mj;jpahak; 8 - E-thaksalawa...151,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly; mj;jpahak; 8,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd tpahghuk;

151 ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.

,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;

mj;jpahak; 8mj;jpahak; 8mj;jpahak; 8mj;jpahak; 8mj;jpahak; 8

,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd ,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd ,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd ,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd ,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd

tpahghuk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jptpahghuk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jptpahghuk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jptpahghuk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jptpahghuk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jp

,yq;ifapy; gz;ilafhyj;jpy; jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuk; epytpaJ.

jkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwj; jhNk cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhz;lhu;fs;. Nkyjpf

cw;gj;jpfis gz;lkhw;WKiw %yk; jkf;Fs; gupkhwpf;nfhz;lhh;fs;.

fhyg; Nghf;fpy; rdj;njhifg; ngUf;fj;Jld; Njitfs; tpuptile;J

Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jJ. Nkyjpf cw;gj;jpia tpw;gid nra;tjw;Fg; Nghl;bapl

Ntz;b Vw;gl;ljhy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpdJk; njhlu;ghlypdJk; cjtp

Njitg;gl;lJ. cs;ehl;by; gy;NtW kf;fs; gpupTfSf;;fpilapy; gpuNjr

uPjpahd njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F tu;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>

njhlu;ghly; Nritfs; cjtpd.

,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; tu;j;jfj;ijAk; Nghf;Ftuj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk;

fhuzpahf njhlu;ghly; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.kdpju;fspd;

Njitfs; tpuptiltjw;Fk; tu;j;jfk; Nghf;Ftuj;J eltbf;iffisj;

njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;Fk; njhlu;ghly; cjTfpd;wJ.

8.18.18.18.18.1 ,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;

,yq;ifapy; epyTk; tu;j;jf Kiwapid ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jfk;

cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfk;

152,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.

,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;

,yq;ifapy; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;,yq;ifapy; ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;

,yq;ifapy; ntspehl;L th;j;jfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; fhuzq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf

jw;fhyj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpAk; jfty;fisr;

Nrfhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;

gz;l cw;gj;jpapd;

gy;ypdj;jd;ikrdj;njhif

gz;lq;fspd;

tpiy> toq;fgLk;

fopTk; mjd;

juKk;

Njitfspd; gy;tifik

efukakhjy;

cw;gj;jpfspd; rl;luPjpahdJk;

ek;gpf;ifahdJkhd jd;ik

tpsk;guk;

jdp kdpjdpd;

nfhs;tdT rf;jp

cs;ehl;L

tu;j;jfk;

mur nfhs;ifkf;fs; njhif

mjpfupj;jikahy;

Njitfs;

mjpfupj;jik

kpif cw;gj;jp

njhlu;ghly; tpsk;guj;jpd;

nry;thf;F

ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfspy;

Vw;gl;l tpUj;jp

gpuNjr uPjpahd

tpahghu efuq;fis

,izf;Fk;

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;

tiyaikg;G

nfhs;tdT rf;jpapy;

Vw;gl;l tpUj;jp

th;j;jff; $l;Lf;fs;

xOq;fikg;GfspdJ

nry;thf;F

ntspehl;L

tu;j;jfk;


Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if ngUksT jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuk; nfhz;l

ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ. gpuNjrj;jpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;AksTf;F tu;j;jf

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; eilngw;wd. ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpaupd; FbNaw;w

ehlhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpaile;jNjhL

cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpYk; ngUksT khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf Kiwapd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf Kiwapd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf Kiwapd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf Kiwapd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf Kiwapd; Nghf;F

md;Wmd;Wmd;Wmd;Wmd;W ,d;W,d;W,d;W,d;W,d;W

• Efu;Tf;fhf kl;Lk; cw;gj;jp •tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. cw;gj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

• tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l nfhLf;fy; •nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; rpf;fhu;e;j

thq;fy;fs;. jd;ikaile;Js;sJ.

• RaepiwT cw;gj;jp. • Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;F

gy;NtW ehLfspypUe;Jk;

cjtp ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.

• Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjpy; • rpwe;j Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly;

rpf;fypd;ik. Kiwfshy; ntw;wp fhzg;gl;lik.

• jpl;lkplhj tu;j;jf Kiw. •tyauPjpapy; xg;GjYld; jpl;lkplg;

Njitfisg; nghWj;Jr; re;ij gl;l tu;j;jf Kiw.

cUthfpaik.

• cw;gj;jpf;F ,wf;Fkjp •$l;L xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; ehLf

nra;ag;gLk; rhjdq;fspy; Sld; ,ize;J Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w

jq;fpapUe;jik. tHj;jfk;.

• ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhf • ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhd nghUl;

cw;gj;jp nra;ahik. fis toq;Ftjw;F ek;gpf;ifAld;

nraw;gLfpd;wik.

• nghUl;fisj; NjLtjw;F • Gjpa Njitfis cUthf;fpf;

NeuKk; J}uKk; nfhz;L nghUl;fs;

tPzbf;fg;gl;lik. Efu;Nthidj; Njb tUfpd;wik.


nghUl;fisj; Njb Efu;Nthidf; ftUtjw;fhf

EfHNthu;; efuj;ij ehbr; ghijapd; ,UkUq;fpYk; rd

Nru;e;jik neUf;fbahd filfspy;

nghUl;fs; fhj;jpUj;jy;

(Rg;gu; khHf;fl;)

ntspehl;L cjtpfspd; kPJ mjpf

ek;gpf;ifAld; nraw;gLfpd;wik.

nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:nraw;ghL:

1. ,yq;ifjdJ nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;fpd;w Ie;J

ehLfisAk; Njitahd nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpd;w

Ie;J ehLfisAk; cyfg;GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpf;Ff.

2. ,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfj;NjhL njhlh;Gila rh;tNjr JiwKfq;fs;

gj;jpid cyfg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngahpLf.

ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpidru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpidru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpidru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpidru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpid

Njrpa ru;tNjr tu;j;jff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy; gy ehLfs; gy;NtW

gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wd. ,it ,yq;iff;Fk; nghJthdjhFk;.

mitahtd.

1. Kjdpiyg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs; tPo;r;rpailjYk; jsk;gyiljYk;.

2. Kjdpiy tu;j;jfg;nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjpy; cs;s

,ila+Wfs;. (gpujpaPl;Lg;nghUl;fspd; tUif)

3. Kjdpiyg; nghUl;fspd; ngWkjpapy; ngUk; gFjp kPz;Lk; mgptpUj;jp

aile;j ehLfisr; nrd;wiljy;.

4. nghUshjhu tYf; FiwghL. (ntspehl;L ehza gw;whf;Fiw)

5. mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfs; cau;e;j Rq;f tupfis tpjpj;jy;>

Nfhl;lh Kiwapy; ,wf;Fkjpf;F mDkjp mspj;jy;> ,wf;Fkjpf;

fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jy;.

6. Vw;Wkjpg; nghUl;fSf;fhd epahakhd tpiy fpilf;fhik.

7. ,yq;if ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpd;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs;

cau;tiljy;.

8. gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfspd; Mjpf;fk;.



1. ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghf mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if

vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;s ,uz;L gpur;rpidfis tpsf;Ff.

nts pehl ;L tu ; j ; jfj ; j py ; ,yq ;if vj p u ; Nehf ;Ff pd ; wnts pehl ;L tu ; j ; jfj ; j py ; ,yq ;if vj p u ; Nehf ;Ff pd ; wnts pehl ;L tu ; j ; jfj ; j py ; ,yq ;if vj p u ; Nehf ;Ff pd ; wnts pehl ;L tu ; j ; jfj ; j py ; ,yq ;if vj p u ; Nehf ;Ff pd ; wnts pehl ;L tu ; j ; jfj ; j py ; ,yq ;if vj p u ; Nehf ;Ff pd ; w

gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w eltbf;iffs;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w eltbf;iffs;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w eltbf;iffs;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w eltbf;iffs;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w eltbf;iffs;

v Vw;Wkjpiag; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;.

v tu;j;jf cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

v ntspehl;L cjtpfisg; ngWjy;.

8 .28.28.28.28.2 ,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J

gz;ila fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; jiukhu;f;fkhfTk; fly; khu;f;fkhfTk; gazk;

nra;jhu;fs;. mf;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; njhif FiwthfTk; mtu;fspd;

Njitfs; FiwthfTk; ,Ue;jjhy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nrit mjpfstpy;

tsu;r;rpaile;J fhzg;gltpy;iy.

,yq;ifapy; INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUifiaj; njhlu;e;J Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;

Jiwapy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; mjpfsT

khw;wq;fs; ,y;yhtpbDk; xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; fhy;tha;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L

ePu;topg;Nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfupj;jJ. ,f;fhy;tha;fs; fiuNahug;gpu

Njrq;fSf;F kl;LNk kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd.

gpupj;jhdpau; tUifapd; gpd; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;if mwpKfg;gLj;jg;

gl;lJ. me;j cw;gj;jpfis nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpw;F nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf

ngUe;njUf;fSk; Gifapujg; ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. gpupj;jhdpauhy;

mikf;fg;gl;l ,g;ghijfis rpW khw;wq;fSlDk; etPd kag;gLj;jpAk;

,d;Wk; gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;Nwhk;.

tFg;giwnahd;wpy; Gtpapay; ghlk; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jNtis

mjpgupd; mtru miog;gpd; Ngupy; Gtpapay; Mrpupau; tFg;giwia

tpl;L ntspNa nry;y Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt mtu; khztu;fSf;F

fPNo jug;gl;l tpdhf;fis toq;fp tpl;L mtw;wpw;fhd tpilfis vOJkhW

gzpj;J tpl;Lr; nrd;whu;.


,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tyaikg;G,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tyaikg;G,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tyaikg;G,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tyaikg;G,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J tyaikg;G

Njrg;glk; 8.1


nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuknraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuknraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuknraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuknraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;

Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;why; vd;d?

Nghf;Ftuj;J Vd; mj;jpahtrpakhdJ?

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyj;jpid tiuglnkhd;wpd; %yk; fhl;Lf.

nraw;ghl;L gj;jpuj;jpd; mbg;gpilapy; khztu; fzpg;gPl;L nraw;ghl;by;

ghJfhg;G> czT.

II tsq;fspd; rkkpd;ik fhuzkhf ,wf;Fkjp nra;a Ntz;b

,Uj;jy;.

c-k;: epyf;fup>fdpa nea; Nghd;w vupnghUl;fs;.

III. jkJ nghUshjhu eltbf;iffisg; g+u;j;jp nra;J

nfhs;tjw;fhf jkJ tjptplq;fspypUe;J NtW ,lq;fSf;F

nry;y Ntz;bapUj;jy;.

c- k;: Ntiyj;jsq;fs;> ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jp ikaq;fs;.

IV. cw;gj;jp ikaq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd %yg; nghUl;fisf;

nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fk;>KbTg;nghUl;fis re;ijf;F nfhz;L

tUtjw;Fk;.

V. tptrha cw;gj;jpfisr; re;ijfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yy;>

VI. Ma;T eltbf;iffs;> Rw;Wyhj;Jiw Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf.


jiu = Gifapujk;

= ngUe;njU

= Ruq;ftop

= fhy;tha; (nraw;if)

ePh; = fly;

= fhy;tha; (,aw;if)

thd; = Njrpa

= rh;tNjr

gpujhd ghijfspy; ehl;lg;gl;Ls;s fP. kP fk;gq;fspd;

f Po ; gFjpapy; FwpaPLfSk; vOj;Jf;fSk;

,yf;fq;fSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Vd;?

kf;fs;

Nghf;Ftuj;J

gz;lq;fs;

,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs;

,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

gphpj;jhdpau; tUiff;Fg; ; gpd;Ng ,yq;ifapy; ngUe;njUf;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;ld. kiyafg; gFjpapd;; Vfhe;jj; jd;ikiag; Nghf;Ftjw;

fhfTk;> kiyafj; Njhl;l cw;gj;jpfisj; JiwKfj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L

te;J NrHg;;gjw;fhfTk; ngUe;; njUf;fs; Kjypy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

MSeu; vl;Ntl; ghz;]; fhyj;jpNyNa Kjy; ngUe;njU nfhOk;Gf;Fk;

fz;bf;Fkpilapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. tPjpaikf;Fk; gzpapy; NkIu; ];fpd;du;>

fg;ld; Nlhrd; MfpNahu; Kd;Ndhbfshfj; jpfo;e;jdu;.

jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; nkhj;jk; 86>200fp.kP ePskhd njUf;fs; cs;sd.

mtw;wpy; 25>466 fp.kP ePskhd njUf;fis tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rigAk;

40>600 fp.kP ePskhd njUf;fis cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhurigAk; guhkhpf;fpd;wd.

,yq;ifapy; ngUe; njUf;fs; 5 tifahf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd;

nkhj;j ePsk; 25>680 fp.kP MFk;. gpujhd epu;thf tu;j;jfj; jiyefukhd

nfhOk;igAk; Vida khtl;lj; jiyefu;fisAk; mlu;j;jpahd FbapUg;Gg;

gFjpfSlhf ,izf;Fk; ngUe;njUf;fs; A tFg;igr; Nru;e;jit. 35 A

tPjpfs; gpujhd tPjpfnsdg; ngahplg;gl;L ,yf;fkplg;gl;Ls;sd.

875 fp.kP ePskhd B tif tPjpfs; gpujhd efuq;fis ,izf;f

cjTfpd;wd. B tFg;gpy; 75 tPjpfs; cs;sd. rpW tPjpfs; C,D,E vd

tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

Kf;fpa njUf;fspy; fpNyhkPw;wh; fw;fisf; fhzyhk; mjpy; ,yf;fq;fSk;

fPNo vOj;Jk; ,yf;fKk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.


,J jtpu gjtpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J Jiwia tpUj;jp nra;;a

gy eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sd. nfhOk;G fl;Lehaf;fh ngUe;;njU>

nfhOk;G khj;jiw ngUe;;njU Nghd;wit mjpNtf neLQ;rhiyfshf

khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. Gjpa tPjpfis mikj;jy;> gpuahzpfSf;fhd Nkk;ghyq;fis

mikj;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;ifs; %yk; mjpfhpf;Fk; Nghf;Ftuj;J rhHe;j

Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,yq;ifapy; Kiwikahd ngUe;njUf;fs; mikg;G gpupj;jhdpauhy;

1820 ,y; nfhOk;gpypUe;J fz;b tiu Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1821 ,y;

fynfju fztha; Clhf FUzhfy; tiu mg;ghij ePbf;fg;gl;lJ.

,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUf;fspd; mikg;G,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUf;fspd; mikg;G,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUf;fspd; mikg;G,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUf;fspd; mikg;G,yq;ifapd; ngUe;njUf;fspd; mikg;G

ngUe;njU ngaUk; njhlu;G ePsk; mfyk; tPjpfspd;

tif jd;ikAk; vz;zpf;if

A fy;> jhu;> khtl;lk; 4219 8-12 35

fhngl; khfhzk;

efuk;

B fy;Yk; jhUk; gpujhd 7674 4-6 75

fhngl;gz; efuq;fs;

zpAk;

gz;zhkYk;

C fy;> jhu; gpujhd 10949 4 l

tPjpfis

,izj;jy;

D fy;>kz; fpuhkq;fSf; 6121 xU thfdk; l

rhu;e;j tPjp $lhd tPjp kl;Lk; nry;YtJ

E kzw;ghij fpuhkq;fis l xU thfdk;

ClWf;Fk; kl;Lk; nry;yf; l

$baJ.

l fzf;fplg;gltpy;iy

%yk;: ,yq;if epy msitj;jpizf;fsk; ghlrhiyf;fhd Njrpa Njrg;glk; Gj;jfk;

Gjpjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;glTs;s jpl;lq;fsGjpjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;glTs;s jpl;lq;fsGjpjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;glTs;s jpl;lq;fsGjpjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;glTs;s jpl;lq;fsGjpjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;glTs;s jpl;lq;fs;

Mrpa gRgpf; nghUshjhu r%f Mizf;FOthdJ Mrpahtpd; gpujhd

jiyefuq;fs; midj;ijAk; Kf;fpa nghUshjhu ikaq;fisAk;>

ifj;njhopy; ikaq;fisAk;> ru;tNjrf; nfhs;tdT ,wq;F JiwfisAk;

,izf;Fk; Mrpa neLQ;rhiyf;fhd tphpthd jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;bAs;sJ.

,jpy; xU gFjpahf Vwf;Fiwa 1200 fp.kP neLQ;rhiyfis ,yq;if

(Cerpet)


epu;khzpf;Fk;. ,jw;fhf xU jiug;ghyk; njhlu;gpy; ,e;jpahTld;

fye;Jiuahlg;gl;LtUfpwJ.

,yq;ifapd; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;ifapd; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

Gifapujg;ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;lik Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l

kw;WnkhU Kf;fpakhd tsu;r;rpf; fl;lkhFk;.,yhgkhd Jhpjkhd

Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritahd Gifapuj Nritia gphpj;jhdpa MSeu; n`d;wp

Nthl; ,yq;ifapy; Muk;gpj;jhu;.

kf;fs; gazk; nra;tjw;Fk; nghUl;fis vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;Fk; Nkhl;lhu;

thfdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtijtpl Gifapuj Nrit ,yhgfukhd

njhd;whFk;. gpupj;jhdpauhl;rpf;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fspd; Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp

nra;tjw;fhfNt Kjypy; Gifapujg; ghijfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,d;W

jpiwNrup flDjtpiar; rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; Nritahf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

nfhOk;ig ikakhff;nfhz;L gy jpirfspYk; Gifapujg; ghijfs;

tpupe;J nry;fpd;wd.Kd;gpUe;j mtprhtis - xg;gehaf;fh>ehDXah -

Etnuypah Gifapujg;ghijfs; ,d;W ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,yq;ifapy; nkhj;jk; 1453fp.kP ePskhd Gifapujg; ghijfs; cs;sd.

mtw;wpy; 1394 fp.kP ePskhd Gifapujg; ghijfs; mfykhdit vQ;rpa

59fp.kP ePskhd Gifapujg; ghijfs; xLf;fkhdit.

,yq;ifapy; Gifapujg; ghijfspd; tsu;r;rp,yq;ifapy; Gifapujg; ghijfspd; tsu;r;rp,yq;ifapy; Gifapujg; ghijfspd; tsu;r;rp,yq;ifapy; Gifapujg; ghijfspd; tsu;r;rp,yq;ifapy; Gifapujg; ghijfspd; tsu;r;rp

1858 1863 nfhOk;G - fz;bg; Gifapujg;ghij

1871 Nguhjid - ehtyg;gpl;bg; Gifapujg;ghij

1885 ghze;Jiw - khj;jiwg; Gifapujg;ghij

1899 ehtyg;gpl;b gz;lhutis Gifapujg;ghij

1905 nghy;fhnty - FUzhfy; - mEuhjGuk; aho;g;;ghzk; Gifapujg;

ghij

1907 nfhOk;G - Gj;jsk; Gifapujg; ghij

1912 nfhOk;G - ,uj;jpdGhp Gifapujg; ghij

Gifapuj Nritapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspypUe;J mwpe;J

nfhs;syhk;.

• mur Jiwapd; nghUl;fisAk; gz;lq;fisAk; Vw;wpr;nry;Yk;

Kf;fpa Jiw ,JthFk;. (vz;nza;> czTg;gz;lqfs;> cuk;>.

mYtyf Gifapujr; Nrit)

• Gifapuj Nritapy; gpd;tUk; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.


,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;,yq;ifapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs;

• Nghf;Ftuj;J neUf;fb.

• gazpfs; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpDs; chpa ,lj;ijr; nrd;wila Kbahik.

• mur nfhs;iffspYs;s FiwghLfs;.

• Gifapujg; ngUe;njUf;fs; ,ize;j Nghf;Ftuj;jpYs;s FiwghLfs;.

fduf thfdq;fSf;F Vw;w ghijfs;> ghyq;fs; ,d;ik.

• kiof;fhyj;jpy; tPjpfs; nts;sj;jpy; %o;FtJk; kz;rhptpw;F

cl;gLtJk;.

• ghijfspd; mfyk; Nghjhik.

• tPjpr; rl;lq;fis chpa Kiwapy; gpd;gw;whik.

• Kfhikj;Jtf; FiwghL.

• tPjpfs; chpa Kiwapy; guhkhpf;fg;glhik.

Njrg;glk; 8.2

aho;g;ghzk;

khq;Fsk;jiykd;dhH

kd;dhH

tTdpah

kjthr;rp

mDuhjGuk;

jpUNfhzkiy

fy;Xah

kl;lf;fsg;G

khj;jis

fz;b

Nguhjid

gJis

gz;lhutisehDXah

`l;ld;

,uj;jpdGup

Xgehaf;fh

jpf;nty;ykhj;jiwfhyp

nfhOk;G

whfk mtprhtis

fk;g`ePHnfhOk;G

nghy;fhntyFUzhfy;

rpyhgk;

khNfh

Gj;jsk;

fhq;Nfrd;Jiw

fjph;fhkk;

1. nfhOk;G - mtprhtisg; ghij

mfykhf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.

2. 1993 ,y; mEuhjGuj ;Jf ;Fk;

k pf pe ;jiyf ;Fk pilNa Gj pa

Gifapuj Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

3. khj;jiwf;Fk; fjph;fhkj;jpw;F

kpilNa Gjpa Nritapid Muk;gpf;f

cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik. khj;jiw

- jpf;nty;iyf;fpilNa ,jw;fhd

gzpfs; Muk;gpf;fg; gl;Ls;sd.

4. nfhOk;G fz;bf;fpilNa cs;ehl;L

ntspehl;L Rw;Wyh gazpfSf;

fhd “`pj;jhr;;rp” vd;w ngaUila

Jupj Gifapuj Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;

gl;Ls;sik.

5. efuq;fSf;fpilapyhd Jhpj

Gifapuj Nrit.

,yq;ifapd; Gifapuj Nrit epu;thfk;>

Copau; rhHe;j gpur;rpidfs; vd;gd

fhuzkhf jpwdw;w Nritahf nghJ

kf;fspd; ntWg;Gf;F cs;shfpAs;sJ.


,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwap;d; etPd Nghf;F,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwap;d; etPd Nghf;F,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwap;d; etPd Nghf;F,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwap;d; etPd Nghf;F,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwap;d; etPd Nghf;F

• Ruq;fg;ghij Nkk;ghyk; Nghd;w khw;W topfis mikj;jy;.;.;.;.;.

• mjpNtf neLQ;rhiyfis mikj;jy;.

• Gifapuj> ngUe;njUf;fs; ,ize;j Nrit.

• Nghl;b Kiwapyhd jdpahH Jiwapd; gq;fspg;G.

• nfhs;fyd; Kiwapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;.

• fpuhk vOr;rp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspd; fPo; tPjpg;Gduikg;Gk;

Gjpa tPjpfis mikj;jYk;.

• khw;W EioTg; ghijfs; mikj;jy;.

NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F ,yq;if murhq;fk;

gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp te;Js;sJ.

cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L cjtpfs; %yk; ,t;thwhd nraw;jpl;lq;fs;

eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd.

2004 Gs;sptpgug;gb2004 Gs;sptpgug;gb2004 Gs;sptpgug;gb2004 Gs;sptpgug;gb2004 Gs;sptpgug;gb

ngUe;njUf;fspd; ePsk; - 92>700 fp.kPngUe;njUf;fspd; ePsk; - 92>700 fp.kPngUe;njUf;fspd; ePsk; - 92>700 fp.kPngUe;njUf;fspd; ePsk; - 92>700 fp.kPngUe;njUf;fspd; ePsk; - 92>700 fp.kP

gpujhd tPjp - 28>100 fp.kPgpujhd tPjp - 28>100 fp.kPgpujhd tPjp - 28>100 fp.kPgpujhd tPjp - 28>100 fp.kPgpujhd tPjp - 28>100 fp.kP

ghijfspd; gug;gsT - 5.2 rJu fp.kP.ghijfspd; gug;gsT - 5.2 rJu fp.kP.ghijfspd; gug;gsT - 5.2 rJu fp.kP.ghijfspd; gug;gsT - 5.2 rJu fp.kP.ghijfspd; gug;gsT - 5.2 rJu fp.kP.

Gifapujg;ghijapd; ePsk; - 1640 fp.kP.Gifapujg;ghijapd; ePsk; - 1640 fp.kP.Gifapujg;ghijapd; ePsk; - 1640 fp.kP.Gifapujg;ghijapd; ePsk; - 1640 fp.kP.Gifapujg;ghijapd; ePsk; - 1640 fp.kP.

%yk;: ,izaj;jsk;: http/fo.worldbank.org/zgslc4cl60


,yq;ifg; glj;ij mtjhdpj;J

1. kio nts;sj;jpy; %o;Fk;

2. kz; rhpTf;F cl;gLk;

3. epyj;Js; mkpo;e;J NghFk;

ghijfisAk; mit fhzg;gLk; khtl;lq;fisAk; gl;baypLf.

tpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jtpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jtpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jtpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jtpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;J

1. cs;ehl;L tpkhdNrit

xU ehl;bypUe;J ,d;ndhU ehl;bw;Fk; ehl;bDs;NsAk; tpiuthfg;

gpuahzk; nra;tjw;Fk; nghUl;fis Vw;wpr; nry;tjw;Fk; Mfha tpkhdk;

gad;gLfpd;wJ. Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwapy; tpkhd NritAk; xU gpujhd

gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wJ.


,yq;ifapy; 1932k; Mz;L “vau; rpNyhd;” vd;Dk; Njrpa tpkhd

Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; mJ 1979 ,y; “vau; yq;fh;” vd;Dk;

ru;tNjr tpkhd Nritahf khw;wg;gl;lJ.

2. ru;tNjr tpkhdNrit

tpkhd epiyaq;fspd; epu;thfj;jpw;F trjpahf ,yq;if tpkhd epiya

mjpfhu rig xd;W epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;nghOJ ,Ugjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

ehLfSld; tpkhd Nrit eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 12 cs;ehl;L

tpkhd epiyaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 2007 ,y; mk;ghe;Njhl;il

khtl;lj;jpYs;s tPutpy vd;Dkplj;jpy; ru;tNjr tpkhd epiyak; xd;W

mikg;gjw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. 1961k; Mz;by;

fNdba ehl;bd; cjtpAld; fl;Lehaf;fh rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nghpa tpkhdq;fs; te;JNghtjw;F trjpahf

1970fspy; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

tpkhd Nritf; fl;lzk; mjpf mstpy; ,Ug;gjhYk; ehl;by; epyTfpd;w

ghJfhg;gw;w epiyik fhuzkhfTk; nghJkf;fs; ,r;Nritia mjpfk;

gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. nts;sk;> kz;rupT Nghd;w ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;

epfOk; fhyq;fspYk; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk; ,r;Nrit mjpfstpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

gyhyp

tTdpah

jpUNfhzkiy

kl;lf;fsg;G

mk;ghiw

nfhf;fy

,uj;kyhid

ghyhtp

fl;Lehaf;fh

mEuhjGuk;

Njrg;glk; 8.3 ,yq;ifapd;

tpkhd epiyaq;fs;


nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL

1. tpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;jpdhy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; ed;ik jPikfs; .

2. tpkhdg;Nghf;Ftuj;J ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;a

KbAkh?

3. ru;tNjr tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J NritNahL ,yq;ifapd; tpkhd

Nrit Nghl;bapl KbAkh?

Nkw; $wg;gl;l jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tpthjq;fis elhj;Jf:

,yq;if fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;if fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;if fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;if fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J,yq;if fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J

,yq;ifapd; Gtpapay; mikTk; gpujhd ru;tNjr fly; khu;f;fq;fspd;

kj;jpapy; mike;Js;sikAk; ,yq;if flw; gpuahzk; rhu;e;j

NritfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xU epiyakhfTs;sJ. nfhOk;Gj;

JiwKfk; njw;fhrpa tyaj;jpy; Nfe;jpuKf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU

JiwKfk; MFk;.

,yq;ifapy; nfhOk;G> fhyp> jpUNfhzkiy Mfpa %d;W Kf;fpakhd

JiwKfq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> gpw ehl;L tu;j;jfj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu

nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfNk kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,J

ru;tNjr fg;gy;fSf;F xU Nrit epiyakhfTk; nghUs;fis kPsf;

fg;gNyw;Wtjw;Fhpa xU epiyakhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

rpg;gq;fl;Ljy; vd;gJ Fwpg;ghfj; JiwKfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; neUf;fbia

Nghf;Ftjw;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lr; nryitg; nghpJk; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; tFf;fg;gLk;

xU EZf;f KiwahFk;.Jhpjkhf tsu;e;J tUfpd;w nfhs;fyd; fhTif

Kiwapd; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpNyNa

Kjyhtjhf trjpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. 1981,y; tFf;fg;gl;l gpujhd JiwKf

mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 300 kPw;wh; ePskhd nfhs;fyd; jsk; xd;W

fl;lg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; tUq;fhy Nkyjpf Njitfs; fUjp NkYk; xU 300

kPw;wu; ePskhd jsk; rfy trjpfSld; 1987,y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

JiwKfj;jpd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf 1979 ,y; ,yq;if JiwKf

mjpfhurig epWtg;gl;lJ. 2007,y; mk;ghe;Njhl;ilapy; rHtNjr JiwKfk;

xd;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; gzpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mk;ghe;Njhl;il JiwKf efumgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Gjpa

JiwKfj;ijr; Rw;wp 25>000 ,w;F Nkw;gl;NlhUf;F njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs;

fpilf;Fnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


1. Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp

2. kPsf;fg;gNyw;wy;

3. Nrit trjpfis toq;fy;

4. gOJ ghu;j;jYk; jpUj;JjYk;

5. tpiuthdJk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;fJkhd nfhs;fyd; gzpfs;

Mfpa tplaq;fs; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd; fg;gw; Nrit cyfg; gpurpj;jp

ngw;wjhfTk; ntspehl;L tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wj;jUk; NritahfTk;

mike;Js;sJ.

Njrg;glk; 8.4 ,yq;ifapd; JiwKfq;fs;

kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs;: kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs;: kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs;: kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs;: kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs;: ,yq;if xU jPthf ,Ug;gjdhYk; ,yq;ifiar;

Rw;wp cs;s flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; Kf;fpa

eltbf;ifahf ,Ug;gjhYk; fly; tsj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

gpujhd JiwKfq;fs;

kPdtj;JiwKfq;fs;

mikf;fg;glTs;sJiwKfq;fs;

eq;$ukpLk; epiyak;

mikf;fg;glTs;s

gpujhd JiwKfq;fs;

kapypl;b

fhq;Nfrd;Jiw

nfhf;fpsha;

jpUNfhzkiy nfhl;bahuf; Flh

fy; Flh

kl;lf;fsg;G

fy;Kid

fpupe;ijmk;ghe;Njhl;il

jq;fhiy

Jlhnty;yGuhznty;ykpupir

fhyp

Nfhl;Nlnfhl

njTe;ju

nghy;tJNkhjufg;gunjhl;l

njhld;Jt`pf;fLit

NgUtis

fSj;Jiw

ghze;Jiw

Nkhjiu nfhOk;G

ePHnfhOk;G

jpf;Xtpl;l

ty;ykq;fiu

rpyhgk;

fw;gpl;b

gs;spatj;ij

kd;dhH

nuft

gpujhd JiwKfk;


nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. fg;gy;fs; jq;fpr; nry;Yk; trjp nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

2. mjd; gug;gsT 2.6 rJu fpNyh kPw;wuhFk;.

3. ,yq;ifapd; KOVw;wp ,wf;fypy; 92% khdit nfhOk;Gj;

JiwKfj;jpD}lhfNt eilngWfpd;wJ.

4. gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghf eq;$ukplf;$baJ.

5. tUlk; KOtJk; ,uT gfy; tpj;jpahrkpd;wp njhlHr;;rpahf gzpfs;

eilngWfpwJ.

6. cyfshtpa Nrit trjpfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.

%yk;: ,yq;if Njrpa tiuglj; njhFg;G - 1990

jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKf mgptpUj;jpjpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKf mgptpUj;jpjpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKf mgptpUj;jpjpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKf mgptpUj;jpjpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKf mgptpUj;jp

jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk;> tq;fhs tphpFlhTf;Fr; Nritahw;Wfpd;w

Kf;fpa ,aw;ifj; JiwKfkhf mgptpUj;jpailAk; tha;g;igf;

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• 1858y; je;jpr; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

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• ,yq;ifapy; 1979y; Kjd; Kjyhf njhiyf;fhl;rpr; Nrit

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• 1992 Kjy; jdpahu; njhiyf;fhl;rpr; NritfSk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

• 1931,y; jpdfud;> tPuNfrhp gj;jphpiffs; Muk;gk;.

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Muk;gk;.

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• 1950,y; Njrpa jpiug;glj;njhopy; Muk;gk;.

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• nra;kjp njhlHG epiyak; 107 ehLfNshL njhlHGgLj;jg;

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etPd Nghf;F gw;wpa gl;banyhd;iwj; jUf.

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tsHr;rp fhuzkhf Vw;gl;Ls;s r%f> fyhr;rhu gpur;rpidfis

tpghpf;Ff.

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nfhz;L ,Jgw;wpa tplaq;fisr; Nrfhpf;Ff.

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jdpahH Jiwapd; Nghl;b fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l tsHr;rp ghhpa

mstpdjhFk;.

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mj;jpahak; 8 - E-thaksalawa...151,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf.,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly; mj;jpahak; 8,yq;ifapd; khdpl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfshd tpahghuk;