Modal Verbs+ Tekstovi

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Modal Verbs

The Origin of the Universe

Newtons work gave a mathematical basis for the universe on a large scale. However, the data available at

his time suggested a static unchanging universe. This could not be explained by the law of gravitation,

since all bodies in the universe attract each other by the force of gravity. Newton realized there was only

one solution to this problem in a static universe matter must be uniformly spread throughout an infinitely

large space. !n "#$%, Heinrich &lbers published a paper containing what is known as &lbers paradox theuniverse had to be finite and uniform to avoid gravitational collapse. This assumption must have been

wrong because it re'uired perpetually bright sky on earth. (oth Newton and &lbers incorrectly imagined

space to be infinite and independent of the matter it contained. )instein in his general theory of relativity

*"+"- proposed that the universe exists in fourdimensional spacetime. This spacetime is curved by the

presence of matter and the matter moves following the resulting curves.The discovery of expanding universe by Hubble in "+$+ provided the starting point of our present

understanding of the universe. Hubble made his discovery by analyzing the spectra of light from distant

galaxies noting redshift, which he explained in terms of the /oppler effect the sources were moving away

from the observer. 0oreover, he discovered a pattern in his data the further away the galaxy, the greater

the speed of away motion. This model may seem to place the )arth at the center of the universe again.

However, it is the space itself that is expanding and the galaxies are situated in this space like dots in a

ring. 1s the ring expands, the view from any dot is that other dots are moving away at a speedproportional to their distance. No single dot is at the center, but all dots see the same. Hubbles discovery

satisfies the cosmological principle that the universe should appear the same no matter where one is.

)xpansion of the universe also implies that there once must have been a time when space and time were

minutely small with all the matter and energy of the universe concentrated in this small volume.

Exercise 1.

!n the above text find modal verbs which say that

something wasnt possible

something is possible now

we are sure something is true now

we are sure something happened something is obligatory

Exercise 2.

!n which case does the modal verb express modality *0- and in which case does it express possibility *2-

or certainty *3-4

Newton couldnt use presentday technologies.

He had to rely on observation.

He must have been influenced by the data available at his time

He might have been mistaken.

Today we may rely on hightech research procedures.

The expanding universe may be explained by big bang.

Exercise 3.

2ut the sentences into 2ast Tense.

". ! must begin now.$. 5ou dont have to come.

6. 5ou cant mean it.

7. 5ou should help me.

. The data must be wrong.

%. ! cant speak 8erman.

9. :e may use calculators at the exam.


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#. 5ou may be right.

Exercise 4.

0ake the following text less resolute using may might can co!ld.

The universe originated as a minute but very hot body. The temperature has been continuously falling as

the expansion has continued. ;ariations in background radiation discovered in "++$ explain why the

universe formed into galaxies and stars. !n a uniform universe there is no reason for a gravitational

collapse at any point. The four fundamental forces in the universe originated from a single force. Thisforce existed when the big bang occurred. 1s the universe cooled, the forces separated.


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"6. :e expect them EEEEEE :ednesday. *in, on-

"7. The cat was sitting EEEEEEEEEEE the stove. *beside, besides-

". The play begins EEEEEE seven thirty. *at, on-

"%. :e waited EEEEEEEEEE fifteen minutes. *for, since-

"9. 3olumbus crossed the 1tlantic EEEEEE "7+$. *at, in-

"#. There are many possibilities EEEEEEEEEE the ones ! have mentioned.

*beside, besides-

"+. Che will call us EEEEEE half an hour. *at, in-

$. His birthday is EEEEEE the #th of Aanuary. *in, on-

Fill in the blanks with these words: although, and, because, but, or, since,so, unless, until, when.

1 Things were different _____ I was young.

Click here for the answer

2 I do it_____ I like it.


3 et us wait here _____ the rain sto!s.


" #ou cannot be a lawyer _____ you ha$e a law degree.


% That was years _____ years ago.



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& 'he has not called _____ she left last week.


( I saw hi) lea$ing an hour _____ two ago.


* This is an e+!ensi$e _____ $ery useful book.


-e were getting tired _____ we sto!!ed for a rest.


1 /e was angry _____ he heard when ha!!ened.


11 -alk 0uickly _____ you will be late.


12 /e had to retire _____ of ill health.


13 -e will go swi))ing ne+t 'unday _____ its raining.


1" I heard a noise _____ I turned the light on.


1% -ould you like a coffee _____ tea


1& o you know _____ she will arri$e


1( _____ the car is old it still runs well.


1* o you want a !en _____ a bit of !a!er


1 I would like to go _____ I a) too busy.


2 'he will die _____ the doctors o!erate i))ediately.



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1. I think the e+a) will be $ery difficult and you are not studying at all.

you are not going to fail the e+a)

you are not !assing the e+a)

you are not going to !ass the e+a)

2. 4et down off that table. It doesnt look $ery stable at all.

you are going to stand on the table

you are going fall off the table

you are going to fall off the table


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3. The lion is chasing the deer and the deer has an in5ured leg.

the deer is going to esca!e

the lion is going to catch the deer

the deer is going to catch the lion

". It is raining $ery hard and ia) is walking in the street without an u)brella.

ia) is going to get $ery wet

it is going to rain

ia) is going to forget his u)brella

%. The wind is blowing $ery hard and one of the big trees in the garden is )aking strangecreaking noises.

it is going to rain

the tree is going to creak

the tree is going to fall down

&. The roo) is full of dust and 6ohn is holding his nose and )aking a strange e+!ression with hisface.

6ohn is going to clean the roo)

6ohn is going snee7e

6ohn is going to snee7e

(. The Chicago 8ulls are winning the basketball )atch against the os 9ngeles akers by *

!oints to *1. There are only seconds left.

the 9 akers going to lose the )atch

the Chicago 8ulls will winning the )atch

the Chicago 8ulls are going to win the )atch

*. It is raining and the sky is $ery dark. The te)!erature is falling $ery 0uickly and there aregritting lorries out in the town.


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there is going to be bad weather

it is going to snow

it is going to cold

. olly is an e)otional ty!e. 'he is watching a $ery sad fil) and the heroine has 5ust died.olly is reaching for her tissues.

olly is going to cry

olly is going to tele!hone her friend

olly is going to watch a fil)

1. The fishing boat has a hole in its side and the wa$es are getting higher and higher.

The fishing boat is going to sink

The fishing boat going to sink

The fishing boat is going to the ho)e !ort

Juvenile Crime

Juvenile delinquencyrefers to antisocial or illegal behavior by children or adolescents and is

considered a serious problem all over the world. It is caused by social, economic and cultural

factors. This juvenile criminality is apparent in marginal sectors of urban areas where children are

exposed to violence in their immediate social environment, either as observers or as victims.

Because delinquents basic education, if they have any, is poor they have been marginalized from

society and destitute of any dignity or self esteem. lthough most legal systems prescribe specificprocedures for dealing with young criminals, such as juvenile detention centers and suppression,

approaches to prevent youth from becoming delinquent should also include measures to instill

equality and justice, fight poverty and create an atmosphere of hope and peace among youth.

These preventive policies should be given priorities over any coercive measures.

!ocioeconomic opportunities and administrative services should be provided in rural areas to

discourage young people from migrating to urban areas. !imilarly, youth from poor urban settings

should benefit from plans that focus on education, employment and access to leisure programs ,


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especially during long school holidays. "oung people who drop out of school or come from bro#en

families should have access to specific social programs that help them become responsible adults.

Information campaigns should be planned to sensitize youth to be aware of the detrimental effects

of violence on the family, community and society, to teach them how to communicate without

violence. $ocus on the importance of family should become a priority because it is the primary

institution of socialization of youth and continues to play an important role in the prevention of

juvenile delinquency and underage crime.

Educational System in England

This page describes the educational system in %ngland. The educational system in the differs

from the educational systems in the other parts of Britain.

The %nglish educational system is divided into primary, secondary and higher education 'hildren

are required to start school at the age of five. 'ompulsory education lasts until the age of sixteen.

(ost pupils transfer from primary to secondary education at the age of eleven.

!tudents may then continue their secondary studies for a further two years )sixth form*, leading

most typically to an level qualification, although other qualifications and courses exist, including

Business and Technology %ducation 'ouncil )BT%'* qualifications and the International

Baccalaureate.

+igher education typically begins with a -year Bachelors /egree. 0ostgraduate degrees include

(asters /egrees, either taught or by research, and /octor of 0hilosophy, a research degree thatusually ta#es at least years.

Who are some of the women who changed the world?

1ho can regret the importance of women in our every day life2 1omen help not only with the

housewor# but also in the progress of countries. They have reached a high place comparable to

that of men in all fields3 politics, business, sport, art, literature etc.

+ere is a list of seven women who made history.

1. Benazir Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto was a 0a#istani-born politician, with 0a#istani and 4urdish origin, who chaired the

0a#istan 0eoples 0arty )000*, a centre-left political party in 0a#istan. Bhutto was the first woman

elected to lead a (uslim state, having twice been 0rime (inister of 0a#istan )567785669: 5668

566;*. !he was 0a#istans first and to date only female prime minister. she was assassinated on


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2. Indira andhi

Indira andhiwas born Indira ?ehru to @awaharlal ?ehru. !he was the third 0rime (inister of the

>epublic of India for three consecutive terms from 56;; to 56== and for a fourth term from 5679

until her assassination in 567A, a total of fifteen years. Indias only female prime minister to date,

she remains the worlds longest serving female 0rime (inister as of


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. imone de Beauvoir 1-/31-3)

imone de Beauvoirwas a $rench existentialist philosopher, public intellectual, and social

theorist. !he wrote novels, essays, biographies, an autobiography in several volumes, and

monographs on philosophy, politics, and social issues. !he is now best #nown for her metaphysical

novels, including She Came to Stayand The Mandarins, and for her 56A6 treatise The Second Sex, a

detailed analysis of womens oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism. !he is

also noted for her lifelong polyamorous relationship with @ean-0aul !artre.

'i4s to succeed in your career

Because the world has become so competitive, you will

have to do your best to secure your share of success. The

following are tips to get you ahead in your career.

1. +riorities and goals

1hat are your priorities of the day2 (a#e a list and of your

priorities and plan your day. The tas#s of the day must be

outlined with the most important and urgent ones on top.

Ei#ewise determine your short-term and long-term goals

and evaluate your progress frequently.

2. Be focused

re you really present physically and mentally. Try to bloc# out all distractions so that you have

the time to truly focus on your tas#s and career.

!. Broaden your s,ills

?othing remains the same and so do job requirements. &pdate your #nowledge and s#ills. !ee#

improvement of your #now-hows. ttend seminars, conferences, read boo#s, be an eternal

learner.

%. ocialize

Be ready to participate in social functions. Be open to new acquaintances. (eet new people and

deal with them respectfully and enthusiastically. Be an active listener: you will surely learn

something new...

(. "now your merits

4now your strengths and wea#nesses. If you thin# you deserve a position or promotion, claim it.


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). 5cce4t challenge

Through challenge you will reach areas of your personality you have never discovered before. It is

a good idea to step away from your comfort zone to explore new horizons. If you settle into a

routine and play it safe all the time, you will never get ahead in your career. If you always do

what youve always done, youll only get what youve already got

. Communication

Eearn to communicate effectively. Eisten to what others are saying and focus on how to give and

receive constructive feedbac#, to persuade effectively and to as# for help and collect information.

3. 5void gossi4

void office gossip about colleagues and the boss. Be respectful and wor# for the good of the

company.

- *ela6

>elax and do something different, a hobby that you love doing. Ta#e time off for yourself. This will

help boost your productivity during wee# days.

1/. ee, satisfaction

If you are disappointed with what you are doing, try to transform it into something you love. If you

fail, it might be a good idea to do something different. s 'onfucius said3 Choose a job you love,

and you will never have to work a day in your life

Reading Comprehension - The History of Pizza

7evelo4 your reading s,ills. *ead the following te6t and do the com4rehension questions

The modern pizza was originally invented in ?aples, Italy

but the word pizza is Gree# in origin, derived from the

Gree# word!"ktosmeaning solidor clotted. The ancient

Gree#s covered their bread with oils, herbs and cheese.

The first major innovation that led to flat bread pizza was

the use of tomato as a topping. It was common for the

poor of the area around ?aples to add tomato to their

yeast-based flat bread, and so the pizza began.

1hile it is difficult to say for sure who invented the pizza,

it is however believed that modern pizza was first made by ba#er >affaele %sposito of ?aples. In

fact, a popular urban legend holds that the archetypal pizza, 0izza (argherita, was invented in

5776, when the >oyal 0alace of 'apodimonte commissioned the ?eapolitan pizzaiolo >affaele

%sposito to create a pizza in honor of the visiting ueen (argherita. Ff the three different pizzas

he created, the ueen strongly preferred a pie swathed in the colors of the Italian flag3 red


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)tomato*, green )basil*, and white )mozzarella*. !upposedly, this #ind of pizza was then named

after the ueen as 0izza (argherita.

Reading Comprehension - Pollution and its Negative Effects

7evelo4 your reading s,ills. *ead the following te6t on 4ollution and itseffect on the environment. 'hen answer the com4rehension

questions

0ollution is the degradation of natural environment by external substances introduced directly or

indirectly. +uman health, ecosystem quality and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity may be

affected and altered permanently by pollution.

0ollution occurs when ecosystems can not get rid of substances introduced into the environment.

The critical threshold of its ability to naturally eliminate substances is compromised and the

balance of the ecosystem is bro#en.

The sources of pollution are numerous. The identification of these

different pollutants and their effects on ecosystems is complex.

They can come from natural disasters or the result of human

activity, such as oil spills, chemical spills, nuclear accidents ...

These can have terrible consequences on people and the planet

where they live3 destruction of the biodiversity, increased

mortality of the human and animal species, destruction of natural

habitat, damage caused to the quality of soil, water and air ...

0reventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application of the principlesof sustainable development. we have to consider to satisfy the needs of today without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This means that we should

remedy existing pollution, but also anticipate and prevent future pollution sources in order to

protect the environment and public health. ny environmental damage must be punishable by law,

and polluters should pay compensation for the damage caused to the environment.

tereoty4es

stereoty4eis a fixed idea that people have about

what specific social groups or individuals are li#e,

especially an idea that is wrong. Fther terms that

are associated with the term stereotype

are!rejudiceand clich#. The term has a Gree#

origin3 stereos means solidorfirm andty!os mean bl

ow, im!ression, engraved ormark. The term was


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first used in the printing business. The first modern %nglish use of the term was in 57D9, meaning

Cimage perpetuated without change.C

Because stereotypes are standardized and simplified ideas of groups, based on some prejudices,

they are not derived from objective facts, but rather subjective and often unverifiable ideas. s

!ociologist 'harles %. +urst statesH CFne reason for stereotypes is the lac# of personal, concrete

familiarity that individuals have with persons in other racial or ethnic groups. Eac# of familiarity

encourages the lumping together of un#nown individualsC.

The existence of stereotypes may be explained by the need of groups of people to view themselves

as more normal or more superior than other groups. 'onsequently, stereotypes may be used to

justify ill-founded prejudices or ignorance and prevent people of stereotyped groups from entering

or succeeding in various activities or fields. The stereotyping group are, generally, reluctant to

reconsider their attitudes and behavior towards stereotyped group.

!tereotypes may affect people negatively. This includes forming inaccurate and distorted images

and opinions of people. !tereotypes may also be used for scapegoating or for ma#ing general

erroneous judgments about people. !ome stereotyping people may feel comfortable when theyprevent themselves from emotional identification with the stereotyped group, which leads to

xenophobic or racist behavior. $inally another serious consequence of stereotypes is the feeling of

inferiority that the stereotyped people may have and which may impair their performance.

8$esity

8$esityis a medical condition in which excess body fat has

accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect

on health, leading to reduced life expectancy andor increased

health problems. Body mass index )B(I*, a measurement which

compares weight and height, defines people as overweight

)pre-obese* when their B(I is between


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energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an

increased body mass.

The primary treatment for obesity is dieting and physical exercise. To supplement this, or in case

of failure, anti-obesity drugs may be ta#en to reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. In severe

cases, surgery is performed or an intragastric balloon is placed to reduce stomach volume andor

bowel length, leading to earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.

Fbesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults

and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the


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1' %arbara and her h!sband (((((((((((((((((( the so!th of Morocco by the end of next &ee)* +&ill have been visited

* +&ill had visited

* +&ill have visited

2' ,ext &ee) that football -layer (((((((((((((((((( &ith o!r national team for six years.

* +&ill have -layed

* +&ill have -lay

* +&ont -layed

3' %y 2/2/ o!r -o-!lation (((((((((((((((((( enormo!sly

* +&ill have increased

* +&ont increased.* +&ill increased

4' %y the beginning of 0!ne my father (((((((((((((((((( to rance.

* +&ill have ret!rned

* +ret!rn

* +&ill ret!rned

"' T&o ne& -rivate radio stations (((((((((((((((((( by the end of the next month.

* +&ill have started

* +&o!ld have started

* +&ill had started


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#' Many &omen (((((((((((((((((( this association by the beginning of the next year

* +&ill have oined

* +&o!ld oin

* +&o!ld have oined

' The school library (((((((((((((((((( many interesting boo)s and magaines by the end of this

month

* +&ill have received* +&ill have receive

* +&ill receive

5' This time next year h!ndreds of -alm trees (((((((((((((((((( in o!r area

* +&ill have -lanted

* +&ill have been -lanted

* +&ill -lanted

6' $ ne& generation of mobile -hones (((((((((((((((((( in the mar)et by the end of the decade.

* +&ill la!nched

* +&ill have been la!nched

* +&ill have la!nched

1/' $ considerable n!mber of em-loyees (((((((((((((((((( in that international com-any by

next 0!ne

* +&ill have been hired

* +&ill hired

* +&ill have be hired

11' 7cientists (((((((((((((((((( a ne& vaccine for $897 in ten years

* +&ill have -ossibly develo-ed

* +&ill had -ossibly develo-ed

* +&ill -ossibly develo-ed

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Modal Verbs+ Tekstovi