x 200x 200x

Immature Reaching Maturity Mature

T4

0.40

-0.38

-0.45

Epididymis corpus


Thyroid hormones & semen quality

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Tail Defect

Head Defect Mid-Piece Defect

Loose Head Proximal Droplet

T3

0.28

T4 0.42

70 days

Journal of Dairy Science,1961, 44:1537–1543

Spermatogenesis


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Pituitary gland histomorphometry

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Anterior

pituitary

Posterior

pituitary

Mucoid wedge


Pituitary gland histomorphometry

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Anterior

pituitary

Posterior

pituitary

68% 62% 17% 12%

P = 0.04 P = 0.02

Acidophils

Basophils

Immunostaining


Thyroid gland histomorphometry

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Epithelial cell

1000x

Follicle

40x

Lumen

Cell metrics:

Cell area & perimeter

Nuclei area & perimeter

Cell height

Follicle average size

Other organs & tissue structure Thyroid gland histomorphometry

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1000x

Cell area

TSH

T3

T4

1000x

Nuclei area Follicle size

NS NS NS

40x

0.44 NS

-0.53 0.57

NS

NS

Cell/nuclei

0.55

0.36

Other organs & tissue structure Thyroid histomorphometry and hormones by RFI groups

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Traits P

T3 (nmol/L) 2.87 3.19 0.04

T4 (nmol/L) 95.0 115 0.01

TSH (ng/mL) 5.74 3.75 0.08

Traits P

Follicle size (μm2) 4440 4211 0.04

Cell size (μm2) 69.5 65.5 0.09

Nuclei size (μm2) 21.1 19.6 0.01

Cell : nuclei ratio 3.29 3.35 0.05

TSH

T3 T4

High-RFI Low-RFI P value

Number of cells

Duodenum 30.3 33.2 0.04

Ileum 33.6 37.2 0.01

Size of the cells

Duodenum 94.6 94.7 0.98

Ileum 83.5 83.7 0.96

Other organs & tissue structure More on histomorphometry and feed efficiency…

Montanholi et al (2013), Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 55:9.

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Session # 16

Remarks

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Reproduction

Health

Productive performance

Welfare

PHYSIOLOGY

Support to other disciplines

Multi-stream

&

Multidisciplinary

TECHNOLOGIES

“REFINED”

PHENOTYPES

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Documents

Microstructure and function of the thyroid gland may ... and function of the thyroid gland may relate to feed efficiency in the bovine J. Ormon1, ... estrous cycle in lactating Holstein