MOSCOW 2021 - hse.ru

MOSCOW 2021

Editorial Board: Leonid Gokhberg, Evgeniy Kislyakov, Yaroslav Kuzminov, Maxim Parshin, and Irina ShapovalAuthors: Gulnara Abdrakhmanova, Olga Demidkina, Anna Demyanova, Svetlana Fridlyanova, Konstantin Fursov, Leonid Gokhberg, Maxim Kotsemir, Galina Kovaleva, Irina Kuznetsova, Ekaterina Leven, Olga Ozerova, Valentina Polyakova, Tatyana Ratay, Zinaida Ryzhikova, Nikolay Schugal, Ekaterina Streltsova, Anton Suslov, Kristina Utyatina, and Konstantin Vishnevskiy

Digital Economy : Pocket Data Book / G. Abdrakhmanova, O. Demidkina, A. Demyanova et al.; D56 National Research University Higher School of Economics. – Moscow : HSE, 2021. – 124 p. – 150 copies. – ISBN 978-5-7598-2346-9 (pbk).

This pocket data book contains the most recent statistical data representing the level and dynamics of the digital economy development in the Russian Federation. International comparisons are provided for a number of indicators.

The data book includes information of the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation, Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), Russian Central Bank (Bank of Russia), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Statistical Office (Eurostat), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Scopus database, and results of own methodological and analytical studies of the HSE Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge.

In some cases, the presented data specify those published earlier. УДК 338:004(083.41)(470+571) ББК 65.051doi 10.17323/978-5-7598-2346-9ISBN 978-5-7598-2346-9 © National Research University Higher School of Economics, 2021 Reference is mandatory in case of reproduction

УДК 338:004(083.41)(470+571)ББК 65.051 D56

Contents

1. Gross Domestic Expenditure on Digital Economy Development ...................................9 1.1. Gross domestic expenditure on digital economy development: 2019 .............................. 10 1.2. Gross domestic expenditure on digital economy development

as a percentage of GDP .......................................................................................... 11 1.3. Percentage distibution of enterprises’ domestic expenditure

on development, dissemination, and use of digital technologies and related goods and services by type of economic activity: 2019 ............................... 12

1.4. Percentage distibution of enterprises’ domestic expenditure on development, dissemination, and use of digital technologies and related goods and services by type of costs: 2019 ................................................ 13

1.5. Household expenditure on use of digital technologies and related goods and services: 2019 ................................................................................................ 14

2. Population in the Digital World ............................................................................15 2.1. Households with Internet acces .............................................................................. 16 2.2. Households with Internet access by country: 2019 ..................................................... 17 2.3. Ratio of Internet access tariffs for individuals to average per capita income .................. 18 2.4. Internet users ...................................................................................................... 19 2.5. Internet users by age: 2019 .................................................................................... 20 2.6. Individuals’ use of Internet in the last three months by country: 2019 .......................... 21 2.7. Individuals’ use of mobile devices to access the Internet on the move or at work ............ 22 2.8. Individuals’ use of mobile phones or smartphones to access

the Internet on the move or at work by country: 2019 ................................................ 23

3

2.9. Digital skills ........................................................................................................ 24 2.10. Digital skills by country: 2019 ................................................................................ 25 2.11. Individuals’ Internet activities related to communications by country: 2019.................. 26 2.12. Individuals’ Internet activities related to reading or downloading

online newspapers / magazines / e-books by country: 2019 ......................................... 27 2.13. Individuals’ Internet activities related to uploading

personal files to publicly accessible sources by country: 2019 ...................................... 28 2.14. Individuals’ Internet activities related to e-learning by country: 2019 .......................... 29 2.15. Individuals’ Internet activities related to looking

for a job or sending a job application by country: 2019 ............................................... 30 2.16. Individuals’ Internet activities related to financial

transactions by country: 2019 ................................................................................ 31 2.17. Individuals’ Internet activities related to ordering goods or services by age: 2019 .......... 32 2.18. Individuals’ Internet activities related to ordering goods or services by country: 2019 ... 33 2.19. Factors hampering individuals’ use of Internet: 2019 ................................................. 34

3. Public Attitudes towards Robots...........................................................................35 3.1. Public perception of robots: 2019 ........................................................................... 36 3.2. Public attitudes towards interaction with robots: 2019 .............................................. 37 3.3. Perceived impact of robots on labour market: 2019 .................................................... 38 3.4. Public opinion on the possibility of robots replacing humans

at the workplace: 2019 .......................................................................................... 39 3.5. Public opinion on the possibility of robots replacing humans

at the workplace by country: 2019 ........................................................................... 40

4

4. Business Digitalisation ........................................................................................ 41 4.1. Business Digitalisation Index: 2019 ......................................................................... 42 4.2. Business Digitalisation Index by country: 2019 ......................................................... 43 4.3. Enterprises’ use of ICT ........................................................................................... 44 4.4. Enterprises with broadband access: 2019 .................................................................. 45 4.5. Enterprises with Internet access by country: 2019 ..................................................... 46 4.6. Provision of portable devices to personnel by business

enterprise sector units for mobile Internet connection: 2019 ...................................... 47 4.7. Provision of portable devices to personnel by business enterprise sector units

for mobile Internet connection by country: 2019 ....................................................... 48 4.8. Enterprises with a website by country: 2019 ............................................................. 49 4.9. Enterprises’ use of the Internet by purpose: 2019 ...................................................... 50 4.10. Enterprises’ Internet activities related to purchasing goods or services: 2019 ................ 51 4.11. Enterprises’ Internet activities related to selling goods or services: 2019 ...................... 52 4.12. Enterprises’ Internet activities related

to purchasing and selling goods or services by country: 2019 ....................................... 53 4.13. Enterprises’ use of cloud computing services: 2019 .................................................... 54 4.14. Enterprises’ use of cloud computing services by country: 2019 ..................................... 55 4.15. Enterprises’ use of RFID technologies: 2019 .............................................................. 56 4.16. Enterprises’ use of RFID technologies by country: 2019 ............................................... 57 4.17. Enterprises’ use of specialised software

to carry out business activities: 2019 ...................................................................... 58 4.18. Enterprises’ use of ERP, CRM, SCM software: 2019 ....................................................... 59

5

4.19. Enterprises’ use of ERP and CRM software by country: 2019 ......................................... 60 4.20. Enterprises’ use of cybersecurity tools: 2019 ............................................................. 61

5. E-Government .....................................................................................................63 5.1. Public authorities’ use of ICT: 2019 ......................................................................... 64 5.2. Public authorities’ use of the Internet by purpose: 2019 ............................................. 65 5.3. E-Government Development Index by country: 2020 ................................................... 66 5.4. Individuals’ online interaction with public authorities by country: 2019 ....................... 67 5.5. Public and municipal services received by individuals in digital form ............................ 68 5.6. Public and municipal services received by individuals in digital

form by age: 2019 ................................................................................................. 69 5.7. Individuals’ reasons to refrain from receiving public

and municipal services in digital form: 2019 ............................................................. 70 5.8. Enterprises’ online interaction with public authorities: 2019 ....................................... 71 5.9. Public services received by enterprises in digital form: 2019 ........................................ 72

6. Personnel ........................................................................................................... 73 6.1. Employed in ICT task-intensive occupations: 2019 ..................................................... 74 6.2. Employed in ICT task-intensive occupations by type of economic activity: 2019 ............. 77 6.3. Employed in ICT task-intensive occupations by country: 2019 ...................................... 79 6.4. ICT specialists by age: 2019 ................................................................................... 80 6.5. ICT specialists under 35 by country: 2019 ................................................................. 81 6.6. Education and training in the field of digital technologies and production

of related goods and services: secondary vocational education programmes ................... 82

6

6.7. Education and training in the field of digital technologies and production of related goods and services: bachelor’s, specialist’s, and master’s degree programmes ............................................................ 83

6.8. Education and training in the field of digital technologies and production of related goods and services: postgraduate programmes ...................... 85

6.9. Secondary vocational education graduates – programmes for mid-career professionals and higher education graduates in ‘Information and communication technologies’ scientific areas by country: 2019 .................................................................................................. 86

7. Infrastructure ....................................................................................................87 7.1. Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions ................................................................... 88 7.2. Internet subscriptions .......................................................................................... 89 7.3. Broadband subscriptions by country: 2019 ............................................................... 90 7.4. Fixed broadband subscriptions ............................................................................... 91 7.5. Internet traffic .................................................................................................... 92 7.6. Internet access subscription fee ............................................................................ 93 7.7. Revenue from all telecommunication services ........................................................... 94

8. ICT Sector ...........................................................................................................95 8.1. Main ICT sector indicators ..................................................................................... 96 8.2. ICT sector input into the national economy development: 2019.................................... 97 8.3. ICT sector share in the business enterprise sector gross value added

by country: 2019 .................................................................................................. 98 8.4. ICT sector share in the business enterprise sector employment by country: 2019 ............. 99

7

8.5. Percentage distribution of goods and services in the ICT sector: 2019 ..........................100 8.6. Main ICT sector indicators of innovation activity ......................................................101 8.7. R&D in the ICT sector ...........................................................................................102 8.8. R&D output in ICT-related fields of S&T ...................................................................103 8.9. Exports and imports of ICT goods and services: 2019 ................................................ 104 8.10. Exports of ICT goods and services by country: 2018 ..................................................105

Technical Notes ..........................................................................................................106

Symbols used in tables are: … data not available and not included in the totals, – data not applicable, 0.0 insignificant value.

In some tables, the sum of the breakdown may not add to the total because of rounding.

8

1GROSS DOMESTIC

EXPENDITURE ON DIGITALECONOMY DEVELOPMENT

1.1. Gross domestic expenditure on digital economy development: 2019

3.7% of GDP

2,4532.2% of GDP

1,6411.5% of GDP

billionroubles 4,094billion

roubles

billionroubles

Enterprises’ domesticexpenditure on development,dissemination, and useof digital technologiesand related goodsand services*

Household expenditureon use of digitaltechnologies and related goods and services

* Enterprises’ domestic expenditure on development, dissemination, and use of digital technologies and related goods and services is domestic expenditure on digital economy development from all sources of funds (session protocol no. 557pr of September 27, 2019 of the Digital Economy Subcommittee under the Government Comission on the Digital Development, Use of Information Technologies for Improving Quality of Life and Business Environment).

Source (here and below in this section): HSE ISSEK estimates based on Rosstat data.

1010

1.2. Gross domestic expenditure on digital economy development as a percentage of GDP

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.03.6 3.6 3.7

1.9 1.9

2.2

2017 2018 2019

Gross domestic expenditure on digital economy development

Enterprises’ domestic expenditure on development, dissemination, and use of digital technologies and related goods and services

11

1.3. Percentage distibution of enterprises’ domestic expenditure on development, dissemination, and use of digital technologies

and related goods and services by type of economic activity: 2019(as a percentage to the total)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishingOther

Electricity, gas, steam andair-conditioning supply

Mining and quarryingConstruction

Arts, entertainment,and recreation

Information and communicationProfessional, scientific, and technical activityFinancial and insuranceactivitiesEducationManufacturing

Wholesale and retail trade Public administration and defence;compulsory social securityTransportation and storageReal estate activitiesHuman health and socialwork activities

2.4

3.6 3.1

0.60.61.9 1.1

19.7

21.6

7.2

6.1

15.5 12.0

1.61.3

1.6

12

1.4. Percentage distibution of enterprises’ domestic expenditure on development, dissemination, and use of digital technologies

and related goods and services by type of costs: 2019(as a percentage to the total)

Telecommunication services

Purchase of ICT-related machinery and equipment

Purchase of digital content

Purchase of software, its adaptation and enhancement

Research and development

ICT-related training of staff

Other domestic expenditure related to implementation and use of digital technologies

0.2

44.4

24.5

18.7

0.80.6 10.8

13

1.5. Household expenditure on use of digital technologies and related goods

and services: 2019

59.913.4

11.0

6.55.2 4.0


Purchase of mobile phones or smartphones

Purchase of digital content

Purchase of TV and audio equipment

Purchase of office equipment

Costs of ICT equipment handling and maintenance

14

2POPULATION

IN THE DIGITAL WORLD

2.1. Households with Internet acces(as a percentage of all households)

Internet

Broadband Internet

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

48.4

56.860.3

67.269.9

72.174.8 76.3 76.6 76.9

56.5

64.166.8

70.772.6 73.2 73.6

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Sources (here and below in the section): for Russia, HSE ISSEK estimations based on Rosstat data; for coun-tries other than Russia, Eurostat, OECD, and ITU.

16

2.2. Households with Internet access by country: 2019*(as a percentage of all households)

0

20

40

60

80

10099

Sout

h Ko

rea

96

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

96

Swed

en

95

Germ

any

94

Finl

and

90

Esto

nia

90

Fran

ce

87

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

85

Ital

y

80

Unit

ed S

tate

s

77

Russ

ia

* Or nearest years for which data are available.

17

2.3. Ratio of Internet access tariffs for individuals to average per capita income

Roubles Percentage

Fixed Internetsubscriptions

Mobile Internetsubscriptions

PercentageRoubles

Subscription fee, December, rоubles

As a percentage of average per capita income

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

559

2016

571

2017

564

2018

554

20190

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.01.82 1.83

1.731.6

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

257

2016

295

2017

327

2018

327

20190

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.840.94 1.00

0.9

18

2.4. Internet users(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–74*)

Ever In the last three months Daily or almost every day

0

20

40

60

80

100

49.3

43.0

26.0

2010

74.1

67.2

51.6

2014

77.7

70.1

55.1

2015

80.8

73.1

57.7

2016

83.7

76.0

60.6

2017

87.3

80.9

68.8

2018

88.6

82.6

72.6

2019

* Here and below in the section: 2010 data are given for individuals aged 16–74, 2014–2016 data for indi-viduals aged 15–72.

19

2.5. Internet users by age: 2019(as a percentage of all individuals in each age group)

Age, years

Ever In the last three months Daily or almost every day

0

20

40

60

80

100 88.6

82.6

72.6

Total(15–74)

99.0

97.5

95.3

15–24

98.2

96.3

92.1

25–34

96.8

93.8

85.7

35–44

92.5

87.3

74.7

45–54

78.1

67.4

49.9

55–64

56.1

39.5

22.9

65–74

20

2.6. Individuals’ use of Internet in the last three months by country: 2019*

(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–74**)

0

20

40

60

80

100 98

Swed

en

Sout

h Ko

rea

9696

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

95 95

Finl

and

Cana

da

93

Germ

any

90

Esto

nia

89

Fran

ce

87

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

83

Russ

ia

83

Unit

ed S

tate

s

76

Ital

y

* Or nearest years for which data are available. ** For countries other than Russia: aged 16–74.

21

2.7. Individuals’ use of mobile devices to access the Internet on the move or at work

(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–74)

Mobile phones and smartphones Laptops and netbooks Tablets

0

20

40

60

80

37.6

9.68.0

2015

44.7

10.18.7

2016

53.1

10.99.4

2017

64.8

11.48.9

2018

59.2

9.07.0

2019

22

2.8. Individuals’ use of mobile phones or smartphones to access the Internet on the move or at work by country: 2019*


0

20

40

60

80

10086

Swed

en79

Germ

any

78

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

74

Finl

and

68

Fran

ce

68

Esto

nia

64

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

59

Russ

ia

39

Ital

y


23

2.9. Digital skills(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15 and over)

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Using word processing software 38.8 41.5 41.7 41.1 40.4

Transferring files via e-mail … … … 36.8 39.7

Copying or moving files or folders … … … 34.5 36.3

Transferring files between a computer and other devices 27.6 29.0 27.4 31.1 31.0

Using copy/paste tools in documents … … … 22.4 24.9

Using spreadsheet software 21.7 22.9 22.7 20.8 22.0

Using software to edit photos, video, or audio files 21.3 21.4 20.6 21.2 21.9

Connecting and installing new devices 8.4 8.9 9.7 9.8 15.3

Creating e-presentations using special software 7.6 8.5 9.1 8.2 9.0

Searching, dowloading, installing of software, and changing software configuration settings … … … … 5.8

Installing or reinstalling an operating system 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.9

Writing software by oneself using a programming language 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2

24

2.10. Digital skills by country: 2019*(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15 and over**)

Transferring filesbetween a computer

and other devices

Usingspreadsheet

software

Using software to edit photos,

video, or audio files

Russia 31 22 22Czech Republic 61 49 35

Estonia 57 44 38

Finland 66 53 55

France 60 41 32

Germany 66 40 48

Sweden 53 49 39

United Kingdom 56 50 49


25

2.11. Individuals’ Internet activities related to communications by country: 2019*


Participating in social media

Making online telephone/ video calls

Sending/receiving e-mails

Russia 63 59 36Canada 73 50 88

Czech Republic 59 45 82

Estonia 65 53 82

Finland 67 65 90

France 42 48 79

Germany 53 55 86

Italy 42 49 59

Japan 61 61 81

South Korea 65 62 57

Sweden 72 63 91

United Kingdom 73 54 89

United States 63 44 76


26

2.12. Individuals’ Internet activities related to reading or downloading online newspapers / magazines / e-books by country: 2019*


0

20

40

60

80

10089

Sout

h Ko

rea

81

Finl

and

81

Esto

nia

80

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

80

Swed

en

71

Germ

any

70

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

64

Japa

n

54

Fran

ce

44

Ital

y

26

Cana

da

18

Russ

ia


** For countries other than Russia: aged 16–74.

27

2.13. Individuals’ Internet activities related to uploading personal files to publicly accessible sources by country: 2019*


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

7060So

uth

Kore

a

41Cz

ech

Repu

blic

38

Unit

ed K

ingd

om37

Swed

en

36

Esto

nia

35

Germ

any

28

Russ

ia

27

Finl

and

23

Fran

ce

22

Ital

y

15

Unit

ed S

tate

s

12

Cana

da


28

2.14. Individuals’ Internet activities related to e-learning by country: 2019*


0

5

10

15

20

25

21Fi

nlan

d21

Sout

h Ko

rea

19

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

18

Swed

en

18

Unit

ed S

tate

s

15

Cana

da

14

Esto

nia

9

Japa

n

8

Germ

any

8

Fran

ce

7

Ital

y

6

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

3

Russ

ia


29

2.15. Individuals’ Internet activities related to looking for a job or sending a job application by country: 2019*


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35 32Fi

nlan

d30

Swed

en25

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

22

Sout

h Ko

rea

22

Cana

da

21

Esto

nia

18

Unit

ed S

tate

s

17

Germ

any

17

Fran

ce

14

Ital

y

8

Japa

n

6

Russ

ia

6

Czec

h Re

publ

ic


30

2.16. Individuals’ Internet activities related to financial transactions by country: 2019*


0

20

40

60

80

100 91

Finl

and

84

Swed

en

81

Esto

nia

78

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

68

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

66

Fran

ce

66

Sout

h Ko

rea

61

Germ

any

60

Unit

ed S

tate

s

43

Russ

ia

36

Ital

y

18

Japa

n


31

2.17. Individuals’ Internet activities related to ordering goods or services by age: 2019

Age, years

As a percentage of all individuals in each age group

As a percentage of all individuals in each age groupusing the Internet

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

35.7

41.7

Total(15–74)

44.2 44.9

15–24

53.7 55.1

25–34

45.1 47.3

35–44

34.538.2

45–54

18.2

25.0

55–64

7.1

15.3

65–74

32

2.18. Individuals’ Internet activities related to ordering goods or services by country: 2019*


0 20 40 60 80 100

87United Kingdom82Sweden

79Germany76Canada

73Finland70France

68Estonia64Czech Republic63South Korea

61United States58Japan

38Italy36Russia


33

2.19. Factors hampering individuals’ use of Internet: 2019(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–74 who have not used

the Internet over the last 12 months or never used it)

0 20 40 60 80

74.0No need (unwilling to use

the Internet, not interested in using it)

32.9Lack of Internet skills

15.3Access costs are too high

4.8No technical capability available

3.4Privacy or security concerns

34

3PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARDS ROBOTS

3.1. Public perception of robots: 2019*(as a percentage of all individuals aged 18–65)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

63Widespread use of robots may endanger human safety and security

54Robots and AI serve for the benefit of the society

* The number of individuals who totally agree or tend to agree with each of the statements.Source: here and below in the section, the data of a representative survey of individuals aged 18–65, con-ducted by the HSE Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge (ISSEK) within the frame-work of the Basic Research Programme of the National Research University Higher School of Economics.The survey was carried out in December 2018 – January 2019. The number of respondents – 7584.

36

3.2. Public attitudes towards interaction with robots: 2019*(as a percentage of all individuals aged 18–65)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

66A robot does a part of your daily chores

62A delivery drone brings your shopping

53A robo-advisor helps you navigate through legal issues

44A robot assists you at work

38A companion robot discusses with you things you find interesting

35A robot decides whether to grant you a loan

21An intelligent robotic car drives you around

19A robot takes care of your elderly parents

14A robot performs a medical operation on you

10A robot nanny takes care of your children at kindergarten

* Number of individuals who feel totally comfortable or rather comfortable with each of the situations.

37

3.3. Perceived impact of robots on labour market: 2019*(as a percentage of all individuals aged 18–65)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

89Robots are necessary; they can

do jobs that are too hard or too dangerous for people

74Many occupations may dissappear because of robots

55Soon robots will replace people at most workplaces

* The number of individuals who totally agree or tend to agree with each of the statements.

38

3.4. Public opinion on the possibility of robots replacing humans at the workplace: 2019

(as a percentage of employed population aged 18–65)

Yes, but only partially No, not at all Yes, mostly

Yes, entirely Don't know

My current job could be done by a robot:

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

5 11 35 44 6All employees14 30 62 3Senior and mid-level managers

3 5 35 53 4Highly qualified specialists

4 7 34 48 7Mid-level specialists

5 15 41 33 7Clerical and administrative personnel

6 12 36 39 8Services and sales workers

4 14 36 40 6Skilled workers

15 22 33 25 5Unskilled workers

39

3.5. Public opinion on the possibility of robots replacing humans at the workplace by country: 2019*

(as a percentage of employed population aged 18–65)

My current job could be done by a robot:Yes, but only partially No, not at all Yes, mostly

Yes, entirely Don't know

0

20

40

60

80

100

1020

25

4

Rom

ania

3

18

34

2Cr

oati

a

6

19

31

4Au

stri

a

718

29

3

Lith

uani

a

6

15

34

12

Bulg

aria

6

17

32

7

Pola

nd

39

41

1

Finl

and

4

16

34

2

Czec

hRe

publ

ic

313

37

2

Gree

ce6

16

31

3

Hung

ary

5

11

35

6

Russ

ia

810

32

5

Spai

n

4

17

28

5

Ital

y

312

33

6

Slov

akia

3

16

26

6

Port

ugal

411

31

3

Esto

nia

3

18

24

Belg

ium

56

32

1

Denm

ark

49

30

2

Slov

enia

89

25

2

Latv

ia

1111

20

2

Cypr

us

5

19

18

2

Irel

and

38

29

Swed

en

6

12

22

2

Luxe

mbo

urg

46

29

1

Neth

erla

nds

410

24

3

Germ

any

410

23

1

Fran

ce

6

1612

3

Mal

ta

51016

41 43 41 42 33 39 45 45 45 44 44 44 46 46 48 52 55 56 55 56 56 56 59 59 60 59 62 63 66

3

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

* For countries other than Russia, 2017 data is presented as a percentage of the total number of employed individuals aged 15 and over.

Source: countries other than Russia, European Commission (2017) Special Eurobarometer 460.

40

4BUSINESS

DIGITALISATION

4.1. Business Digitalisation Index: 2019

0 10 20 30 40 50

32.2Business enterprise sector

44.5Telecommunications

39.2Wholesale and retail trade

35.8Manufacturing

35.6IT industry

34.1Accommodation and food service

activities30.2Electricity, gas, steam and air-conditining supply

29.4Mining and quarrying

29.3Transportation and storage

26.6Professional, scientific, and technical

activity25.3Construction

24.9Water supply, sewerage, waste management,

and remediation activities23.8Real estate activities

* Here and below in the section: business enterprise units are given by types of economic activity with the Russian Classification of Economic Activity codes (OKVED): 2015–2016, OKVED Rev. 1.1: C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, 92.1, 92.2, and 92.4; 2017–2018, OKVED2: B, С, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, N, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, and 95.

Sources (here and below in the section): for Russia, HSE ISSEK estimates based on Rosstat data; for coun-ties other than Russia, Eurostat and OECD.

42

4.2. Business Digitalisation Index by country: 2019

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

52Finland

50Denmark

49Belgium

47Sweden

47South Korea

40Czech Republic

39France

39United Kingdom

36Germany

36Italy

34Latvia

32Russia

32Poland

31Greece

30Bulgaria

27Romania

43

4.3. Enterprises’ use of ICT(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

Cloud computing services

Website

Servers

Broadband Internet

Internet

Broadband Internet access with top access speed over 100 Mbit/s

0

20

40

60

80

10085.3

78.9

53.8

41.4

18.49.1

2015

85.7

80.5

56.7

43.4

20.5

9.0

2016

86.1

81.6

55.5

44.0

22.6

9.3

2017

89.5

86.0

59.9

48.7

27.1

10.4

2018

89.6

86.0

60.6

48.5

29.1

11.2

2019

44

4.4. Enterprises with broadband access: 2019(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

Total By top access speed By connection type

256 kbit/s – 1.9 Mbit/s

2.0–100.0 Mbit/s

Over 100 Mbit/s

Fixed Mobile

Business enterprise sector 86.0 18.4 56.4 11.2 80.7 52.1Mining and quarrying 82.6 14.0 68.9 9.5 78.4 57.5Manufacturing 90.4 12.0 69.3 7.4 84.0 56.5Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 87.4 19.8 60.7 6.9 82.3 51.9Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 78.8 27.0 46.0 5.8 73.5 43.3Construction 78.1 15.6 54.7 7.8 71.0 50.9Wholesale and retail trade 90.0 22.4 55.4 12.2 85.2 58.7Transportation and storage 80.8 16.8 52.7 11.3 75.0 49.5Accommodation and food service activities 81.5 21.0 51.7 8.7 74.2 54.2Telecommunications 92.0 5.5 45.7 40.8 89.1 57.3IT industry 95.7 8.7 62.4 24.6 89.8 54.0Real estate activities 78.8 19.3 50.9 8.6 73.9 39.3Professional, scientific and technical activities 85.2 17.3 57.2 10.6 79.9 46.4

45

4.5. Enterprises with Internet access by country: 2019*(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

over 100 Mbit/s

Broadband Internet with top access speed:

Internet

2–100 Mbit/s

0

20

40

60

80

100

100

3762

Denm

ark

100

7313

Fran

ce

100

4839

Finl

and

100

3459

Swed

en

9969

21Ge

rman

y

9879

17Es

toni

a

9876

13It

aly

9779

15Cz

ech

Repu

blic

9672

18Un

ited

Kin

gdom

9056

11Ru

ssia


46

4.6. Provision of portable devices to personnel by business enterprise sector units for mobile Internet connection: 2019

As a percentage of all enterprises

As a percentage of total employment

Business enterprise sector 47.1 5.0Mining and quarrying 51.2 3.1

Manufacturing 52.7 2.8

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 47.7 3.2

Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 35.2 2.5

Construction 44.4 2.8

Wholesale and retail trade 56.8 9.2

Transportation and storage 44.6 3.3

Accommodation and food service activities 47.1 3.5

Telecommunications 58.8 16.9

IT industry 57.2 21.7

Real estate activities 28.5 3.8

Professional, scientific and technicalactivities 37.6 6.2

47

4.7. Provision of portable devices to personnel by business enterprise sector units for mobile Internet connection

by country: 2019*

As a percentage of all enterprises

As a percentage of total employment

0

20

40

60

80

100 96

Finl

and

87

Swed

en

83

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

80

Esto

nia

67

Fran

ce

65

Germ

any

62

Ital

y

60

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

47

Russ

ia

54 57

27 2432

25 25 29

5


48

4.8. Enterprises with a website by country: 2019*(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0

20

40

60

80

100 96

Finl

and

92

Japa

n

90

Swed

en

88

Germ

any

84

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

83

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

81

Esto

nia

79

Cana

da

72

Ital

y

72

Fran

ce

65

Sout

h Ko

rea

49

Russ

ia


49

4.9. Enterprises’ use of the Internet by purpose: 2019(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0 20 40 60 80 100

86.8E-mails

86.1Online search of information

68.2Banking and other financial transactions

45.0Personnel training

44.2Videoconferencing

42.3Online telephone/VoIP calls

41.6Internal/external staff recruitment

32.0Paid subscriptions to e-databases

or e-libraries

50

4.10. Enterprises’ Internet activities related to purchasing goods or services: 2019

(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40


34.2Electricity, gas, steam

and air conditioning supply


26.4Accommodation

and food service activities

24.7Water supply, sewerage, waste

management, and remediation activities

24.0IT industry


21.6Manufacturing


17.7Real estate activities


16.6Construction

51

4.11. Enterprises’ Internet activities related to selling goods or services: 2019


0 5 10 15 20 25 30




20.7Accommodation

and food service activities19.6Manufacturing


and air conditioning supply11.7Transportation and storage

11.4IT industry

10.6Water supply, sewerage, waste management,

and remediation activities8.7Mining and quarrying

8.6Construction


52

4.12. Enterprises’ Internet activities related to purchasing and selling goods or services by country: 2019*


Selling online Purchasing online

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

33

78

Swed

en

30

61

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

29Fi

nlan

d26

53

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

24

40

Japa

n

2126

Esto

nia

20

56

Germ

any

19

51

Fran

ce

16

41

Sout

h Ko

rea

1520

Russ

ia

14

43

Ital

y


53

4.13. Enterprises’ use of cloud computing services: 2019(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0 10 20 30 40 50



38.3IT industry


35.5Accommodation and food service activities

27.6Manufacturing

24.4Professional, scientific and technical activities

24.1Water supply, sewerage, waste

management, and remediation activities22.9Transportation and storage

22.3Construction



and air conditioning supply20.7Mining and quarrying

54

4.14. Enterprises’ use of cloud computing services by country: 2019*(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 65

Finl

and

59

Japa

n

57

Swed

en

53

Cana

da

52

Unit

ed S

tate

s

42

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

34

Esto

nia

29

Russ

ia

26

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

23

Ital

y

23

Sout

h Ko

rea

22

Germ

any

19

Fran

ce


55

4.15. Enterprises’ use of RFID technologies: 2019(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16




12.0Manufacturing

11.9Accommodation and food service activities


9.1IT industry



and air conditioning supply6.4Construction

4.8Professional, scientific

and technical activities4.3

Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities


56

4.16. Enterprises’ use of RFID technologies by country: 2019*(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0

10

20

30

40

50 46

Sout

h Ko

rea

23Fi

nlan

d

16Ge

rman

y13

Ital

y

12

Swed

en

12

Esto

nia

11

Fran

ce

9

Japa

n

8

Russ

ia

8

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

8

Czec

h Re

publ

ic


57

4.17. Enterprises’ use of specialised software to carry out business activities: 2019


Electronic payment

transactions

Computer-aided management

systems

Access to databases through

global information networks

Business enterprise sector 58.1 57.2 31.2Mining and quarrying 54.9 55.6 24.2Manufacturing 67.7 64.9 28.8Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 64.3 61.4 29.2Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 56.0 48.0 26.5Construction 52.1 49.0 21.8Wholesale and retail trade 60.5 61.2 41.5Transportation and storage 53.0 61.1 25.8Accommodation and foodservice activities 58.8 51.4 32.6Telecommunications 59.9 68.4 40.1IT industry 53.4 60.7 34.9Real estate activities 53.7 47.6 21.7Professional, scientific and technical activities 55.2 50.9 23.6

58

4.18. Enterprises’ use of ERP, CRM, SCM software: 2019(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

ERP software CRM software SCM software

Business enterprise sector 23.3 18.6 10.6Mining and quarrying 22.7 11.9 7.7

Manufacturing 29.6 18.5 6.9

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 20.9 10.6 4.8

Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 6.7 4.9 2.6

Construction 10.9 7.7 3.4

Wholesale and retail trade 37.5 33.2 23.7

Transportation and storage 20.2 12.4 6.8

Accommodation and food service activities 20.9 13.3 8.8

Telecommunications 46.1 43.1 13.0

IT industry 23.7 22.3 6.2

Real estate activities 7.5 6.7 2.4

Professional, scientific and technical activities 12.1 9.5 3.7

59

4.19. Enterprises’ use of ERP and CRM software by country: 2019*(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

ERP software CRM software

0

10

20

30

40

50 49

17

Sout

h Ko

rea

48

28Fr

ance

43 42

Finl

and

41

Cana

da

38

21

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

37 36

Swed

en

35

28

Ital

y

29

44

Germ

any

2622

Esto

nia

24

31

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

2319

Russ

ia


60

4.20. Enterprises’ use of cybersecurity tools: 2019(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

Automatically updated anti-virus

software

Electronic signature

tools

Firewalls (software

or hardware)

Business enterprise sector 79.0 73.4 61.0Mining and quarrying 78.8 70.5 65.2

Manufacturing 83.7 83.6 68.0

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 83.5 84.6 64.8

Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 68.1 80.7 37.1

Construction 69.6 69.3 49.9

Wholesale and retail trade 82.1 61.4 69.4

Transportation and storage 82.1 77.8 64.1

Accommodation and foodservice activities 71.9 76.4 50.3

Telecommunications 91.4 78.2 81.0

IT industry 87.8 83.3 76.0

Real estate activities 67.1 78.2 43.7

Professional, scientific and technicalactivities 75.4 77.9 54.4

61

(continued)

Spam filters

Data encryption for confidentiality

facilities

Intrusion detection

system

Automated IT security control and

analysis software

Business enterprise sector 56.2 43.8 43.4 35.5Mining and quarrying 59.5 45.8 43.7 35.9Manufacturing 61.0 51.4 46.8 34.1Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 54.2 50.0 41.5 34.2Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 30.6 31.4 22.6 20.8Construction 45.0 35.5 35.7 27.6Wholesale and retail trade 69.0 43.4 52.5 44.0Transportation and storage 54.9 48.2 45.6 36.0Accommodation and foodservice activities 48.8 36.1 35.8 30.6Telecommunications 74.2 66.0 64.5 61.5IT industry 69.6 67.8 59.8 50.1Real estate activities 38.3 34.2 28.6 23.7Professional, scientific and technicalactivities 48.8 42.3 36.6 29.0

62

5E−GOVERNMENT

5.1. Public authorities’ use of ICT: 2019(as a percentage of all public authorities and local self-governmet bodies)

Publ

ic a

utho

riti

es –

tota

l

Fede

ral a

utho

riti

es

Regi

onal

aut

hori

ties

Loca

l sel

f-go

vern

met

bod

ies

Broadband Internet

Cloud computing services

Website

Internet

Broadband access withtop access speed over100 Mbit/s0

20

40

60

80

10096.3

91.1

60.5

28.1

7.2

93.091.6

61.1

24.9

8.7

98.8

95.4

72.7

36.1

7.5

95.9

87.4

50.7

23.5

6.2

Sources (here and below in the section): for Russia, HSE ISSEK estimates based on Rosstat data; for coun-tries other than Russia, Eurostat.

64

5.2. Public authorities’ use of the Internet by purpose: 2019(as a percentage of all public authorities and local self-governmet bodies)

0 20 40 60 80 100

94.7E-mails

47.1Videoconferencing

24.7Online telephone/VoIP calls

Staff

Communications

49.0Personnel training

26.2Internal/external staff recruitment

Information resources

35.1Access to databases

27.3Paid subscriptions

to e-databases or e-libraries

65

5.3. E-Government Development Index by country: 2020*

E-Government Development Index

Of which subindices values:

Rank Value Online Services Index**

Telecommunica-tions

Infrastructure Index**

Human Capital

Index**

Denmark 1 0.9758 0.9706 (3) 0.9979 (2) 0.9588 (2)

South Korea 2 0.9560 1.0000 (1) 0.9684 (4) 0.8997 (23)

Estonia 3 0.9473 0.9941 (2) 0.9212 (11) 0.9266 (13)

Finland 4 0.9452 0.9706 (3) 0.9101 (15) 0.9549 (3)

Australia 5 0.9432 0.9471 (7) 0.8825 (21) 1.0000 (1)

… … … … … …

Chile 34 0.8259 0.8529 (24) 0.7606 (51) 0.8643 (36)

Portugal 35 0.8255 0.8353 (35) 0.7948 (43) 0.8463 (45)

Russia 36 0.8244 0.8176 (39) 0.7723 (49) 0.8833 (31)

Italy 37 0.8231 0.8294 (36) 0.7932 (44) 0.8466 (44)

Bahrain 38 0.8213 0.7882 (45) 0.8319 (30) 0.8439 (46)

* 193 Member States were ranked. ** The country’s subindex rank is provided in parenthesis. Source: the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA).

66

5.4. Individuals’ online interaction with public authorities by country: 2019

(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–72*)

Total Of which

obtaining information

from websites or apps

downloading official forms

submitting completed

forms online

Russia 46 42 19 20Czech Republic 54 52 28 25

Estonia 80 69 48 74

Finland 87 84 74 72

France 75 48 40 64

Germany 59 58 35 21

Italy 23 19 17 14

Sweden 86 79 55 77

United Kingdom 63 43 41 51

* Countries other than Russia: aged 16–74.

67

5.5. Public and municipal services received by individuals in digital form

As a percentageof all individuals

aged 15–72

As a percentage of all individualsaged 15–72 who have received public

and municipal servicesover the last 12 months

0 20 40 60 80 100

57.52019

54.52018

42.32017

28.82016

0 20 40 60 80 100

77.62019

74.82018

64.32017

51.32016

68

5.6. Public and municipal services received by individuals in digital form by age: 2019

(as a percentage of all individuals in each age group who have received public and municipal services over the last 12 months)

Age, years0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

9077.6

Total(15–72)

84.7

15–24

87.4

25–34

86.8

35–44

80.5

45–54

63.0

55–64

41.2

65–72

69

5.7. Individuals’ reasons to refrain from receiving public and municipal services in digital form: 2019

(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–72 who have not used the Internet to receive state and municipal services

over the last 12 months)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

57.1Prefer personal visit

and face-to-face contact

17.8There was no need

to send formal application forms

17.3Other people did this for

the respondent

17.2Insufficient skills or knowledge

14.0It was required to visit the authorities

in person and submit hard copiesto receive the service

70

5.8. Enterprises’ online interaction with public authorities: 2019(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

Submitting completed

forms online

Downloading/ printing

official forms

Obtaining information

from websites or apps

E-procurement

Business enterprise sector 71.5 70.7 61.7 26.9Mining and quarrying 70.3 70.5 60.7 14.7Manufacturing 81.9 80.8 68.8 25.3Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 79.8 80.2 73.0 42.4Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 78.1 78.1 64.9 45.9Construction 67.3 66.6 56.5 28.2Wholesale and retail trade 66.2 64.8 57.2 14.4Transportation and storage 66.9 66.9 58.1 25.7Accommodation and food service activities 66.1 66.2 57.4 33.0Telecommunications 72.8 75.9 68.2 40.7IT industry 74.3 74.6 68.7 31.9Real estate activities 73.8 71.9 60.8 29.7Professional, scientific and technical activities 74.3 73.4 64.6 35.0

71

5.9. Public services received by enterprises in digital form: 2019(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

Total Of which completely in digital form

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

69.7Business enterprise sector 44.4

80.3Electricity, gas, steam and air-conditioning supply

50.9

78.7Manufacturing 52.5

75.0Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 48.3

73.3Professional, scientific, and technical activity 47.7

72.6Real estate activities 46.9

71.7IT industry 48.7

70.9Telecommunications 45.4

69.6Mining and quarrying 46.3

67.0Construction 45.1

65.2Accommodation and food service activities 40.2

64.6Transportation and storage 40.7

63.9Wholesale and retail trade 37.8

72

6PERSONNEL

6.1. Employed in ICT task-intensive occupations: 2019

Thousand persons As a percentage of total

Employed in ICT task-intensive occupations – total 8598.3 100.0Of which:ICT professionals – total 1664.8 19.4

ManagersICT service managers 63.9 0.8

ProfessionalsElectronics engineers 161.1 1.9

Software and multimedia developers and analysts 674.5 7.8

Database and network professionals 311.8 3.6

Telecommunications engineers 88.55 1.0

ICT sales professionals 11.5 0.1

Graphic and multimedia designers 27.1 0.3

Information technology trainers 7.0 0.1

74


Technicians and associate professionalsICT operations and user support technicians 94.4 1.1

Telecommunications and broadcastingtechnicians 65.0 0.8

Electronics engineering technicians 50.0 3.0

Installers and servicersElectronics and telecommunications technology installers and servicers 109.9 1.3

Other ICT task-intensive occupations – total 6933.5 80.6Managers

Business services and administration managers 838.7 9.8

Sales, marketing and development managers 191.2 2.2

Professional services managers 385.8 4.5

ProfessionalsPhysical and earth science professionals 116.8 1.4

Architects, planners, surveyors and designers 447.9 5.2

(continued)

75


University and higher education teachers 238.0 2.8

Finance professionals 2216.4 25.8

Administration experts 1111.5 12.9

Sales, goods and services marketing, and PR experts 1173.2 13.7

Electrical engineers 214.0 2.5

Sources (here and below in the section): for Russia, HSE ISSEK estimates based on Rosstat data; for coun-tries other than Russia, Eurostat and OECD.

(continued)

76

6.2. Employed in ICT task-intensive occupations by type of economic activity: 2019

(as a percentage of total employment)

ICT specialists Other ICT task-intensive occupations

Total 2.3 9.7Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 0.3 2.2

Mining and quarrying 1.8 4.9

Manufacturing 2.6 5.7

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 2.2 9.8

Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 1.8 4.6

Construction 0.9 6.2

Wholesale and retail trade 0.9 11.1

Transportation and storage 1.3 4.0

Accommodation and food service activities 0.3 4.3

Information and communication 42.3 10.4

Financial and insurance activities 5.4 42.0

Real estate activities 1.0 11.0

77


Professional, scientific, and technical activities 6.1 30.9

Public administration and defence, compulsory social security 1.7 22.2

Education 0.6 9.2

Human health and social work activities 0.7 5.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1.3 5.5

(continued)

78

6.3. Employed in ICT task-intensive occupations by country: 2019*

(as a percentage of total employment)


0

4

8

12

16

20

4

14

Unit

ed S

tate

s

7

11Sw

eden

5

12

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

6

10

Esto

nia

7

9

Finl

and

4

9

Fran

ce

2

10

Russ

ia

4

7

Germ

any

4

6

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

4

4

Ital

y

3

4

Japa

n


79

6.4. ICT specialists by age: 2019(as a percentage of all ICT specialists)

15–29

Age, years:

30–39

40–49

50–59

60–72

30.4

37.7

18.6

10.72.6

80

6.5. ICT specialists under 35 by country: 2019*(as a percentage of all ICT specialists)

0

10

20

30

40

50

6053

Russ

ia

52

Esto

nia

38

Fran

ce

37

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

37

Germ

any

35

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

32

Swed

en

30

Finl

and

25

Ital

y


81

6.6. Education and training in the field of digital technologies and production of related goods and services: secondary vocational education programmes

(thousand persons)

Key general groups of professions and qualifications

Programmes for skilled workers and employees

Programmes for mid-career professionals

Enrolment, at the beginning

of the 2019/2020

academic year

Graduates, 2019

Enrolment, at the beginning

of the 2019/2020

academic year

Graduates, 2019

Computer engineering 18.9 6.5 188.1 30.3Information security – – 15.1 2.0Electronics and communications engineering 5.6 1.7 36.5 7.0Photonics, instrumentation engineering, optical and biomedical engineering – – 2.5 0.5Mechanical engineering 3.7 1.5 21.6 3.9Applied geology, mining and quarrying, oil and gas engineering, geodesy – – 3.6 0.6Systems engineering management – – 16.9 2.9Screen arts – – 2.2 0.5

82

6.7. Education and training in the field of digital technologies and production of related goods and services: bachelor’s,

specialist’s, and master’s degree programmes(thousand persons)


Enrolment, at the beginning of the 2019/2020

academic year

Graduates, 2019

Engineering mathematics 32.4 6.2

Computer and information science 18.5 3.2

Computer engineering 176.5 31.0

Information security 32.4 4.5

Electronics and communications engineering 62.9 13.0

Photonics, instrumentation engineering, optical and biomedical engineering 19.1 4.6

Nuclear engineering and technology 1.1 0.3

Mechanical engineering 34.9 6.6

Engineering physics 0.2 0.0

Arms and weapons systems 2.1 0.3

Nanotechnologies and nanomaterials 4.1 0.7

Economics and management 18.4 4.8

83


Enrolment, at the beginning of the 2019/2020

academic year

Graduates, 2019

Mass media and library and information science 3.7 0.4

Cultural studies and socio-cultural projects 3.8 0.8

Screen arts 5.7 0.8

(continued)

84

6.8. Education and training in the field of digital technologies and production of related goods and services:

postgraduate programmes(persons)


Enrolment, at the end of 2019

Graduates, 2019

Computer and information sciences 254 37

Computer engineering 6913 1164

Information security 464 48

Electronics and communications engineering 1774 277

Photonics, instrumentation engineering, opticaland biomedical engineering 951 137

Arms and weapons systems 52 6

Nanotechnologies and nanomaterials 34 7

Mass media and library and information science 328 77

Screen arts 11 5

85

6.9. Secondary vocational education graduates – programmes for mid-career professionals and higher education graduates

in ‘Information and communication technologies’ scientific areas by country: 2019*

Secondary vocational education – programmes

for mid-career professionals (ISCED level 5)

Higher education – bachelor’s, specialist’s, and master’s

degree programmes (ISCED level 6, 7)

Higher education – postgraduate programmes

(ISCED level 8)

Thousand persons

As a percent-age of all graduates

Thousand persons


Thousand persons


Russia 33.0 6.1 43.6 4.8 1.2 8.1Canada 7.8 4.4 6.6 2.5 0.3 3.4Czech Republic – – 3.9 4.6 0.1 3.2Estonia – – 0.7 7.4 0.0 7.5Finland – – 3.4 6.3 0.1 7.2France 4.5 2.1 17.9 3.2 0.7 5.4Germany – – 25.8 4.8 1.0 3.4Italy 0.3 10.6 3.3 0.9 0.2 2.4South Korea 8.1 4.7 19.7 4.4 0.5 3.3Sweden 1.0 11.7 2.0 3.2 0.2 5.2United Kindgom 4.9 4.6 23.5 3.6 1.1 3.9United States 35.6 3.5 124.4 4.3 2.0 2.8

* For countries other than Russia, the data refers to 2017.

86

7INFRASTRUCTURE

7.1. Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions(million units; at the end of the year)

Of which by GSM/IMT-2000/UMTS/LTEstandards

Total

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

238256 262

278 275 284 290 294 289310

128155 161

210 202220

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Sources (here and in 7.2–7.5, 7.7): for Russia, the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation; for countries other than Russia, ITU.

88

7.2. Internet subscriptions(thousand units; at the end of the year)

Total Of which broadband

2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019

Internet subscriptions:fixed 31084 31968 32910 30877 31789 32695

mobile 122828 131359 145633 117406 126557 141463

satellite 67 66 88 41 44 68

terrestrial fixed wireless 186 233 269 180 230 266

terrestrial mobile wireless 1809 697 669 1741 643 600

89

7.3. Broadband subscriptions by country: 2019*(per 100 inhabitants; at the end of the year)

Broadband subscriptions:fixed mobile

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

3217

2Ja

pan

3115

5Fi

nlan

d

3214

9Es

toni

a

3414

5Un

ited

Sta

tes

3912

4Sw

eden

4111

3So

uth

Kore

a

4010

0Un

ited

Kin

gdom

2890

Ital

y

4389

Fran

ce

3088

Czec

h R

epub

lic

2296

Russ

ia

4183

Germ

any

3976

Cana

da


90

7.4. Fixed broadband subscriptions (as a percentage of all fixed broadband subscriptions;

at the end of the year)

By access speed:

10 Mbit/s – less than 100 Mbit/s

256 kbit/s – less than 2 Mbit/s2 Mbit/s – less than 10 Mbit/s

100 Mbit/s – less than 1 Gbit/sover 1 Gbit/s xDSL

By technology:

FТTH/ FTTB (FTTx)cable modemother

1.21.6 1.4 1.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

22.4

59.0

10.3

0.1

2016

19.4

57.7

16.1

0.1

2017

16.1

54.8

22.7

0.1

2018

13.9

45.2

33.7

0.6

20190

20

40

60

80

100

6.3

71.2

20.9

2016

6.5

74.5

17.6

2017

6.0

77.3

15.4

2018

6.2

79.6

13.0

2019

8.2 6.7 6.3 6.6

91

7.5. Internet traffic(Petabytes)

Fixed Mobile

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

5799

2010

8906

229

2011

1088

5

494

2012

1496

5

891

201317

839

1523

2014

2408

3

2350

2015

2895

1

3520

2016

3560

6

6460

2017

3812

5

1015

6

2018

4588

2

1534

4

2019

92

7.6. Internet access subscription fee (roubles per month; December)

2016 20172015 2018 2019

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 571 559 571 564 554

Fixed

250 257295

327 327

Mobile

Source: Rosstat.

93

7.7. Revenue from all telecommunication services(billion roubles)

Radio stations

Connection and traffictransmission

Wire broadcasting

Radio communication, radio broadcasting, television,and satellite network

Document telecommunicationMobile cellularFixed telephone

3.947

1255

15291619 1682

1526 1576

3.9

4.089

3.3

4.0108

8.7 2.6

4.0113

3.8

3.9125

3.2

3.8133

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

187

147

594

267

2010

270

390

576

196

2015

263

420

551

177

2016

252

524

493

188

2017

270

600

445

172

2018

275

690

415

162

2019

94

8ICT SECTOR

8.1. Main ICT sector indicators

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Number of employeesthousand persons 1220 1245 1220 1183 1174

as a percentage of total employment 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6

Gross value addedbillion roubles 2097 2175 2376 2586 2774

as a percentage of GDP 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8

Fixed capital investmentbillion roubles 428 461 474 604 753

as a percentage of total investiment 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.9

Sources (here and below in 8.2–8.7, 8.10): for Russia, HSE ISSEK estimates based on Rosstat data; for coun-tries other than Russia, OECD and UNCTAD.

96

8.2. ICT sector input into the national economy development: 2019(as a percentage of GDP)

ICT sector

Content and mass media sectorManufacture of coke and refined petroleum products

Electricity, gas, steam and airconditioning supply

Financial and insurance activities

Construction Transportation and storage

Public administration and defence;compulsory social security

Real estate activitiesMining and quarrying

Other sectors

Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers, and semi-trailers

Manufacture of basic metals

Human health and social work activities

Wholesale and retail trade

Education

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

AgricultureScientific research and development

13.7

15.8

9.5

12.67.5

4.2

3.8

3.2

2.9

2.82.8

2.62.6

0.40.4

1.5

1.0

6.65.6

97

8.3. ICT sector share in the business enterprise sector gross value added by country: 2019*

(percentage)

0

2

4

6

8 7.4

Esto

nia

6.1

Finl

and

6.0

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

5.6

Swed

en

5.6

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

5.2

Germ

any

4.7

Fran

ce

3.7

Ital

y

2.8

Russ

ia

* Or nearest years for which data are available. Here and below in 8.4, ICT sector data are given by types of economic activity with the Russian Classification of Economic Activity (OKVED2) codes: 26, 61, 62, and 63.

98

8.4. ICT sector share in the business enterprise sector employment by country: 2019*

(percentage)

0

1

2

3

4

5 4.8

Esto

nia

4.0

Finl

and

3.5

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

3.4

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

3.2

Swed

en

3.1

Germ

any

2.7

Fran

ce

2.5

Ital

y

1.9

Russ

ia


99

8.5. Percentage distribution of goods and services in the ICT sector: 2019

Computers and related equipment

Communication equipment

Data processing

Software development


Other

54

17

8

32

16

100

8.6. Main ICT sector indicators of innovation activity*Percentage

Innovation activity of enterprises**

Innovative goods and services as a percentage of total sales

Innovation expenditure as a percentage of total sales***

0

4

8

12

1615.8

14.8 14.3 14.212.8 12.4

11.0

15.9

12.2 12.1

5.4

5.33.9

5.1 5.1 5.7 6.4 6.68.0 8.0

3.1

8.6

4.5

4.13.1

4.23.1 3.1 3.2 3.5

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

* ICT sector data are given by types of economic activity with the Russian Classification of Economic Activity codes: until 2017 – OKVED Rev. 1.1: 30, 32, 64, and 72; after 2017 – OKVED2: 26.1–26.4, 26.8, 58.2, 61, 62, 63.11, and 63.12.

** Until 2017, this indicator was calculated based on the data about enterprises engaged in technologi-cal, organisational and marketing innovation.

*** Until 2019, this indicator was calculated based on the data about enterprises’ aggregated expenditure on technological, organisational and marketing innovation.

101

8.7. R&D in the ICT sector

ICT sector share in the gross domestic expenditure on R&D

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D in ICT sector (at 2010 constant prices), million roubles

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D in ICT sector (at current prices), million roubles

Million roubles Percentage

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1.3

2010

1.5

2011

2.9

2012

2.1

2013

2.3

2014

3.7

2015

3.6

2016

2.5

2017

2.4

2018

2.0

20190

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

6861

9405

20609

1610319696

33664 34032

25309 2444022664

6861

8115

16328

1211513785

21978 21613

1526413268 11853

102

8.8. R&D output in ICT-related fields of S&T

2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

ICT-related publications by Russian authors in scientific journals indexed in Scopus

number 3161 6822 8724 11345 13101 16838

as a percentage of the world total of ICT-related publications 0.87 1.82 2.14 2.63 2.75 3.05

ICT-related patent applications* filed by Russian residents

number 1696 2343 1964 2266 2033 …

as a percentage of the world total of ICT-related publications 0.37 0.39 0.32 0.34 0.30 …

* Data for the following technological areas: audio-visual technology, telecommunications, digital com-munication, basic communication processes, computer technology, IT methods for management, semi-conductors.

Sources: Scopus and WIPO, as of September 9, 2020.

103

8.9. Exports and imports of ICT goods and services: 2019(million USD)

Exports Imports

ICT goods – total 2452 21505Computers and related equipment 460 6328

Communication equipment 628 9052

Consumer electronic equipment 493 2766

Other ICT and related goods 871 3359

ICT services – total 5489 5244Computer services 4488 3590

Telecommunication services 853 1162

Information services 148 492

Sources: HSE ISSEK estimates based on Rosstat and Bank of Russia data.

104

8.10. Exports of ICT goods and services by country: 2018*(as a percentage of global ICT goods and services exports)

Exports of ICT goods Exports of ICT services

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3530.7

7.8

Chin

a

7.3 7.3

Unit

ed S

tate

s

7.1

0.8

Sout

h Ko

rea

3.66.7

Germ

any

2.90.8

Japa

n1.2 0.7

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

1.03.4

Fran

ce

0.9

4.6

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

0.5

16.7

Irel

and

0.52.5

Swed

en

0.1 0.9

Russ

ia

0.1

9.6

Indi

a

* ICT goods exports data refer to 2017.

105

Technical Notes

Bibliometric indicators are calculated on the basis of Scopus database. Unless stated otherwise, the term ‘publication’ means the following types of documents: article, conference papers, review, book, or book chapter. Scopus has the following ICT-related categories: hu-man-computer interaction, computational mechanics, information systems, artificial intelli-gence, computer graphics and computer-aided design, computer vision and pattern recognition, hardware and architecture, computer networks and communications, control and systems engineering, health informatics, library and information sciences, signal processing, comput-er science applications, computers in earth sciences, software, theoretical computer science, general computer science, computer science (miscellaneous).

Business Digitalisation Index measures how quickly business enterprise sector units adapt digital transformation based on several indicators: broadband access, use of cloud computing services, RFID technologies, ERP systems, and participation in e-commerce.

Business enterprise sector includes enterprises of manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activ-ities; construction; wholesale and retail activities; transportation and storage; accommodation and food service activities; information and communication; real estate activities; professional, scientific, and technical activities. Indicators of ICT use in the business enterprise sector are formulated in accordance with Russian Classification of Economic Activities (OKVED): for 2010-2016, Sections C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, OKVED (Rev 1.1) codes 92.1, 92.2, 92.4; for 2017–2018, Sections B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, N, OKVED2 codes 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 95.

106

Broadband access includes xDSL technologies, cable TV connection, leased line connec-tion, fiber optic connection, satellite connection, extended fixed wired and wireless access (WiMax connection, etc.), high-speed cellular network, and other types of access with the promised top access speed of 256 kbit/s and higher.

Cloud computing services are distributed data processing technologies that provide computer resources and powers to users by way of Internet services.

CRM software is a customer relationship management system with which enterprises collect and store data on various sides of clients’ professional activities: presence of goods (services) / demand for them, sales cycles, prices for goods (services), etc.

Digital economy means activities directed at creation, dissemination, and use of digital technologies and related goods and services.

Digital skills are competences of the population required to use personal computers, the Internet, and other types of ICT.

Domestic expenditure on digital economy development means enterprises’ domestic expenditure on the development, dissemination, and use of digital technologies and related goods and services from all sources of funds, including domestic expenditure on research and development in the field of digital technologies.

Education and training in the field of digital technologies and production of related goods and services mean systematic and organised education and graduation of skilled per-sonnel with special knowledge and expertise in the field of digital technologies and related goods and services.

107

Pursuant to Order of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education no. 1199 of October 29, 2013, the following professions and qualifications of the secondary vocational education programmes are attributed to the field of digital technologies and production of related goods and services:

Key general groups of professions and qualifications Professions/Qualifications

Programmes for skilled workers and employees Computer engineering All qualificationsElectronics and communications engineering Radio-electronic equipment installer

Radio technician Radio operator Radio and cellular equipment installer Communication equipment installer Communication equipment operator Semiconductor manufacturing operator Electron-ionic processes operator Electronic equipment maintenance engineer Electronic equipment assembler Vacuum electronic equipment assembler

108


Mechanical engineering Electron beam welder Control and instrumentation maintenance engineer Control and instrumentation technician

Screen arts Projectionist

Programmes for mid-career professionalsComputer engineering All qualificationsInformation security All qualificationsElectronics and communications engineering All qualificationsPhotonics, instrumentation engineering, optical and biomedical engineering

Aircraft instruments Acoustic devices and systems Radio-electronic devices Optical and optoelectronic instruments and systems Biomedical instruments and systems Medical equipment assembly, maintenance and repair

(continued)

109


Mechanical engineering Industrial process automation (by industry sector) Additive technologies Mechatronics and mobile robotics (by industry sector) Operation and maintenance of industrial robots

Applied geology, mining and quarrying, oil and gas engineering, geodesy

Information systems for urban planning

Systems engineering management All qualificationsScreen arts All qualifications

Pursuant to Order of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education no. 1061 of September 12, 2013, the following professions and qualifications of bachelor’s, specialist’s and mas-ter’s degree programmes are attributed to the field of digital technologies and production of related goods and services:

(continued)

110


Engineering mathematics Applied mathematics and computer scienceApplied mathematics

Computer and information sciences All qualifications Computer engineering All qualifications*Information security All qualifications*Electronics and communications engineering All qualifications*Photonics, instrumentation engineering, optical and biomedical engineering

All qualifications

Nuclear engineering and technology Electronics and automation of physical installations*

Mechanical engineering Engineering mechanicsIndustrial process automation (by industry sector) Mechatronics and mobile robotics

Engineering physics All qualificationsProfessions: aircraft gun armament; artillery and missile armament; design, production, and testing of ship armaments and information management systems

(continued)

111


Arms and weapons systems All qualificationsNanotechnologies and nanomaterials All qualifications

Economics and management Business informaticsMass media and library and information science Television

Media communicationsCultural studies and socio-cultural projects All qualifications

Professions: Stage and event managementScreen arts All qualifications

* Including data of a federal statistics monitoring of professions from the List of Higher Education Pro-fessions and Qualifications, approved by Order of Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education no. 1060 of September 12, 2013.

Pursuant to Order of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education no. 1061 of Septem-ber 12, 2013, the following professions and qualifications of postgraduate programmes are attributed to the field of digital technologies and production of related goods and services:

(continued)

112


Postgraduate programmesComputer and information sciences All qualificationsComputer engineering All qualificationsInformation security All qualificationsElectronics and communications engineering All qualificationsPhotonics, instrumentation engineering, optical and biomedical engineering

All qualifications

Arms and weapons systems All qualificationsNanotechnologies and nanomaterials All qualificationsMass media and library and information science All qualificationsProgrammes for mid-career professionalsScreen arts All qualifications

Employed in ICT task-intensive occupations are the employed who are highly likely to be professionally engaged in performance of ICT-assissted tasks (from simple surfing of the Internet, use of spreadsheets to programming). This category includes ICT specialists, man-agers and professionals in finance, economics, management, sales, marketing, development, social services; physicist and chemists, architects, design engineers, surveyors, and designers;

(continued)

113

and faculty staff of higher education institutions. The list of occupations is provided by the OECD experts: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264311992-en.

ERP software is an enterprise resource planning system, including one or several software applications which enable to integrate information and production processes (functions) of en-terprises’ subdivisions. ERP software encompasses planning, procurement, sales, marketing, customer interaction, finance, and HR.

Exports (imports) of ICT goods are listed based on Foreign Economic Activity Commodity Nomenclature (FEACN) for in accordance with OECD ICT goods classification developed on the base of 2007 Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, HS and includes the following groups of goods:

• Computers and related equipment (FEACN codes – 844331, 844332, 847050, 8471, 847290, 847330, 847350, 852351, 852842, 852852, 852862);

• Communication equipment (8517, 852550, 852560, 853110);• Consumer electronic equipment (8518, 8519, 8521, 8522, 852580, 8527, 852849, 852859,

852869, 852871, 852872, 852873, 990450);• Other ICT and related goods (852321, 852329, 852341, 852352, 852359, 852380, 8529,

8534, 8540, 8541, 8542, 9013).Exports (imports) of ICT services lists are compiled by the Bank of Russia. According

to the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 2010 (MSITS 2010), telecom-munications services covers the broadcast or transmission of sound, images, data, or other information by telephone, telex, telegram, radio and television cable transmission, radio and television satellite, electronic mail, facsimile, etc., and includes business network services,

114

teleconferencing and support services; computer services consist of hardware- and soft-ware-related services and data-processing services; information services is divided into news agency services and database services, such as database conception, data storage, and the dissemination of data and databases (both online and through magnetic, optical or printed media) and web search portals, also include direct non-bulk subscriptions to newspapers and periodicals, whether by mail, electronic transmission or other means; other information services.

ICT specialists include workers that can develop, use, and maintain ICT, for whom ICT-related activities occupy the majority of their professional activity. According to Russian Classifier of Occupations, this category includes the following occupations:

• managers – ICT service/unit managers (RCO code – 133);• professionals – software and multimedia developers and analysts (RCO code – 251),

database specialists and system administrators (252), other ICT task-intensive occu-pations (electronics engineers (2152), telecommunication engineers (2153), graphics and multimedia designers (2166), information technology trainers (2356), ICT sales professionals (2434));

• technicians – ICT operations and user support technicians (RCO code – 351), telecom-munications and broadcasting technicians (352); electrical engineers (3114);

• installers and servicers – ICT equipment installers and servicers (RCO code – 742).Enterprises’ Internet activities related to purchasing or selling goods and services

means on demand purchase or sale of goods and services through orders submitted and received via special pro-formas on a website or extranet with the help of automated exchange system

115

between enterprises (EDI-systems). Purchases and sales made over the phone, fax, or e-mail are not taken into account.

E-Government Development Index (EGDI) measures the readiness and capacity of na-tional institutions to use ICTs to deliver public services. It’s calculated by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) within the United Nations E-Government Survey – the only global report that assesses the e-government development status of all 193 United Nations Member States.

EGDI is a composite index based on the weighted average of three normalized indices: Online Service Index, Telecommunication Infrastructure Index, and Human Capital Index (for details see: https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/About/Methodology).

The 2020 data were published in the ‘United Nations E-Government Survey 2020. Digital Government in the Decade of Action for Sustainable Development’ (available at: https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2020-Survey/2020%20UN%20E-Government%20 Survey%20(Full%20Report).pdf).

Fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions are active broadband subscriptions for any wired technology, for which the access speed mentioned in the subscription agreement is 256 kbit/s and over.

Fixed (wired) Internet subscriptions are Internet subscriptions with any fixed (wired) Internet access, including dial-up access at any speed.

Gross domestic expenditure on digital economy development means total enter-prises’ domestic expenditure on performance of works and provision of services concern-ing development, dissemination, and use of digital technologies and related goods and

116

services, and total household expenditure on use of digital technologies and related goods and services.

Household expenditure on use of digital technologies and related goods and services is an actual expenditure spent by household members on purchase, use, and maintenance of the equipment related to digital technologies, and telecommunication services. Calculation methodology of domestic expenditure on digital economy development has been approved by the Digital Economy Subcommittee under the Government Commission on Digital Development, Use of Information Technologies for Improving Quality of Life and Business Environment (session protocol no. 557pr of September 27, 2019).

ICT sector involves economic activities related to production of goods and provision of services intended for processing of information (or enabling such processing) and commu-nication via electronic devices, including transmission and display of information.

Pursuant Order of the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation no. 515 of December 7, 2015, the following types of economic activities are assigned to the ICT sector (according to OKVED2): 26.1, 26.2, 26.3, 26.4, 26.8, 46.5, 58.2, 61, 62, 63.11, 63.12, 95.1.

Information and communications technologies (ICT) are microelectronics technologies used to assemble, store, process, search, transmit, and represent data, texts, images, or sounds.

Innovation expenditure is the actual expenditure in monetary form, connected with the implementation of different or all types of innovative activities performed within an or-ganisation (industry, region, or country). Innovation expenditure includes current expenditure and capital expenditure.

117

Innovation activity of enterprises is a ratio of innovation-active enterprises to the total number of enterprises surveyed in the reporting year. The indicator’s methodology is approved by the Order of Rosstat no. 818 of December 27, 2019. Changes in 2017 data are due to recal-culation of the indicator according to this methodology.

Innovative activities are research, financial, or commercial activities related to trans-formation of ideas (usually, R&D results or other S&T achievements) into technologically new or improved products or services that are significantly different from those produced before and intended to be introduced on the market; into technologically new or improved business processes that are significantly different from the corresponding business processes that have been used before.

Innovative goods and services are goods and services, either new or those that underwent different technological changes over the last three years (including the reporting period).

International comparisons of graduates in secondary vocational education – mid-career professional programmes and higher education programmes in ‘Information and communication technologies’ scientific areas are provided in accordance with the levels of education comprised by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 2011) and fields of education and training (ISCED-F 2013) (published in 2014 by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: Р.О. Box 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada). For Russia, the provided data concern secondary vocational education occupations within key general groups of professions and qualifications of secondary vocational education, approved by Order of the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education no. 1199 of October 29, 2013; higher education professions and qualifications

118

within key general groups of professions and qualifications of higher education, approved by Order of the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education no. 1061 of September 12, 2013 with the help of Russian Joint Academic Coding System OK 009-2016 (approved and signed into law by Order of Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency no. 2007-st of December 08, 2016), containing ISCED-F 2013 comparisons. Equivalence of scientific areas in the field of ICT in ISCED-F 2013 and the Russian classification of professions and qualifications in the field of ICT are as follows:

ISCED-F 2013 scientific area Russian equivalent – key general groups / groups from the list of professions and qualifications of secondary

vocational education and list of professions and qualifications of higher education

06 Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

0611 Computer use 0612 Database and network design and administration 0613 Software and applications development and analysis

Computer and information sciences (code 02.00.00)Computer engineering (code 09.00.00)Information security (code 10.00.00)Business informatics (codes 38.03.05 and 38.04.05)Information Systems Designed for City Planning (code 21.02.06)Additive technologies (code 15.02.09)

119

ICT-related patent applications are calculated on the data of the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). ICT includes the following areas: audio-visual technology, telecommunications, digital communication, basic communication processes, computer technology, IT methods for management, semiconductors. List of ICT-related areas is compiled on the basis of OECD taxonomy (Inaba T., Squicciarini M. (2017) ICT: A New Taxonomy Based on the International Patent Classification / OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2017/01. Paris: OECD Publishing) and WIPO Classification of Technological Areas (Schmoch U. (2008) Concept of a Technology Classification for Country Comparisons: Final Report to the World Intellectual Property Organization. Karlsruhe: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research).

Internet (broadband) subscriptions are individuals and legal entities having entered into a services provision contract/contracts on the use of data transmission network at the end of the reporting period.

Invention is a technical solution in any field pertaining to a product (namely, a device, material, microorganism strain, plant and animal cell culture) or a method (the process of manipulating material objects with the help of material means). An invention must be new, innovative, and applicable for industrial use.

Mobile Internet subscriptions are active mobile cellular subscriptions with Internet access services.

Mobile wireless broadband subscriptions are active mobile wireless subscriptions with advertised top access speed of 256 kbit/s and higher.

120

Online state and municipal services mean state and municipal services rendered through data exchange and technological interaction, including via Public Services Portal of the Russian Federation and (or) regional public and municipal services portals.

Patent is a document of title granted for an invention that certifies inventor’s priority, inventorship, and right of exclusive use of this invention during the patent’s term of validity.

RFID technologies are automatic identification and data capture technologies which enable reading or recording data stored in RFID tags by means of radio signals.

Top access speed means the network’s bandwidth; established as maximum possible number of bits transmitted per time unit (bit/s).

SCM software is a system that ensures an automatic connection within suppliers/cus-tomers’ ordering systems.

Website is a spot on the World Wide Web that has a domain name, an owner and a collection of webpages. In a statistical survey, an enterprise is considered as a having a website, if it has at least one own page with published and regularly updated (at least once in six months) information.

Wireless subscriptions mean active subscriptions with mobile, satellite, fixed, terrestrial fixed wireless, and terrestrial mobile wireless Internet access.

121

Digital EconomyPocket Data Book

Translated by M. RukhalenkoBook cover and infographics design

O. Vasiliev, G. Podzolkova, A. Stakhnova, and I. Tsygankov

Desk-top editing T. Koltsova

Format 84 108 1/64. Print sheet 1.94. Print run 150 copies.

National Research University Higher School of Economics Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge

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