Mænds helbred i et nordisk perspektiv

Claus D. Hansen, sociolog Center for Maskulinitetsforskning,

Institut for Sociologi og Socialt Arbejde, Aalborg Universitet Oplæg v.

Hälsa, vård och jämställdhet Nordisk konferens 14-15.6. 2016 Mariehamn, Åland

Mænd og maskulinitet i krise?

48,6

54,9 55,8

60,9

63,5

67,8

70,8 71,2 72

74,3

77,1

51,4

57,9 58,1

62,6

65,8

70,1

75,7 77,3 77,7

79

81,2

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1890:1900 1906:1910 1916:1920 1926:1930 1936:1940 1946:1950 1969:1970 1979:1980 1989:1990 1999:2000 2009:2010

Middellevetid for nyfødte drenge og piger. Danmark.

Mænd

Kvinder

Højdeforskelle mellem mænd og kvinder

Cohen’s D = 1.99 Effect size = 0.7

‘Maskulinitetsforskelle’ mellem drenge og piger

Cohen’s D = 0.2 Effect size = 0.1

Middellevetid Forskelle mellem mænd (indkomst)

Forventet levetid for nyfødte drengebørn. Nordiske lande. 1990-2010.

70,9 72,7

60,7

73,4 72

75 74,8 74,7 76,7

78,2

67,9

78,9 77,1

79,7 79,5 80,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Finland Faroe Islands Greenland Norway Denmark Iceland Sweden Åland

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Kønsforskel i forventet levetid for nyfødte. Nordiske lande. 1990-2010.

8

7

7,7

6,4

5,7

5,1

5,6

8,1

6,5

5 5

4,3 4,1 4 4

3,7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Finland Faroe Islands Greenland Norway Denmark Iceland Sweden Åland

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Forklaringer på kønsforskelle i forventet levetid (Oksuzyan et. al. 2008)

Biologiske forskelle

Livsstilsforskelle

Forskelle i brug af sundhedsvæsenet

Forskelle i sociale roller og helbredsadfærd -> maskulinitet som forklaring?

MASKULINITET – HVAD ER DET?

What is masculinity?

Masculine and feminine as innate traits of personalities. Difficult to sustain this view – ‘gender differences’ approach. More within- than between-differences in gender, i.e. more differences between men than across men and women even if the mean is ‘statistically significant’ from each other (Connell 2005). Men and women as social roles. Being a man or a woman amounts to living up to certain gender roles (e.g. Parsons & Bales, 1953). But role theory is problematic because it pressupposes consensus and continutiy about the content of roles. In addition, being a man or a woman is not a context specific role – it is something you are continously as opposed to being a father, a doctor, a lover etc. Roles are in their essence gendered (Connell, 1985). Masculinities and femininities as social constructions of gender. Everyone is ‘doing gender’ as part of the routines they take part in through their everyday living (West & Zimmerman, 1987). Doing gender is enacted by a diversity of practices e.g. ’gender displays’ (Goffman, 1976). The consequence of this is that being a man or a woman is not something singular – there are different ways of doing ’man’ and ’woman’. It is not a question of being masculine or feminine. It is a question of which masculinities or femininities are enacted through a person’s actions.

Hegemonisk maskulinitet En definition

“Hegemonic masculinity was understood as the pattern of practice (i.e., things done, not just a set of role expectations or an identity) that allowed men's dominance over women to continue. Hegemonic masculinity was distinguished from other masculinities, especially subordinated masculinities. Hegemonic masculinity was not assumed to be normal in the statistical sense; only a minority of men might enact it. But it was certainly normative. It embodied the currently most honored way of being a man, it required all other men to position themselves in relation to it, and it ideologically legitimated the global subordination of women to men. Men who received the benefits of patriarchy without enacting a strong version of masculine dominance could be regarded as showing a complicit masculinity. It was in relation to this group, and to compliance among heterosexual women, that the concept of hegemony was most powerful. Hegemony did not mean violence, although it could be supported by force; it meant ascendancy achieved through culture, institutions, and persuasion.” (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005, p. 832)

Hvad er maskulinitet? Sociale normer/forventninger, der varierer mellem tid og sted

MASKULINITET SOM BARRIERE FOR HELBRED?

Hvordan er maskulinitet og helbred forbundet?

Aggression og vold

Mord, overfald, voldtægt

Risikosøgende adfærd

Ulykker, usund livsstil (rygning, alkohol, kostvaner), usikker sex

Manglende lægesøgning

Ignorering af symptomer på dårligt helbred, udsættelse af behandling

Restriktivt følelsesliv

Flere problemer med at cope med sygdom særligt mentalt helbred -> selvmord

(Utilsigtede) side-effekter vs. kompensationsstrategier

‘Undoing’ vs. ‘reconfiguring’ masculinity

I forbindelse med sikkerhedstiltag, der måske problematiserer traditionelle maskuline dyder (som f.eks. at være stærk), skal man være opmærksom på at ’tilbyde’ mændene andre acceptable måder at vise deres mandighed på. Man skal sammentænke idealet om sikkerhed med andre grundlæggende maskuline og faglige idealer om det at være ’en arbejdende mand’ og på den måde stille alternative manderoller til rådighed.

Fiskere og nye teknologiske arbejdsredskaber

Rollemodeller

Det er ikke ligegyldigt, hvem afsenderen af et nyt forebyggelsestiltag er, og budskabets legitimitet kan svækkes, hvis vedkommende ikke opfattes som tilstrækkelig maskulin.

Minearbejdere -> fysioterapeut vs. vægtløfter

Tak for opmærksomheden / præsentationen kan downloades på

http://personprofil.aau.dk/profil/103392