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[email protected] , [email protected]. Forskningsformidling Forskningsartikel - skrevet på godt engelsk CIRRAU. AU, 5. september 2014. Morten Pilegaard Knowledge Communication Lab, Business and Social Science, AU, [email protected] - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Morten PilegaardKnowledge Communication Lab, Business and Social Science, AU, [email protected] A/S; www.termshare.dk; [email protected]; 5154 1908 VidKom, www.vidkom.dk, [email protected]; [email protected]; 2617 4622
Forskningsformidling Forskningsartikel- skrevet på godt engelsk
CIRRAU
AU, 5. september 2014
Produktion af gode tekster kræver tre kompetencer:
• Viden om kontekstuelle retoriske konventioner i tekstgenrer • Viden om det fremmedsprog teksten forfattes på• Viden om forskningsfeltet/fagområdet
“Kontekstuelle retoriske konventioner”:
Enhver tekst fungerer i en kontekstEnhver tekst tjener kontekst-specifikke formål på to måder
a) gennem sin strukturb) gennem sine sproglige valg
Tekster danner genrer = tekster med “genkendelige” formål
2 beskrivelsesniveauer:Formelt & funktionelt niveau
TrækSkridt
Nøglen til god tekstproduktion
OrdSætning
Modtager
Effektiv tekstproduktion er kontekstuel. Forudsætter eksplicitering af formålpå mikroniveau og nøje sammenhæng mellem tekstens struktur og sprog
Kultur
Sprog
..og viden om tekstkonventioner på fremmedsprog…og ’retorisk kultur’
UKLineær syntaksPersonlige udtrykMeget metakomm.Tematisk fokuseretModtager-orienteret
DKKompleks syntaksUpersonlige udtrykLidt metakomm.Tematiske afstikkereAfsender-orienteret
Afsender
Medium (talt/skrevet)
Tekstgenre Heltekst
TeksttypeDeltekstTeksttype
DeltekstTeksttypeDeltekstTeksttype
Deltekst
Modtagere
Intenderede ”Tilskuere”
Adres-serede
÷Adres-serede Tilfældige
Kontekst
Kontekst
Artikel
Abstract
Introduktion
Diskussion
Genretrækstruktur: Instruktioner & konventioner
+ Strukturkrav
÷ Strukturkrav+ Strukturforventning
± Strukturkrav+ Strukturforventning
Formkrav
Formforventninger
+
+
RegiolektTabeller, figurerEtc.
IdeationIdiomatikSprogrigtighedEtc.
75%
2/3NNSE
● Makrostruktur: Forskningsartikler: (A)IMRAD Kliniske randomiserede protokoller
http://www.consort-statement.org/revisedstatement.htm
PosterKongresabstract, etc.
● Mikrostruktur: Abstract
Specifik struktur 1. Formål BMJ abstract 2. Design
3. Patienter4. Effektmål5. Resultater6. Konklusion
Understøtter abstracts formål:•Primært at informere•Sekundært at skabe interesse
Markerer trækkenes indhold:Signalord, informationstæt, kompakt
Generel trækstruktur
Kort introduktion (sæt scenen) Kort om materiale og metode Vigtigste resultater Kort diskussion/konklusion
Tekstens struktur og den sproglige form
Sprog
ABSTRACTThe calcium antagonist verapamil has been shown to increase oxygen extraction of ischaemic tissues in coronary and periphe-ral disease. Since the balance between beneficial and delete-rious effects of vasodilation in ischaemic disease may be deli-cate we investigated the clinical and haemodynamic effects of verapamil in 44 patients with intermittent claudication (Fon-taine's stadge IIb - III) in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled crossover study (4 weeks with placebo/verapamil) af-ter individual optimal dose of the drug had been evaluated in a dose response study. Eight, 8, 14, and 14 patients revealed the longest walking distance on 120, 240, 360, and 480 mg, res-pectively of slow-release verapamil once daily. In individually optimal doses verapamil increased pain free walking distance by 27% from 44.9 to 57.8 m (p<0.001) and maximal walking dis-tance by 49% from 100.7 to 149.8 m (p<0.001) as compared to placebo. The increase in maximal walking distance after vera-pamil administration was positively correlated to initial systolic ankle pressure (...) and to ankle/brachial index (...) and to no other parameter.
Model
Formål
Design
Patienter
Effektmål
Resultater
Konklusion
Træk?12345678910111213141516171819
Introduktion
Hvad: Drejebog/scenesætterFunktion: Informere om baggrund
Angive rationaleIscenesættelse af forskningsfokus
Træk: 1. Anslå tema og forskningsområde 1a. Resumering af del af tidligere forskning
1b. Påstand om områdets generelle betydning/vigtighed 1c. Generalisering over emnet 2. Etabler en forskningsniche
2a. Påstand der modsiger aktuel forskning 2b. Mangel i eksisterende forskning 2c. Spørgsmål/tvivl v. eksisterende forskning 2d. Næste skridt i forskningsprogram3. Indtag nichen
3a. Forskningens formål eller karakter 3b. Nøgleresultater (evt.)
Sammenhæng mellem trækkets formål og densproglige form
Træk 1b (”påstand om områdets generelle betydning”):
The increasing interest in pain management has heightened the need for tools suitable to objectively assess pain. Of particular interest and complexity is the monitoration of pain levels as the disease progresses towards its acute stages.
Betydning – ordniveau:
Increasing interest
Heightened need
Particular interest and complexity
Betydning – sætningsniveau
Of particular interest and complexity is
Sproglig form = signal om trækkets funktion
Introduktion
Træk 2a+b: Etabler niche med ”negativt” subjekt (viser at træk 1 er færdigt)
“Negativt” subjekt:
Utællelig subj. However, little information ...little attention ...little work ...little research ...
Tælleligt subj. However, few studies ... few investigations ...
few attempts …
Sproglig form = signal om trækkets funktion
Konnektorer Bisætning Hovedsætning FraseModsætning although, even though however, nevertheless despite,
yet, in spite of
Kontrast while, whereas in contrast, however, unlikeconversely
IntroductionThe period from the first symptoms of cancer until treatment is initiated (delay) should be as short as possible because the prognosis for the most of cancers depends on the disease stage at the time of diagnosis {…}. Delay is also asso-ciated with mental strain for the patients {..}. Only a few studies have been con-ducted to analyse, in detail, to which extent the different actors – patients, generalpractitioners (GPs) and secondary health care - contribute to delay in cancer diagnosis. These studies only cover one or few specific cancer types {..}. Hence,there is a lack of population based studies and lack of an overview and differen-tiated insight into delay for all cancer types. We examined, in a population based cohort study, each involved actors’ contribution to delay and to what extent delay differs with different cancer types.
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Trækstruktur
Teksteksempel
The period from the first symptoms of canceruntil treatment is initiated (delay) should be as short as possible because the prognosis for the most of cancers depends on the dis-ease stage at the time of diagnosis {…}. Delay is also associated with mental strain for the patients {..}. Only a few studies have been conducted to analyse, in detail, to whichextent the different actors – patients, Gene-ral practitioners (GPs) and secondary health care - contribute to delay in cancer diagnosis. These studies only cover one or few specific cancer types {..}. Hence, there is a lack of population based studies and lack of an over-view and differentiated insight into delay for all cancer types. We examined, in a popula-tion based cohort study, each involved actors’contribution to delay and to what extent delaydiffers with different cancer types.
The period from the first symptoms of cancer until treatment is initiated (de-lay) should be as short as possible be- cause in most cancers the prognosis depends on the disease stage at thetime of diagnosis {..}. Delay is also as-sociated with mental strain for the pa-tients {..}. Only few studies have ana-lyzed in detail how delay in cancer dia-gnosis is distributed between patients,general practitioners (GPs) and secon-dary health care staff. Moreover, the studies only cover one or few specific cancer types {..}. The present lack of population-based studies and the ab-sence of detailed knowledge of cancer-specific delay accordingly needs to be addressed. We therefore conducted a population-based cohort study explor-ing each involved actor’s contribution to delay and the extent to which delay differed according to cancer type
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Øvelse: Find tre sproglige problemer!
Øvelse: bestem introduktionens træk 1-3Urinary incontinence in women is a common distressing, and costly health problem. Studies have shown that only about a quarter of affected women consult a doctor for their symptoms, and the treat-ment that they are offered is probably not optimal. The condition is thus a challenge for general practitioners, who often will be the first professionals to diagnose and treat it. Several treatment options are effective in the treatment of urinary incontinence in women and most of these treatments are suitable in general practitioners and other primary care staff1. In two controlled trials from general prac-tice most of the women had improved or were cured after manage-ment; similar results were found in a study in which treatments were administered by nurses.2,3 Such studies, however, are often performed by one dedicated doctor or specially trained staff, so the results may not reflect what is attainable in ordinary practices. We conducted an observational study of treatment of urinary incontine-nece in women in general practice in a community where a group of general practitioners serves the total population.
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[email protected], [email protected]
Diskussion
Formål: Diskutere resultater
Funktion: Diskutere resulter i kontekst Vurdere resultater/metoderEvaluate mulige anvendelserAnbefale videre forskning
Trækstruktur: Sproglige modeller
Øget enighed om behov for struktureret diskussion
Diskussion: Tidsskriftsspecifikke trækstrukturer
BMJ: (http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/318/7193/1224)
• Statement of principal findings• Strengths and weaknesses of the study • Strengths and weaknesses in relation to other studies, discussing particularly any differences in results • Meaning of the study: possible mechanisms and implications for clinicians or policymakers • Unanswered questions and future research
Hvorfor bliver 2/3 af alle artikler afvist?Hvad siger reviewerne?
Fordi forfatter ikke forholder sig tilstrækkeligt nuanceret til egne og andres data!!
Diskussion - trækTræk 1 Giv baggrundsinformation (ikke-obligatorisk; fagområdeafhængigt)
Formål: At gentage formål/forskningsspørgsmål Sprog: Metadiskurs (fx the aim of this study is to..)
Træk 2 Redegør for egne resultater (obligatorisk)
Formål: At præsentere de vigtigste specifikke resultater af egen forskning og
evt. kommentere forventnings-”fit” (ventet/uventet)Sprog: Menings-/ytringsverber, datid
Henvisning til eksempler, tabeller, figurer
Træk 3 Opsummer hovedresultatet (ikke-obligatorisk)
Formål: Kort resumé af det samlede hovedresultat (i relation til formål). Adskiller
sig fra træk 2, som har fokus på væsentligste delresultater
Træk 4 Vurder/sammenlign egne resultater med andres (obligatorisk)
Formål: At sammenligne egne med andres resultater og give vurdering af resultaternes betydning for forskningen
Ofte kombination A: Sammenligne/kontrastere fund med litteraturen
af flere ”skridt” B: Forklare egne resultater i forhold til andresC: Vurdere egne resultater i forhold til andres
Diskussion - trækTræk 5 Resume af eller konklusion på studiet (ikke obligatorisk)
Formål: At resumere studiets samlede betydning for forskningen (ikke kun egne resultaters betydning, træk 3):
Sprog: Førnutid ( fx The present study has shown that..) Trækket afslutter ofte diskussionen
Træk 6 Vurderer/diskuter studiet (obligatorisk)
Formål: Præsentation af studiets styrker/svagheder og vurdering/diskussionaf styrke/svagheder, generaliserbarhed, nyhedsværdi
Ofte kombination A: Vurdering af styrker/svaghederaf flere ”skridt” B: Vurdering af betydning/fordele ved eget
studie C: Vurdering af metode
Sprog: Ofte ‘positive’ verber (fx: our study/results ‘expands on’, ‘adds to’ the literature, ‘contribute’ to the existing body of knowledge, ‘are
confined to’ certain bounds, are ‘only a means’ to an end, ‘do not claim being exhaustive’, etc.)
Træk 7 Hvad giver studiet anledning til (obligatorisk)
Formål: Forslag til fremtidig indsat (forskning, klinik, undervisning) begrundet i manglende forskning eller hypoteser/formodninger studiet har rejst
Ofte kombination A: Forslag til videre forskningaf flere ”skridt” B: Anbefalinger
Nusse R et al had showed that WNT-1contributed to mammary oncogenesiswhen overexpressed (Nusse R and van Ooyen A, 1984). WNT-1 also seemed to play an important role in the neoplastic progression of basal cell carcinomas of head and neck in which the areas of de-differentiated BCCs demonstrated a high granular positive staining (LomuzioL and Pannone G et al, 2000). To ourknowledge there is no report on WNT-1expression on OSCC. Our results show-ed that there was no expression ofWNT-1 in normal oral epithelium, and strong expression was observed in dys-plastic oral epithelium and well-differ-entiated OSCC, however redisappear-ence was observed in the poor differen-tiated OSCC. ….
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10111213141516171819
1. Baggrund (gentag formål) 4. Sammenlign resultater med andres resultater2. Egne resultater (hoved-/del-) 5. Konkluder på studiet i kontekst3. Evt. sammenfat resultat jfr. 1 6. Vurder/diskuter studiet (styrker/svagheder)
7. Hvad giver studiet anledning til
Øvelse: Find træk 1-4 og kommenter resultatpræsentation
Modtager
Effektiv tekstproduktion er kontekstuel og forudsætter ekspliciteringaf formål på mikroniveau og sammenhæng mellem tekstens struktur og sprog
Kultur
Sprog
..og viden om tekstkonventioner på fremmedsprog…og ’retorisk kultur’
UKLineær syntaksPersonlige udtrykMeget metakomm.Tematisk fokuseretModtager-orienteret
DKKompleks syntaksUpersonlige udtrykLidt metakomm.Tematiske afstikkereAfsender-orienteret
Afsender
Medium (talt/skrevet)
TekstgenreHeltekst
TeksttypeDeltekstTeksttype
DeltekstTeksttypeDeltekstTeksttype
DeltekstTeksttype
Kulturbundet formStrategisk sprogbrug
Kommunikativ funktion
Kontekst
Modtagere
Intenderede Tilskuere
Adres-serede
÷-Adres-serede
LurereTilfældige
Kontekst
Forskelle på dansk og engelskSystem
•Ords morfosyntaks • Fx. Adjektivers bøjning i tal
•Ordklassernes funktion og anvendelse• Fx. Adverbiers frekvens
•Sætningsopbygning • Fx. Danske relativsætninger og
sætninger med foreløbigt subjekt
Brug
ORDKLASSENIVEAUDK 1 ord >< UK n ord – UK ”falske venner” DANGELSK ENGELSK
DK aktuel = UK topical/presentUK actual = UK real
The predicted results and the actual [faktisk] results are diametrically opposed hereThe present results [herværende] are in contrast with those of ...
DK annulere = UK cancelUK annul: fx annul legal meaning
The failure of the procedure caused the entire project to be cancelled [afblæse]
DK dominerende = UK dominantUK domineering = tyrannical
The dominant [dominerende] position assumed was one of genuflexion
DK eventuelt = UK possibly/may UK eventually = at long last/finally
This oral approach was finally [i sidste instans] abandoned
DK triviel = UK commonplace/ tedious/triteUK trivial = unimportant
He was admitted on a trivial [ubetydelig] complaint
Getting back to the subject of smoking when patients had refused smoking cessation advice earlier was considered a difficult and risky affair by most of the GPs
An age- and gender-matched group of 47 persons, without any actual or previous need for orthodontic or surgical-orthodontic treatment, served as controls
Øvelse: Find falske venner eller forkerte engelske ord
Dansk biord -> engelsk tillægsord
DK engelsk: biord (f.eks. early in the mitosis)UK engelsk: tillægsord (f.eks. in the early mitosis)
DANGELSK biord ENGELSK tillægsord
The patient admitted to smoking a cigarette occasionally [af og til]
The patient admitted to smoking an occasional cigarette
Agitation was interrupted occasionally [nu og da] to allow admixture of fresh medium
There were occasional interruptions to allow addition of fresh medium
Twenty more [yderligere] subjects were admitted to the trial
Another twenty subjects were admitted to the trial
We needed more laboratory animals instantly [øjeblikkeligt] to meet LD50 test requirements in time
We were in instant need of more laboratory animals to meet LD50 test requirements in time
Dansk biord -> engelsk udsagnsord
DK engelsk biord (f.eks. the problem is still [stadig] unsolved)UK engelsk udsagnsord (f.eks. the problem remains unsolved).
DANGELSK biord ENGELSK udsagnsord
This hypothesis may be unverifiable [uverificerbar]
This hypothesis may be impossible to verify
The shortage of penicillin still [stadig] gives cause for concern
The shortage of penicillin continues to cause concern
The equipment has now been upgraded so [så] as to include incinerators
The equipment has now been upgraded to include incinerators
Nonlinear equations are unsolvable [kan ikke løses]
Nonlinear equations defy solution
Øvelse: lav biord om til udsagsord eller tillægsord
X is still to be clarified
a discrepancy between the actual capacity to perform transvenous TP and the current recommendations still exists
Children with multiple symptoms may be especially at risk of developing regular functional somatic syndromes over time
It is possible to close the fascia in the midline with primary defects as large as 20 cm
surgery to bone or spinal cord compression has been reported as high as 3,38 per year for patients with mRCC
By inserting a balloon subdurally or epidurally
The patients all routinely had a CT-angio in combination with their staging
This enabled us to use multivariate statistics to detect potential risk factors and this method implies inclusion of several variables concurrently and thereby control for confounding
Dansk forholdsord -> engelsk udsagnsord
DK engelsk: forholdsord UK engelsk: udsagnsord (ing-form) ved verber der giver liv
DANGELSK forholdsord ENGELSK udsagnsord (-ing)
The rules for [for] this procedure are explained in the manufacturer's instructions
The rules governing this procedure are explained in the manufacturer's instructions
The surgical principle for [ved] abdominorectal incision is ...
The surgical principle underlying abdominorectal incision is ...
PhD courses with [med] lessons in medical English
PhD courses offering lessons in medical English
An incision was made towards [mod] the anterior aspect
The incision was made facing the anterior aspect
The depletion of potassium is also known to have an impact on reab-sorption of sodium in the kidneys impairing both the ability to excrete a Na+ load and the ability to conserve Na+ maximally
The uptake of DNA in the cells in culture is markedly enhanced
The expression levels of the proteins examined when comparing experimental versus control animals were determined by conventional densitometry of immunoblots
Potassium depletion is also known to affect kidney sodium reabsorption by impairing the kidney’s ability to excrete an Na+ load and maximally conserve Na+
The cellular DNA uptake in culture is markedly enhanced
The protein expression levels in experimental and control animals were compared by conventional immunoblot densitometry
Øvelse: fjern forholdsord hvor det er muligt
2. Bevidst inkompetent
3. Bevidst kompetent
1. Ubevidst inkompetent
4. Ubevidst kompetent
Et eksempel: Modalverbernerummer udsagn
om sandsynlighed
Hvilke er der?
Forskellen? Kendt viden!
Hvad gør jeg? Brug tid på sproget!
Vi ved normalt ikke, hvad vi ikke ved, før vi
ved det!
Vi ved ikke hvad vi ikke ved – før vi ved det!
2. Bevidst inkompetent
3. Bevidst kompetent
1. Ubevidst inkompetent
4. Ubevidst kompetent
Et eksempel: ”Kausalitets-markørers
værdiladning”
Hvilke er der?
Forskellen? Kendt viden!
Kausalitetsmarkører : ”fordi”
HJÆLP!!! Grammatik og sprogbeskrivelse
WEBSTER ONLINE http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/
Information fra Webster om grammatik med sproglige øvelser samt øvelser i opbygning af tekster.
Fx kohæsion
HJÆLPEMIDLER
Grammatik og sprogbeskrivelse
Guide to Grammar and Writing Eksempel: Sentence level: Coherence
Kohæsion:KonjunktionerPronomenerLeksikalsk gentagelseParallelkonstruktioner
•Addition•Comparison•Concession•Contrast (howeveritis)
•Emphasis•Etc.
Præpositionel postmodifikation Adjektivisk præmodifikation
Individuals without training Unskilled individuals
Individuals on early retirement Early retirees
Individuals with little education Poorly educated individuals
Præpositionskonstruktion Verbum (-ing-form)
The rules for this procedure The rules governing this procedure
The surgical principle for X The surgical principle underlying X
An incision was made towards X An incision was made facing X
Udled generelle regler fx brug færre præpositioner!
Dangelsk Engelsk
Observer! Forskelle på sprog og sprogsystemter
DK adverbium UK verbum
This hypothesis may be unverifiable
The shortage of penicillin still gives cause for concern
The equipment has now been upgraded so as to include incinerators
Nonlinear equations are unsolvable
EngelskDangelsk
This hypothesis resists verification
The shortage of penicillin continues to cause concern
The equipment has now been upgraded to include incinerators
Nonlinear equations defy solution
Observer! Forskelle på sprog
Udled generelle regler fx undgå for mange adverbier!
…eller – ring efter hjælp for help!
Fokus:
- Struktur - Klart budskab- Dangelsk
Form:
- Vis ændringer - Kommentarer: - forklaringer på fejl - forslag til ny tekst
Kronologisk & systematisk – indhold/sprog
Danish GPs act as "gate-keepers" with regard to hospital treatment and treat-ment by specialists. This means that patients usually start by talking with their GPs, whose responsibility it is to ensure that they are offered the treatment that they need and that they will not be treated on a higher level of specialisation than necessary. (55 ord)
Danish GPs act as hospital and specialist treatment gatekeepers. Patients, therefore, usually first consult their GP, who is responsible for proper treatment institution at an appropriate specialisation level (27 ord sparet!)
Kortere! Mere klart?
Prøv selv: Gør tekst kompakt og klar
