àmW{‘H$ nX{dH$m {ejU - National Institute of Open Schoolingmooc.nios.ac.in/mooc/pluginfile.php?file=/14338/course/... · 2018-10-25 · g§H$ënZm ZH$mem Unit {ejUmMo {Z¶moOZ

àmW{‘H$ nX{dH$m {ejU (S>r. B© Eb. BS>r)

Aä¶mgH«$‘ - 510 Cƒ àmW{‘H$ ñVamda {dkmZmMo AÜ¶¶Z

JQ> - 1

{dkmZmMr g‘O

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING

A – 24/25, Institutional Area, Sector – 62, NOIDA

Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP – 201309

Website : www.nios.ac.in

JQ> - 1

{dkmZmMr g‘O

JQ>mVrb KQ>H$

KQ>H$ 1 : {dkmZmMo ñdê$n

KQ>H$ 2 : d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er

KQ>H$ 3 : {dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmMo Ñï>rH$moZ

KQ>H$ 4 : àË¶j AZw^d … ^y{‘H$m Am{U ‘hËd

nmR>çH«$‘

A.Z§. KQ>H$m§Mo Zmd n¥ð> H«$‘m§H$

1. KQ>H$ - 1 : {dkmZmMo ñdê$n 1

2. KQ>H$ - 2 : d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er 28

3. KQ>H$ - 3 : {dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ 49

4. KQ>H$ - 4 : àË¶j AZw d … ^y{‘H$m Am{U ‘hÎd 62

g§H$ënZm ZH$mem

Unit -1

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n

Unit -2

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er

Block -1

{dkmZmMr g‘O

Unit -4

Cƒ àmW{‘H$ ñVamda {dkmZ

{ejUmMo {Z¶moOZ d ì¶dñWmnZ

Unit -3

{dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmMo {Za{Zamio Ñï>rH$moZ

Unit -6

‘yë¶m§H$Z d ‘yë¶‘mnZ

Block -2

{dkmZmMo AÜ¶¶Z ì¶dñWmnZ Am{U

‘moO‘mn

Course 510

Cƒ àmW{‘H$ ñVamda {dkmZ {df¶mMo AÜ¶¶Z

Unit -5

Cƒ àmW{‘H$ ñVamda {dkmZ {ejUmMo {Z¶moOZ

d ì¶dñWmnZ

Unit -7

{dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmVë¶m

g‘ñ¶m d {ZdmaU

O‘m JwU = 4 = 3 + 1

JQ> KQ>H$ KQ>H$mMo Zmd VmpËdH$ Aä¶mg Vm{gH$m

àË¶j Aä¶mg ‘OHw$a H$m¶©

JQ>-1 :

{dkmZmMr g‘O

KQ>H$ 1 {dkmZmMo ñdê$n 6 6 1. CnH«$‘ : ‘wbm§Zm àË¶j AZw^d XoUmè¶mgmR>r e¡j{UH$

gm{hË¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr KQ>H$ 2 d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er 5 7

KQ>H$ 3 {dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmMo {Za{Zamù¶m nÕVr

9 9

KQ>H$ 4 àË¶j AZw d ^y{‘H$m d ‘hËd

4 6

JQ>-2 :

{dkmZmMo AÜ¶¶Z

ì¶dñWmnZ Am{U ‘moO‘mn

KQ>H$ 5 Cƒ àmW{‘H$ ñVamda {dkmZ {ejUmMo {Z¶moOZ d ì¶dñWmnZ

4 6 1. EH$m {dÚmÏ¶m©gmR>r CCE V¶ma H$am Am{U ‘mJmodm KoÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶©H«$‘ ¿¶m.

KQ>H$ 6 ‘yë¶m§H$Z d ‘yë¶‘mnZ 3 6 -

KQ>H$ 7 {dkmZ d AÜ¶mnZmÀ¶m g‘ñ¶m d {ZdmaU

4 5 2. CnH«$‘ d ZmQ>¶ àg§Jm§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ

g‘monXoe 10 –

AÜ¶¶ZmMr JwUdÎmm R>adÊ¶mgmR>r gmYZo

EHy$U 45 45 30

ãbm°H$ àñVmdZm

¶m JQ>mMm Mm Aä¶mg Ho$ë¶mZ§Va Vwåhr-

• {dkmZmMo ñdê$n dU©Z H$ê$ eH$mb, emó {df¶mVrb {dMma à{H«$¶m Am{U Ë¶m§Mm emór¶ Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mVrb ^y{‘H$m gm§Jy eH$mb.

• ‘emór¶ Mm¡H$er’ Mo JwUY‘© gm§Jy eH$mb.

• d¡¶p³VH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ Am¶wî¶mV d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erMr ^y{‘H$m dU©Z H$ê$ eH$mb.

• d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erÀ¶m H$m¡eë¶m§Mm amoOÀ¶m OrdZm§V dmna H$ê$ eH$mb.

• {dkmZmÀ¶m AÜ¶mnZmMo {Za{Zamio Ñ{ï>H$moZ g‘OyZ gm§Jy eH$mb.

• {dkmZmÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm emómVë¶m g§H$ënZm d H$m¡eë¶ AmË‘gmV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AÜ¶¶ZmMo AZw^d {Z‘m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV.

• {dkmZmÀ¶m AÜ¶¶Zm‘Ü¶o àË¶j AZw dmMr y{‘H$m gm§Jy eH$mb.

• {dkmZmÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mª‘Ü¶o emór¶ MMm© ìhmì¶m ¶mgmR>r àË¶j AZw^d {Z¶mo{OV H$ê$ eH$mb Am{U Ë¶m§Mm dmna H$ê$ eH$mb.

AmnU gd© AÜ¶¶ZmMo gwb^H$V} {dÚmÏ¶mªZm emó AÜ¶¶ZmMr Xrjm XoD$Z Ë¶m§Zm g~b H$aÊ¶mgmR>r O~m~Xma AmhmoV. Amnë¶mbm ‘wbm§À¶m‘Ü¶o emóm{df¶r é{M/JmoS>r {Z‘m©U H$am¶Mr Agob Va AmnU Ë¶m§Zm emómMm AW©, emómMo X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb ‘hËd Am{U ‘Zwî¶ OmVrMo Am¶wî¶ gwIH$a ~ZdÊ¶m‘Ü¶o emómMr ^y{‘H$m ¶m gd© Jmoï>r g‘OmdyZ gm§{JVë¶m nm{hOo. AmnU {dÚmÏ¶mªZm emó hm EH$ OrdZmMm ‘mJ© Amho ¶mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xbr nm{hOo Am{U d¡¶p³VH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ Am¶wî¶mV emómMr ^y{‘H$m g‘Omdbr nm[hOo. ¶m‘wio {dÚmWu emó {eH$Ê¶mMo ñdV…Mo CÔoe R>adVrb.

KQ>H$ 1 … ¶m‘Ü¶o AmnU emómMo ñdê$n d Ë¶m A§VJ©V {d{dY à{H«$¶m§À¶m Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmoV. ¶m‘wio emó AÜ¶mnZmMr H$maUo AmnU {ejH$ åhUyZ {ZpíMV H$ê$ eH$mb. Ë¶mMà‘mUo {dÚmÏ¶mªZm emñÌ AÜ¶¶ZmMo CÔoe R>adm¶bm ‘XV H$ê$ eH$mb.

KQ>H$ 2 … ¶m KQ>H$m‘Ü¶o Vw‘Mo bj emómVrb ~m¡{ÕH$ à{H«$¶m§da H§o${ÐV Agob. ¶m KQ>H$mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmZ§Va AmnU emór¶ Mm¡H$ergmR>r Cn¶w³V Aem H¥${V V¶ma H$ê$ eH$mb.

emómMo g‘O

{dkmZ {eH$Ê¶mMo CÔoe {dkmZmMo d¡¶p³VH$ d gm‘m{OH$ g‘n©H$mZm ‘Zwî¶mMm à¶ËZ åhUyZ {dkmZmMo H$m¶, H$m Am{U H$go

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er

{dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmMo {Za{Zamio Ñ{ï>H$moZ

àË¶j AZw^d

KQ>H$ 3 … Vwåhmbm ¶m KQ>H$mVrb ‘mJ©Xe©Zmà‘mUo AÜ¶¶Z n[apñWVrMr aMZm H$aVm ¶oB©b. Á¶m‘wio ‘wb§mÀ¶m ì¶p³V‘Ëd {dH$mgm‘Ü¶o emómMm gh^mJ Agob. AÜ¶¶Z ho A{YH¥$V H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AmnU nmR> {Z¶moOZ H$ê$ eH$mb Am{U Vwåhmbm VËdkmZ, ‘mZgemór¶ Am{U g‘mOemór¶ nm¶mMr JaO g‘Oob.

KQ>H$ 4 … d¡km{ZH$ H$m¡eë¶ {Z‘m©U hmoÊ¶mgmR>r àË¶j AZw^dm§Mr y{‘H$m AmnU g‘OyZ ¿¶mb. Amnë¶mbm ¶m KQ>H$mMm Aä¶mg AÜ¶¶Z AZw dmMo dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶moJr nS>ob.

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n

JQ> - 1 : emómVrb g‘O 1

Notes

KQ>H$ 1 : {dkmZmMo ñdén

AmamIS>m :

1.0 àñVmdZm

1.1 AÜ¶¶ZmMr C{Ôï>o

1.2 d¡kmZmMm B{Vhmg d VËdkmZ

1.2.1 àmMrZ H$mi

1.2.2 ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mi

1.2.3 AmYw{ZH$ H$mi

1.2.4 {dkmZmMo VÎdkmZ

1.3 {dkmZ åhUOo H$m¶ ?

1.3.1 ì¶m»¶m Am{U gd©gm‘mÝ¶ JwUY‘©

1.3.2 emómMo ñdê$n

1.3.3 emómMr à{H«$¶m

1.4 d¡km{ZH$ kmZ

1.4.1 n[aH$ënZm

1.4.2 {gÕm§V

1.4.3 Z¡g{J©H$ H$m¶Xm

1.4.4 VÏ¶

1.4.5 nwamdo

1.4.6 Z‘wZm énmdbr (Paradigm)

1.4.7 AZw‘mZH$ g§X^©

1.4.8 AZw‘m{ZH$ g§X ©

1.5 d¡km{ZH$ {dMma

1.5.1 àm¶mo{JH$ VËd (expiricism) / gmhgdmX

1.5.2 g§e¶dmX

1.5.3 ~w{Õàm‘mÊ¶ dmX

1.6 d¡km{ZH$ àH¥${V

1.6.1 d¡km{ZH$ àd¥{V åhUOo H$m¶ ?

1.6.2 d¡km{ZH$ àd¥{Îm nm¶è¶m

1.6.3 d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ

1.7 gmam§e

1.8 eãXmdbr/gyMr

1.9 nwñVHo$ d g§X ©J«§W gy{M

1.10 KQ>H$m§V àíZmdbr

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n

2 àmW{‘H$ {ejU nX{dH$m (D.El.Ed)

Notes

1.0 àñVmdZm

Vwåhmbm hr Jmoï> ‘mÝ¶ Agob H$s Hw$R>ë¶mhr amï´>mÀ¶m àJ{VM§ ‘yi H$maU AgV§ emó d V§ÌkmZ, H$maU emó ho J{Verb Am{U {dñVm[aV hmoV Agbob§ joÌ Amho. XoemVrb àË¶oH$ ZmJ[aH$ hm emó {e{jV nm{hOo. Ë¶m‘wio {dkmZmM§ ñdê$n gdmªZm g‘Ob§ nm{hOo Am{U {ejH$m§Zm Img g‘Ob§ nm{hOo.

¶m KQ>H$mMo 5 ^mJ AmhoV.

• {dkmZmMm B{Vhmg d VÎdkmZ

• {dkmZ åhUOo H$m¶ ?

• d¡km{ZH$ kmZ

• d¡km{ZH$ {dMma

• d¡km{ZH$ nÕVr

¶m KQ>H$m§V {dkmZmMo ‘yb yV ñdê$n {Xbo Amho. n{hë¶m ^mJmV AmnU àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$ H$mimn¶ªV emómMm àdmg ~KUma AmhmoV. H$maU-n[aUm‘ nañna g§~§Y g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r emór¶ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma H$aUo hm ‘hËdmMm ^mJ AgVmo. Á¶mMr MMm© KQ>H$mÀ¶m {Vgè¶m ^mJmV Ho$br Amho. ‘m{hVr àmá H$aÊ¶mnojm emór¶ nÕVrMo à{ejU A{YH$ ‘hËdmMo Amho. emór¶ nÕVrZo g‘ñ¶m {ZdmaU hm MdÏ¶m ^mJmMm {df¶ Amho. ¶m KQ>H$mMm Aä¶mg Ho$ë¶mZ§Va Amnë¶mbm n[aH$ënZm, Z¡g{J©H$ H$m¶Xo, VÏ¶ Am{U {gÕm§V ¶m n{hë¶m AmH¥${VV {Xboë¶m g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© ñnï> hmoB©b. g§H$ënZm ZH$memMo {ZarjU H$am Am{U g‘OyZ ¿¶m H$s doJdoJi¶m joÌm§Mm nañnam§er H$gm g§~§Y Amho Am{U gd© joÌo ¶m KQ>H$mÀ¶m ‘w»¶ {df¶mer H$er OmoS>bobr AmhoV.

Nature

of

Science

Scientific

Knowledg

e

Inductive

Inference

Theory

Hypothesis Facts

Deductive

Inference

Natural

Law

Scientific

Methods

Steps involved

Scientific

Attitude

What is Scientific

Method?

History of

Physiology

of Science

Teaching

Science

Indian Context

World Scenario

Ancient Period

Medieval Period

Modern Period

Scientific

Thinking

Empiricism

Rationalism

Skepticism

What is

Science

3 Basic principles of

Nature of Science

Definition

Process of Science

(Main Characteristics)

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes


¶m KQ>H$mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmZ§Va Vwåhr Imbrb Jmoï>r H$ê$ eH$mb -

• {dkmZmMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ {ejU Am{U VÎdkmZmMo dU©Z.

• {dkmZmMo ñdê$n d à{H«$¶m ¶m§Mo dU©Z.

• {dkmZmMo kmZ {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mMr à{H«$¶m.

• {dkmZmMo {dMmam§À¶m doJdoJù¶m aMZm§Mr VwbZm Ogo gmhgdmX, g§e¶dmX, ~w{Õàm‘mÊ¶dmX dJ¡ao.

• AZw‘mZH$ Am{U AZw‘m{ZH$ g§X^mªMo dU©Z.

• emór¶ Mm¡H$erV dmnaboë¶m nÕVrMo dU©Z.

1.2 d¡kmZmMm B{Vhmg d VÎdkmZ

AmO g§nyU© OJ Am{U {deof H$ê$Z {dH$mgmÀ¶m ‘mJm©darb Xoe ¶m§À¶mnwT>o 3 ‘w»¶ AmìhmZo AmhoV. dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»¶m, àXÿfU Am{U J[a~r. {dH$mgmgmR>r AË¶§V à^mdr Ago gmYZ åhUOo {ejU, Oa Vo ¶mo½¶ nÕVrZo dmnabo Jobo Va. {ejU àUmbr‘Ü¶o emómMo {ejU hm EH$ ‘hËdmMm ^mJ Amho Á¶mMm Cn¶moJ Ano{jV kmZ, H$m¡eë¶ Am{U àd¥{Îm {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$aVm ¶oVmo. emómbm ‘Zwî¶OmVrÀ¶m ’$m¶ÚmgmR>r ‘Zwî¶OmVrÀ¶m JaOm nwadÊ¶mgmR>r n[aUm‘H$maH$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ ~ZdÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. AmnU emómMm VrZ ^mJm§V B{Vhmg nmhþ¶m. àmMrZ, ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ Am{U AmYw{ZH$.

1.2.1 àmMrZ H$mi

1. maVr¶ VÎdkmZr :

^maVmZo J{UV, d¡Ú{H$¶, eoVr,n¶m©daU, agm¶Zemó, ¶moJemó, IJmobemó Am{U ñWmnË¶emó ¶m joÌm§‘Ü¶o ‘moR>r H$m‘{Jar Ho$br hmoVr. gdm©V àmMrZ ^maVr¶ J«§W åhUOo doX ho OdiOdi 7000 dfmªnydu {b{hbo Jobo. gmo¶rgmR>r åhUyZ àmMrZ ¶wJmMo AmnU 1.2 ^mJ H$ê$ ¶m.

Figure 1.2 : Ancient period

B.g. nyd© 5000 ‘Ü¶o 4 doXm§Mo {bImU Pmbo. F$½doX, ¶Owd}X, gm‘doX, Am{U AWd©doX. àË¶oH$ doXmMo 4 ^mJ AmhoV. g§{hVm, AaÊ¶H$, ~«måhU Am{U Cn{ZfX. ‘H$ën’ åhUOo gyÌ. H$ën‘Ü¶o 4 gyÌ gm§{JVbr AmhoV. (i) [aøm gyÌ Á¶mÀ¶m‘Ü¶o J¥hnwéfm§Mr H$V©ì¶ gm§{JVbr AmhoV. (ii) Y‘© gyÌ Á¶m‘Ü¶o Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶ gm§{JVbr AmhoV. (iii) Vm gyÌm‘Ü¶o d¡{XH$ ¶k d [aVr^mVtMo dU©Z {Xbo Amho. (iv) ewë~ emó Á¶m‘Ü¶o ~rOJ{UVmr CXmhaUo AmhoV.

doX Am{U H$ën åhUOo H$m¶ ho g‘OyZ KoVë¶mZ§Va AmnU AmVm d¡Ú{H$¶ emñÌ {eH${dÊ¶mgmR>r doXmoÎma H$mimV C^maë¶m Joboë¶m 9 emim§{df¶r ‘m{hVr KoD$¶m. Imbrbà‘mUo -

àmMrZ H$mi

doXnyd© 5000 BC - 600 BC

doXmoÎma 600 BC - 1200 AD

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

Figure 1.3 : Schools in Vedic period

MaH$, gwlwV Am{U dmJ^Q> ho Ho$di VÎdkmZr ZgyZ à¶moJerb hmoVo. doXmoÎma H$mimVrb ^maVr¶ VÎdkmZr àH¥${VdmXr Am{U à¶moJmË‘H$ emók ho Ë¶m H$mimVrb {VÝhr àH$maÀ¶m g§emoYZ nÕVr dmnarV Ago - g¡Õm§{VH$ åhUOo {ZarjU d J{UV, àm¶mo{JH$ åhUOo à¶moJemim, gmYZ-gm‘wJ«r Am{U dU©ZmË‘H$ åhUOo gd}jU nÕVr. AmVm d¡{XH$ H$mimV ^maVr¶m§Zr Ho$bobo ¶moJXmZ H$moUVo Vo nmhy¶m. F$doX g§{hVm, ‘§S>b‘-1, gw³V 50, ‘§Ì 4 ‘Ü¶o àH$memMm doJ H$mT>bm Amho. ‘mYd infinite ‘m{bHo$‘Ü¶o =

3.14159265359 hm OdiMm A§XmO {Xbm Amho. ewëH$Mm {gÕm§V (B.ny 3000) ¶mMo loe nm¶WmJmoag (582 B.ny) bm {Xbo Jobo. ¶mkdëH$Zo B.ny 1800 ‘Ü¶o ‘108’ hr g§»¶m ‘hÎdmMr Amho. Ago gm§{JVbo hmoVo. H${nbmMo gm§»¶ VÎdkmZ ho S>m{d©ZÀ¶m {gÕm§Vmer {‘iVo-OwiVo Amho. Am¶wd¡Xm‘Ü¶o eó{H«$¶m, earaemó, CnMmamË‘H$ amoJ{ZdmaU, {df{M{H$Ëgm Am{U ñWm{ZH$ amoJ Aer ghm nwñVHo$ AmhoV. doXníMmV H$mim§V àmMrZ ^maVr¶ emókm§Zr emómnar ‘moR>o ¶moJXmZ {Xbo, Ë¶mMà‘mUo {ZgJm©Vbo H$m¶Xo, emór¶ VÎdo Am{U {gÕm§V ‘m§S>bo. gwlwV (B.ny 600) ¶mZo eñÌ{H«$¶m, MaH$ (B.ny 100) hm Am¶wd}XmMm {nVm ‘mZbm OmVmo. H$ZS> (B.ny 600) ¶mZo AUwMm {gÕm§V ‘m§S>bm. Am¶©^Å> (B.ny 476) ¶mMo IJmobemómVrb ¶moJXmZ OJ‘mÝ¶ Amho. damh{‘hra (B.ny 500) ¶mZo nU IJmobemómMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm. Ë¶mMà‘mUo Á¶mo{Vfemó, n¶m©daU Am{U ^yemómVrb ‘m¡{bH$ ¶moJXmZ {Xbo. ~«åhJwá (B.ny 598) hm ~rOJ{UVmMm OZH$ ‘mZbm OmVmo. ZmJmOw©Z (B.ny 931) ¶mZo agm¶ZemómÀ¶m à¶moJemim C^maë¶m. ¶moJmä¶mgmgmR>r nV§O{b (B.ny 200) OJâmV à{eÕ Amho. ^mñH$amMm¶m©Mo (B.ny 1141) J{UV Am{U A§VaH$bZ (differential calculus) ‘Ybo ¶moJXmZ ‘mobmMo Amho. Img H$ê$Z Ë¶mMo J«§W {gÕm§V{eamo‘{U Am{U H$U© Hy$Vyhb. Vj{ebm (B.ny 700) Am{U Zmb§Xm hr 2 {dÚm{nR>o kmZmbm g§ñWo‘YyZ AÜ¶mnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r CMbobobr n{hbr 2 nmdbo åhUVm ¶oB©b. 2. nmümË¶ VÎdkmZr : nmümË¶ VÎdkmZr Am{U emók ¶m§Zr emór¶ nÕVrMm nm¶m aMbm Am{U kmZmMo ‘Ü¶dVu H|$Ð ho J«rg‘Ü¶o àñWm{nV Ho$bo. ¶m§À¶mn¡H$s H$mhr CXmhaUo åhUOo nm¶WmJmoag (B.ny 582) hm J«rgMmM a{hdmer hmoVm Am{U B{On{e¶Zm§Mr J{UVr¶ g§H$ënZm Ë¶mZo Zo‘³¶m nÕVrZo ì¶dpñWV ‘m§S>br Á¶mbm nm¶WmJmoagMm {gÕm§V åhUVmV. J«rg‘Yë¶m H$m°g ¶m ~oQ>mdaMm (B.ny 460) hm AmYw{ZH$ Am¡fYmMm {nVm hmoVm. A°[agQ>moQ>b (B.ny 384) hm EH$ CÎm‘ {ejH$ hmoVm

School

Dhanwantari

Atreya

Kashapa

Internal

Medicine Surgery

Gynecology

and Pediatrics

Charak

1st Century BC Sushrut

6th Century BC Vegbhat

6th Century AD

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

Am{U Amnë¶mbm kmV Agbobr emór¶ nÕVr ¶m‘Ü¶o Vmo nma§JV hmoVm. Am{H©${‘{S>g (B.ny 287) hm A°bo³Pm§{S´>¶mÀ¶m à{gÕ ñHy$b Am°’$ ‘°Wo‘°{Q>³g Mm {dÚmWu hmoVm. Vmo EH$ ‘hmZ emók Am{U J{UVk hmoVm.

H¥$Vr 1

Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

1. Amnë¶m àmMrZ H$mim~Ôb ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mM§ ‘hËd H$m¶ Amho ?

2. ^maVr¶ àmMrZ H$mimVrb XmoZ H$mi H$moUVo ?

3. àmMrZ ^maVmVrb ‘w»¶ {dMma emim H$moUË¶m ?

4. d¡{XH$, doXníMmV H$mimVrb ^maVr¶ VÎdkmZr Am{U nmümË¶ VÎdkmZr ¶m§Mo ¶moJXmZ H$m¶ H$m¶ Amho Ë¶mMr g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {bhm.

1.2.2 ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mi

B. ny. 800 Vo B. ny. 1500 ¶m H$mimbm ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mb åhUVmV. ¶mMo gmYmaU 3 ^mJ nS>VmV. H$mim H$mb (S>mH©$ EOog) Cƒ ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mb Am{U CeramMm ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mi (Zd{Z{‘©VrH$mimÀ¶m AJmoXaMm H$mi). ¶m H$mim‘Ü¶o AZoH$ Zì¶m Jmoï>r Amë¶m. Á¶m AmO AmnU J¥hrV YaVmo. Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>tMo ‘yi B{VhmgmÀ¶m ¶m H$mim‘Ü¶o Amho.

^maVmV Ë¶mdoir hf©dY©Z amOm amÁ¶ H$arV hmoVm. (B. ny. 606-647) H$bm, g§ñH¥${V, emó ¶m Ñ{ï>Zo ^maVmMm hm Mm§Jbm H$mi hmoVm Am{U ^maV ¶m Jmoï>t‘Ü¶o C§M {eIamda hm oVm. na§Vw OmVr, nmoQ>OmVr, A§YlÕm ¶m§À¶m Ñ{ï>Zo ^maVmgmR>r hm AË¶§V dmB©Q> H$mi hmoVm. ~aoMgo S>m°³Q>a Amnbm ì¶dgm¶ ~§S> H$ê$Z ~gbo. ‘¥VXohm§Zm ñne© H$am¶bmhr Vo YOV Zgo Am{U n[aUm‘r XdmImZo ~§S> nS>m¶bm bmJbo. na§Vw nmíMmË¶ Xoem§‘Ü¶o OUy emómMr nhmQ> COmS>br hmoVr. ¶m H$mimV {bAmoZmS>mo©; S>m qdgr (1452 AD) hm BQ>br XoemVbm emók Ë¶m H$mimVbm gdm©V ‘hmZ àm¶mo{JH$ emók hmoVm. EH$ CÎm‘ H$bmH$ma, CS>Umè¶m ¶§Ìm§Mm ~mXehm, Ordemó, earaemó Vk Aer nU Ë¶mMr AmoiI Amho. Vr Zd{Z{‘©VrÀ¶m H$mimMr gwadmV hmoVr. {ZH$mobg H$mona{ZH$g (1473 AD) ¶m nmo{be IJmobemók, J{UVk, d¡Ú Am{U nwOmè¶mZo AZw‘mZ H$mT>bo H$s J«hm§Mr hmbMmb hr gy¶m©bm pñWa R>odbo Va g‘Oy eHo$b Am{U J«h Amnmnë¶m nÕVrZo gy¶m©^modVr ‘mJ©H«$‘U H$arV AgVrb hr Jmoï> ñdrH$mam¶bm Ë¶m§À¶mZ§Va OJmbm 150 df} bmJbr. ¶m g§X^m©V OJà{gÕ emók åhUOo J°{b{bAmo J°{bbr (1564 AD) J°{b{bAmoZo n{hë¶m§Xm Amnbr Xþ{‘©U AmH$memH$S>o didbr Am{U Amü¶©OZH$ emoY bmdbo. Ë¶m§Zr emoYyZ H$mT>bobr gË¶

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

OJmnwT>o ‘m§S>ë¶m~Ôb Ë¶mbm ‘¥Ë¶yMr {ejm ^moJmdr bmJbr. A°[agQ>moQ>b Vo J°{b{bAmo ‘Ybo A§Va hm EH$ Iyn ‘moR>m ~Xb hmoVm Am{U emómÀ¶m B{VhmgmVrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMo diU R>abm. O‘©ZrV OÝ‘mbm Ambobm OmohmÝg Ho$nba (1571 AD) ¶mZo J«hm§À¶m hmbMmbtMr VÎdo ‘m§S>br Vo {Z¶‘ BVHo$ AMyH$ ‘m§S>bo hmoVo H$s Ë¶m§À¶mV qH${MV ~Xb 200 dfm©Z§Va Ho$bo Jobo. {dë¶‘ hmd} ¶m [~«{Q>e S>m°³Q>aZo aº$m{^gaUmMm emoY bmdbm. hmd}Zo 78 nmZm§Mm A°Z°Q>mo{‘H$b {S>gQ>}eZ H$Zg{Z©J X ‘moeZ Am°’$ hmQ>© A±S> ãbS> BZ A°{ZH$ëg boI 1628 gmbr àH$m{eV Ho$bm Am{U Ë¶mZ§Va àm{Uemó Am{U OrdemómÀ¶m àJVrbm doJ Ambm.

H¥$Vr 2

1. AmnU nm{hbo H$s ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mi hm emómÀ¶m Ñï>rZo ^maVmV à{VHy$b hmoVm? ¶mMr H$maUo H$m¶ Agy eH$Vrb Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo?

2. ¶wamon‘Yrb emók ho emór¶ H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r O~m~Xma hmoVo. Ë¶m§Mo ¶moJXmZ H$m¶ hmoVo?

1.2.3 AmYw{ZH$ H$mi

AmYw{ZH$ H$mi hm emór¶ {dMma d na§naoV EH$ ZdrZ ~Xb AmUVmo Á¶mMr gwadmV ^maVmda {~«{Q>em§À¶m H$ãOmnmgyZ Pmbr. {~«{Q>e ^maVmV AgVmZm emómMr ’$ma àJVr Pmbr Zmhr Ë¶mMo H$maU B§J«Or ^mfoV ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$Vr ì¶³V hmoUo AdKS> hmoVo Am{U Xþgao Ago H$s B§J«Or ^mfm hr naH$s¶m§Mr Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶mH$S>o ~KÊ¶mV WmoS>o d¡‘Zñ¶ hmoVo. ¶mMo XmoZ n[aUm‘ Pmbo. nm{hbo åhUOo ZdrZ kmZ ho BWë¶m H$bmH$mam§n¶ªV Am{U H$mam{Jam§n¶ªV nmohMy eH$bo Zmhr. Á¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m ì¶dgm¶mda Ë¶m§Mm à^md nS>bm Zmhr. Am{U Xþgao åhUOo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda ~m¡{ÕH$ g§dmXmÀ¶m A^mdmnm¶r emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eH$bm Zmhr. ^maVmVbr emómMr àJVr d {dH$mg g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r nmümË¶ Xoem§V H$m¶ Pmbo ho g‘OyZ ¿¶m¶bm nm{hOo H$maU {VWo Oo KoS>bo VoM ^maVmV KS>bo nU Oam H$‘r JVrZo.

I. emór¶ {ejUmMm nmümË¶ Ñï>rH$moZ :

AR>amì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m eodQ>mn¶ªV AZ oH$ ZdrZ emoY bmJbo hmoVo, VÎd Am{U {gÕm§V ‘m§S>bo Jobo hmoVo na§Vw {dÚmnrR>m§Zr emó {eH$dÊ¶mH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$b§. H$mhr emókm§Mm C„oI H$é¶m. am°~Q>© ~m°Bb (1627) Á¶mZo dm¶w§À¶m à{V{H«$¶oMr gyÌ emoYyZ H$mT>br. A±Q>Zr ìh°Z {bCdoZhmoEH$ (1632)

Á¶mZo gwú‘ O§Vw§Mm emoY bmdbm. am°~Q>© hþH$ (1636) Zo Xþ{~©U V¶ma Ho$br. Am¶P°H$ Ý¶yQ>Z (1636) Zo Xþ{~©U V¶ma Ho$br. Am¶P°H$ Ý¶yQ>Z (1642) ¶mZo JVrMo {Z¶‘ ‘m§S>bo. ~|O°{‘Z ’«±$H${bZ (1706) hm Bbo³Q>m°ñQ>°{Q>H$ {WAargmR>r à{gÕ Amho. hoZar H°$ìh|{S>e (1731) ¶mZo hm¶S´>moOZ Mm emoY bmdbm. Omog’$ {àñQ>bo (1733) ¶mZo àmUdm¶w Mm emoY bmdbm. Ooåg dm°Q> (1736) ¶mZo YwamS>r B§{OZ V¶ma Ho$bo. ES>dS>© OoZa (1749) ¶mZo bgrH$aUmMm nm¶m aMbm. ‘m¶H$b ’°$a°S>o (1731) hm {dÚwV Mw§~H$ËdmÀ¶m emoYmgmR>r à{gÕ Amho.

AR>amì¶m eVmH$mÀ¶m eodQ>mbm H$mhr {’$bm°gm°{’$H$b gmogm¶Q>çm C^maë¶m Joë¶m {OWo emómÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ JaOm ^mJdÊ¶mMo H$m‘ Ho$bo Jobo. {’$bm°gm°{’$H$b gmogm¶Q>r Am°’$ ‘±MoñQ>a

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

1781 gmbr gwê$ Pmbr Am{U bwZa gmogm¶Q>r Am°’$ ~{‘ªJh°‘ 1766 gmbr 1799 ‘Úo é‘’$moB©Zo am°¶b B§ñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°’$ J«oQ> {~«Q>Z gwê$ Ho$br. ¶m g§ñWmMo C{Ôï> hmoVo H$s VéUm§Zm emómMo Cn¶moOZ amoOÀ¶m X¡Z§{XZ ì¶dhmamV H$am¶bm {eH$dm¶Mo. H$mbm§VamZr ¶m g§ñWoda h’«o$ S>oìhr Am{U ‘m¶H$b ’°$aoS>o Mm à^md nS>bm Am{U Vo emómo³V g§emoYZmMm H|$Ð ~Zb§. EH$moUrgmì¶m eVH$mV Om°Z A±S>agZ hm àm¶mo{JH$ ^m¡{VH$emómda ì¶m»¶mZo XoUmam n{hbm {ejH$ R>abm. Z§Va 1823 ‘Ü¶o ½bmgJmo ‘°Ho${Z³g B§pñQ>Q>çyQ> gwê$ Pmbr {OMo nwT>o 1866 gmbr Q>op³ZH$b H$m°boO‘Ü¶o énm§Va Pmbo. 1847 gmbr Q>m°‘g hm°bZo {gQ>r Am°’$ b§S>Z ñHy$b ¶oWo àm¶mo{JH$ agm¶ZemómMo AÜ¶mnZ gwê$ Ho$bo. am°¶b H${‘eZ Am°’$ EÁ¶wHo$eZZo AmXoe {Xbo H$s emó XmoZ {d^mJm§‘Ü¶o {eH$dbo Omdo. EH$m‘Ü¶o ^m¡{VH$emó Am{U agm¶Zemó Am{U Xþgè¶m‘Ü¶o H§$noao{Q>ìh> {’${bAm°bm°Or Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ B{Vhmg 1854 gmbr VrZ à{gÕ emókm§Zr {dkmZ ho gm‘mÝ¶ {ejUmV g‘m{dï> Ho$boM nm{hOo Agm AmJ«h Yabm. Q>r. Eg. h³gbo ¶mZo {dkmZmMo ‘hÎd d {ejUmVbo ‘yë¶ nQ>dyZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r ^mfU {Xbo. Am{U ’°$a°S>oZo emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ {Z‘m©U hmoÊ¶mda â {Xbm. ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ emim§‘Ü¶o emó {ejUmÀ¶m pñWVrdaMm S>oìhmoZem¶a H${‘eZ [anmoQ>© 1995 gmbr àH$m{eV Pmbm. ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ‘wbm§À¶m emim§‘Ü¶o ^m¡{VH$ emó Am{U agm¶Z emó ‘moR>çm à‘mUm‘Ü¶o {eH$dbo OmD$ bmJbo Va ‘wbtgmR>rÀ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m‘Ü¶o Ordemó g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. 1852 gmbr emómÀ¶m gmd©O{ZH$ narjm gwé H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m. emómÀ¶m {ejUmV Agm‘mÝ¶ ¶moJXmZ b§S>Z ¶oWrb agm¶ZemómMo àmÜ¶mnH$ EM. B. Am‘©ñQ>m±J ¶m§Mo hmoVo. Ë¶mZo gm§{JVbo H$s àË¶oH$ {dÚmÏ¶m©bm emoY bmdÊ¶mMr g§Yr d ñdmV§Í¶ Úmdo 1914-18 À¶m OmJ{VH$ ¶wÕmZo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV emómMo {H$Vr ‘hÎd Amho ¶m~Ôb OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©U Ho$br. ga Oo. Oo. Q>m°‘gZZo 1916 gmbr {deof g{‘Vr Zo‘br Am{U emómMo Cƒ {ejUmMo Aä¶mgH«$‘ gwê$ Ho$bo. emó AÜ¶mnH$m§À¶m g{‘Ë¶m V¶ma Pmë¶m Á¶mMm {ejH$m§da Am{U OZVoda Mm§Jbm à^md nS>bm. ¶m gJù¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUOo E{àb 1945 ‘Úo EÁ¶wHo$eZ E°³Q> Am°’$ 1944 Am‘bmV Ambm.

H¥$Vr 3

1. emó {ejUmÀ¶m B{VhmgmV ‘hÎdmMo Q>ßno H$moUVo?

2. {d{dY ¶wamo{n¶Z gmogm¶Q>çm§Mo {dkmZ OZgm‘mÝ¶m§gmR>r ‘Zwî¶rH$aU H$aÊ¶m‘Ü¶o H$m¶ ¶moJXmZ Amho?

II. ^maVm‘Ü¶o {dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmMm {dH$mg

a) {dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmMr EH$gmaIr àUmbr :

^maVm‘Ü¶o {ejUmMo ñdê$n ho B§½b§S>‘Ü¶o H$m¶ KS>Vo Ë¶mZo à^m{dV hmoVo. Ë¶m H$mimVë¶m {ejUmdaÀ¶m à{V{H«$¶m dmMë¶m (1877-92) ¶m H$mimVë¶m H$s emó AÜ¶mnZmMr X¶Zr¶ pñWVr bjmV ¶oVo. ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU 1953 À¶m AhdmbmZwgma Cƒ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamda emómMo AÜ¶mnZ hmoVo. 1958 gmbr {g‘bm {S>ëg ¶oWo Am°b B§{S>¶m go{‘Zma Am°Z Q>rqMJ gm¶Ýg BZ goH§$S>ar ñHy$b Mo g§¶moOZ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë¶m gmaIo Vo EH$M n{hbo gå‘obZ hmoVo. Á¶m‘Ü¶o emó {ejUmer g§~§{YV gd© Jmoï>tMr MMm© Pmbr, Ogo nmR>çH«$‘, gm{hË¶, nÕVr, e¡j{UH$ gmYZo, nmR>ç nwñVHo$, gm¶Ýg

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

³b~, g§J«hmb¶ dJ¡ao g§nyU© amï´>mV emó {ejUmÀ¶m g‘mZ nÕVrMm n{hë¶m§XmM {dMma Ho$bm Jobm.

b) g§gXr¶ Am{U emók EH$Ì :

1961 gmbr lr. bmb ~hmXÿa emór ¶m§À¶m {dÚ‘mZo emók Am{U YmoaUo ‘m§S>Umao EH$Ì AmUÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Pmbm. ¶m g{‘VrZo 1961 gmbr emioVrb emómMo AÜ¶mnZ ¶m {df¶mdaÀ¶m g‘ñ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg Ho$bm. g{‘VrMm hoVy Agm hmoVm H$s H|$ÐmV KoVbobo {ZU©¶, g§gXr¶, amÁ¶ Am{U emioV {eH$dbm OmUmam Aä¶mgH«$‘ ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y g‘OyZ KoU o.

c) UNESCO Mr {Z¶moOZ g{‘Vr :

1963 ‘Ü¶o UNESCO Planning Mission À¶m Vkm§Zr Vm§{ÌH$ ‘XV nwadÊ¶mgmR>r ^maVmbm ôQ> {Xbr. Ë¶m§À¶m AhdmbmZwgma {X„rVrb 20 emim§‘Ü¶o àm¶mo{JH$ CnH«$‘ gwê$ Pmbm. 21-23 E{àb 1964 ¶m Xaå¶mZ H$m°ÝgaÝg Am°’$ gm¶Ýg EÁ¶wHo$eZ Mo Am¶moOZ Ho$bo Jobo. Á¶mÀ¶m AÜ¶jñWmZr hmoVo. S>m°. S>r. Eg. H$moR>mar. g§nyU© n[aUm‘H$maH$ Aä¶mgH«$‘ V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ^maVmVbo, a{e¶mVbo, A‘o[aHo$Vbo Am{U UNESSCO Mo Vk EH$Ì Ambo hmoVo. 1964-66 ‘Ü¶o emó d V§ÌkmZmMo JwUdÎmmnyU© {Z¶mo{OV, doJdmZ Am{U {Q>H$mdy {ejU XoÊ¶mgmR>r B§{S>¶Z EÁ¶wHo$eZ H${‘eZMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. EH$ gßQ>|~a 1961 gmbr NCERT Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr, Or EH$ ñdm¶¶Îm g§ñWm AgyZ Ë¶mMo ‘w»¶ H$m¶m©b¶ {X„rbm Amho. ¶mM g§ñWoV’}$ NIE

(Z°eZb BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°’$ EÁ¶wHo$eZ) Mmbdbo OmVo, Á¶mMo 5 {d^mJ AmhoV Am{U {OWo g§emoYZ, AÜ¶mnZ, ‘yë¶‘mnZ gmaIr H$m‘o Ho$br OmVmV. H$moR>mar H${‘eZÀ¶m AhdmbmMr XIb KoD$Z 1973 ‘Ü¶o {ejU d gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶© ‘§Ìmb¶mZo 10 + 2 hr ZdrZ aMZm gwê$ Ho$br. H$[a>³¶wb‘ ’$m°a Q>|W {¶Aa ñHy$b ’«o$‘dH©$ ho NCERT Zo àH$m{eV Ho$bo. 1977 nmgyZ hr ZdrZ aMZm A§‘bmV AmUbr Jobr Amho. H$mhr amÁ¶m§Zr AmnAmnë¶m amÁ¶mV SCERT Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho Am{U emioVrb emó AÜ¶mnZmMm XOm© gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r ñQ>oQ> B§pñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°’$ gm¶Ýg EÁ¶wHo$eZ (SISE) Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br emó {ejUmgmR>r ZdmonH«$‘ am~dbo OmVmV Am{U amï´>r¶ CnH«$‘m§‘Ü¶o gh^mJ KoVbm OmVmo. 1974 gmbr ‘w§~B© ¶oWo hmo‘r ^m^m g|Q>a ’$m°a gm¶Ýg EÁ¶wHo$eZ (HBCSE) gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. Ë¶mMo ‘w»¶ H$m‘ åhUOo emó {df¶m§V g§emoYZ Am§Vaamï´>r¶ emó Am°qb{nAmS> gmR>r ‘wbm§Zm à{ejU XoUmao Vo EH$ ‘w»¶ H|$Ð Amho.

H¥$Vr 4

1. ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va ^maVmV emó {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$gm Pmbm?

2. ^maVmV {dkmZ {ejUmV g‘mZVm AmUÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶ à¶ËZ Ho$bo Jobo?

3. emio‘Ü¶o {dkmZ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo H$moUVr nmD$bo CMbbr?

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

1.2.4 {dkmZmMo VÎdkmZ

{dkmZmMo VÎdkmZ åhUOo Ë¶mVrb VÎd d àUmbrMo ñnï>rH$aU ¶m ^mJm‘Ü¶o AmnU emómMr J¥hrVHo$, nmíd©^y‘r, nm¶m nÕVr Am{U n[aUm‘r ho {df¶ {eH$Uma AmhmoV. ¶mMm g§~§Y emómÀ¶m Cn¶w³VVoer Am{U JwUdÎmoer g§~§Y Amho. Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ emómÀ¶m VÎdkmZmda emó g‘wXm¶mVyZ {‘l à{V{H«$¶m Amë¶m AmhoV. H$mb© nm°ßnaZo ‘m§S>bobm ‘w»¶ ‘wÔm Agm H$s emómMo VÎdkmZ emó Am{U A-emó ¶mÀ¶mV ’$aH$ H$aVo. VH©$mmómÀ¶m àm¶moOH$m§Zr emómMo ‘yi {ZarjUmV nm{hbo Va A-emómMo ‘wi {ZarjU ahrV hmoVo. nm°ßnaZo Agm dmX KmVbm H$s emómMo ‘hÎdmMo bj Amho ImoQ>r R>ê$ eH$Umar {dYmZo, åhUOoM Or VÎdmZr Var ImoQ>r R>adVm ¶oVmV Aer ¶m‘wio {Z{‘©Vr Am{U CËH«$m§{V ¶m XmoÝhr‘Ü¶o dmX C^m am{hbm. emókm§À¶m åhUÊ¶mà‘mUo {Z{‘©Vr emór¶ {Z¶‘m§‘Ü¶o ~gV Zmhr Ë¶m‘wio {Z{‘©Vr hr CËH«$m§VrÀ¶m ñVamda R>ody Z¶o. ^{dî¶mV KSy> eH$Umè¶m KQ>Zm§Mm A§XmO AmnU AZoH$Xm emór¶ VÎdm§À¶m AmYmao hmoVmo qH$dm Á¶mV KQ>Zm {Z¶{‘V KS>VmV AWdm KSy>Z Joboë¶m AmhoV ¶m§À¶m AmYmamda emómÀ¶m VÎdkmZm‘Ü¶o {díbofUmbm ‘hÎd Amho. Ogo Vo gd© amñV Jmoï>tZm ‘hÎdmMo Amho. {díboofU åhUOo {ZarjU Ho$bobr EImXr Jmoï> qH$dm VÎd ¶m§Mo N>moQ>o N>moQ>o ^mJ H$ê$Z Vo g‘OyZ KoUo CXmhaUmW© àjonUmÀ¶m hmbMmbrMo J{UVmà‘mUo ñnï>rH$aU H$am¶Mo Agob Va Ë¶mMo JwéËdmH$f©UmMm Omoa, H$mQ>H$moZ Am{U gwadmVrMr JVr Aem VrZ ^mJmV nm{hbr Va bdH$a g‘OVo. Aem {díbofUmZ§Va JVrMm {gÕm§V ‘m§S>Uo gmono hmoVo.

VÎdkmZm‘Ybr AmUIr EH$ ‘hÎdmMr g§H$ënZm åhUOo H$nmVrH$aU Aer EH$ YmaUm Amho H$s Aä¶mgmMr gd© joÌ hr gaVoeodQ>r emómÀ¶m AmYmao g‘OVm ¶oVmV. EImXr Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm Agob, Va Vr gm‘m{OH$ Am{U ‘mZ{gH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ AmYr g‘Omdbr OmVo. Á¶m Ñï>rH$moZmMo earaemómV ñnï>rH$aU XoVm ¶oVo Am{U eodQ>r Ë¶mMo ^m¡{VH$ AmU agm¶ZemómV ñnï>rH$aU {‘iVo. S>°{Z¶b S>oZoQ> ¶mZo {J«S>r [aS>p³e{ZP‘² hm eãXà¶moJ n{hë¶m§Xm dmnabm. ¶mbm Vmo ~°S> gm¶Ýg åhUVmo Á¶mÀ¶mV Aer ñnï>rH$aUo {Xbr OmVmV, Or ‘Zmbm ^mdVrb qH$dm gw§Xa eãXmV ‘m§S>bobr AgVrb. S>°{Z¶b S>oZoQ>Zo Ë¶mÀ¶m S>ma{dÝg S>|Oag Am¶{S>¶m (1995) ¶m nwñVH$mV åhQ>bo Amho H$s Ago Hw$R>bohr emó Zmhr Oo VÎdkmZmnmgyZ ‘w³V Amho. emóm‘Ü¶o VÎdkmZ ho àíZ Cô Z H$aVm ñdrH$maboboM AgVo. {ZarjUm§‘Ü¶o XmoÝhrMo ApñVËd: Ñï>r Am{U AmH$bZ : {ZarjU H$arV AgVmZm emók Xþ{~©U, Vm§{ÌH$ CnH$aUo, ‘rQ>adê$Z A§H$ KoUo Aem Jmoï>tMm dmna H$aVmV. AJXr gmÜ¶m n{hë¶m ñVamda Vo Oo nmhVmV Ë¶m~m~VrV Ë¶m§Mo EH$‘V AgVo. CXm. W‘m}{‘Q>a da Vmn‘mZ Xe©dUmam A§H$ 37.9 {S>J«r gopëgAg na§Vw ¶m emókm§À¶m {ZarjUmda AmYmarV {gÕm§Vm§{df¶rÀ¶m doJù¶m H$ënZm AgVrb, Va àË¶oH$ OU Ë¶mMm doJim AW© bmdy eH$Vmo. àmMrZ H$mimVë¶m emókm§Zr amoO gH$mir gy¶© CJdVmo ¶m Jmoï>rMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z gy¶© hbVmo Ago AZw‘mZ H$mT>bo. Z§VaÀ¶m emókm§Zr emoY bmdbm H$s n¥Ïdr ñdV:^modVr {’$aVo. H$mhr emók Agm {ZîH$f© H$mTy> eH$VmV H$s EImXr narH$ënZm gË¶ Amho Va H$mhr BVam§À¶m ‘ZmV Ë¶mÀ¶m{df¶r e§H$m Agy eH$Vo. CXm. emókm§Zr Ho$bobr {ZarjUo, {gÕmV ho gd© {gÕm§VmnyU© AgVmV. {ZarjU ho Amnë¶m OJm{df¶rÀ¶m H$ënZm§Zr à^m{dV hmoVo Am{U AmnU H$emH$S>o H$moUË¶m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ~KVmo ho Amnë¶m OJmÀ¶m g‘OyVrda Adb§~yZ AgVo. CXm. Vmn‘mZmV Pmbobr dmT> Ooìhm AmnU nhmVmo Voìhm AmnU Omo Vmn‘mZ Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘mnZm{df¶r g‘O AgVmo qH$dm ‘mnZmgmR>r dmnaboë¶m CnH$aUm{df¶r Oo g‘O AgVmo Ë¶mda Amnbo EHy$U AmH$bZ Adb§~yZ AgVo. Vmn‘mZ 2 {S>J«rZo dmT>bo Ago emór¶ Am{U Cn¶w³V {ZarjUo H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Aer J¥hrVHo$ Amdí¶H$ AgVmV.

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

emóm‘Ü¶o {dœmg Am{U emóo kmZ :

kmZ åhUOo H$m¶? kmZ AZoH$ àH$maMo AgVo Ogo EImXr Jmoï>r H$m KS>br, H$er KS>br, H$Yr KS>br dJ¡ao ¶mMo kmZ CXm. EImÚm ì¶³Vrbm {nAmZmo H$gm dmOdm¶Mm qH$dm ’«|$M H$go ~mobm¶Mo ¶mMo kmZ AgUo. H$go ¶m àH$maMo kmZ Voìhm ¶oVo Ooìhm ì¶³Vr EImXr Hw$dV qH$dm H$m¡eë¶ AmË‘gmV H$aVo. emóm‘Ü¶o H$go ¶m kmZmÀ¶m àH$mambm A{YH$ ‘hÎd Amho. {dÚmÏ¶mªZm {d{dY H$m¡eë¶ AmË‘gmV H$aVm Ambr nm{hOo. åhUOo Vo ¶eñdr[aË¶m à¶moJ H$ê$ eH$Vrb. J{UVo gmoS>dy eH$Vrb, g‘rH$aU gmoS>dy eH$Vrb, Xþ{~©UrVyZ gyú‘O§VyMo {ZarjU H$ê$ eH$Vrb dJ¡ao EImXr Jmoï> H$m KS>Vo hm doJim {df¶ Amho. {dÚmÏ¶m©bm nmD$g Pmë¶mZ§Va B§ÐYZwî¶ {XgVo ho ‘mhrV AgVo H$maU Vo nmÊ¶mÀ¶m W|~mdyZ àH$memMo AndV©Z hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m {Z¶‘m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU XoD$ eH$VmV. YZwî¶mVyZ ‘mabobm ~mU O‘rZrda nS>Ê¶mnydu H$mhr A§Va hdoV H$m OmVmo ho Ë¶m§Zm H$iV AgVo H$maU Ë¶m§Zm JVr d e³VrMo {Z¶‘ kmV AgVmV. BWo AmnU {Vgè¶m àH$maÀ¶m kmZmda bj H|$ÐrV H$ê$¶m åhUOo {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ‘mhrV AgVo. CXm. {dÚmÏ¶mªZm H$Yr ‘mhrV hmoVo H$s n¥Ïdr Jmob Amho qH$dm nm¶WmJmoagMm {gÕm§V ~amo~a Amho? Amnë¶mbm àË¶oH$mbm àË¶oH$ Jmoï>r~Ôb H$mhr J«h AgVmV. Am{U ho J«h g§e¶mñnX AgVrb qH$dm H$mhr H$maUm{edm¶ qH$dm nwamì¶m {edm¶ ‘ZmV AgVrb Amnbr J«h MwH$sMo nU AgVrb ‘J Á¶mbm EImXr Jmoï> ‘mhrV Amho Am{U Xþgè¶mbm Ë¶m{df¶r Amnbr ‘Vo AmhoV, Aem XmoKm§‘Ü¶o ’$aH$ H$m¶ Amho? ‘mhrV AgUo Ago {dYmZ H$aUmam n{hbm VÎdkmZr hmoVm âboQ>mo, Á¶mZo Ë¶mÀ¶m ßboQ>moO S>m¶bm°J²O‘Ü¶o EImXr Jmoï> kmV AgUo åhUOo H$m¶ CXm. n¥Ïdr Jmob Amho, ¶mMo ñnï>rH$aU Ago. n{hbo åhUOo {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m ‘ZmV EImXm J«h/{dœmg AgUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Ogm H$s n¥Ïdr Jmob Amho Xþgao åhUOo hm J«h ~amo~a Agm¶bm nm{hOo. eodQ>r åhUOo hm J«h Iam {gÕ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶mÀ¶mH$T>o H$mhrVar nwamdm Agm¶bm nm{hOo. ñdV:bm àíZ {dMmam H$s Vw‘Mm Ho$di ‘ZmV J«h Amho H$s n¥Ïdr Jmob Amho H$m Vwåhmbm nwamì¶mÀ¶m AmYmao ho kmV Amho? hm nwamdm H$m¶ Amho? kmZmÀ¶m ~m~VrV ‘m{hVJmamnmer nwamdm CnbãY Agm¶bm hdm Am{U Ho$di Vmo nwñVH$mV qH$dm Hw$R>oVar N>mnbobm Amho qH$dm EImÚm ^m¡{VH$ emókmnmer Amho. EdT>o nwaogo Zmhr Am{U ‘ZmVrb J«h AMyH$ AgUo JaOoMo Amho. CXm. Amnë¶mbm Z¸$s ‘mhrV Zgob Va AmnU Vgo ImoQ>o {dYmZ H$aVmo¶ qH$dm Amnë¶mbm ^«‘ Amho H$s Amnë¶mbm ‘mhrV Amho. darb Jmoï>tMm {dMma Ho$bm Va emór¶ kmZmMo XmoZ ómoV AmhoV. n{hbm åhUOo Amnbr {ZarjUo (¶mo½¶ Am{U {Z¶§{ÌV n[apñWVrV Ho$bobr.) Oo H$mhr AmnU S>moù¶mZo ~KVmo, H$mZmZo EoH$Vmo Vo gd© emídV kmZ åhUVm ¶oB©b. Xþgao åhUOo AmnU Á¶mMm nwamdm XoD$ eH$Vmo Vo Iao kmZ AgVo qH$dm Á¶mMr ~amo~a AgÊ¶mMr AmnU ¶mo½¶ H$maUo XoD$ eH$Vmo. Vo kmZ åhUVm ¶oB©b. àmMrZ J«rH$ bmoH$m§Zm ‘mhrV hmoVo H$s n¥Ïdr Jmob Amho na§Vw AmOÀ¶m A§Vamidram§gmaIo Vo n¥Ïdr nmhÿ eH$V ZìhVo qH$dm Ë¶mMo {ZarjU H$ê$ eH$V ZìhVo.

H¥$Vr 5

1. emómMo VÎdkmZ OmUyZ KoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho Ago Vwåhmbm H$m dmQ>Vo?

2. emómMo VÎdkmZ g‘OÊ¶m‘mJo {díbofU, {ZarjU Am{U kmZ ¶m§Mr H$m¶ ^y{‘H$m Amho?

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

3. g§e¶mñnX dmQ>Umè¶m EImÚm J«hmMo, g‘OyVrMo CXmhaU Úm.

4. ßboQ>moZo kmZmMr ì¶m»¶m H$er Ho$br Amho?

1.3 {dkmZ åhUOo H$m¶?

emó åhUOo {dYmZm§À¶m ¶mXrMo nwñVH$ AgVo H$m? à¶moJemioV KmbÊ¶mMm nm§T>am H$moQ> Am{U Xþ{~©U åhUOo emó H$m? H$m Xþ{~©UrVyZ ~KUmam EImXm gImob emók H$m amo{S>Amo qH$dm XÿaXe©Z dê$Z àjo{nV hmoUmao Üd{Z Am{U {MÌ? H$m KamVrb H$m‘m §gmR>r ¶§Ìm§Mm Cn¶moJ H$aUo? ¶m gd© Jmoï>r emómer g§~§{YV AmhoV nU emómMo nyU© {MÌ ¶mVyZ {XgV Zmhr. emómMm AW© g‘OyZ ¿¶m¶Mm Agob Va Amnë¶m AmOy~mOybm nhm. H$m¶ {XgVo? H$mJX, boIUr, ’$moZ, g§JUH$, Hw$Ìm, {IS>H$sVyZ gy¶© - hmo¶. emó åhUOo ¶m gJù¶m{df¶rMr gm{hË¶ ¶m {dídmV Agbobo gd© H$mhr gyú‘ Bbo³Q´>m°Z nmgyZ Vo gy¶m©Mr CËnÎmdr KS>dyZ AmUUmar na‘mUy à{V{H«$¶m.

1.3.1 ì¶m»¶m d gm‘mÝ¶ JwUY‘©

emó åhUOo Aer {dœmgmh© àUmbr Amho Á¶mÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo OJmVrb gd© Jmooï>tMo kmZ AmnU àmá H$ê$ eH$Vmo. emómMr nÕV åhUOo {ZgJm©Vrb nwamì¶m§À¶m AmYmao H$ënZm§Mr nwï>r H$aUo. CXm. AmH$memMm a§J {Zim H$m? nmdgmMo W|~ Imbr O{‘ZrdaM H$m nS>VmV? Jwbm~mMr ’w$bo doJdoJù¶m a§Jm§Mr H$m AgVmV Ago àíZ {ZamJg ‘wbohr Amnë¶mbm {dMmaVmV. ‘J H$mhrVar CÎmao Z XoVm AmnU emómo³V ñnï>r H$aUo XoD$ eH$Vmo, Oa emómMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm Va Oa emó {df¶ ZgVm, Va ho VWmH${WV AmYw{ZH$ OJ ho AmYw{ZH$ åhUVmM Amb§ ZgV§ Am{U AOyZ ~a§M H$mhr {eH$Ê¶mgmaI§ ¶m OJmV AgV§. emómMm gdm©V ‘hÎdmMm JwUY‘© åhUOo emó ho gJi§ ñnï> AgV§. Z¡g{J©H$ OJ H$go H$m¶©aV AgVo ¶mMm emoY bmdUo hmM emómMm Iam hoVy. ¶mgmR>r àm‘m{UH$nUm Amdí¶H$ AgVmo. Vwåhr ‘Ü¶o AmoTy>Z VmUyZ ‘m§S>bo qH$dm AmH$S>çm§er Ioi Ho$boV Va Vwåhr gË¶mn¶ªV nmohmoMyM eH$V Zmhr. {ZdS>H$ ‘m{hVr XoD$Z Iao ñdê$n bjmV ¶oV Zmhr. Agboë¶m nwamì¶mMo MwH$sMo A§XmO bmdyZ MmbV Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio gd© emók EH$‘oH$m§H$Sy>Z àm‘m{UH$nUmMr Anojm H$aVmV. emómMr {ZJS>rV H$moUVrhr Jmoï> hr dñVw{Zð> Agbr nm{hOo. AmnU emómMm AW© Agm gm§Jy eH$Vmo. g§{MV Ho$bobm, ì¶dpñWV ‘m§S>Ur Ho$bobo, gm‘mÝ¶ Cn¶moJmV Agbobo Vo kmZ Oo Z¡g{J©H$ Jmoï>ter g§~§{YV AgVo.

H¥$Vr 6

1. emó ¶m eãXmVyZ Vwåhmbm H$m¶ kmV hmoVo Vo ñnï> H$am.

2. emómÀ¶m ‘yi JwUY‘mªMr ¶mXr H$am.

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

1.3.2 emómMo ñdê$n

emó ho XmoÝhr Amho. kmZg§M¶ Am{U àUmbr :

emioV AgVmZm Aer g‘OyZ hmoD$ eH$Vo H$s nañnam§er g§~§{YV Zgbobr {dYmZo Á¶m§Mr ¶mXr nwñVH$mV {Xbobr AgVo. na§Vw emó åhUyZ emoY bmdÊ¶mMr EH$ nÕVr Amho. Á¶m‘wio g§nyU© OJ Vwåhr g‘Oy eH$bm Am{U VwQ>H$ dmQ>Umar {dYmZo OmoSy>Z EH$g§K OJmH$S>o nhmÊ¶mMm Ñï>rH$moZ àmá hmoVmo.

emó ho MoVZm XoVo :

emók Am{U bhmZ ‘wbo, XmoKo emómV a‘yZ OmVmV. nydu H$Yr ‘mhrV Zgboë¶m Jmoï>r ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z JoVmZm Ë¶m§Zm AmZ§X dmQ>Vmo.

emó ho Cn¶moJr AgVo

emóm‘mJo àmá Pmbobo kmZ ho gj‘ Am{U {dœmgmh© AgVo. emómMm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV H$aVm ¶oVo, amoJm§da CnMma H$aVm ¶oVmVm Am{U AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m g‘ñ¶m§da VmoS>Jm H$mT>Vm ¶oVmo.

emó A{daV AgV§ :

{dkmZ gmVË¶mZo Amnbo kmZ {dñVmarV H$arV AgV. emómMm H$Yrhr A§V hmoUma Zmhr. àË¶oH$ COmS>Umam {Xdg H$mhrVar ZdrZ KodyZ ¶oVmo.

emó hm OmJ{VH$ nmVirdaMm à¶ËZ :

g§nyU© {dœmV emómH$S>o ~KÊ¶mMm Ñï>rH$moZ gmaImM AgVmo. ‘mUgmÀ¶m ApñVËdmer {ZJS>rV àUmbr åhUyZ emómH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo.

emó hm gm‘w{hH$ à¶ËZ Amho :

Iyn ^ì¶ à‘mUm‘Ü¶o emók bhmZ Wmoa gd©M gh^mJr hmoVmV. AJXr embo¶ {dÚmÏ¶mªnmgyZ amOH$s¶ ZoË¶m§n¶ªV g‘whmMo CÎmoOZ {‘imbo H$s emók A{YH$ ê${M KoD$Z H$m‘H$mO H$aVmV. Vo OmñV g‘ñ¶m §H$S>o ~KVmV. OmñV àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYVmV, A{YH$ n¶m©¶m§Mm emoY KoVmV. CXm. dm°Q>gZ Am{U {H«$H$ ¶m emókm§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m AmYr H$m‘ H$arV Agboë¶m emókm§H$Sy>Z ñ’y${V© {‘imbr. Ë¶m§Zm S>r. EZ. E. {df¶r Zm{dÝ¶nyU© H$ënZm gwMë¶m. H$mhr ì¶³VtZm ñnYm© Agbr H$s H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMr ñ’y$Vu {‘iVo. emó hm BVH$m ‘moR>m {df¶ Amho H$s EH$ ì¶³Vr Vmo hmVmiy eH$V Zmhr. goë¶yba ~m¶m°bm°OrÀ¶m A§VJ©V AZoH$ {df¶ ¶oVmV. Aem n[apñWVrV {S>ìhrOZ Am°’$ ê$b hm {Z¶‘ bmJy nS>Vmo. {Za{Zamù¶m XoemVrb {Za{Zamio emók EImÚm ‘¶m©{XV {df¶mV H$m‘ H$aVmV. Am{U ‘J gd©OU Amnbo kmZ d emoY EH${ÌV AmUyZ Aä¶mg H$aVmV. Ago Ho$ë¶mZo ñdV:À¶m H$m‘mMr BVam§H$Sy>Z narjm hmoVo Ë¶mà‘mUo Xþgè¶m§À¶m H$m‘mMr narjm H$aVm ¶oVo.

1.3.3 emómMr àUmbr

X¡Z§{XZ Am¶wî¶mV ¶oUmao AZw d Ogo ho AZw‘mZ bmdUo H$s ñnmH©$ ßbJ‘Ü¶o H$m~©Z gmMbm Agob åhUyZ Amnbr XþMmH$s gwê$ hmoV ZmhrE Am{U emómo³V à¶moJmVyZ S>r. EZ. E Mm Aä¶mg H$aUo ¶mV Iyn gmå¶ Amho. XmoÝhr àH$maÀ¶m {H«$¶m§‘Ü¶o {ZarjU H$aUo, nwamì¶m§Mr nS>VmiUr H$aUo Am{U AZw‘mZ bmdUo, eodQ>r g‘ñ¶oda Cnm¶ gmnS>Uo ¶mM Jmoï>r AmT>iVmV. Á¶m H$ënZm Cn¶moJr nS>VmV Ë¶m ñdrH$maë¶m OmVmV d ~mH$sÀ¶m ~mX H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVmV.

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

emómÀ¶m nÕVrMo ‘w»¶ JwUY‘© :

i) AZoH$ eVH$m§Mm AZw d H$s {dœ ho capricious Zmhr Amho, ¶m J¥hrVH$mda emó nwT>o OmVo.

ii) emór¶ kmZ ho nyU©nUo d¡¶p³VH$ CnbãY Agboë¶m nwamì¶m§da Zmhr Va H$moUmbmhr {ZarjUmgmR>r CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Umè¶m nwamì¶m§da AmYmarV AgVo.

iii) emómMr àJVr WmoS>r WmoS>r, VwH$S>çm VwH$S>çm‘YyZ hmoV AgVo na§Vw Ë¶mMm hoVy AgVmo Vmo g§nyU© EH${ÌV kmZ àmá H$aUo.

iv) emó ho H$Yrhr g§nUma Zmhr H$maU emoY bmdÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶‘M H$mhr Z H$mhrVar amhrb. {dœmV à{H«$¶m H$em MmbVmV Am{U Ë¶m§Mm nañnam§er Agbobm g§~§Y ho H$m¶‘ ñdê$nmMo H$moS>o Amho.

v) ‘mnZ hm AmYw{ZH$ emómMm ‘hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho H$maU àñWm{nV Agbobo ~hþVm§er {Z¶‘ ho ‘moO-‘mn Ho$boë¶m Jmoï>tda Adb§~yZ AgVmV.

H¥$Vr 7

^mOr ‘§S>B©bm oQ>.

^mOr ‘§S>B©V EH$ ’o$a ’$Q>H$m ‘mam. {VWë¶m ^mÁ¶m§Mo ZrQ> {ZarjU H$am Am{U doJdoJio àH$ma H$moUVo Vo OmUyZ ¿¶m. Ë¶m§Mo ’$i ^mÁ¶m, nmbo ^mÁ¶m, ’w$bo, ‘wio Ago dJuH$aU H$am.

^mOr {dH«o$Ë¶m§~amo~a Imbrb ‘wÚm§da MMm© H$am.

1. ¶m ^mÁ¶m Hw$Ry>Z AmUë¶m OmVmV?

2. ^mÁ¶m§Mr dmhVyH$ H$moUË¶m dmhZmVyZ hmoVo?

3. ^mÁ¶m {H$Vr {Xdg Mm§Jë¶m amhÿ eH$VmV?

4. doJdoJù¶m F$Vw§‘Ü¶o ^mOr ‘§S>B©V Om åhUOo df©â ¶oUmè¶m ^mÁ¶m§Mr Amnë¶mbm ‘m{hVr hmoB©b.

1.4 d¡km{ZH$ kmZ

EH$Xm H$mhr ‘wbo JmdmVrb VbmdmV nmohmoÊ¶mgmR>r Jobr. Ë¶m§Zr nmÊ¶mV bn§S>md Ioim¶Mo R>adbo. EH$mda amÁ¶ hmoVo. Omo H$moUr Ë¶mÀ¶m ZOaog nS>ob Vmo ~mX Ago R>abo. H$mhr ‘wbo Iyn doi œmg amoIyZ nmÊ¶mV Imbr bnbr, nU œmg amoIVm ¶oV AgyZhr Ë¶m§Zm WmoS>çmM doimV S>moHo$ da H$mT>mdo bmJbo. H$mhtZr nmÊ¶mImbr Agboë¶m XJS>m§Zm KÅ> Yê$Z R>odbo Am{U OmñV doi nmÊ¶mV amhÿ eH$bo. H$mhtZm nmÊ¶mV ahmÊ¶mMo œmgmMo V§Ì g‘Obo Va H$mhtZm AmYma Z {‘imë¶mZo Va§JÊ¶mMr JaO ^mgbr. ‘J Ago àíZ C o am{hbo H$s ‘wbo dOZmZr OmñV hmoVr åhUyZ A{YH$ doi Imbr amhÿ eH$br H$m? àË¶oH$mMo AZw d doJio H$m hmoVo? H$mhr AX² wV ep³V

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

H$mhtZm nmÊ¶mImbr amoIV hmoVr H$m? Agm AZoH$ n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>ë¶m Joë¶m. Ë¶m gdmªMr ‘wbm§Zr KaÀ¶m§gmo~V, {ejH$m§gmo~V, {‘Ìm§gmo~V MMm© Ho$br. ‘J Agm emoY bmdbm H$s nmÊ¶mbm da Y¸$m XoÊ¶mam Omoa AgVmo Á¶m‘wio Vo ‘wbm§Zm daVr T>H$bV hmoVo. àË¶oH$ dñVybm dñVw‘mZ, dOZ, KZ’$i Am{U KZVm AgVo Am{U àË¶oH$ dñVy n¥Ïdrdarb H$mhr OmJm ì¶mnVo, Á¶m gd© JwUY‘mª‘wio dñVy O{‘Zrda pñWa amhÿ eH$Vo. ¶m‘wio n[aH$ënZoVyZ VÎd/{gÕm§V ¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶mVyZM Am{H©${‘{S>O Mm {gÕm§V OÝ‘mbm Ambm. Ðd nXmW© Am{U KZ dñVy nmiV Agbobo Z¡g{J©H$ {Z¶‘ g‘moa Ambo. ‘wbm§Zm VbmdmV Ambobo AZw d hm ¶m {gÕm§Vm§Zm OmoS> XoUmam nwamdm R>abm.

AmVm AmnU n[aH$ënZm, {gÕm§V, {ZgJm©Mo {Z¶‘, {dYmZ, nwamdm ¶m gd© g§H$ënZm g‘OyZ KoD$ ¶m.

‘‘{ZarjUmÀ¶m AmYmao bmdbobo AZw‘mZ åhUOo n[aH$ënZm.”

1.4.1 n[aH$ënZm

gd©gmYmaUnUo n[aH$ënZm à¶moJmVyZ qH$dm A{YH$ {ZarjU H$ê$Z MyH$ qH$dm ~amo~a R>adVm ¶oVo. EH$ gmYo gmono CXmhaU KoD$¶m. Oa doJdoJio gm~U dmnê$Z H$nS>çm§À¶m ñdÀN>VoV ’$magm ’$aH$ AmT>ibm Zmhr Va AmnU Aer n[aH$ënZm ‘m§Sy> eH$Vmo H$s, ñdÀN>VoMo à‘mU ho Hw$R>bm gm~U dmnaVmo ¶mÀ¶mda Adb§~yZ ZgVo. hr n[aH$ënZm Vwåhr ghO {gÕ H$ê$ eH$Vm. Ë¶mgmR>r EImXm H$nS>çmdarb S>mJ EH$m gm~UmZo OmVmo Am{U Xþgè¶m gm~UmZo OmV Zmhr Ago g‘Om {ZarjU Pmbo, Va Vw‘Mr n[aH$ënZm MwH$sMr Amho ho {gÕ hmoVo. ¶m CbQ> 100 doJdoJio gm~U dmnê$Zhr ñdÀN>VoV ’$aH$ nS>V Zmhr Ago AmT>ibo Var J¥hrVH$ ImoQ>o R>adVm ¶oUma Zmhr H$maU Agm 101 dm EImXm gm~U Agy eHo$b Omo Vwåhr dmnê$Z nm{hbm ZmhrV.

1.4.2 {gÕm§V

ñdrH$ma Ho$bobr n[aH$ënZm åhUOoM {gÕm§V, EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ EH${ÌV H$ënZm Á¶m dma§dma VnmgyZ Iè¶m {gÕ Pmboë¶m AgVmV, Ë¶m {gÕm§V åhUyZ ‘m§S>ë¶m OmVmV. {gÕm§V Vmon¶ªV Iam ‘mZbm OmVmo Omon¶ªV H$moUr Ë¶mbm ImoQ>o Agë¶mMm nwamdm gmXa H$arV Zmhr. {gÕm§VgwÕm MwH$sMm R>abm OmD$ eH$Vmo.

CËñ’y$V© {gÕm§V ({WAar Am°’$ ñnm±Q>o{Z¶g OZaoeZ) : hr {WAar gm§JVo H$s Ord hm {ZOud d dñVyVyZ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo, Ogo eoUmV Agboë¶m OrdmUy§VyZ ¶m {dMmaYmaobm E{dAmoOoZo{gg åhUVmV. Z§Va emókm§Zm 200 df} bmJbr ho {gÕ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$s Ord hm OrdmVyZM {Z‘m©U hmoVmo, Á¶mbm ~m¶moOoZo{gg åhUVmV. ho {gÕ Pmë¶mda E{~AmoOoZo{gg Mm {gÕm§V aÔ Pmbm.

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

~m¶moOoZo{gg Mm {gÕm§V bwB nmíMa Zo O‘© {WAar Am°’$ {S>grO H$m°OoeZ ‘YyZ 1886 ‘Ü¶o ‘m§S>bm.

1.4.3 {ZgJm©Vrb {Z¶‘

{ZarjUo {ZgJm©Vrb {Z¶‘m§n¶ªV nmohmoMVmV. Vo {Z¶‘ g§H$ënZm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVmV nU dU©Z H$arV ZmhrV. ho nS>VmiUr H$ê$Z ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVbobo AgVmV. {Xboë¶m n[apñVVrV H$m¶ hmoB©b ¶m {df¶r Vr {dYmZo AgVmV. emór¶ {Z¶‘ ho åhUOo gm‘mÝ¶ {dYmZo AgVmV. Or KS>Umè¶m KQ>Zm, {dœmVrb {Z¶‘ ¶m g§~§Yr AgVmV. emór¶ {Z¶‘ ho nmim¶Mo {Z¶‘ ZgVmV. Ë¶mbm {Z¶‘ åhUVmV H$maU Ë¶m§À¶mà‘mUo Z hmoUmè¶m KQ>Zm H$moUmbm AmT>iyZ Amboë¶m ZgVmV.

AmnU Ý¶yQ>ZÀ¶m OS>Ëd À¶m {Z¶‘mMo CXmhaU KoD$ ¶m. EImÚm dñVyMo {Xboë¶m n[apñWVrV H$m¶ hmoB©b ¶mMm A§XmO AmnU ¶m {Z¶‘mà‘mUo bmdy eH$Vmo. hm {Z¶‘ Ago gm§JVmo H$s pñWa dñVy pñWa ahmVo Am{U hbV Agbobr dñVy Ë¶mM JVrZo d {XeoZo hbV ahmVo Omon¶ªV ~mø e³Vr Ë¶mÀ¶mda n[aUm‘ H$arV Zmhr. gmÜ¶m ^mfoV gm§Jm¶Mo Va pñWa dñVy Vmon¶ªV Agob Ë¶m pñWVrV OmJoda ahmVo Omon¶ªV Vr AmoT>br qH$dm T>H$bbr OmV Zmhr.

1.4.4 dñVwpñWVr

dñVypñWVr åhUOo àË¶j KS>bobr KQ>Zm. MM}Mm {df¶ gË¶ qH$dm Iam Amho Ago dñVwpñWVr Z‘yX H$aVo. dñVwpñWVrMo gË¶ ho dmXmVyZ à¶moJmVyZ, d¡¶p³VH$ AZw dmVyZ qH$dm A{YH¥$V ómoVmVyZ àñWm{nV H$aVm ¶oVo. dñVwpñWVr åhUOo gË¶ Am{U {gÕm§V åhUOo AZw‘mZ emór¶ dñVwpñWVr hr H$moUrhr à¶moJ Ho$bo Var Iar {gÕ hmoVo. H$moUrhr emór¶ à¶moJ Ho$bm Var H$m¶ {ZarjU Ho$bo Var EH$gmaIoM n[aUm‘ {XgVrb. dñVwpñWVr åhUOo Vo Oo dñVw{Zð> dm³¶ gË¶ Amho ho {gÕ H$aVo. CXm. n¥Ïdr Jmob Amho, ho dm³¶ EH$ dñVwpñWVr H$WZ H$aVo.

dñVwpñWVr Compound :

am§Mr ho PmaI§S>M à‘wI eha Amho. ho dm³¶ Imbrb dñVwpñWVr gm§JVo. (1) am§Mr ZmdoMo EH$ eha Amho. (2) PmaI§S> ZmdmMo {R>H$mU Amho. (3) PmaI§S> ‘Ü¶o emgZ ì¶dñWm Amho. (4)

PmaI§S>À¶m emgZì¶dñWoV amOYmZr R>adUmè¶mMm A{YH$ma Amho. (5) PmaI§S>À¶m emgZmZo am§Mr ¶m ehamMr amOYmZr åhUyZ {ZdS> Ho$br Amho.

1.4.5 nwamdo

gJù¶m Jmoï>r Hw$Ry>Z ¶oVmV? Ë¶m§Mm AW© H$m¶? emó ho Amnë¶mbm {díd Am{U {ZgJm©À¶m {Z¶‘m§Mo {ZarjU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r CnH$aUo XoV Zmhr. emó ho Z¡g{J©H$ à{H«$¶m§Mr VnmgUr H$aVo. emók doJdoJù¶m nÕVrZo hr VnmgUr H$aVmV. H$mhr emók à¶moJ H$aVmV Va H$mhr {ZarjU H$aVmV. H$mhr nÕVr ~§X XadmOm§n¶ªV ZoVmV. H$mhrVyZ AZno{jV emoY bmdVmV, H$mhr V§ÌkmZ d¥qÕJV H$aVmV Am{U H$mhr àñWm{nV {gÕm§Vm§{df¶r e§H$m CnpñWV H$aVmV. na§Vw n[aUm‘m§‘Ü¶o {H$Vrhr {d{dYVm Agbr Var emómMm hoVy VmoM AgVmo. {dídmÀ¶m H$m¶©j‘VoMo AMyH$, ^¸$‘ Am[U Z¡g{J©H$ ñnï>rH$aU BWo nañna {damoYr ‘Vm§Mm àíZ ZgyZ nwamì¶mda AmYmarV ñnï>rH$aU ‘hÎdmMo Amho. CXmhaU Úm¶Mo Pmbo Va emór¶ dmX ho XmoZ ì¶³Vt‘Yrb ^m§S>UmgmaIo ZgyZ Ý¶m¶mb¶mVrb àH$aUmVrb eodQ>À¶m ³bmoqOJ gmaIo AgVmV. emór¶ dmXmV VrZ KQ>H$ AgVmV. (1) n[aH$ënZm (2) Ë¶m H$ënZoVyZ {Z‘m©U Pmbobo ñnï>rH$aU åhUOoM g§^mì¶ CÎmao Am{U (3) Ë¶m Anojm§Zm nmqR>~m XoUmar àË¶j {ZarjUo åhUOoM nwamdo. ¶m KQ>H$m§Mm EH$‘oH$m§er gmaImM Vm{H©$H$ g§~§Y AgVmo.

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

Amnbr Ano{jV {ZarjUo H$m¶ AmhoV?

AmnU àË¶jmV H$emMo {ZarjU H$aVmo?

Amnbr {ZarjUo Am{U Anojm OwiVmV H$m?

AmVm emók Ë¶m§À¶m dmXm§Mo dU©Z H$go H$aVmV Vo nmhÿ¶m. Ago Oa AgVo H$s Yy‘«nmZ Ho$ë¶mZo H$H©$amoJ hmoVmo, Va Á¶m Xoem§‘Ü¶o Yw‘«nmZmMo à‘mU A{YH$ Amho Ë¶m Xoem§‘Ü¶o ’w$â’w$gmMm H$H©$amoJ hmoÊ¶mMo A{YH$ à‘mU AmT>iVo. åhUOo ’w$â’w$gmÀ¶m H$H©$amoJm~mÔb g§^mì¶ AmH$S>o ‘m§S>VmZm emókm§Mm {dMma AgVmo, Am‘Mr n[aH$ënZm Oa Iar Agob Va Amåhmbm ’w$â’w$gmÀ¶m H$H©$amoJmMo Ano{jV AmH$S>o, Oo nwamdm R>ê$ eH$Vrb, H$s Am‘Mr n[aH$ënZm Iar Amho. Oa Amnë¶m Anojm Iè¶m R>aë¶m Va Amnbr H$ënZm AMyH$ Amho Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b Am{U Zmhr, Va Ë¶mMm ñdrH$ma hmoUma Zmhr. CXm. Aer H$ënZm Amho H$s earam‘Úo noer AgVmV qH$dm eara ho noetnmgyZ ~Zbobo AgVo. ho Ia§ Agob, Va Xþ{~©UrVyZ nm{hë¶mda gd© Or{dV àmÊ¶m§À¶m earamV noer {Xgë¶m Agë¶m Am{U hoM Amnbo Ano{jV {ZarjU hmoVo. hm nwamdm ho {gÕ H$aVmo H$s Or{dV Jmoï>r ¶m noetnmgyZ ~Zboë¶m AgVmV. ¶mMo VH©$ewÕ ñnï>rH$aU Imbr {Xbo Amho.

Expected Results/

Observations

Actual results/

Oservations Hypothesis/

Theory

idea Expectation

s Observations

U fe is built

from cells Observecells

Under

Microscope

Actually cells

Are observed

Figure 1.4 : The Logic of argument

Figure 1.5 : How does the argument actually resemble?

We observe

section of the

leafunder

Microscope

and see it is

built from cells

1

Which lead to

the ides that all

life is built

from cells

2 So we would

expect to see

cells when we

look at living

things up close

3

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

¶m dmXmMr aMZm Oar gwg§~Õ Agbr, åhUOo n[aH$ënZm... Anojm.... {ZarjU Var ¶mMm H«$‘ doJim Agy eH$Vmo. CXm. noetMo n{hë¶m§Xm {ZarjU gZ 1600 ‘Ü¶o Pmbo hmoVo, na§Vw noetMm {gÕm§V 200 dfm©Z§Va ‘m§S>bm Jobm. åhUOo ¶m ~m~VrV nwamdm AmT>bbm Am{U VmoM ñ’y$Vu Mm ómoV R>abm. WmoS>³¶mV åhUOo AmYr nwamdm Agmo qH$dm H$ënZm Ë¶m‘mJrb VH©$ VmoM amhVmo. n[aH$ënZm MyH$ R>aë¶mMo EImXo CXmhaU AmnU XoD$ eH$mb H$m?

{gÕm§V åhUOo {dYmZ Zìho na§Vw {gÕm§V {dYmZm§Mm g§~§Y Xe©dVo Am{U Ë¶mMm AW© ñnï> H$aVo. ¶m {dYmZmMo gË¶ Vwåhr H$go àñWm{nV H$amb?

Ý¶yQ>ZMm OS>ÎdmMm {Z¶‘ Law of Inertia hm H$em~Ôb Amho?

emór¶ {dYmZm§Mm hr {ZarjU H$aË¶mer g§~§Y H$m ZgVmo.

nwamì¶mÀ¶m AmYmao dmS> H$go EH${ÌV Ho$bo OmVmV?

1.4.6 Z‘wZm énmdbr

Z‘wZm hm ’$³V Mmby {gÕm§V ZgyZ Vmo ApñVËdmV Agë¶mMm nyU© OJmMm Ñï>rH$moZ Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶m gmo~V ¶oUmao n[aUm‘ Structure of Science ¶m nwñVH$m‘Ü¶o Z‘wZm énmdbrbm emór¶ H«$m§Vr Ago åhQ>bo Amho. Z‘wZm énmdbrÀ¶m EH$mÚm ApñVËdmV Agboë¶m àM{bV Z‘wZm énmdbrÀ¶m {damoYmV Ag§»¶, nwaoem {dg§JVr CX² dVmV Voìhm emóm‘Ü¶o J§ ra n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo. Aem H$R>rU n[apñWVrV ZdrZ H$ënZm am~dÊ¶mMm qH$dm AJmoXa aÔ Ho$boë¶m H$ënZm am~dÊ¶mMm à¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. H$mbm§VamZo EH$ ZdrZ Z‘wZm V¶ma hmoVmo. emó ho {H$Vrhr n[an³d Am{U ^¸$‘ ñdê$nmM§ dmQ>b§ Var Ë¶mÀ¶mV Z‘wZm ~Xb hm ZmQ>çnyU© Agy eH$Vmo. CXm. 19 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m A§Vr ^m¡{VH$emómV Pmbobm ~Xb. Ë¶m H$mimV ^m¡{VH$ emó ho ~è¶mn¡H$s n[anyU© Agboë¶m àUmbrV H$mhr Vnerb âUmao emó g‘Obo Om¶Mo. 1900 gmbr bm°S>© Ho$pë~Z åhUmbm, AmVm ^m¡{VH$ emóm‘Ü¶o ZdrZ emoY bmdÊ¶mgmaIo H$mhr CaboboM Zmhr. ’$³V H$m¶ ~mH$s Amho Va AMyH$ ‘mnZ ¶mZ§Va 5 dfmªZr AmBZñQ>mBZZo Amnbm {gÕm§V àH$m{eV Ho$bm, Á¶mZo 200 df© àM{bV Agboë¶m Ý¶yQ>ZÀ¶m gmÜ¶, gmoß¶m {Z¶‘m§Zm AmìhmZ {Xbo. Hw$Qy>>Z åhUmbm H$s EH$m [Z¶‘mdbrnmgyZ Xþgè¶m {Z¶‘mdbr‘Ü¶o n[adV©Z hmoUo ho n[an³d emómMo bjU Amho. Hw$Qy>ZMr H$ënZm hr Ë¶m H$mimV H«$m§{VH$maH$ R>abr. H$maU emóm~Ôb Oo ~mobbo OmV hmoVo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ‘moR>m ~Xb Pmbm hmoVm. hmM EH$ emómÀ¶m B{VhmgmV ‘moR>m Z‘wZm ~Xb hmoVm. ¶mMr H$mhr CXmhaUo Imbr {Xbr AmhoV.

1. {dœm~Ôb Q>mobo‘rZo {Xboë¶m ñnï>rH$aUmV ~Xb hmoD$Z H$mona{ZH$gÀ¶m Z‘wÝ¶mMm ñdrH$ma.

2. ^m¡{‘{VH$ àH$meemómH$Sy>Z ^m¡{VH$ àH$meemó

3. A°[agQ>moQ>bÀ¶m ¶m§{ÌH$sH$Sy>Z emór¶ ¶m§{ÌH$s

4. gd© Ord OrdmUw§nmgyZM {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m emoYmMm ñdrH$ma nydu gVamì¶m eVH$mV doJir g‘OyV hmoVr Or EH$mo{Ugmì¶m eVH$mn¶ªV àM{bV hmoVr.

5. Ý¶yQ>À¶m OJmH$S>o ~KÊ¶mÀ¶m ^m¡{VH$ Ñï>rH$moZ ~mX H$ê$Z AmBZñQ>mB©ZMm Relativity world

view ‘Ü¶o ~Xb.

6. EH$mo{Ugmì¶m eVH$mV S>ma{dZÀ¶m {gÕm§Vm{damoYmV ‘|S>o{bZMm dmagm {gÕm§V

1.4.7 CXJm‘r g§X ©

hr EH$ nÕVr Amho. ¶m‘Ü¶o ‘yb ho ñdV:gmR>r ñdV:M gË¶mMm emoY JoVo. H$mhr ‘yV© CXmhaUo {Xbobr AgVmV Am{U Ë¶mdê$Z ‘wbo VH©$ bmdyZ AZw‘mZ H$mT>VmV. hr nÕVr emó,

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

J{UV Am{U ì¶mH$aU {eH$dÊ¶mgmR>r gmo¶rñH$a Amho. AmnU H$mhr CXmhaUo KoD$Z hr nÕVr g‘OyZ KoD$¶m.

nwñVH$ hmVmVyZ gmoS>bo H$s Vo Imbr nS>Vo.

nmUr CVmamdê$Z Imbr dmhVo.

PmS>mMo ’y$b Imbr n¥ÏdrH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoVo.

¶m CXmhaUm§‘YyZ ñnï> hmoVo H$s gd© nXmW© / dñVy n¥ÏdrH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoVmV åhUOoM JwéËdmH$f©UmMm {Z¶‘.

¶m nÕVr‘wio ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ¶m nÕVrV kmZ ho ñdV: àmá Ho$bo OmVo Am{U Ë¶mMo {dX²dÎmoV énm§Va hmoVo. hr EH$ emór¶ nÕV Amho. H¥$VrVyZ {ejU hm ¶m nÕVrMm nm¶m Amho. ¶m nÕVr‘wio ~maH$mB©Zo {ZarjU H$aÊ¶mMr gd¶ bmJVo Am{U {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma H$am¶bm bmdVo. ¶m‘wio AmË‘{dídmg Am{U ñdmdb§~Z {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. H$ï> H$am¶Mr gd¶

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

bmJVo Am{U AmìhmZo C^r Ho$ë¶m‘wio {ejU é{Ma hmoVo. hr à{H«$¶m hi yhiy hmoVo. hr nÕV ImÌrera R>aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶mVyZ H$mT>bobo VH©$ ho deductive nÕVrZo nS>VmiyZ ~KVm ¶oVmV.

1.4.8 AdJm‘r g§X ©

Deductive nÕV Inductive method À¶m ~amo~a CbQ>r Amho. ¶m‘Ü¶o gm‘mÝ¶rH$aUo qH$dm VÎdo AmYr ‘wbm§Zm nwadbr OmVmV Am{U ‘J CXmhaUo KoD$Z ‘wbo Vr {gÕ H$aVmV. ¶m‘Ü¶o AmnU ‘moK‘ nmgyZ àË¶j, ‘yV© Jmoï>tH$S>o OmVmo. ¶m ‘Ü¶o {ejH$mMo H$m‘ gmono Amho ’$³V VÎdo Úm¶Mr Am{U ‘wbm§ZmM Ë¶m§Mr nS>VmiUr H$am¶bm gm§Jm¶Mo. CXmhaUmÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo AmnU hr nÕVr g‘OyZ KoD$¶m. Vwåhmbm AmYrM gm§{JVbo OmVo H$s nmUr 100 gopëgAg Vmn‘mZmbm CH$iVo. ‘J ho {gÕ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVm à¶moJ H$gm H$am¶Mm ho gm§{JVbo OmVo. ‘J Vmo à¶moJ H$ê$Z Vwåhr ImÌr H$ê$Z ¿¶m¶Mr H$s nmUr 100 gopëgAg Vmn‘mZmbm CH$ibo. BWo gd© ñnï> AgV§, Ë¶m‘wio Vwåhr H$mhr ’o$a’$ma H$ê$ eH$Vm. ñdV: emoY bmdÊ¶mMm AmZ§X Vwåhmbm {‘iV Zmhr. hr nÕVr N>moQ>çm ‘wbm§gmR>r Cn¶moJr R>aVo H$maU N>moQ>r ‘wbo ñdV:hÿZ H$mhr emoY bmdy eH$V ZmhrV. Ë¶m§Zm gd© V¶maM {‘iVo. ¶m nÕVrV doi dm¶m OmV Zmhr H$maU {deofU H$ê$Z Vwåhmbm gË¶ àñWm{nV H$amdo bmJV Zmhr. bdH$a hmoUmar hr nÕVr Agë¶m‘wio nmR>çH«$‘ bdH$a nyU© H$aVm ¶oVmo. hr nÕVr Am{U Inductive nÕVr EH$Ì dmnaë¶m Va Ë¶mMm n[aUm‘ CÎm‘ Agob. na§Vw ¶m nÕVrbm H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm AmhoV. hr nÕVr emór¶ nÕVrMo n«{ejU XoD$ eH$V Zmhr Am{U emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ {Z‘m©U H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr ¶m‘Ü¶o Vwåhmbm ñdV:bm AmVyZ H$mhr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ào[aV H$arV Zmhr. nmR>m§Vamda â AgVmo Am{U nmR> Ho$bobo bdH$a {dgabo OmVo. Inductive Deductive Approach :

¶m XmoÝhr nÕVr EH$‘oH$m§Zm nyaH$ AmhoV. EH$m‘mJyZ Xþgar dmnamdr åhUOo n[aUm‘ AMyH$ hmoVmV. Ë¶m‘wio emó, J{UV, ì¶mH$aU Am{U ^yJmob {eH$dÊ¶mgmR>r XmoÝhr nÕVtMo EH${ÌH$aU ’$bXm¶r R>aVo. H¥$Vr 8

Am{H©${‘{S>gMm {bìha Mm {Z¶‘ Vwåhmbm ‘mhrV Amho.

1. Vwåhmbm ho ‘mhrV Amho H$m H$s Vw‘Mm hmV nU brìha gmaImM H$m‘ H$aVmo? H$gm?

2. amoOÀ¶m OrdZmVbr brìhaÀ¶m Cn¶moJmMr CXmhaUo Úm.

3. brìhg©Mo dJuH$aU H$am.

1.5 emór¶ {dMma

J¥hrVHo$, ñnï>rH$aU Am{U emómÀ¶m ’$m¶Úm§À¶m àUmbrH$S>o ~KÊ¶mMm Ñï>rH$moZ åhUOo emór¶ {dMma AZw^ddmXtgmR>r kmZ|{Ð¶o dmnê$Z AZw^d Am{U nwamdo ¶m§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ Oo àmá hmoVo Vo kmZ hmoVo Vo kmZ g§e¶dmXtÀ¶m Ñï>rZo à¶moJmVyZ {gÕ hmoVo Vo àñWm{nV kmZ ZgVo. {dMma H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m ¶m doJdoJù¶m aMZm§Mm EH$ AmT>mdm KoD$¶m.

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

1.5.1 AZw^ddmX

AZw^ddmX ho Aem VÎdmbm ‘mZVo Á¶m‘Ü¶o kmZ ho kmZ|{Ð¶m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo {‘imboë¶m AZw^dm§da Am{U nwamì¶m§da AmYmarV AgVo. ¶m {dMmamMo à‘wI {dMmad§V hmoVo Om°Z bm°H$, Om°O© ~H©$bo Am{U S>oìhrS> øy‘. emómà‘mUo AZw^ddmX åhUOo AZw^dmVyZ qH$dm nwamì¶mÀ¶m AmYmao g§H${bV Ho$bobr ‘m{hVr qH$dm H$mhr {R>H$mUr emór¶ CnH$aUo dmnê$Z {gÕ Ho$bobr {dYmZo. AZw^ddmX Am{U AZw^ddmXr g§emoYZmV ¶m§À¶mV gmå¶ Ago Amho H$s XmoÝhr‘Ü¶o {gÕm§V VnmgÊ¶mgmR>r, ‘m§S>Ê¶mgmR>r Am{U {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r {ZarjU H$aVm ¶oÊ¶mgma»¶m ‘m{hVrda Adb§~yZ AgVo. AZw^ddmXr nwamì¶m§Mr Ag§»¶ CXmhaUo AmhoV. S>m{d©ZZo Z¡g{J©H$ {ZdS> Mm {gÕm§V {ZarjUmda AmYmarVM ‘m§S>bm hmoVm. b°‘mH©$Zo nU dmQ>a Am{U Z dmna Mm {gÕm§V ‘m§S>bm hmoVm. ‘mZdmÀ¶m H$m~©ZS>m¶ Am°³gmBS> CËgO©Zm‘wio OmJ{VH$ Vmn‘mZmV dmT> hmoVo. hm {gÕm§V nU {ZarjUmdaM§ AmYmarV Amho. do{XH$ H$mim‘Ü¶o gd© emór¶ VÎdo hr AZw ddmXr {ZarjUmdaM AmYmarV hmoVr. CXm. gy¶© J«hU Am{U M§ÐJ«hU, n¥Ïdr gy¶m©^modVr {’$aVo dJ¡ao AZw^ddmX hm ~wÕr àm‘mÊ¶dmXmÀ¶m {déÕ AgVmo. H$maU Vmo Z¡g{J©H$ H$ënZm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$arV Zmhr.

1.5.2 g§e¶dmX

g§e¶dmX åhUOo AZw ddmXr nwamì¶m§Mm Am{U nwZéËnmXZ e³¶ Zgboë¶m Jmoï>tMm à¶moJ am°~Q>© ‘Q>©Z R>m‘nUo åhUVmo H$s gd© H$ënZm§Mr narjm Pmbr nm{hOo Am{U gd© Jmoï>r ¶m g‘mOmH$Sy>Z {M{H$Ëgm Am{U VnmgUrbm nmÌ AgVmV. AmnU àíZ Cô Ho$bo nm{hOo. e§H$m H$mT>ë¶m nm{hOo Am{U {ZH$mb XoUo {Zb§{~V Ho$bo nm{hOo. g§e¶dmXr åhUVmV H$s {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê¶mnydu nwamdo gmXa Ho$bo nm{hOoV. {dMmanyd©H$ nwamdo Jmoim Ho$bo nm{hOo Am{U nyd©J«hm§da Z Adb§~yZ ahmVm nwamì¶m§Zm A{YH$ ‘hÎd {Xbo nm{hOo. B{VhmgmÀ¶m nwñVH$m§‘Ü¶o AmT>iUmao emó ho emór¶ emoY Am{U {gÕm§V ¶mnwaVo ‘¶m©{XV AgVo. na§Vw ¶mnojm ‘hÎdmMo emó Oo ’$ma {Xgm¶bm AmH$f©H$ Zmhr Vo åhUOo g§e¶dmXr emó. emñÌmMr EH$ ‘hÎdmMr JaO Aer H$s ñdrH$ma hmoÊ¶mnydu ZdrZ g§emoYZ KS>Uo, KS>V ahmUo ¶m‘wio MwH$sMo {gÕm§V àM{bV hmoÊ¶mda Amim ~gVmo. emór¶ g§e¶dmX H$mb© gmJZÀ¶m H$m‘mnmgyZ gwê$ Pmbm. emór¶ nÕVrMr H$R>moaVm Am{U H$S>H$nUm nhmVm ¶m nÕVr{df¶rM g§e¶ {Z‘m©U Pmbm. emó hoM EH$ {dñH$irV g§e{¶V aMZm Amho Aer Vr H$ënZm Amho. emñ[¶ g§e¶dmX VnmgUrbm nmÌ Agbobr {dYmZo Am{U nwamdo ¶m§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$aVmo Am{U {dídmg, lÕm ¶mbm àmoËgmhZ XoV ZmhrV. g§e¶dmX Ag§ åhUV Zmhr H$s Agm‘mÝ¶ Xmdo OgoÀ¶m Vgo ZmH$mamdo. CbQ> Ë¶mÀ¶mà‘mUo Xmdm OodT>m

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

Agm‘mÝ¶ Agob, VodT>o Ë¶mbm A{YH$ ^¸$‘ nwamdm XoVm Ambm nm{hOo åhUOo Vmo ñdrH¥$V Ho$bm OmB©b. g§e¶dmX hm emór¶ nÕVrVbmM EH$ ^mJ Amho H$maU à¶moJmMm {ZîH$f© hm àñWm{nV hmoV Zmhr Am{U Ë¶mbm nwÝhm nwÝhm ñdV§ÌnUo gmXa H$aVm ¶oVo.

CXm. J°{b{bAmoZo A°[añQ>moQ>bZo ‘m§S>boë¶m VÎdmMm {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma Ho$bm Am{U Ago {dYmZ Ho$bo H$s OS> Am{U hbH$s dñVy EH$mM C§Mrdê$Z EH$mM doir Imbr n¥Ïdrda nS>VmV. JwéËdmH$f©U XmoÝhr dñVy§Zm EH$mM OmoamZo n¥ÏdrH$S>o AmH${f©V H$aVo. A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ¶m VÎdmà‘mUo bmoH$m§Mr Aer g‘OyV hmoVr H$s OS> dñVy hb³¶ dñVyÀ¶m AJmoXa Imbr nS>Vo. J°{b{bAmo Ë¶mÀ¶m H$mimVbm EH$ ‘moR>m g§e¶dmXr hmoVm.

Pseudo Skepticism :

g§e¶dmXr {dMmagaUrMo Ago H$mhr g^mgX AmhoV Oo ‘mZVmV H$s Ë¶m§Zm Mm¡H$er H$aÊ¶mAmYrM ~amo~a CÎmao ‘mhrV AgVmV. Ë¶m§Zm n¶m©¶m§Mr VwbZm H$aUo, {d{MÌ Xmdo VnmgUo, à¶moJ H$aUo Am{U ‘ZmVë¶m pñWVrV n[adV©Z H$aUo ¶m Jmoï>t‘Ü¶o éMr Zmhr. Ë¶m§Zm ñdV:MoM {dídmg nwT>o Ý¶m¶Mo AmhoV.

1.5.3 VH©$dmX

VH©$dmX hr Aer {dMma nÕVr Amho Á¶mÀ¶m‘Ü¶o gË¶mMm AmYma hm B§{Ð¶m§da AmYmarV ZgyZ ~m¡{ÕH$ Am{U VH$mªda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. kmZ àmárMm EH$ Anyd© ‘mJ© åhUOo VH©$. VH©$dmX Am{U g§e¶dmX nañn{damoYr ‘mZbo OmVmV. {dñVm[aV {dMma Ho$bm Va VÎdkmZr hm EH$mMdoir VH©$dmXr Am{U g§e¶dmXr Agy eH$Vmo. (boIr) gm°H«o${Q>gMm R>m‘ {dídmg hmoVm H$s OJ g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mAmYr AmnU Amnë¶m ñdV:bm g‘OyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho Am{U ho g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r Amnë¶mbm AmYr J«rH$Mr OJm{df¶rMr g‘OyV g‘OUo JaOoMo Amho. ‘mZdm‘Ü¶o XmoZ ^mJ AgVmV. EH$ Amho Vmo AVm{H©$H$ ^mJ Á¶mÀ¶mV ^mdZm, BÀN>m ¶m g‘m{dï> AgVmV. Xþgam Vm{H©$H$ ^mJ Omo Amnbm Iam AV© AgVmo, amoOÀ¶m AZw^dm§‘Ü¶o AVm{H©$H$ AmË‘m earamÀ¶m {XeoZo IoMbm OmVmo Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶mV {dbrZ hmoVmo. Ë¶m‘wio OJm{df¶rMm Amnbm Ñï>rH$moZ emar[aH$ g§doXZm§nwaVm ‘¶m©{XV AgVmo. Vm{H©$H$ AmË‘m Amnë¶m OmJ¥Vj‘VoÀ¶m n{bH$S>o AgVmo. VÎdkmZmMr O~m~Xmar Amho H$s H$mbm§VamZo AVm{H©$H$ AmËå¶mbm ‘w³Vr Úm¶Mr åhUyZ Z¡g{J©H$ {dH$mgmMr JaO Z§Va Ë¶mbm Vm{H©$H$ AmËå¶mer OmoS>m¶Mo åhUOo n[anyU© ì¶³Vr V¶ma hmoB©b. Ë¶mZo Amnbo {dMma H$Yr {b{hbo qH$dm à{gÕ Ho$bo Zmhr. Vmo ZmQ>H$s ^mgUmao gmono àíZ {dMmê$Z gwadmV H$arV Ago Á¶m§Mr CÎmao {Xbr Om¶Mr ‘J Vmo EH$m nmR>monmR> EH$ àíZ Vmon¶ªV {dMmaV ahm¶Mm Omon¶ªV ³boe g§nV Ago qH$dm CÎma XoUmè¶mbm H$~yb H$amdo bmJo H$s Ë¶mbm CÎma ¶oV Zmhr. gm°H«o${Q>gZo Ë¶mbm gd© CÎmao ‘mhrV Agë¶mMm H$Yr Xmdm Ho$bm Zmhr nU Ë¶mM~amo~a Ë¶mZo ñdV:À¶m {M{H$ËgH$ àd¥Îmrbm Am{U g‘ñ¶m§H$S>o Vm{H©$H$ nÕVrZo ~KÊ¶mÀ¶m j‘Vobm g§ndyZ Q>mH$bo Zmhr. Ë¶mMm hm CÔoe hmoVm. H$s OJmbm ho nQ>dyZ Úm¶Mo H$s Amnbm ~m¡{ÕH$ à¶mg Xmofr Amho Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶mda ‘mV H$ê$Z Amnë¶mbm gË¶ OmUyZ ¿¶m¶Mo Amho. aoZo S>oH$mQ>© (1596-1650) Zo dmX KmVbm H$s ñdßZmVyZ ‘Zwî¶mbm kmZ àmá hmoV Zmhr. Ho$di VH©$ kmZ {‘idyZ XoD$ eH$Vmo. B‘°Ý¶wb H$m§VZo g§e¶ dmÚm§Zm g‘Omdbo H$s AZw^d Oar kmZ {‘idÊ¶mV ‘yb^yV ^y{‘H$m R>aVmo Var Ë¶m AZw^dm§Mo ñnï> AW© bmdÊ¶mgmR>r {dMma ho Amdí¶H$ AgVmV. EImÚm ñd¶§ ñnï> {dYmZm‘Ü¶o hr j‘Vm AgVo H$s Ë¶mV H$m¶ ‘m§S>bo Amho Ë¶mMm nwamdm emoYÊ¶mMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr. Amnbr ~wÕrM Amnë¶mbm gm§JVo H$s ho {dYmZ gË¶ Amho. Aem {dYmZm§Mr CXmhaUo Imbr {Xbr Amho.

* Hw$R>bohr n¥ð> Oo bmb a§JmMo AgVo Vo a§JrV Amho.

* Oa A hm ~ nojm loð> Agob Am{U ~ hm H$ nojm loð> Agob Va A hm H$ nojm loð> Amho.

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

Agm Xmdm Ho$bm OmVmo H$s hr {dYmZo gË¶ AmhoV Ago g‘Obo H$s AmUIr AZw dm§Mr JaO ZgVo.

H¥$Vr 9

1. g§e¶dmX, AZw ddmX Am{U VH©$dmX ¶mVrb ’$aH$ ñnï> H$am.

2. ~mînrH$aUm‘Ü¶o nmUr Zï> hmoVo H$m Amnbo ê$n ~XbVo? Vwåhmbm Ago H$m dmQ>Vo?

3. Ë¶mMm nmdgmer H$m¶ g§~§Y ho ñnï> H$am.

1.6 emór¶ nÕVr

emór¶ nÕVrZo g‘ñ¶m§da Cnm¶ H$mT>Uo åhUOo emór¶ nÕVr ‘m{hVr {‘idÊ¶mnojm emór¶ nÕVr dmnaÊ¶mMo à{ejU ho A{YH$ ‘hÎdmMo Amho. EH$Xm {dÚmÏ¶m©bm Ago à{ejU {Xbo Jobo H$s Vo gd© g‘ñ¶m§H$S>o ¶mM Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ~KVrb.

1.6.1 emór¶ nÕVr åhUOo H$m¶?

nÕVera {ZarjU, dJuH$aU Am{U ‘m{hVr g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mMr nÕV ¶mbm emór¶ nÕV åhUVmV. H$mb© {nAagZ emór¶ nÕVr‘Ü¶o Imbr {Xbobo JwU{deof AgVmV. gË¶ {dYmZm§Mr H$miOrnyd©H$ AMyH$ dJuH$aU, Ë¶m§À¶mVrb AmngmV g§~§Ym§Mo Am{U H«$‘mMo {ZarjU Am{U g¥OZerb H$ënZm qH$dm {M{H$ËgoVyZ g‘moa Ambobo emór¶ {Z¶‘ emór¶ nÕVr‘Ü¶o gImob {dMma, VH©$, H$m¡eë¶, àd¥Îmr ¶m gJù¶mVyZ {‘imbobo n[aUm‘-{dÚmÏ¶mª‘Ü¶o emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {ejH$mZo Vgo àg§J Ë¶m§Zm nwadbo nm{hOoV Am{U H¥$Vr H$am¶bm {Xë¶m nm{hOoV.

AmnU Aer H$mhr CXmhaUo nmhþ¶m.

Á¶m g§emoYZm‘Ü¶o dJm©Vbm àË¶oH$ {dÚmWu gh^mJr hmoD$ eHo$b Aer H¥$Vr Agbr nm{hOo. CXm. emioÀ¶m AmdmamVrb Amoë¶m H$Mè¶mnmgyZ Jm§Sw>i IV V¶ma H$aUo. g§nyU© dJ© øm g§emoYZ JQ>mV gm‘mdbobm Agob.

Aer n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U H$am¶Mr H$s ‘wbm§Zm Mm§Jbr ‘mhrV AgbobrM Jmoï> àíZmÀ¶m ñdê$nmV Ë¶m§À¶mnwT>o ‘m§S>m¶Mr. CXm. ‘wbm§Zm kmZ AgVo H$s ~mînrH$aUm‘wio Jmadm {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ‘J Ë¶m§Zm ho {dYmZ gË¶ åhUyZ {gÕ H$am¶bm gm§Jm¶Mo. ‘wbm§Zm emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ¶m g‘ñ¶oH$S>o ~Ky Úmdo. Ë¶m§Mo VoM ‘mJ© emoYyZ H$mT>Vrb Am{U à¶moJ gmXa H$aVrb.

à¶moJ emioV d¡¶p³VH$[aË¶m H$aÊ¶mgmaIo à¶moJ ‘wbm§Zm H$am¶bm Úm¶Mo CXm. à¶moJemioV {Za{Zamù¶m nÕVrZo {~¶m noê$Z PmS>o CJdUo H$Yr PmS>m§Zm IV Kmbm¶Mo Zmhr, H$Yr ’$³V O¡{dH$ IV Kmbm¶M§, Va H$Yr ’$³V amgm¶{ZH$ IVm§Mm Cn¶moJ H$am¶Mm. ¶m à¶moJm§‘wio ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ {Z‘m©U hmoB©b. emór¶ nÕVr åhUOo Induction Am{U Ë¶mda AmYm[aV deductions Mo EH$ÌrH$aU ¶mVyZ nÕVeranUo ZdrZ kmZmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. gwadmVrbm

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

{ejH$mÀ¶m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmImbr à¶moJ H$am¶bm Úm¶Mo Am{U H$mbm§VamZo ‘wbo ñdV§ÌnUo àdoe H$ê$ bmJVrb. emó Am{U Ë¶mMm Cn¶moJ ¶mMr 2 Eo{Vhm{gH$ CXmhaUo XoVm ¶oVrb. (1) Ý¶yQ>ZMm hmbMmbrMm {Z¶‘ Am{U Am{H©${‘S>rg Mm brìha Mm {Z¶‘. bmoH$emhr nÕVrZo {dMma H$amdm Am{U ‘wbo g§emoYZ H$aV AgVmZm AmnUhr Ë¶mV gh^mJr ìhmdo, g‘ñ¶m CnpñWV H$amì¶m, Ë¶mda Cnm¶ emoYZo Am{U ‘m{hVrMr MmMUr H$aÊ¶mMo {Za{Zamio ‘mJ© XmIdmdo. {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m g‘ñ¶m§H$S>o nyU© bj Úm. Ë¶m§Zm àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ¶mgmR>r ghmæ¶ H$am. {ZamJgnUo Ë¶m§Zr àíZ {dMmabo Va Ë¶m§Zm amJmdy ZH$m. Ë¶m§À¶m àíZm§Zm CÎma XoD$Z Q>mH$Ê¶mEodOr Ë¶m§Zm CÎma gmnS>ob Aem gyMZm Úm qH$dm n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U H$am Á¶mV Ë¶m§Zm Amnë¶m àíZmMo CÎma gmnS>ob.

1.6.2 emór¶ nÕVrVë¶m nm¶è¶m VmH$s©H$, H«${‘H$ nm¶è¶m nm¶è¶mZo emór¶ Cnm¶ g‘ñ¶oda emoYUo åhUOo emór¶ nÕVr i. g‘ñ¶oMr AmoiI : Aer n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U H$am H$s ‘wbm§nwT>o H$mhr àíZ Cô am{hbo nm{hOo. àíZ Ago {dMmam H$s ‘wbm§Zm {dMma H$amdm bmJob Am{U hrM ‘wbm§gmR>r EH$ g‘ñ¶m R>aob. ho H$arV AgVmZm ‘wbm§À¶m JaOm, Hw$dV A{U ~w{Õ‘Îmm ¶m Jmoï>r {dMmam§V ¿¶mì¶m ¶mMo EH$ CXmhaU ~Kw¶m. {ejH$ ‘wbm§gmR>r EH$ à¶moJ H$aVmo, ho XmIdÊ¶mgmR>r H$s H$‘r Xm~mV nmUr H$‘r Vn‘mZmV CH$iVo. {ejH$ EH$ âbmñH$ nmÊ¶mZo AYm© âVmo Am{U CH$ir Ambr H$s eoJS>r ~§X H$aVmo. ‘J âbmñH$Mo PmH$U ~§X H$ê$Z Vmo CnS>m H$aVmo d Ë¶mÀ¶mda W§S> nmUr AmoVVmo. nmUr bJoM CH$im¶bm bmJVo. ho nmhÿZ ‘wbm§nwT>o àíZ C^m ahmVmo Am{U Vo Ë¶mMo CÎma Am{U ñnï>rH$aU XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aVmV. ii. g‘ñ¶oMr ‘m§S>Ur : g‘ñ¶m ¶mo½¶ eãXmV ‘m§S>Ê¶mgmR>r {ejH$mZo {dÚmÏ¶m©bm ‘XV H$amdr Aer Anojm Amho. {dÚmWu g‘ñ¶m {dYmZmÀ¶m ñdê$nmV {bhÿ eH$Vmo Am{U dJm©V ‘moR>çmZo dmMbo Va Ë¶mÀ¶mda MMm© hmoB©b. {dÚmWu Imbrbà‘mUo àíZ ‘m§Sy> eH$VmV. nmUr H$m CH$iVo? n{hë¶m§Xm nmUr H$em‘wio CH$ibo? ^m§S>çmbm PmH$U bmdyZ Vo CnS>o H$m Ho$bo? ^m§S>o CnS>o H$ê$Z Ë¶mÀ¶m Vimda W§S> nmUr H$m AmoVbo? W§S> nmUr AmoVë¶mda AmVbo nmUr H$m CH$im¶bm bmJbo? ¶m gd© àíZm§‘Ybm eodQ>Mm àíZ hr Iar g‘ñ¶m Amho. ho {dÚmWu ‘mÝ¶ H$aVmV Am{U Ë¶mMo {díbofU H$aVmV. iii. g‘ñ¶oMo {díbofU : AmVm {dÚmWu ‘hÎdmMo eãX {dMmamV KoVmV Am{U Ë¶m§Mm Aä¶mg H$aVmV. AmÎmmÀ¶m Amnë¶m g‘ñ¶o‘Ü¶o nmUr CH$iVo qH$dm CH$iVo nmUr ho eãXà¶moJ ‘hÎdmMo AmhoV. ho eãX nH$Sy>Z Á¶m {Za{Zamù¶m n[apñWVrV nmÊ¶mbm CH$ir ’w$Q>Vo Ë¶mMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm OmVmo. iv. ‘m{hVr g§H$bZ : {ejH$ H$mhr g§X^© gwMdVmo Am{U {dÚmWu Ë¶m§À¶m AmYmao g‘ñ¶oda nwamdo emoYVmV. ‘m{hVr Hw$Ry>Z àmá hmoVo, Vr H$er {‘idmdr. ¶mMm gamd ‘wbm§Zm Úmdm. Ë¶mgmR>r g§X © J«§W, {MÌo, joÌ ôQ>r Amdí¶H$ AgVmV.

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

v. ‘m{hVrMo AW©{Zd©MZ :

hr EH$ ‘hÎdmMr Am{U H$R>rU nm¶ar Amho; H$maU ¶mÀ¶mV gImob {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. {dÚmWu gmå¶ Am{U {df‘Vm ¶m§À¶m AmYmao ‘m{hVrMo dJuH$aU H$aVmV. ‘J H$ënZm§Mr MmMUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Am{U àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ¶mgmR>r à¶moJm§M§ {Z¶moOZ H$aVmV.

vi. n[aH$ënZoMr aMZm :

gd© ‘m{hVrMr g§aMZm H$ê$Z Pmë¶mZ§Va nwamì¶mÀ¶m AmYmao Ambobo {ZîH$f© {bhÿZ H$mT>VmV Am{U Ë¶m§Mr MmMUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mJ© {ZpíMV H$aVmV. {dÚmWu Imbr {Xë¶mà‘mUo n[aH$ënZm ‘m§Sy> eH$VmV.

nmÊ¶mbm Imbrb n[apñWVrVhr CH$ir ’w$Q>ob.

i. Oar ^m§S>o CnS>o Ho$bo Zmhr Var

ii. Oar nmUr nyU© CH$ir ’w$Qy>Z XoVm Ho$di H$mo‘Q> Ho$bo.

iii. Jma nmÊ¶mÀ¶m ^m§S>çmda Ja‘ nmUr AmoVbo Va

iv. Oa Ja‘ nmÊ¶mÀ¶m ^m§S>çmda Ja‘ nmUr AmoVbo Va

v. Jma nmÊ¶mÀ¶m ^m§S>çmda Jma nmUr AmoVbo Va

vi. Oa Ja‘ nmÊ¶mÀ¶m ^m§S>çmMm Jma nmUr AmoVbo Va

¶m gd© n[aH$ënZm§Mr MmMUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à¶moJhr {dÚmWuM gwMdVrb.

vii. ‘moO³¶m, g§^mì¶ Cnm¶ Xe©dUmè¶m n[aH$ënZm§Mr {ZdS> Am{U MmMUr :

Ag§»¶ n[aH$ënZm§‘YyZ ¶mo½¶ n[aH$ënZm§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo ho gmono H$m‘ ZgVo. Ë¶mgmR>r {dMma H$aUo, ‘m{hVrMo {díbofU H$aUo, dJuH$aU H$aUo Aer H$m¡eë¶ Amdí¶H$ AgVmV. MMm© Am{U à¶moJ ¶mVyZ {ZaW©H$ dmQ>Umè¶m n[aH$ënZm ~mX H$aVm ¶oVmV. ‘J {ZdS>H$ n[aH$ënZm§Mr MmMUr H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Mr gË¶Vm {ZpíMV H$aVm ¶oVo. ‘wbo à¶moJ H$ê$Z OmUyZ KoVmV H$s Jma nmÊ¶mZo âboë¶m CnS>çm ^m§S>çmÀ¶m ~wS>mda Jma nmUr AmoVbo H$s AmVbo nmUr CH$im¶bm bmJVo. BVa H$moUË¶mhr n[apñWVrV Ago KS>bo Zmhr Ë¶m‘wio BVa gd© n[aH$ënZm aÔ Ho$ë¶m. viii. {ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo Am{U gm‘mÝ¶H$aU H$aUo : Á¶m n[aH$ënZoMr MmMUr Ho$br Vr n[aH$ënZm hrM {ZîH$f© ‘m§S>Vo, Var nU H$mhr àmË¶{jHo$ H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm ¶oVmV. Ambobo {ZîH$f© ñdrH$ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r doJdoJio à¶moJ H$aVm ¶oVmV. CXm. nmÊ¶mÀ¶m CH$iÊ¶mÀ¶m q~Xÿda H$‘r A{YH$ Xm~mMm hmoUmam n[aUm‘ hm AZoH$ à¶moJmVyZ {gÕ H$aVm ¶oVmo. ¶mVyZ Ago {XgyZ ¶oVo H$s nmÊ¶mÀ¶m boiling point q~Xÿ da Xm~mMm WoQ> n[aUm‘ hmoVmo, åhUOoM Xm~ dmT>dbm H$s boiling point dmT>Vmo Am{U H$‘r Ho$bm H$s boiling

point H$‘r hmoVmo. ix. ZdrZ n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o gm‘mÝ¶rH$aUmMo Cn¶moOZ : {dÚmÏ¶mªZr X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV gm‘mÝ¶rH$aU Mo Cn¶moOZ H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. ¶m‘wio dJm©Vrb Am{U Iè¶m Am¶wî¶mVrb Xar ^ê$Z {ZKob. AmnU à{H«$¶oMr gwadmV g‘ñ¶oda Cnm¶ emoYÊ¶mgmR>r {dMma H$aÊ¶mZo Ho$br hmoVr. AmVm eodQ> hm ZdrZ n[apñWVrV {ZîH$fmªMo gm‘mÝ¶rH$aU Cn¶moOZ H$ê$Z H$am¶Mm Amho. S>mir {eOm¶bmdoi H$m bmJVmo? àoea Hw$H$a‘Ü¶o ^mV bdH$a H$m {eOVmo? VÎdmM§ Cn¶¶moOZ Ho$b§ H$s Ë¶mMr AmnmoAmn MmMUr hmoVo Am{U Vo gË¶ åhUyZ àñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nwamdm {‘iVmo. ¶mbmM deductive

approach AdJm‘r Ñï>rH$moZ åhUVmV åhUOo Á¶mÀ¶mV {dÚmWu VÎdmÀ¶m AmYmao AZw‘mZ bmdVmV Am{U g§^mì¶ H$m¶ Vo gm§Jy eH$VmV.

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

emór¶ nÕVr‘Ü¶o àW‘ g‘ñ¶m {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo. ‘J Ë¶mMo g§^mì¶ Cnm¶ ‘m§S>bo OmVmV. ‘J nwamdm XoD$Z ¶m g§^mì¶ Cnm¶ gm§JUmar {dYmZo gË¶ AmhoV ho {gÕ Ho$bo OmVo. ‘J AW©nyU© g§~§Y OmoSy>Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV. hr 5 nm¶è¶m§Mr nÕVr AmH¥$VrÀ¶m ñdê$nmV Imbr {Xbr Amho.

Figure 1.7 : The process of scientific method

1.6.3 emór¶ àd¥{Îm

emór¶ àd¥Îmr åhUOo H$mhr JwUm§VyZ ’$m¶Xm {‘idyZ XoUmar VnmgmÀ¶m {XeoZo OmÊ¶mMm ‘mJ© Ogo -

1. Hw$Vyhb

2. dñVw{Zð>Vm

3. Iwbo ‘Z

4. {MH$mQ>r

5. Z‘«nUm

6. namO¶ ñdrH$maÊ¶mMr V¶mar

7. g§e¶dmX

^mñH$a amd (1989) À¶m ‘Vo gdm©V Cn¶moJr nS>Umao emór¶ àd¥ÎmrMo KQ>H$ åhUOo Iwbo ‘Z, {M{H$ËgH$ àd¥Îmr, nwamì¶m§{df¶r AmXa, {ZH$mb {Zb§{~V R>odÊ¶mMr j‘Vm, ~m¡{ÕH$ àm‘m{UH$nUm, ‘V n[adV©ZmMr V¶mar gË¶mMm emoY KoUo, Hw$Vyhb, Vm{H©$H$ {dMma dJ¡ao.

g‘ñ¶m g‘OyZ KoUo

Ë¶mMm AW© bmdUo

Ë¶mMo ì¶dñWmnZ gwH$a H$aUo

1

g‘ñ¶oMr ì¶m»¶m ‘m§S>Uo

nwamdm emoYUo

1. Amdí¶H$ nwamdm emoYUo

2. Amdí¶H$ nwamdm Jmoim H$aUo

3. nwamì¶mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ

nwamì¶mMr ‘m§S>Ur 1. nwamì¶mMo ^mfm§Va

2. nwamì¶mMm AW© 3. nwamì¶mMo dJuH$aU

nwamì¶mMo {díbofU

1. g§~§Y emoYUo

2. gmå¶ d ’$aH$ OmUyZ KoUo.

3. nÕVr, éT>r, nm¶è¶m, {Z¶{‘VVm nmaIUo

2

g§^mì¶ CÎma emoYUo

3

g§^mì¶ CÎmamMr MmMUr H$aUo

4

{ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo

5

Applying the condusion

CnbãY ‘m{hVrMo narjU

nañna g§~§Y emoYUo

VH©$ H$mT>Uo

ghg§~§Ym§‘Ü¶o aMZm emoYUo

{ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo.

ZdrZ nwamì¶mMr MmMUr

n[aUm‘

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

{dÚmÏ¶mª‘Ü¶o emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ {Z‘m©U H$am¶Mr g§nyU© O~m~Xmar {ejH$mMr AgVo. {ejH$ hm ñdV: EH$ AmXe© åhUyZ {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m g‘moa C^m am{hbm nm{hOo.

emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ hm AZoH$ ñd^md {deof JwUm§Mm g§J‘ AgVmo. EImÚm ZdrZ Cä¶m am{hboë¶m g‘ñ¶obm dma§dma EH$m {d{eï> nÔVrZo gm‘moao OmUo Am{U à{V[H$¶m XmIdUo åhUOo emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ ¶m gd¶r, ^mdZm ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o g‘m{dï> AmhoV. AMyH$nUm, àm‘m{UH$nUm, {Zb§{~V {ZH$mb, {M{H$ËgH$ ‘Z, Xþgè¶mÀ¶m H$ënZm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ¶mMr ‘mZ{gH$Vm, Iao gË¶ emoYyZ H$mT>Ê¶mMm Ü¶m¶g Am{U nañnag§~§Ym§Mm emoX. hr g§H$ënZm ^mdmË‘H$ Amho. emór¶ àd¥Îmr ¶m gm‘mÝ¶V: kmZmË‘H$ Am{U ^mdZmË‘H$ àUmbter OmoS>ë¶m OmVmV. ¶m gd¶r amoOÀ¶m OrdZmVhr ì¶³V Pmë¶m nm{hOo. ’$³V emókm§‘Ü¶oM Zìho Va gdmª‘Ü¶o Ë¶m Agm¶bm nm{hOo. A§YlÕ ‘Zmda Amim KmbVmV Am{U emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ V¶ma hmoÊ¶mV AS>Wim {Z‘m©U H$aVmV.

àmË¶{jHo$ H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr emio‘Ü¶o nwadbr nm{hOo. ¶m‘wio ¶mo½¶ àd¥Îmr H¥$Vrerb Am{U ~iH$Q> hmoVmV. {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo à¶moJ ñdV: Ho$bo nm{hOoV Am{U nwñVH$mV {eH$boë¶m kmZmMo gË¶ emoYbo nm{hOo. Ë¶m§Zm àË¶oH$ Jmoï>rH$S>o {M{H$ËgH$ ZOaoZo nmhÿZ AMyH$ H$WZ H$aÊ¶mMr gd¶ bmdbr nm{hOo OgoÀ¶m Vgo Hw$UmMoVar CVadÊ¶mMr Am{U gd© Jmoï>r J¥hrV YaÊ¶mMr gd¶ Ë¶m§Mr Kmbdbr nm{hOo. ~è¶mM doim àd¥Îmr àmË¶{jHo$ H$aÊ¶mVyZ {Z‘m©U hmoVo.

emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ VnmgUo gmono ZgVo Aer H$moUVrhr g‘mYmZH$maH$ MmMUr CnbãY Zmhr Á¶mÀ¶mVyZ AmnU àË¶oH$ {dÚmÏ¶m©Mm emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZ AMyH$nUm VnmgVm ¶oB©b.

H¥$Vr 10

‘r {dÚmÏ¶mªZm nmÊ¶mV CËH$bZm§H$ Vnmgm¶bm gm§{JVbo. AÜ¶m© VmgmZr {dÚmWu Ambo Am{U åhUmbo H$s Ë¶m§Zm CËH$bZm§H$ g‘Obm Amho Am{U Vmo 100C Amho.

“dm Ia§M 100C Amho H$m?”

“AWm©VM e§â Agm¶bm nm{hOo.”

“Amåhmbm Vgo {eH$dbo Amho.” {dÚmWu åhUmbo,

“Mbm AmnU nmhþ¶m. hm W‘m©‘rQ>a Va 98.7 XmIdV Amho!”

“ga WmoS>mM Va ’$aH$ Amho. AmnU Zm|X H$aVmZm e§â AerM Ho$br nm{hOo.”

darb g§dmXmMo {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m emór¶ Ñï>rH$moZmÀ¶m ~m~VrV {díbofU H$am.

1.7 gmam§e

^maVr¶ emókm§Zr emóm‘Ü¶o bjUr¶ àJVr Ho$br. Vmo H$mi B. g. 5000 hmoVm. Zd{Z{‘©VrMm H$mi {¼ñV OÝ‘mZ§Va 1452 gmb hmoVm. ¶m H$mimV npíM‘r ^mJmV emómMr nhmQ> COmS>br. ^maVmVbr Vj{ebm Am{U Zmb§Xm {dÚmnrR>o hr {ejUmMr {dœmVrb n{hbr XmoZ g§ñWmZo. emó ho {dœm~Ôb kmZ àmá H$aÊ¶mMo ImÌrera emó Amho. emómMo hoVyM hm Amho H$s {dœm~Ôb Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ à{H«$¶m~Ôb gË¶ OmUyZ KoUo ¶mgmR>r à‘m{UH$nUm, {MH$mQ>r, XÿaÑï>r Ago JwU Agmdo bmJVmV. J¥hrVH$m§nmgyZ gwadmV H$ê$Z nwamdo emoYUo, ‘J gË¶ àñWm{nV H$ê$Z {gÕm§V ‘m§S>Uo hr emór¶ nÕVr Amho. nwamdo ’$ma ‘hÎdmMo AmhoV. EImXm emór¶ {gÕm§V g§H$Q>mV ¶oVmo Voìhm emór¶ H«$m§{V JS>Vo Am{U ‘J {dMmam§‘Ü¶o ~Xb hmoVmo. emór¶ {dMmagaUr

{dkmZmMo ñdê$n


Notes

AZw^ddmXr åhUOo B§{Ð¶m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo àmá Pmboë¶m AZw dmZwgma Agy eH$Vo. Vr g§e¶dmXr åhUOo {M{H$ËgH$ àíZ C o H$ê$Z, nwamdo emoYÊ¶mda AmYm[aV Agy eH$Vo qH$dm {dMmadmXr Agy eH$Vo. emór¶ nÕVr‘Ü¶o {d{dY nm¶è¶m AgVmV. dJuH$aU, {ZarjU, H«$‘, g¥OZerb H$ënZme³Vr ho JwU d H$m¡eë¶ Amdí¶H$ AgVmV.

1.8 eãXmdbr / gyMr

1.9 nwñVHo$ d g§X ©J«§W gyMr

En.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empirical_Cyclesvg

En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skepticism

En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism

En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_shift

Lagvankar Hemant and Lagvankar Priya (2006), 61 projects in Environmental

Education, Pune: abhishek Publishers and Type setters.

Philip Cane (1961) Giants of Science. New York: Pyramid Books.

Pride of India, New Delhi:Sanskrit Bharati.

R.C. Sharma, C. S. Shukla, Modern Science teaching (2002). New Delhi: Dhanpat Rai

Publishing company Pvt.Ltd.

Robert Nola, Professor of Philosohy, University of Aukland, Philosophy of Science.

Science in sanskrit (2007). New Delhi: Sanskrit Bharati.

Undsci.berkeley.edu/article/coreofscience.ol

[Cpyright contact: [email protected]]


1. d¡km{ZH$ nÕVr åhUOo H$m¶? ¶m nÕVrVrb {d{dY nm¶è¶m CXmhaUmÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ñnï> H$am.

2. d¡km{ZH$ {dMma åhUOo H$m¶? {dMmamÀ¶m {d{dY aMZm H$moUË¶m? ~wÕrà‘mUdmX åhUOo H$m¶ Vo CXmhaU XoD$Z ñnï> H$am.

3. AZw‘mZOÝ¶ Am{U AZw‘m{ZH$ {ZîH$f© ¶m§Mr CXmhaUo XoD$Z Ë¶m§À¶mVrb ’$aH$ gm§Jm.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

KQ>H$ 2 : d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er

g§aMZm :

2.0 àñVmdZm


2.2 d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erMr g§H$ënZm

2.2.1 Mm¡H$erMo ñdê$n

2.3 d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erMr àUmbr

2.3.1 {dÚmÏ¶mªZm d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrV Jw§VdUo

2.3.2 Mm¡H$ergmR>r àíZ CnpñWV H$aUo

2.3.3 {Xem {‘iÊ¶mgmR>r n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>Uo

2.3.4 {ZarjUo H$aÊ¶mgmR>r A§XmO bmdUo

2.3.5 ‘m{hVr g§H$ënZmgmR>r {ZarjUo

2.3.6 aMZm d g§~§Ym§Mo g§Ho$V

2.3.7 Mm¡H$ergmR>r {Z¶moOZ

2.3.8 CnH$aUm§Mr V¶mar

2.3.9 gm‘J«r Am{U CnH$aUm§Mr Hw$eb hmVmiUr

2.3.10 ‘moO-‘mnZ Am{U JUZm

2.3.11 ^mfoV ‘m§S>Ur Am{U g§àofU

2.3.12 ñd-à{Vq~~ Am{U ñd¶§ dmñV{dH$rH$aU

2.3.13 d¡¶³Vr Am¶wî¶mV Mm¡H$er

2.4 gmam§e

2.5 g§X © J«§Wm§Mr gyMr

2.6 KQ>H$ A§V àíZmdbr

2.0 àñVmdZm

n{hë¶m KQ>H$mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmVyZ Vw‘À¶m Ü¶mZr Ambo Agob H$s {dkmZ ho EH$ ‘mZdr H¥$Ë¶ Amho. ‘mZd OmV {dœmVrb KQ>Zm§Mm Aä¶mg H$ê$Z Ë¶mV nañnag§~§Y d aMZm emoYV AgVmo Am{U OJ H$go MmbVo, {ZgJ© {Z¶‘ H$m¶ AmhoV. ho g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aVo. ^modVmbÀ¶m n[agamMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z Amnë¶m OrdZe¡brV ‘mZd Amdí¶H$ Vo ~Xb H$aVmo Am{U ñdV:Mo Am¶wî¶ A{YH$ gmono Am{U gwIH$a H$aÊ¶mgmR>r V§ÌkmZmMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmo.

¶m KQ>H$mMm Aä¶mg H$aVmZm d¡km{ZH$ àUmbr da Vw‘Mo bj H|$ÐrV H$am. emioVrb {ejH$ Am{U AÚmnZ nÕVtda {dMma H$am.

H$mbmdYr :

¶m KQ>H$mMm Aä¶mg d {Xboë¶m H¥$Vr nyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gmYmaU 12 Vmgm§Mm H$mbmdYr bmJob. ¶m KQ>H$mV {Xboë¶m Ame¶mMm Amnë¶mbm gImoa Aä¶mg H$ê$Z V¶ma {dMma H$amdm bmJob.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

H¥$Vr 1

ñdV:À¶m d¡km{ZH$ {ejUm{df¶r ñdV:bm H$mhr àíZ {dMmam. hr EH$ gd© gmYmaU ¶mXr Amho. {dkmZmMm {ejH$ ¶m ZmË¶mZo AmnU AmUIr H$mhr àíZ {dMmê$ eH$Vm. àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm Am{U gh{ejH$m§~amo~a MMm© H$am.

- 10 df© emioV {eHy$Zhr {dkmZmÀ¶m AZoH$ ~m~ter ‘r An[a{MV H$m am{hbmo?

- {dkmZmH$Sy>Z ‘r H$m¶ {eH$bmo?

- {dkmZ ¶m {df¶m~Ôb {dkmZmÀ¶m nwñVH$mVyZ ‘bm H$m¶ g§Xoe {‘imbm?

- ‘mÂ¶m {dkmZmÀ¶m {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z ho g‘Om¶bm ‘XV Pmbr H$m, H$s {dkmZ hm EH$ Am¶wî¶mMm ‘mJ© Amho; Ho$di nwñVH$mV N>mnbobr ‘m{hVr Zìho.

- ‘r {dkmZmMo J«h nmR> qH$dm dJm©V Aä¶mg/H¥$Vr åhUyZ H$m¶ H$arV Ago?

- {dkmZ {df¶mMm Aä¶mg Am{U BVa {df¶m§Mm Aä¶mg ¶mVrb ’$aH$ ‘bm OmUdbm H$m?

- ‘mÂ¶m {dkmZmÀ¶m Aä¶mgmZo ‘bm ¶m amï´>mMm O~m~Xma ZmJ[aH$ ~Zdbo Amho H$m?

- ‘mÂ¶m Am¶wî¶mV Am{U Á¶m ì¶³VtZm {dkmZmMo Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU emioV {‘imbo Zmhr Ë¶m§À¶m Am¶wî¶mV H$mhr ’$aH$ Amho H$m?

(ho àíZ ñdV:bm {dMmê$Z Vwåhr ñdV:bm Ìmg H$ê$Z KoV AmhmV H$m?)

ho àíZ {dMmaÊ¶mMo ‘hÎd Vwåhmbm g‘Obo H$m? Vw‘Mo {dMma ghH$m¶m©~amo~a MMm© H$am Am{U Ë¶mda EH$ {Q>ßnUr {bhm.

{dkmZmÀ¶m nwñVH$m§da EH$ {Q>ßnUr Vwåhr dmnaboë¶m AWdm dmnaV Agboë¶m {dkmZmÀ¶m nwñVH$m§{df¶r H$mhr àíZ Cô H$am. Vwåhr {dkmZ H$em nÕVrZo {eH$bmV Am{U {eH$dVm? {dkmZmÀ¶m nwñVH$m§‘Ü¶o H$m¶ AgV? VÏ¶m§Mr ¶mXr {Xbobr AgVo. {dÚmÏ¶mªZr Vr VÏ¶o Vm|S>nmR> H$amdr Am{U narjoV OerÀ¶m Ver {bhmdr Aer Anojm AgVo. narjo‘Ü¶o kmZmË‘H$ AWdm ^mdZmË‘H$ Hw$dVr dmnam¶Mr g§Yr {Xbobr ZgVo. {ejH$ {ZdS>H$ à¶moJ H$ê$Z XmIdVmV Am{U nwñVH$mV {Xbobr VÏ¶o VnmgVmV. ³d{MVM {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ñdV: à¶moJ H$am¶Mr g§Yr XoVmV. ’$ma WmoS>o {ejH$ {dÚmÏ¶mªMr {dkmZmVrb é{M dmT>dÊ¶mV ¶eñdr hmoVmV. (Vwåhmbmbm hm Ame¶ g‘Om¶bm H$R>rU OmV Agob Va ¶m KQ>H§$‘Yrb AÜ¶¶ZmMr C{Ôï>o, AÜ¶mnZmÀ¶m nÕVr, ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg H$aVmZm ho dmMmdo.)


¶m KQ>H$mMm Aä¶mg nyU© Pmë¶mZ§Va Vwåhr :

• d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er ¶m g§H$ënZoMo dU©Z H$ê$ eH$mb Am{U d¡km{ZH$ Vnmg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r dmnam¶À¶m nÕVr Z‘yX H$ê$ eH$mb.

• d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er A§VJ©V {d{dY àUmbr Am{U Ë¶mMo ‘mZdr OrdZmVrb ‘hÎd gm§Jy eH$mb.

• {dÚmÏ¶mªZm d¡km{ZH$ VnmgmgmR>r bmJUmar H$m¡eë¶o {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ghmæ¶ H$ê$ eH$mb.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

• {dkmZmMm Aä¶mg, {dkmZm{df¶r Aä¶mg, VnmgUrÀ¶m nÕVr, ¶m§À¶m é{M {Z‘m©U H$ê$ eH$mb.

• AZw^d, àmË¶{jHo$, e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU ¶m Jmoï>tgmR>r nyaH$ Am{U ¶mo½¶ à¶moOZo H$ê$ eH$mb.

2.2 d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erMr g§H$ënZm

AmÎmmn¶ªVÀ¶m MM}À¶m AmYmao d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er hr g§H$ënZm H$m¶ Amho Vo g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$am. H$mhr OJmgmR>r Vr {dkmZmMr aMZm H$aÊ¶mMr EH$ nÕV Amho. H$mhr§gmR>r Vr emó {df¶mVrb EH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. H$mhr§§gmR>r Vr d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo {dMma H$am¶bm bmdUmar ‘ZmMr EH$ pñWVr Amho. AZoH$ OUm§Zr doJdoJir ñnï>rH$aUo {Xbr AmhoV. gdmªMm Aä¶mg H$ê$Z Vwåhr Vw‘À¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r EH$ ¶mo½¶ ì¶m»¶m V¶ma H$am.

Figure 2.1 : A map showing different perspectives of the term “scientific inquiry”

H¥$Vr 2 àmMrZ g‘wXm¶mVrb ór¶m§Mo CXmhaU Amnë¶mbm kmZ Agob. Ë¶m§Zr CJdUmao YmÝ¶ Am{U F$Vw ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Ym§Mo {ZarjU Ho$bo. ¶mMm Cn¶moJ Ë¶m§Zr eoVrgmR>r Ho$bm Am{U AmO eoVr hm {dkmZmVbm EH$ ‘hÎdmMm {df¶ Amh o. eoVrMo {dH$gZ Ho$boë¶m {ZarjUmÀ¶m AmYmao H$Yr d H$go Pmbo? {ZarjUmMo kmZmV énm§Va H$go Pmbo? kmZmMo énm§Va eoVrÀ¶m V§ÌkmZmV H$go Pmbo? ‘mZdmZo ~r¶m§nmgyZ CJdUmè¶m PmS>m§da {Z¶§ÌU H$go {‘idbo? {dkmZm‘Ü¶o EH$‘oH$m§da AmYmarV Jmoï>tMm emoY ‘mZdmbm H$gm bmJbm? Z¡g{J©H$ {H«$¶m ‘mZdmÀ¶m AdVr^dVr KS>V amhVmV. ‘mZdr ‘Zo qH$dm ~wÕr Ë¶m§Mm AW© bmdÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aV ahmVmV. ‘mUgmMo ‘Z ho CnOVM Hw$Vyhb dmQ>Umao AgVo. ‘mUgm§Zm àíZmW©H$ pñWVrV AgUo AmdS>Vo, AñdñWnUm AmdS>Vmo, Ë¶mVyZ dmQ>Umar CËgwH$Vm, J¡agmo¶ ho ‘mUgm§Zm éMV AgV§. Or ‘m{hVr ghOmghOr B§{Ð¶m§Ûmao àmá hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Vr {‘idm¶Mr YS>nS> H$aUo ‘mUgm§Zm AmdS>Vo. g‘ñ¶m§da Cnm¶ gmnS>bo H$s g‘mYmZ Am{U AmZ§X {‘iVmo. AmVm ¶m àmMrZ ‘{hbm, Á¶m§Zr {ZarjU H$ê$Z eoVrMr V§Ìo [dH${gV Ho$br, ¶m§À¶m~Ôb

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er

emóm~Ôb gm§JUmar emómnbrH$S>Mm Ame¶

nwamdo XoD$Z gË¶ àñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mMo ‘mJ©

A{YH$ ‘m{hVr {‘idÊ¶mgmR>r dmQ>Umar

Vi‘i

EH$ ‘ZmMr

pñWVr

{ZgJm©Vrb à{H«$¶mnmR>r‘mJÀ¶m

H$maU n[aUm‘ g‘OUo

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

Vwåhmbm AM§~m dmQ>ob. Vwåhr ñdV:bm ¶m ór¶m§À¶m ^y{‘Ho$V R>odm Am{U {dMma H$am. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘ZmV H$m¶ {dMmaMH«o$ Mmbbr AgVrb ¶mMr H$ënZm H$ê$Z Vo ‘wÔo {bhÿZ R>odm. WmoS>³¶mV ¶m ór¶m§Mr {dMma d H¥$Vr Aem ¶mÌoMr H$ënZm Vwåhr H$am¶Mr Amho. ¶m ì¶{V[a³V BV Hw$R>ë¶mhr ‘mZdr à¶mgmMr à{H«$¶m Vwåhmbm aMm¶Mr Agob Va Vwåhr Vr H$ê$ eH$Vm.

¶m H¥$VrVyZ Vwåhmbm Ë¶m ì¶³VrÀ¶m {dMmamÀ¶m MH«$m§Mr H$ënZm H$aVm Ambr H$m? Vw‘À¶m ^mdZm§{df¶r WmoS>³¶mV ‘m{hVr {bhm.

{M{H$ËgH$ {dMmam§gmR>r àíZ Vwåhmbm Ag§ dmQ>V Zmhr H$m H$s ‘mUgmZo Mm¡H$er emoY Am{U {Z‘©VrÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo Am{U Amnbr ~wÕr Am{U CnH$aUo dmnê$Z Amnë¶m n[agamMr Mm§Jbr ‘m{hVr {‘idbr Am{U Ë¶mMm Mm§Jbm ómoV åhUyZ Cn¶moJ Ho$bm? CXm. gwadmVrbm ‘mUyg Jwho‘Ü¶o ahm¶Mm. ‘J bmHy$S>, ‘mVr, XJS> ¶m§Mo JwUY‘© g‘Oë¶mda Ë¶m§Zr Ë¶mnmgyZ Kao ~m§YÊ¶mMo V§Ì {dH${gV Ho$bo Am{U Amnbo Am¶wî¶ A{YH$ gwIH$a Ho$bo. Q>§wS>m àXoemV ahmUmè¶m bmoH$m§Zr ~’$m©À¶m H$S>H$nUmMm Am{U W§S>rMm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z B½by ~m§Ybo. emioV {dkmZmM Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU Z KoVm Ë¶m H$mimVrb bmoH$m§Zm ho H$go O‘bo? Ë¶m§Zm àË¶oH$ KQ>ZoVbr H$maU- n[aUm‘ g§~§Y ‘mhrV ZìhVm Am{U gmYZo dmnê$Z Vo VnmgUr H$ê$ eH$V ZìhVo. d¡¶p³VH$ àmá kmZ Xþgè¶mn¶ªV nmohmoMdÊ¶mMo gmYZ Ë¶m§À¶m nmer ZìhVo. Am{U Ë¶m§Zr {bhÿZnU R>odbo Zmhr. VarnU Ë¶m§Zr Amnmnë¶m ‘¶m©{XV kmZmMo àË¶j Cn¶moOZ Ho$bo. àË¶oH$ g‘wX¶mVrb bmoH$ Amnmnbo {gÕm§V Am{U V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV H$aVmV Am{U n[agamVrb n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoVmV.

¶mdê$Z bjmV ¶oVo H$s CnOVM ‘Zwî¶ emómMm, {dkmZmMm dmQ>n H$ê$ eH$Vmo. AmnU {ejH$ åhUyZ ¶m Hw$dVrMo énm§Va AmË‘{dídmgmV H$aÊ¶mg ghmæ¶ H$am¶Mo Amho.

Vw‘‘À¶m AÜ¶mnZmÀ¶m nÕVrMo {M{H$ËgH$ {díbofU H$ê$Z WmoS>³¶mV {bhÿZ H$mT>m.

2.2.1 {M{H$ËgoMr ê$no AmVm Amnë¶mbm Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b H$s g‘mOm‘Ü¶o {M{H$Ëgm H$aUmè¶m ì¶³VtMo 2 àH$ma AgVmV. EH$ àH$ma åhUOo d¡‘m{ZH$ {M{H$Ëgm H$aUmam dJ©. Ë¶m§Zm {dkmZ g§emoYH$ åhUVmV. Ë¶m§Mo à¶ËZ Z¡g{J©H$ OJ g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mÀ¶m {XeoZo AgVmV. Vo ZdZdrZ MmMÊ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aVmV, nwamdo emoYVmV, VmËnwaVo {gÕm§V ‘m§S>VmV, {Za{Zamù¶m àg§Jr Vo Cn¶moJmV AmUVmV Am{U ho {gÕm§V VnmgÊ¶mgmR>r VËna AgVmV. CXm. Vm§XþimMm nm¡{ï>H$ àH$ma V¶ma H$aUo Á¶m‘wio Mm§Jë¶m à{VMo AÞ {‘iy eHo$b. Xþgam Omo dJ© Amho Ë¶m‘Ü¶o {dkmZmMo {dÚmWu AgVmV Am{U {dkmZ {eH$bobo bmoH$ O¡ d¡km{ZH$ {M{H$ËgoV ‘¾ AgVmV. gaH$mar A{YH$mar, {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Agbobo doJdoJù¶m joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmao doJù¶m nmVitda {ejU KoUmao {dÚmWu, eoVH$ar ho gd© d¡km{ZH$ {M{H$Ëgm H$arV AgVmV. Vo Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m nwamì¶mZwgma {dMmanyd©H$ {ZU©¶ KoVmV. Aem {M{H$ËgogmR>r 3 àH$maMo ‘mJ© AgVmV. H$mhr OU N>mnrb d {dÚwV ‘mÜ¶‘m§Mm dmna H$aVmV. ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {‘imboë¶m ‘m{hVrMm Vo d¡¶p³VH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ {ZU©¶ JoÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶moJ H$aVmV.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

CXm. Oo d¡km{ZH$ nmH©$ qH$dm d¡km{ZH$ g§J«hmb¶mMr XoI^mb H$aUmè¶m ì¶³Vr {dkmZmMm Aä¶mg H$ê$Z {ZU©¶ KoVmV. Aem {M{H$Ëgobm archival {M{H$Ëgm åhUVmV, H$maU A{YH$V‘ ‘m{hVr hr nwamUH$mimVrb ómoVmVyZ àmá Ho$bobr AgVo. CXm. T>J ~ZdÊ¶mgmR>r CnH$aUo V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Jw§Vbobo [dÚmWu eoVH$ar EImÚm O{‘ZrÀ¶m VwH$S>çmda à¶moJ H$aVmo, ‘J VoM V§Ì dmnaVmo. AmUIr EH$ àH$maMr Mm¡H$er åhUOo à¶moJemioV à¶moJ H$ê$Z Vnmg H$aUo. Cƒ {ejU KoUmao {dÚmWu, CN²>N> nXmdarb {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma AgUmè¶m ì¶³Vr Aem àH$maMr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z OJm~ÔbMo kmZ àmá H$arV AgVmV. AmnU© ¶mVë¶m H$moUË¶m dJm©V ~gVm?

H¥$Vr 3 Vw‘Mo AÜ¶¶Z AÜ¶mnZmMo AZw^d AmR>dm Am{U ñdV: kmZmMr aMZm H$am. d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er A§VJ©V ¶oUmè¶m d¡km{ZH$ à{H«$¶m.

Figure 2.2 : Frames showing various processes involved in scientific inquiry

dVw©im§‘Ü¶o {Xboë¶m H¥$Vr dmMm. Vwåhr Ë¶m§Mr ’o$aaMZm H$ê$ eH$Vmo, H$mhr dJiy eH$Vm, Va H$mhr Zì¶m H¥$Vr g‘m{dï> H$ê$ eH$Vm. Vwåhr ~mJ XmIdyZ H«$‘e: ‘m§S>Ur H$ê$ eH$Vm, Am{U ’$bXm¶r Mm¡H$ej hmoB©b ¶m Ñï>rZo ~Xb H$ê$ eH$Vm ho H$arV AgVmZm Vw‘À¶m Am¶wî¶mVrb Ago àg§J AmR>dm Oo dVw©im§‘Ü¶o {Xboë¶m H¥$Vter OwiVmV. ¶m àg§Jm§Mo WmoS>³¶mV dU©Z H$am Am{U Vw‘À¶m ^md{ZH$ AZw dm§Mo nU dU©Z H$am.

H¥$Vr 4 AmVm d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er hr g§H$ënZm g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Vr ‘mZ{gH$ nyd© V¶mar Vw‘Mr Pmbr Amho. H$moUË¶mhr d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er A§VJ©V ¶oUmè¶m àUmbtÀ¶m ZH$memMo {ZarjU H$am. hr H$mhr d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erMr A§{V‘ Am{U H$R>moa ì¶m»¶m Zìho. hr ‘m{hVr dmMV AgVmZm ¶m AJmoXaMo KQ>H$ Am{U Ë¶mVrb MMm© gVV hmoÊ¶mg‘moa AgyXo.

‘m{hVr àmá H$aÊ¶mgmR>r YS>nS>, à¶moJ, {d{dY

H$ënZm§er à¶moJ, H$mën{ZH$ n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z ZdrZ

H$ënZm§Mr MmMUr

Hw$Vyhb dmQ>Uo, AñdñWnUm OmUdUo, VUmd, ‘m{hVr {‘idÊ¶mMr Vrd« BÀN>m,

Cnm¶, H$ënZm§Mo nañnam§er g§~§Y

n[apñWVr g‘OUo, Ë¶mVrb g§aMZm bjmV ¶oUo, Ë¶mda {dMma H$aUo, {damoYr ^md AZw^dUo, H$mhrVar àUmbr

gwgyÌVm {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMr JaO ^mgUo

Vwåhr ñdV: ~mobVm, ñdV:bmM àíZ {dMmaVm, Xþgè¶m§Zm àíZ {dMmaVm, nwñVHo$ dmMVm, H$ënZm§er Ioi H$aVm Am{U Amnë¶m àíZm§Mr Ë¶mMm g§~§Y

OmoS>Vm

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

AmVm darb {Xboë¶m H¥$VtMr ‘m§S>Ur Aer H$am H$s Ë¶m ‘m{hVr {Z‘m©U H$aVrb. “H$ënZm

~m§YÊ¶mÀ¶m {H«$¶m” Am{U “H$ënZm§Mo Cn¶moOZ” H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m {H«$¶m R>aë¶m nm{hOo Vwåhr ¶m

ì¶{V[a³V AmUIr H$mhr {H$¶m§Mr OmoS> H$ê$ eH$Vm ho {dgê$ ZH$m. eodQ>r “d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er” hmoUo ho ‘hÎdmMo.

2.3 d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erMr à{H«$¶m

AmVm d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er hr EH$ à{H«$¶m hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Vmo Vnerb Vwåhr ‘m§Sy> eH$Vm. H$moUVrhr à{H«$¶m hr d¡‘m{ZH$ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶mV H$mhr {Z¶‘ Am{U {eñV nmiU§ JaOoM§ AgV§. {dkmZm‘Ü¶o àË¶oH$ à{H«$¶m hr hoVynyU© Ho$bobr AgVo, Ë¶mgmR>r nwamdo Jmoim H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVmV, Ë¶mgmR>r ImÌrera Am{U MmoI nÕVr dmnabr OmVmV Am{U Ë¶m§Mo {M{H$ËgH$ narjU Ho$bo OmVo. ¶m à{H«$¶m ‘mZd OmVrV CnOV ZgVmV Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m ‘wÔm‘ à¶ËZnyd©H$ {eH$mì¶m bmJVmV. {OVHo$ {dÚmWu A{YH$m{YH$ d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er H$aVmV, {VVHo$ Vo Ë¶mÀ¶mV Vk hmoVmV. hr gd© H$m¡eë¶o àmá H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘wimV ^mfm H$m¡eë¶ Agmdo bmJVo, Ogo ldU H$m¡eë¶, àíZ {dMmaÊ¶mMo H$m¡eë¶, Ho$boë¶m {ZarjUm§Mo AMyH$ dU©Z, ñnï>rH$aU {b{hUo, ¶mo½¶ eãX Am{U dmH²$àMmam§Mm Cn¶moJ H$aUo Am{U JaO nS>ë¶mg ZdrZ eãX V¶ma H$aUo.

H¥$Vr 5 darb {Xboë¶m Mm¡H$Q>tZm ¶mo½¶ Zmdo Úm, àË¶oH$ Mm¡H$Q>rVrb H¥$VtÀ¶m ¶mXrV AmUIr dmT> H$am Am{U ~mU H$mTy>Z Ë¶m§À¶mVrb nañna g§~§Y Xe©dyZ gm§Jm.

H$ënZm§Mr ‘m§S>Ur d XodmU-KodmU BVam§~amo~a MMm©, à{V{H«$¶m {‘idUo,

ldU H$aUo, dmX KmbUo.

g§H${bV Ho$boë¶m ‘m{hVrMm AW© bmdUo, ‘m{hVrMo {díbofU H$aUo, VH©$ H$mT>Uo, bmdboë¶m emoYm§Mr ‘m{hVr gm§JUo Am{U

à{H«$¶m§Mo narjU H$aUo.

nwamdo Jmoim H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d VnmgÊ¶mgmR>r {Z¶moOZ H$aUo, H$ënZm§À¶m ì¶m»¶m ‘m§S>Uo, MoVH$ ~XbUo, ‘mnZ H$aUo.

hoVy ñnï> H$aUo, CÎmao {XoVm ¶oVrb Ago àíZ Cô H$aUo, n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>Uo,

A§XmO bmdUo.

{Za{Zamù¶m à{H«$¶m d {ZU©¶m§da {dMma H$aUo, ¶mo½¶ Am{U A{YH$ Mm§Jbo Cnm¶ emoYV ahmUo, d¡Mm[aH$ à¶moJ H$aUo,

ñdV:À¶m {dH$mgmMr VnmgUr

{ZarjU, dñVy, KQ>Zm ¶m {df¶r Amü¶© dmQ>Uo, nañna ‘VôX hoaUo, Hw$Vyhb

dmQ>Uo, ~oM¡Z hmoUo.

Figure 2.3 : d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erV g‘m{dï> AgUmè¶m àUmbr Xe©dUmao aH$mZo

gm‘J«rMr aMZm, à¶moJ H$aUo, H$m‘ H$aUmar à{V‘mZo ‘m{hVr g§H$bZ d Zm|XUrH$aU, AZoH$ ómoVm§VyZ ‘m{hVr

Jmoim H$aUo.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

2.3.1 {dÚmÏ¶mªZm d¡km{ZH$ à{H«$¶oV Jw§VdyZ R>odUo

{ejH$mMr EH$ ‘hÎdmMr H$m‘{Jar åhUOo bhmZ ‘wbm§Zm d¡km{ZH$ CnH«$‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Am‘§{ÌV H$aUo, àmoËgmhZ XoUo. Mm¡H$er H$m¡eë¶mMo KQ>H$ H$moUVo ¶m§Mm {dMma H$aÊ¶mAJmoXa Imbrb CVmam dmMm Am{U Ë¶mda {dMma H$am. Vw‘Mr kmZmMr g§H$ënZm H$m¶ Amho? kmZ åhUOo Ho$di {dYmZo, VÎdo, {gÕm§V, VÏ¶, ‘Vo, A{dídmg ¶m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU H$m? AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§À¶m ‘Vo kmZ hr ~m¡ÕrH$ {dMmamMr gaUr ¶m ~m¡{ÕH$ {H«$¶oVyZ kmZmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo, AZw^dmVyZ AW© {Xbm OmVmo, Ë¶mMr g‘wXm¶mV XodmU-KodmU hmoVo Am{U amoOÀ¶m OrdZmV dmna hmoVmo. ¶m à{H«$¶m§Mo nmbZ H$ê$Z ì¶p³V AmnAmnbr kmZ {‘idÊ¶mMr nÕVr emoYyZ H$mT>VmV Am{U d¡¶p³VH$ nmVirdahr kmZ {‘idVmV.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erMm g§ñH$ma ‘wbm§da H$aÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar {ejH$m§Mr Amho. AmVm doJdoJim à{H«$¶m§{df¶r dmMZ H$am Am{U Ë¶m g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$am. ‘m{hVr gmXa H$aÊ¶mMm H«$‘ Imbr {Xbm Amho. 1. EImÚm à{H«$¶oÀ¶m ‘hÎdmÀ¶m JwUY‘mªMo dU©Z 2. {dÚmÏ¶m©bm bmJUmè¶m ghmæ¶mMo ñdê$n 3. AmnU ‘ZmV R>odÊ¶mMr H$mhr Zo‘H$s C{Ôï>o d ñnï>rH$aUo 4. CXmhaUmË‘H$ H¥$Vr Á¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm à{H«$¶m§‘Úo Jw§VyZ ahmÊ¶mg ‘XV H$aVrb Am{U

{dÚmÏ¶mªMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶moJr nS>Vrb. ho Ü¶mZr Agy Xo H$s {dÚmWu AmnAmnë¶m Hw$dVrà‘mUo H¥$Vr nyU© H$aUma AmhoV Am{U Ë¶m§Zm é{M Agob VaM Vo Ë¶m H¥$Vr H$aVrb. ho H$arV AgVmZm Vo A{YH$ Hw$ebVm d Hw$dV {dH${gV H$aVrb. d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erÀ¶m JwUY‘mªMr ¶mXr Imbrb Mm¡H$Q>t‘Ü¶o {Xbobr Amho. {Vgè¶m KQ>H$m‘Ü¶o AOyZ H$mhr AÜ¶¶Z nÕVr {Xë¶m AmhoV. Á¶m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo AmnU {dÚmÏ¶mªZm d¡km{ZH$ {M{H$ËgoV Jw§VdyZ R>ody eH$Vmo, Ogo AZw‘mZOÝ¶, AZw‘mZH$, {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma etc.

A{YH$ OmUrdnyd©H$

A{YH$ nÕVera

A{YH$ à‘mUmV

A{YH$ H|${ÐV

A{YH$ MmoI, Hw$eb

Vm{H©$H$, J{UVr¶ H$m¡eë¶m§Mm

dmna

Á¶mÀ¶mV d¡km{ZH$ H$b

OmUdVmo.

A{YH$ gamd

Figure 2.4 : Developing capabilities

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

2.3.2 Mm¡H$ergmR>r àíZ CnpñWV H$aUo.

bhmZ ‘wbo gVV H$mhr Z H$mhr àíZ {dMmarV AgVmV Ë¶mMo H$maU Hw$Vyhb, AZw^dm§~Ôb Amü¶©, nañna ôX AmT>iUo dJ¡ao. ¶m gd© àíZm§Mm Vnmg hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. ¶m‘wio Mm¡H$er gwê$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ àíZ H$moUVo Vo R>adÊ¶mgmR>r AmnU ‘wbm§Mr ‘XV Ho$br nm{hOo. ho àíZ ‘m{hVr {‘idÊ¶mMo hoVyZo {dMmabo AgVrb, ‘m{hVrMr gË¶Vm VnmgÊ¶mgmR>r AgVrb qH$dm VÏ¶m§‘Ybo H$maU - n[aUm‘mMo g§~§Y OmUyZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r AgVrb. H¥$Vr 5

Mm¡H$erMr à[H«$¶m hr àíZ {dMmaUmam H$moUË¶m àH$mao àíZ {dMmaVmo ¶mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Imbr {Xbobr àíZmdbr nhm. àË¶oH$ àíZmMo {díbofU H$ê$Z Am{U Mm¡H$erÀ¶m hoVyZo Ë¶m àíZmV {H$Vr A§e {dMmaUm Amho Vo nhm.

H$moUVm M|Sy> gdm©V C§Mr OmVmo?

Vmo M|Sy> BVa M|Sy>§nojm Mm§Jbm åhUVm ¶oB©b H$m? Vmo M|Sy> {H«$Ho$Q> IoiÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Amho H$m?

OmñVrV OñV PmS>m§Zm {haì¶m a§JmMr nmZo H$m AgVmV?

Á¶m PmS>m§Mr nmZo {hadr ZgVmV Vr PmS>o AÞ H$go V¶ma H$aVmV?

JmoS> ImVmZm ‘mP§ S>moH§$ H$m XþIV§?

~è¶mMí¶m àmÊ¶m§‘Ü¶o a³V AmXbm~Xb H$aÊ¶mMr bmb a³V noer H$m AgVmV?

‘r nmohVmZm nmÊ¶mV H$m ~wS>V Zmhr? ‘mPr KZVm nmÊ¶mnojm H$‘r hmoVo H$m?

¶m g‘ñ¶oer g§~§{YV Am{H©${‘S>rgMm H$m¶ AZw^d hmoVm.

¶mVrb H$moUË¶m àíZmMm Vnmg H$aUo e³¶ Amho ho Vwåhr H$go R>admb? Vwåhmbm Ag§ dmQ>V§ H$m H$s ¶m àíZm§Mo {díbooU åhUOoM Mm¡H$erMm EH$ àH$ma Amho? Vw‘M§ CÎma hmo Agob Va hr H¥$Vr nyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àíZmdbr V¶ma H$am.

da {Xboë¶m Mm¡H$er àíZm§Mo {díbofU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Q>rnm

Imbr Z‘wZmImVa àíZ {Xbo AmhoV.

‘mnZ H$ê$Z XOm© qH$dm àV R>adVm ¶oVo H$m?

XO}da n[aUm‘ H$aUmao àË¶j Am{U AàË¶j Mbm§Mr ¶mXr V¶ma H$aVm ¶oB©b H$m?

Á¶m Mbm§‘wio ~Xb KS>Vmo Ë¶mbm {Z¶§{ÌV H$aUo e³¶ Amho H$m?

à¶moJmMr aMZm H$ê$Z ImÌrera ‘m{hVr àmá H$aVm ¶oVo H$m?

àíZmMo ñdê$n H$maUo n[aUm‘ ho g§~§Y Vnmgy eH$Vo H$m?

àíZ Cô H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶m‘mJo Amnbm Agm hoVy Amho H$s ‘wbm§Zm OmUrd H$ê$Z ¿¶m¶Mr H$s ’$³V H$mhr àíZM Amnë¶mbm Eo{Vhm{gH$ ómoV, IZZ ¶mVyZ ‘m{hVr {‘idÊ¶mg ¶mo½¶ AgVmV. H$m Am{U H$go ¶m àíZm§À¶m ì¶{V[a³V ‘wbm§Zm àíZmM§ énm§Va Vnmg H$aÊ¶mgmR>rÀ¶m àíZm§‘Ü¶o H$aVm Ambo nm{hOo. {ejH$m§Zr {dÚmÏ¶mªMo ghmæ¶ Ho$bo nm{hOo OoUo H$ê$ Vo - - ñdV:À¶m àíZm§Mm Mm¡H$er ¶mo½¶ àíZm§er g§~§Y bmdy eH$Vrb. - Vnmg H$aÊ¶mgmR>rMo àíZ V¶ma H$ê$Z ñdV:À¶m Hw$VyhbmMo g‘mYmZ H$ê$ eH$Vrb. - CÎma emoYm¶bm Cn¶moJr nS>ob Aem nÕVrZo Xþgè¶m§Zm àíZ g‘OmdyZ gm§Jy eH$Vrb. - ‘m{hVr dmMZ AgVmZm AWdm àg§JmMo {ZarjU H$arV AgVmZm àíZ Cô H$ê$ eH$Vrb. Mm¡H$er ñdê$nmMo àíZ Cô H$aÊ¶mMr hr à{H«$¶m Amnë¶mbm Imbr {Xboë¶m C{Ôï>m§H$S>o KoD$Z OmB©b.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

{dÚmWr© :

• Vnmg H$aÊ¶m¶mo½¶ àíZ {dMmê$ eH$Vrb.

• n[aH$ënZoda AmYmarV àíZ{dMmê$ eH$Vrb.

• Vnmg H$ê$Z CÎma àmá hmoUmao àíZ AmoiIy eH$Vrb.

• àíZ Vnmg H$am¶bm ‘XV H$aVrb Aem ñdê$nmV ‘m§Sy> eH$Vrb.

‘wbm§Mr àíZ {dMmaÊ¶mMr j‘Vm {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm Z‘wZm àíZ V¶ma H$am¶bm gm§JVm ¶oB©b. ho Ü¶mZmV Agy Úmdo H$s Ë¶m§Zm An[a{MV àg§J Úmdo, Ago àg§J Oo Ë¶m§À¶mV Hw$Vyhb OmJo H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoXm¶bm àd¥Îm H$aVrb.

Z‘wZm H¥$Vr 1 : OdiÀ¶m EH$m JmdmVë¶m Xodimbm ôQ> {Xë¶mZ§Va {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Ë¶m§Zm nS>bobo àíZ {dMmam¶bm gm§{JVbo. XrnyZo àíZ C^m Ho$bm H$s gd© XodimVrb Im§~ (cylindirical) AgVmV?

hm àíZ VnmgÊ¶mgmIm Amho H$m? CÎma hmo Agob, Va H$m d H$gm? Agm àíZ gyMdm Omo Xrnybm Mm¡H$er H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶moJr nS>ob.

Z‘wZm H¥$Vr 2 : {e~wbm OmUyZ ¿¶m¶Mo Amho H$s H$moUVm a§J A{YH$ Vmn‘mZ emofyZ KoVmo. {Vbm Vnmg H$aÊ¶mOmo½¶ àíZm§Mm g§M V¶ma H$am¶bm ‘XV H$am.

Z‘wZm H¥$Vr 3 : gë‘m Zr Imbr {Xbobo àíZ C o Ho$bo. Ë¶mVbo H$moUVo VnmgmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ AmhoV Vo {ZdS>m.

1. {dœmVrb gd© celestial bodies dVw©imH$ma H$m AmhoV?

2. gd© celestial bodies JmobmH$ma AmhoV H$m?

3. BVa H$mhr AmH$mamÀ¶m celestial bodies AmhoV H$m?

4. ñdV: ^modVr {’$aUmè¶m gd© Jmoï>r JmobmH$maM AgVmV H$m?

H¥$Vr 7

àmW{‘H$ ñVamÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Ë¶m§Mr àíZ Cô H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm dmnaÊ¶mgmR>r EImXo H$m‘ Ë¶m§Zm Úm.

H¥$Vr 8

VnmgH$aÊ¶mOmoJVo àíZ {dÚmÏ¶mªZm {dMmam¶bm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Amnbbm H$m¶ hoVy Amho? Aem àíZm§Mo H$m¶? Am§KmoirgmR>r Q>~‘Ü¶o CVaë¶mda Am{H©${‘{S>Obm H$emMm emoY bmJbm? ¶mMm Am{U gmoÝ¶mÀ¶m ‘wJwQ>mVrb AewÕVoMm H$m¶ g§~§Y Amho? hm ‘wÔm Vnmg H$aÊ¶mbm¶H$ Amho H$m Zmhr?

2.3.3 {Xem {‘idÊ¶mgmR>r J¥hrVHo$

AmnU {‘idbobr ‘m{hVr AWdm {ZarjUmMo ñnï>rH$aU Amnë¶m nyU© g‘O d J¥hrVH$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. ¶mbm n[aH$ënZm Ago åhUVmV. BWo Vwåhr n[apñWVr g‘OyZ

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

KoÊ¶mgmR>r Vw‘À¶m kmZmMm gmYZm§gmaIm Cn¶moJ H$arV AgVm. na§Vw H$ënZm d¡km{ZH$ AgÊ¶mgmR>r XmoZ Jmoï>tMr nyV©Vm hmoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. n{hbo åhUOo Oo nwamì¶mZwgma Agm¶bm nm{hOo. Xþgao åhUOo {VMr MmMUr H$aVm Ambr nm{hOo.

CXm. Vwåhr Ago {ZarjU Ho$bo H$s qMMoÀ¶m PmS>mÀ¶m ~w§Ü¶mÀ¶m bmH$S>mMm VwH$S>m nmÊ¶mV ~wS>Vm. nyd© kmZmdê$Z Vwåhr Agm {ZîH$f© bmdy eH$Vm H$s Ë¶m bmJS>mMr KZVm nmÊ¶mÀ¶m KZVonojm OmñV Amho. Oa H$m qMMoÀ¶m PmS>mÀ¶m bmH$S>mMo gd© VwH$S>o nmÊ¶mV ~wS>bo Va Vw‘Mr n[aH$ënZm nwamì¶mZwgma Amho Ago åhUVo ¶oB©b. na§Vw bmH$S>mMm H$mhr ^mJ ~wS>V Agob Am{U ~mH$sMm ~wS>V Zgob Va Amnbr n[aH$ënZm MwH$sMr Amho Ago åhUmdo bmJob. ¶m n[aH$ënZoMr MmMUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vwåhr qMMoÀ¶m bmH$S>mMo g‘mZ AmH$maMo/dOZmMo, doJdoJù¶m PmS>mMo VwH$S>o dmnê$ eH$Vm. n[aH$ënZoMr gË¶Vm {gÕ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶mgmR>r nwamdo Jmoim H$aVm Ambo nm{hOo. qMMoÀ¶m bmH$S>mV H$mhrVar AÑí¶ Am{U Jwá {deofVm Amho Á¶mH$maUmZo Vo nmÊ¶mV ~wS>Vo. ho {dYmZ nwamdo XoD$Z VnmgVm ¶oV Zmhr.

{Xboë¶m jUr {d{dY dñVw H$moUVo JwU àX{e©V H$aVmV ho AZoH$ Mbm§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. ‘mVrMr nmUr Yê$Z R>odÊ¶mMr j‘Vm {H$Vr Amho ho g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mVrÀ¶m H$Um§Mm AmH$ma, Ë¶mMr emofU j‘Vm Aem gd© Jmoï>r bjmV ¿¶m¶bm nm{hOo. Vnmg Ho$ë¶mZ§Va H$Xm{MV gd©M n[aH$ënZm ImoQ>çm {gÕ hmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Amho. EImXr n[aH$ënZm narjoV CVabr Var nwT>rb VnmgmV Vr ImoQ>r {gÕ hmoD$ eH$Vo. H$moUVmhr {dídgZr¶ nwamdm hm n[aH$ënZm aÔ H$aÊ¶mV H$maUr^yV hmoD$ eH$Vmo. ¶m‘wioM H$moUVohr d¡km{ZH$ gË¶ ho VmËnwaVo gË¶ ‘mZbo OmVo, AmZ§X Zmhr. hm n[aH$ënZoMm EH$ ‘hÎdmMm JwUY‘© Amho.

n[aH$ënZm (narjm H$aÊ¶mgmaIo ñnï>rH$aU {dH$gZmÀ¶m nm¶è¶m n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>Uo hm ñdm^m{dH$ JwUY‘© Zgë¶m‘wio ho H$m¡eë¶ AmH$ñ‘mV H$amdo bmJVo. Vwåhr H$mhrVar AVm{H©$H$ {dYmZo ‘m§S>Ê¶mMr e³¶ AgVo.

n{hbr nm¶ar : KQ>ZoMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ¶mOmoJVo JwUY‘© AmoiIÊ¶mMr j‘Vm Amdí¶H$ Amho.

Xþgar nm¶ar : nydm©Zw dmVrb H$moUË¶mhr g§~§{YV Jmoï>ter Ë¶mMm g§~§Y OmoS>bm Agbm nm{hOo. BWo XmoZ Mbm§‘Yrb H$maU n[aUm‘ g§~§Y XoVm Ambm nm{hOo.

Anwè¶m AZw^dm‘wio bhmZ ‘wbo AZoH$ Ae³¶ ñnï>rH$aUo XoVmV. {ejH$m§Zr Ë¶m§Zm ghmæ¶ Ho$bo nm{hOo.

• H$mhrVar H$ënZm AWdm g§H$ënZoÀ¶m AmYmao {ZarjU qH$dm nañna g§~§YmMo ñnï>rH$aU XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$amdm.

• EH$ n[apñWVrV dmnaboë¶m H$ënZm§Mm Xþgè¶m n[apñWVrMo ñnï>rH$aU XoÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶moJ H$amdm.

• EH$m n[apñWVrÀ¶m e³¶ VodT>r OmñVrV OmñV ñnï>rH$aUo Úmdr.

• VnmgVm ¶oB©b Ago ñnï>rH$aU Agmdo.

• ~amo~a dmQ>V Zgbo Var VnmgÊ¶mOmoJo Agbobo ñnï>rH$aU Adí¶ ‘m§S>Uo.

EìhmZm Vwåhr n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>Ê¶mÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV H$mhr {d{eï> C{Ôï>m§Mr ¶mXr V¶ma H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m pñWVrV Agmb.

{dÚmWr :

• n[a{MV ‘m{hVr AWdm g§H$ënZm§à‘mUo n[apñWVr ñnfQ> H$ê$ eH$Vrb.

• EH$mnojm A{YH$ ñnï>rH$aU H$aUo XoD$ eH$Vrb.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

• {Xbobo ñnï>rH$aU MmMUr H$aÊ¶mOmoJo Amho H$m Zmhr Vo gm§Jy eH$Vrb.

n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>Vm ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r ‘wbm§Zm j‘Vm dmnaVm ¶mÀ¶mV ¶mgmR>r V¶ma Ho$boë¶m H$mhr H¥$Vr BWo {Xë¶m AmhoV.

H¥$Vr 1 : g§Vw Am{U {VÀ¶m ‘¡{ÌUrMr emioH$S>o MmbV Mmbë¶m hmoË¶m. añË¶mÀ¶m XþV’$m© AZoH$ PmS>o CJdbobr hmoVr. Ë¶m§Zr Ago {ZarjU Ho$bo H$s H$mhr àH$maÀ¶m PmS>m§daM nú¶m§Zr KaQ>r ~m§Ybr hmoVr. Ë¶m§Zm àíZ nS>bm H$s Ago H$m? ¶m àíZmMo CÎma XoÊ¶mgmR>r 2 VnmgZr¶ n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>m.

H¥$Vr 2 : ‘wWwÀ¶m Kam^modVr ‘moR>r PmS>o d ’w$bm§Mr PwS>no AmhoV. Ë¶mÀ¶m bjmV Ambo H$s ‘moR>çm PmS>m§À¶m Imbr CJdboë¶m PwS>nm§Mr C§Mr ‘moH$ù¶m OmJoVë¶m PwS>nm§nojm OmñV Amho. Ë¶mbm Imbrb n[aH$ënZm gwMë¶m.

PmS>mImbMr PwS>no ‘moR>çm nmdgmV PmoS>nbr OmV ZmhrV.

PmS>mImbÀ¶m PwS>nm§Zm PmS>mbm KmVbobo IV àmá hmoVo.

PmS>mImbÀ¶m ‘mVrV nS>boë¶m nmZm§‘wio IVmMo à‘mU OmñV AgVo.

PmS>mImbrb PwS>nm§‘Ü¶o H$mhr bnbobr eóo AgVo Or Ë¶m§Mr C§Mr dmT>dVo.

H¥$Vr 9

Vwåhr {dÚmÏ¶mªZm n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>Ê¶mMm à¶ËZ H$am¶bm CÎmoOZ H$go Úmb? EImXr H¥$Vr gwMdm.

2.3.4 {ZarjUmMr {Xem {‘iÊ¶mgmR>r A§XmO

AmnU nydm©Zw d AWdm nwamì¶mÀ¶m AmYmao n[aUm‘mMm A§XmO bmdVmo. A§XmO bmdÊ¶m‘mJo Zoh‘rM H$mhrVar VH©$ AgVmo. YmoH$m Q>miÊ¶mgmR>r AmnU Zoh‘r H¥$Vr H$aÊ¶mnydu Ë¶mÀ¶m n[aUm‘m§Mm {dMma H$aVmo. AZoH$Xm ‘wbo A§XmOmÀ¶m AmYmao ñnï>rH$aU XoD$ eH$V ZmhrV nU Ë¶m§Zm nydm©Zw^d d nwamì¶m§er Ë¶mMm g§~§Y OmoS>Ê¶mgmR>r ‘XV Ho$br nm{hOo.

gwb^ H$Ë¶mªZr {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Imbrb Jmoï>r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV Ho$br nm{hOo.

• H¥$Vr H$aÊ¶mnydu n[aUm‘mMo ^m{H$V H$aUo.

• Ë¶m ^m{H$Vm‘mJMm VH©$ gm§JUo.

• EImÚm àg§JmÀ¶m g§X^m©V Ë¶m ^m{H$VmMr emídVr ñnï> H$aUo.

AmVm Vwåhr H$mhr e³¶ Agboë¶m C{Ôï>m§À¶m ñnï>rH$aUm§Mr ¶mXr H$ê$ eH$Vm.

{dÚmWu Imbrb Jmoï>r H$ê$ eH$Vrb.

• ^m{H$VmgmR>r Vm{H©$H$ AmYma XoUo.

• ^m{H$VmgmR>r {ZpíMV nydm©Zw^dmer gm§JS> KmbUo.

• ^m{H$VmMo AZw‘m{ZV n[aUm‘m§À¶m AmYmao g‘W©Z H$aUo.

AÜ¶¶ZH$Ë¶mªZm AZw‘mZ bmdÊ¶mgmR>r V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Imbr EH$ H¥$Vr {Xbr Amho.

1. Imbrb V³Ë¶mMo {ZarjU H$am d [aH$m‘r OmJm âm.

10 df}, 100 {Xdg, 30 df}, 300 {Xdg

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

J«h gy¶m©nmgyZ A§Va {H$. {‘. n[a «‘U H$mi

~wY 58 107 88 {Xdg

ewH«$ 108 107 225 {Xdg

n¥Ïdr 150 107 1 df©

Jwé 780 107 12 df©

¶waoZg 2.870 107 84 df©

H$mën{ZH$ 1.430 107

Imbrb n¶m©¶ {ZdS>rgmR>r Vm{H©$H$ H$maU gm§Jm.

2. OrVy Am{U {dbr EH$mM bm§~rÀ¶m Mw§~H$m§er IoiV AmhoV. Ë¶m§Zr {déÕ Y«wd EH$Ì R>odyZ Mw§~Ho$ ~m§YyZ EH$m bmH$S>r ñQ>±S>da Q>m§Jm¶Mo R>adbo. Vo H$moUË¶m {XeoH$S>o H$iVrb? CÎmamMo H$maU ñnï> H$am.

H¥$Vr 10

1. H$moUVrhr Mm¡H$er d¡km{ZH$ AgÊ¶m‘Ü¶o ^m{H$V qH$dm AZw‘mZm§Mr H$m¶ ^y{‘H$m Amho?

2. {dkmZ {eH$V AgVmZm AZw‘mZ bmdÊ¶mM§ H$m¡eë¶ AmË‘gmV H$aÊ¶mMr H$m¶ Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo?

3. AZw‘mZ bmdÊ¶mMr JaO nS>ob Aer EH$ H¥$Vr V¶ma H$am.

2.3.5 ‘m{hVr g§H$bZmgmR>r {ZarjUo

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er A§VJ©V Agboë¶m AZoH$ H¥$Vr ~marH$ {ZarjUmZ§VaM ApñVËdmV ¶oVmV. d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$ergmR>r àíZ C^maUo, n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>Uo, AZw‘mZ bmdUo, ‘mnZ H$aUo Am{U n[apñWVrMo H$miOrnyd©H$ {ZarjU H$aUo ¶m Jmoï>r H$amì¶m bmJVmV.

{ZarjU nÕVr hr d¡km{ZH$ {M{H$ËgogmR>r Amdí¶H$ AgVo. Amnë¶m gd© B§{Ð¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ H$amdm bmJVmo. H$mhr gmYZo, CnH$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVmV. CXm. JwimMm IS>m Ja‘ nmÊ¶mV {daKim¶bm {H$Vr doi bmJVmo ho nhmÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ CnH$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVmV. gwadmVrbm CnH$aUo V¶ma H$aVm ¶oVrb. Jm§Sw>io Jm§Sy>i IV H$go V¶ma H$aVmV ¶mMo {ZarjU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nmaXe©H$ ~mQ>brMm Cn¶moJ H$aVm ¶oVmo. H$m nmaXe©H$ ~mXbr Amdí¶H$ Amho? {ZarjUm§Mr à{H«$¶m Zm|XUr H$aon¶ªV nyU© hmoV Zmhr. doi, VmarI, A§H$ Aer H$miOrnyd©H$ Am{U n[anyU© Zm|XUr {dkmZmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ AgVo. AmH¥${V H$mT>Uo, V³V H$aUo Ë¶mVbmM ^mJ Amho. ‘m§S>Ur ñnï> d nÕVera Agmdr.

¶mgmR>r gwb^H$V} Imbrb Jmoï>tgmR>r ghmæ¶ H$ê$ eH$VmV.

• {ZarjUmMo H$maU, doi Am{U nÕVr {ZpíMV H$aUo.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

• H$mQ>oH$moanUo {ZarjU H$aUo.

• {dÚmÏ¶mªZm {ZarjUm{dfQ>r AmnmngmV MMm© H$am¶bm bmdUo.

• ¶m {ZarjUm§H$S>o {M{H$ËgH$nUo ~KUo.

• ¶m {ZarjUm§Mr {eñVrV Zm|XUr H$aUo.

{ZarjUm{df¶r ‘hÎdmMr gyMZm

àË¶oH$mMr Aer àd¥Îmr AgVo H$s Amnë¶mbm Oo nhm¶Mr BÀN>m Amho VgoM Amnë¶mbm {XgVo. nyd© J«hm{df¶r gmdY{Jar ~miJbr nm{hOo. AmYr ‘ZmV Agboë¶m nyd©H$ënZm AmVmÀ¶m H¥$Vrbm à^m{dV H$aVmZm ¶m {df¶r gVH©$ ahm¶bm {eH$dbo nm{hOo.

AmVm Vwåhmbm C{Ôï>o d Ë¶m§Mr ñnï>rH$aUo XoUo gmono OmB©b.


• gd© kmZ|{Ð¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ

• gmå¶ d ’$aH$ AmoiIUo.

• ‘hÎdmMo JwUY‘©

• {ZarjU, Zm|XUr dJ¡aoMr nÕVr R>adUo

AmVm Vwåhmbm H¥$Vr V¶ma H$aVm ¶oVrb.

H¥$Vr 1 : ‘w§Jr d H$moir ¶m§Mr {MÌo nmhÿZ Ë¶m§À¶mVrb 3 gmå¶ d 3 ’$aH$ gm§Jm.

Figure 2.5 : H$moir Am{U ‘w§Jr

H¥$Vr 2 : gmoZwZo nmÊ¶mV AmR> Vmg {~¶m {Ôdë¶m. 8 VmgmZo nm{hbo Va H$mhr {~¶m§Zr nmUr emofbo hmoVo Va H$mhr H$S>H$M am{hë¶m hmoË¶m. ¶mMo H$maU emoYÊ¶mgmR>r {VZo H$mhr n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>ë¶m Am{U {VZ Ë¶mgmR>r nwamdo emoYm¶Mo AmhoV. {VZo àË¶oH$ n[aH$ënZoer g§~§{YV H$moUVr {ZarjUo H$am¶bm nm{hOo.

n[aH$ënZm H$emMo {ZarjU H$go {ZarjU

~r bm {N>Ð Zmhr åhUyZ nmUr AmV OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.

~r Mo doï>H$ nmUr AmV {eê$ XoV Zmhr.

~r ‘obobr Amho åhUyZ nmUr emofV Zmhr.

nmÊ¶mMo Vmn‘mZ ¶mo½¶ ZìhVo.

H¥$Vr 10

{dÚmÏ¶mªMr {ZarjU j‘Vm nmaIÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ H¥$Vr {Z‘m©U H$am.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

2.3.6 aMZm d g§~§Ym§Mo g§Ho$V

‘moR>çm à‘mUmV nwamdo åhUyZ Jmoim Ho$bobr ‘m{hVr g§emoYZmgmR>r Cn¶moJr ZgVo. gd© ‘m{hVrMr nÕVera ‘m§S>Ur ’$ma ‘hÎdmMr AgVo. CXm. bmoH$g§»¶mdmT>br H$s d¡ÚH$s¶ gw{dYm dmT>VmV H$m EImÚm joÌmV Ooð> ZmJ[aH$m§Mr g§»¶m dmT>br H$s d¡ÚH$s¶ gw{dYm dmT>VmV.

H$Yr ‘m{hVr EImÚm {XeoZo H$b XmIdVo na§Vw H$mhr Anojm nU AgVmV. {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê¶mnydu ¶m Anojm nU Ü¶mZmV KoVë¶m nm{hOo. XmoZ Mbm§‘Ü¶o g§aMZm {XgyZ ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r {ZarjUm§Mo 3 g§M JaOoMo AmhoV. d¡km{ZH$ {ZarjUmgmR>r gdm}Îm‘ 2 g§M AgVmV. Z§Va {Vgam g§M emoYyZ ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVm ¶oVo. AmYr AZw‘mZ ‘m§S>Uo Am{U ‘J Vo g§aMZoer OwiVo H$m Vo nhmUo ¶mo½¶ R>aob.

AÜ¶¶ZmÀ¶m AZoH$‘ à{H«$¶m§‘YyZ Joë¶mda hr j‘Vm {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶mgmR>r gw^H$V} {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Imbrb Jmoï>rV ghmæ¶ H$ê$ eH$VmV.

• amoOÀ¶m OrdZmV aMZm emoYUo.

• {Za{Zamù¶m aMZm§~Ôb Ë¶m§À¶m H$ënZm ì¶³V H$aUo.

• H$moUË¶mhr aMZoMr nwï>r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nwamdo gmXa H$aUo.

• ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao g§~§Y {gÕ H$aUo.

AmVm ¶m g§~§Yr C{Ôï>o d Ë¶m§Mr ñnï>rH$aUo ‘m§S>Ê¶mÀ¶m pñWVrV Vwåhr AmKmV {dÚmWu Imbrb Jmoï>r H$ê$ eH$Vrb.

• {d{dY ‘m{hVrMo {díbofU H$aUo.

• nwÝhm nwÝhm {XgyZ ¶oUmè¶m aMZm§Mo dU©Z H$aUo.

• XmoZ Mbm§‘Yrb nañna g§~§Y ñnï> H$aUo; CnbãYVoÀ¶m n{bH$S>o ‘m{hVr OmD$ Z¶o ho {dYmZ àñWm{nV H$aUo.

• ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao g§~§Y ñnï> H$am.

AmVm AmnU Ano{jV dV©Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r H¥$Vr V¶ma H$ê$ eH$mb.

H¥$Vr 1 : ZwH$VrM {‘ZrZo dZ{dkmZ g§ñWobm ôQ> {Xbr, {VWo {VZo PmS>mÀ¶m ~wQ>çm§Mo ‘YyZ H$mnbobo VwH$S>o nm{hbo d àË¶oH$ VwH$S>çmda PmS>mMo d¶ {b{hbobo hmoVo.

H¥$Vr 2 : ’w$br Am{U {VÀ¶m ‘¡{ÌUr {ZgJ© {dKQ> H$arV hmoË¶m. Ë¶m§Zm Iyn dS>mÀ¶m PmS>m§‘Ü¶o ñQ>m°H©$ njm§Mr Ag§¶ KaQ>r gmnS>br.

Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVr {dYmZo da {Xboë¶m ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao gË¶ AmhoV Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b?

Figure 2.6 : Transverse Section of a Log of Wood showing Annual Rings

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

ñQ>m°H©$Mo KaQ>o ~m§YÊ¶mgmR>r dS>mMr PmS>o ¶mo½¶ AgVmV.

dmam, nmD$g d Vmn‘mZmnmgyZ dS>mMr PmS>o Mm§Jbo g§ajU XoVmV.

PmS>mbm ’$i bmJVo doir dS>mMo PmS> Iyn {H$S>çm§Zm AmH${f©V H$aVo Am{U ñQ>m°H©$ njr Amnë¶m {n„m§Zm {H$S>o Im¶bm KmbVmV.

H¥$Vr 11

1. g§aMZm emoYÊ¶mg {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Cn¶moJ hmoB©b Aer H¥$Vr V¶ma H$am.

2.3.7 Mm¡H$erMo {Z¶moOZ d {Z{‘©Vr

¶m XmoZ à{H«$¶m§gmR>r AZw^d Agmdm. ‘wbm§Zm KQ>Zm KS>VmZm nhm¶Mr KmB© Pmbobr AgVo d {Z¶moOZ H$aÊ¶mBVH$m YrQ> Ë¶m§À¶mnmer ZgVmo. ¶mMo H$maU àíZ C^m Ho$bm Am{U n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>br H$s nwamdo emoYÊ¶mgmR>r Vwåhr AYra AgVm.

H$moUË¶m Mbm§Mr ‘hÎdmMr y{‘H$m Amho ho g‘OyZ KoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Mbm§Mo 3 àH$ma AgVmV.

ñdV§Ì Mb : 2 n[apñWVrVbm ’$aH$ ~KÊ¶mgmR>r Vwåhr ¶m Mbm§‘Ü¶o AXbm~Xb H$aVm. Hw$R>ë¶mhr EH$m ~m~rdê$Z AmnU ’$aH$ gm§Jy eH$Vmo. CXm. Oa EImÚm àH$maÀ¶m H$mnS>mVrb EImÚm a§JmMr Vmn‘mZ emofÊ¶mMr j‘Vm Vnmgm¶Mr Agob Va a§J hm Ë¶mVbm ñdV§Ì Mb Amho. à¶moJmXaå¶mZ Vmo ~XbUma Zmhr.

{Z¶§ÌU Mb : darb CXmhaUm§‘Ü¶o H$mhr Jmoï>r Vwåhr ~XbyZ MmbUma Zmhr Ogo H$mnS>mMm àH$ma. hm {Z¶§{ÌV Mb åhUVm ¶oB©b. Vmn‘mZ nwadÊ¶mMm ómoV, à‘mU ho nU ¶m à¶moJmV {Z¶§{ÌV Mb AmhoV.

AñdV§Ì Mb : ñdV§Ì Mb ~Xbbm H$s Á¶mÀ¶mV ~Xb hmoVmo Vmo ñdV§Ì Mb. H$m¶ ‘mnm¶Mo, H$go, Vnmg H$gm H$am¶Mm ¶mMo ^mZ {dÚmÏ¶mªZm hdo. AñdV§Ì MbmMo AMyH$ ‘mnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mJ© {dMmamV K oVbm n[hOo.

gwadmVrbm Vnmg H$aÊ¶mMo H$m¡eë¶ {dÚmÏ¶mª‘Ü¶o {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gwb^Vo Imbrb àH$ma ghmæ¶ H$ê$ eH$VmV.

• Vnmg H$aÊ¶mgma»¶m g‘ñ¶m§Mr OmUrd hmoUo.

• em§VnUo Am{U YramZo VnmgmMo {Z¶moOZ H$aUo.

• Amnë¶m H¥$Vr~Ôb {dMma H$aUo.

• {Z¶moOZmMo narjU H$ê$Z ZdrZ H¥$Vr {Z¶moOZ H$aUo.

AmVm AmnU C{Ôï>o d Ë¶m§Mr ñnï>rH$aU XoD$ eH$mb.


• AZoH$ Mbm§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ Mbm§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo.

• à¶moJmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ gm‘J«r CnbãY H$aUo.

• Mb {Z¶§{ÌV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nÕVr {ZpíMV H$aUo.

• AñdV§Ì MbmMo ¶mo½¶ nÕVrZo ‘mnZ H$aUo.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

AmVm Vwåhr {dÚmÏ¶mªZm {Z¶moOZ H$aÊ¶mg g‘W© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H¥$Vr V¶ma H$ê$ eH$mb.

H¥$Vr 1 : Pwarbm gyVr, aoe‘r, bmoH$ar d H¥${Ì‘ H$mnS>mVrb ’$aH$ g‘OyZ ¿¶m¶Mm Amho. Ë¶mgmR>r Vr W§S>rÀ¶m ‘mog‘mgmR>r H$nS>o {edm¶bm H$mnS>mMr {ZdS> H$aVo. ¶m à¶moJmV ñdV§Ì Mbo H$moUVr?

{Z¶§{ÌV Mbo H$moUVr?

AñdV§Ì Mbo H$moUVr?

¶mÀ¶mV AmnU ‘mnZ H$emMo H$amb?

H¥$Vr 2 : OZy d {VMo Hw$Qw>§~ Aem àXoemV amhVmV {OWo nmdgmù¶mV Ag§»¶ àH$maÀ¶m Am¡fYr dZñnVr CJdVmV. EH$m PmS>mbm {haì¶m {ndù¶m a§JmÀ¶m nmH$ù¶m§Mr ’w$bo ¶ oVmV. H$mbm§VamZo Ë¶m§Mm a§J Vm§~S>m-{ndim hmoVmo. ‘J Vm§~S>m a§J JS>X Vm§~S>m hmoVmo Am{U ’y$b gwHy$Z OmVo. OZybm hr n[aH$ënZm Vnmgm¶Mr Amho. nmH$ù¶m§Mm a§J ~XbVmo H$maU ÐdmMm pH value A~XbVmo.

hr n[aH$ënZm VnmgÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ gm‘J«rMr ¶mXr Am{U nÕVrMo dU©Z H$am.

$ H¥$Vr 12

1. Mm¡H$erMr V¶mar d {Z¶moOZ H$aÊ¶mMm AZw^d XoUmar H¥$Vr V¶ma H$am.

2.3.8 gm‘J«rMr AmH¥$Vr aMZm

d¡ÚH$s¶ Mm¡H$ergmR>r bmJUmè¶m ¶m Vm§{ÌH$ à{H«$¶m AgVmV. CnbãY kmZ d gm‘J«r dmnê$Z Vm§{ÌH$ H$m¡eë¶ {dH${gV Ho$bo OmVo. CXm. {dñVdm~ÔbÀ¶m kmZmÀ¶m AmYmao ‘mUyg {dñVdmda {Z¶§ÌU {‘idy eH$bm. JS>JS>V OmUmè¶m dñVy§Mo {ZarrU H$ê$Z Ë¶mZo JS>JS>V OmD$ eH$Umè¶m dñVy V¶ma Ho$ë¶m Am{U ‘J MH«$ ~Zdbo. V§Ì åhUOo ¶§Ì, CnH$aU, nÕr. V§Ì åhUOo ‘Zwî¶mZo l‘ H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r dñVy ñd¶§M{bV hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Am¶wî¶ gwIH$a H$aÊ¶mgm§r, JwUdÎmm dmT>dÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$boë¶m H¥$Vr V§Ìm‘Ü¶o d¡km{ZH$ d J{UVr V§Ì H$mhr à‘mUmV AgVmV. {dñVd H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mUgmZo V§Ì emoYbo Voìhm Ë¶mMo {dñVdm~ÔbMo kmZ ‘¶m©{XV hmoVo. àË¶j OrdZmV Cn¶moOZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r V§Ì dmnabo OmVo. V§ÌkmZ ho kmZmda AmYmarV AgVo.

CnbãY dñVy dmnê$Z ‘wbo AZHo$ V§Ì IoiVmZm {Z‘m©U H$aVmV Ogo H$mJXmMo VwH$S>o, ImoH$s, H$mS>çm, gwH$bobr nmZo, {~¶m, qS>H$, ßbmpñQ>H$À¶m nQ²>Q>çm BË¶mXr H$mhr JmobmH$ma dñVy§er ‘wbo IoiVmV. hiyhiy ‘wbo nÕVera {Z¶moOZnyU© aMZm H$am¶bm {eH$VmV. ¶mo½¶ gm‘J«rMr {dZS> H$aVmZm Am{U JwUdÎmm, ‘mnZ, VwbZmË‘H$ à¶moJ, IM© gJioM H$am¶bm {eH$VmV.

gwb^H$Vo Imbrb àH$mao {dÚmÏ¶mªMo ghmæ¶ H$ê$ eH$VmV.

• n[agamV gwYmaUm H$aUo.

• Cnm¶ emoYUo, Ë¶mMr MMm© H$aUo, dU©Z H$aUo.

• CnbãY dñVy§Mr narjm H$ê$Z ¶mo½¶ Ë¶m§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo.

• Aer g‘ñ¶m emoYUo Or gmonr dmQ>Vo nU AmìhmZmË‘H$ AgVo.

AmVm Vwåhr Imbrb C{Ôï>o d ñnï>rH$aU H$aUo ‘m§Sy> eH$mb.

• ¶mo½¶ gm‘J«rMr {ZdS> H$aUo.

• Á¶mMo àË¶jmV Cn¶moOZ hmoD$ eHo$b Agm Cnm¶ emoYUo.

• AmYr Ho$boë¶m JwUdÎmm {ZH$fm§er {‘iVr OwiVr gm‘J«r {ZdS>Uo.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

¶m à¶moJmgmR>r àmË¶{jHo$ Amdí¶H$ AmhoV Am{U Cnm¶ emoYm¶bm H$mbmdYr XoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. AmH¥$Vr aMZoMr JaO Agboë¶m H$mhr n[apñWVtMo dU©Z {Xbo Amho.

H¥$Vr 1 : Vw‘Mo Hw$Qw>§~ EH$ AmR>dS>çmgmR>r ~mhoaJmdr OmV Amho Am{U nagmV EH$ N>moQ>o PmS> Amho. Vo Vwåhr dmQ>oV R>oD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU Ë¶mbm hmZr hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ago CnH$aU V¶ma H$am Á¶m‘wio 6 {Xdg amoO {Z¶{‘V Am{U à‘m{UV nmUr nwadR>m PmS>mbm XoVm ¶oB©b.

H¥$Vr 2 : Vw‘À¶m H§$nmg noQ>rVrb nÅ>rMm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z Vwåhr H$mJXmÀ¶m OmS>rMo ‘mnZ H$go H$amb? ‘mnZ AMyH$ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Vwåhr H$moUVo ‘mJ© pñdH$mamb?

$ H¥$Vr 13

H$mhrVar Cn¶w³V ~ZdÊ¶mgmR>r ‘wbm§Zm AmH¥${VaMZm H$am¶Mr g§Yr XoÊ¶mgmR>r H¥$Vr V¶ma H$am.

2.3.9 gm‘J«r d gmYZm§Mr OwidmOwid

{dkmZ åhUOo H$ënZm§Mm Cn¶moOZ Am{U Ë¶m§Mr H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMr {gÕVm. ‘¶m ©{XV AZw^d Agboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZr emókmgmaIo H$m‘ H$amdo Aer Anojm Zmhr. na§Vw Ë¶m§Zm ‘mhrV nm{hOo H$s H$ënZm Am{U nwamdo ¶m§À¶mV gwg§JVr Agmdr. H$‘rV H$‘r Ë¶m§Zm hr OmUrd nm{hOo H$s H$ënZm d¡km{ZH$ AgÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm nwamì¶m§Mr OmoS> nm{hOo. AZw d, {Z¶moOZ, Vnmg ¶m{edm¶ ho gmÜ¶ hmoUma Zmhr.

àmË¶{jHo$ H$ê$Z ~KÊ¶mgmR>r gm{hË¶ d gm‘J«r ghOmghOr Am{U ânya à‘mUmV CnbãY Agm¶bm nm{hOo. CnH$aUo hmVmiVmZm Ë¶m§Zm H$miOr ¿¶m¶bm {eH$dbo nm{hOo. CXm. ‘wbm§Zm {dOoÀ¶m Vmam, MmHy$, H$mMoÀ¶m dñVy H$mÌr hmVmoS>r ¶m dñVy hmVmim¶bm AmdS>VmV. OJmV Or{dV àmÊ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg H$aVmZm Ë¶m§Mm ‘mZ amIbm nm{hOo Am{U e³¶Vmo Ë¶m§Zm doXZm nmohMdy Z¶o.

gm{hË¶ d gm‘J«r hmVmiÊ¶mMo H$m¡eë¶ Imbrb nÕVrZo gwb^ H$aVm ¶oVo.

• Mm§Jbo Am{U AÜ¶¶Zmg nyaH$ Aer dmVmdaU {Z{‘©Vr

• ’$³V dñVy V¶ma H$ê$Z nyU© Z H$aVm Ë¶mV gVV gwYmaUm H$aUo.

• {dÚmÏ¶mªZm H$miOrnyd©H$ gmYZo dmnaÊ¶mMr àmË¶{jHo$ XmIdUo.

• Ë¶m§Zm Mm¡H$er H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gVH©$ ahm¶bm gm§JUo.

AmVm C{Ôï>o Am{U Ë¶m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU Vwåhr Imbr {Xë¶mà‘mUo ‘m§Sy> eH$mb.

{dÚmWu :

• gm{hË¶ d gm‘J«r H$miOrnyd©H$ hmVmiVrb.

• gwa{jVnUo Am{U H$m¡eë¶ dmnê$Z CnH$aUo, gm{hË¶ EH$Ì aMVrb Am{U Ë¶mMm ¶mo½¶ Cn¶moJ H$aVrb.

• H$mQ>oH$moanUo H$m‘ H$aVrb.

¶m à{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o H$miOr KoUo ‘hÎdmMo Amho. hr à{H«$¶m BVa H¥$VtMm ^mJ AgVrb CXm. {dÚmÏ¶mªZm J«hU H$go hmoVo ho g‘Odm¶bm gm§JUo.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

$ H¥$Vr 14

Aer H¥${V V¶ma H$am Á¶mÀ¶mV {dÚmÏ¶mªZm H$ënZm H$ê$Z Ë¶mMo àË¶j Cn¶moOZ H$ê$Z nhm¶Mr g§Yr {‘iob.

2.3.10 ‘moO-‘mn d J{UVr à{H«$¶m

d¡km{ZH$ Vnmgm‘Ü¶o dOZ, bm§~r, é§Xr, C§Mr, Vmn‘mZ dJ¡ao ¶m§Mo ‘moO‘mn H$amdo bmJVo. {dÚmWu dñVy§Mr JUZm H$ê$ eH$VmV, H«$‘e: ‘mJUr H$ê$ mH$VmV, Am{U g§»¶mÀ¶m AmYmao VwbZm H$ê$ eH$VmV. ‘mnZmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Am[U AMyH$ gmYZo dmnabr nm{hOo. nwÝhm nwÝhm ‘moOUr H$ê$Z ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVbr nm{hOo. ‘mnZ H$m¡eë¶ {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gwb^H$V} Imbrb Jmoï>r H$ê$ eH$VmV.

• VwbZm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à‘m{UV CnH$aUo dmnaUo.

• Amdí¶H$ Vr gd© ‘mno KoD$Z Zm|X H$aUo.

• ¶mo½¶ CnH$aUm§Mr {ZdS>

• ¶moJm J{UVr à{H«$¶m d g§H$ënZm {dÚmWuo Imbrb Jmoï>r H$ê$ eH$Vrb.

• JwUdÎmm gmYÊ¶mgmR>r nwaoer JUZm d ‘mnZ

• ¶mo½¶ CnH$aUm§Mr {ZdS>

• ~oaOm dOm~m³¶m§Mr à{H«$¶m AmVm ‘moO‘mnZmMm AZw^d XoÊ¶mgmR>r AmnU H¥$VtMr aMZm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. H¥$Vr 1 : emo mbm ’$UgmÀ¶m d gmJmÀ¶m PmS>m§À¶m nmZm§da Agboë¶m {N>Ðm§Mr VwbZm H$am¶Mr Amho. {VZo H$moUË¶m ‘m{hVrMo g§H$bZ Ho$bo nm{hOo? Z‘wZo H$go Jmoim H$amdo? {ZarjU H$go H$amdo? Amdí¶H$ ‘m{hVr H$er {‘idmdr? VwbZm H$er gmXa H$amdr? H$moUË¶m J{UVr à{H«$¶m H$amì¶m? H¥$Vr 2 : ‘mYmoMr AmOr A{e{jV Amho nU {Vbm n¶m©daUm{df¶r gd© ‘mhrV Amho Am{U ‘mYmobm {VÀ¶mH$Sy>Z {eH$m¶bm AmdS>Vo. EHo$ {Xder AmOr Ë¶mbm åhUmbr, AmOnmgyZ gy¶© X{jU {XeoH$S>o Om¶bm gwadmV hmoB©b. {VZo Ë¶mbm XmIdyZ {Xbo H$s amoO gH$mir gy¶©{H$aUm§Mr {Xem ~XbVo. AmVm ‘mYmobm ho {gÕ H$am¶M§ Amho. Ë¶mbm {ZarjU H$aVm ¶mdo ¶mgmR>r ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$am. Vwåhmbm dmQ>V§ H$m H$s {dkmZ à¶moJ H$arV AgVmZm {dÚmÏ¶mªZm J{UVmÀ¶m {H«$¶m H$am¶bm bmdmì¶m? Ë¶mVyZ Ë¶m§Mo J{UV gwYmaob H$m? Vm{H©$H$ H$maUo XoD$Z Amnbo CÎma ñnï> H$am.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

2.3.11 eãXm§H$Z d g§àofU

d¡km{ZH$ VnmgmÀ¶m àË¶oH$ Q>ßß¶mda Amnbo AZw^d Zm|XUo, ¶mo½¶ eãXm ‘m§Sy>Z R>odUo ho JaOoMo AgVo. ¶mgmR>r ~amo~a Am{U ñnï> {dMma H$ê$Z ‘m{hVrMr ‘m§S>Ur d gmXarH$aU, aMZm, g§aMZm ¶mMr ‘m{hVr nm{hOo. AmH¥$Ë¶m, {MÌ, V³Vo, gmaUr ¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm nm{hOo.

¶mgmR>r eãXH$mof d ^mfoda à^wËd hdo. ¶mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr d¡km{ZH$ eãXm§Mm dmna gVV Ho$bm nm{hOo. Ë¶m§Zm g§àofU d ‘m{hVr g§H$bZ H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr Úm¶bm hdr.

¶mgmR>r Imbrb à¶ËZ H$aVm ¶oVrb.

1. Ë¶m§À¶m {dMma à{H«$¶oMr Zm|XUr H$aUo.

2. d¡km{ZH$ à¶moJmMr Zm|Xdhr (OZ©b) R>odUo.

3. {ZîH$f©, g§H$ënZm, emoY ¶m§Mo g§àofUmgmR>r à{V{Z{YËd

4. nW ZmQ>ç, ZmQ>Ho$, àXe©Z ¶m§Mo Am¶moOZ H$aUo.

AmVm C{Ôï>o d ñnï>rH$aUo AmnU ‘m§Sy> eH$Vm.

{dÚmWu :

• ‘m{hVr AmboI, V³Vo, AmH¥$Ë¶m, ZH$meo Aem ñdê$nmV gmXa H$aVmV.

• ‘m{hVrMo {díbofU H$aVmV.

• AZoH$ ómoVmVyZ ‘m{hVr dmMyZ g§H${bV H$aVmV.

• EImXr Jmoï>, AmË‘M[aÌ, {Z~§Y {bhÿZ EH$mXr d¡km{ZH$ g§H$ënZm ‘m§S>VmV.

$ H¥$Vr 15

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er d H|$ÐrV Agob Aer àmË¶{jH$ H¥$Vr V¶ma H$am. ldU Am{U gm‘y{hH$ H¥${V H$am¶gmR>r AmnU {dÚmÏ¶mªZm H$moUVr ‘mJ© XmIdmb?

2.3.12 ñd à{Vq~~ d dmñV{dH$sH$aU

OgOgm d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>rH$moZ ~iH$Q> hmoV OmVmo Vgo ì¶³VrZo Ah§nUm gmoSy>Z ñdV:À¶m n{bH$S>o {dMma H$am¶bm {eH$bo nm{hOo. gm§ñH¥${VH$ ’$aH$ ‘mÝ¶ H$aVm Ambo nm{hOo. ho {dMma H$aÊ¶mVyZ e³¶ hmoVo. ñdV:er d BVam§er g§^mfU Ho$bo nm{hOo. H$go {eH$m¶Mo ho {eH$bo nm{hOo.

¶mgmR>r gwb^H$Ë¶mªZr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë¶m nm{hOo. BVam§À¶m {dMmam§Mm AmXa H$aUo, kmZmMr XodmU KodmU ho H$aVm Ambo nm{hOo. H$mhr {dÚmWu MM}V gh^mJr hmoUo Q>miVmV, Ë¶m§Zm {H$Vr AgVo AWdm AmË‘{dídmg ZgVmo. amoO X¡Z§{XZr {b{hÊ¶mMr gd¶ R>odë¶mg ¶m H$‘VaVm§da ‘mV H$aVm ¶oVo.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

Mm¡H$erMo C{Ôï> Amho AZw^dm§Mm {dMma, dmVmdaUmer g§~§Y Am{U gwIr Am¶wî¶ hm Ñï>rH$moZ Imbrb AmH¥$VrV XmH$dbm Amho.«

Figure 2.8 : Holistic Perspective of Development Environment

$ H¥$Vr 16

dmVmdaUmVrb ñnYm© Am{U Ë¶m‘wio {dÚmÏ¶mªda ¶oUmam VmU H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vwåhr H$moUVm ‘mJ© Adb§~mb?

gm§{KH$/gm‘w{hH$ AÜ¶¶Z hmoÊ¶mgmR>r H¥${V V¶ma H$am.

{dœ

OJ

amï´>

g‘mO

Hw$Qw>§~

ñdV:

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er


Notes

2.3.13 d¡¶p³V Am¶wî¶mV Mm¡H$er

ñdV:À¶m Am¶wî¶mV Mm¡H$erMr ^y{‘H$m EH$Xm EH$m OrdemómMr H$H©$ amoJmgmR>r {ZXmZ Ho$bo. Ë¶mZo ñdV:bm H$mhr àíZ {dMmabo. H$H©$ amoJ åhUOo H$m¶? Ë¶mda Cnm¶ Amho H$m? H$H©$ amoJ Pmbobr ì¶³Vr OJVo H$m? {H$Vr df©? Ë¶mZo Ago àíZ mZhr {dMmabo. ‘bmM H$m? ‘bm X¡dmZo {ejm Ho$br H$m? hm XodrMm H$mon Amho H$m?

Vmo Amnbo àíZ KoD$Z J«§Wmb¶mV Jobm Am{U Ë¶mbm gd© àíZmdbr CÎmao {‘imbr. Ë¶mZo OJboë¶m é½Um§À¶m g§»¶oMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm, Q>¸o$dmar nm{hbr. Ë¶mbm S>m°³Q>am§H$Sy>Z Cnm¶ hmoB©b Aer Amem hmoVrd Ë¶mZo ñdV:Mr Iyn H$miOr ¿¶m¶Mr R>adbo.

Ë¶mZ§Va Vmo emók AZoH$ df© OJbm d gwImMo Am¶wî¶ Kmbdbo. WmoS>³¶mV åhUOo Vnmg H$aÊ¶m¶mo½¶ àíZ {dMmê$Z ¶m emókmZo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aVm ¶oVrb ¶m JmoîQ>r OmUyZ KoVë¶m. ¶m doir Vmo d¡km{ZH$ emókmMr ^y{‘H$m H$arV ZgyZ {dkmZmer g§~§{YV Mm¡H$erV Jw§Vbm hmoVm.

Amnbm hmM hoVy Amho H$s ‘wbm§Zr Amnbo Am¶wî¶ {Z¶§{ÌV H$amd. X¡dmbm bmM XoD$Z Hw$R>ë¶m gmYyMr ‘XV KoD$ Z¶o. Ë¶m§Zr Hw$R>ë¶mhr M‘ËH$mam§da {dœmg R>oD$ Z¶o.

Vw‘À¶m d¡¶p³VH$ d gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmV Mm¡H$erMr H$m¶ ^y{‘H$m Amho?

2.4 gmam§e

¶m KQ>H$m‘Ü¶o d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er hr g§H$ënZm ‘m§S>ir Jobr ¶m {df¶mda AZoH$ nwñVHo$ CnbãY AmhoV. AmnU ñdV:bm ‘m¡ë¶dmZ d Vnmg H$aÊ¶mg ¶mo½¶ Ago àíZ {dMmam¶Mr gd¶ bmdyZ KoVbr nm{hOo. ¶mgmR>r gwb^H$Ë¶mªZr ghmæ¶ Ho$bo nm{hOo. H¥$Vr H$aUo, Ë¶mMr MmMUr KoUo, Ë¶mda {dMma H$aUo ¶mZo AÜ¶¶Z hmoD$ eH$Vo.

2.5 g§X © J«§Wm§Mr gyMr

http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/inquiry/guide/info_process-b.htm

http://www.tgurteen.org/ edonline/concept2class/inquiry/

http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309064767

http://tessa.ed.psu.edu/Header_Documents/TESSA_Overview.cfm

http://www.ehow.com/info_8342420_2nd-activities-teach-scientific-inquiry.html

http://bjsep.org/getfile.php?id=88

http://faculty.mwsu.edu/west/maryann.coe/coe/inquiry.htm

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedietionary.com/thought+experiment


1. Mm¡H$erMr doJirdoJir ñdê$no H$moUVr? OVZ Ho$bobr d àm¶mo{JH$ Mm¡H$erVrb ’$aH$ CXmhaUo XoD$Z ñnï> H$am.

2. {dKQ>Z hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m à{H«$¶oMm Aä¶mg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrÀ¶m nm¶è¶m {bhm.

3. Mbm§Mo àH$ma CXmhaUo XoD$Z g‘OmdyZ gm§Jm.

{dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmMo Ñï>rH$moZ


Notes

KQ>H$ 3 : {dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmMo Ñï>rH$moZ

aMZm

3.0 àñVmdZm


3.2 AÜ¶mnZmMr nÕV

3.3 {ddaUmË‘H$ Ñï>rH$moZ AWdm àofU Ñï>rH$moZ

3.3.1 {Z¶‘

3.3.2 {Z¶‘mMo ñnï>rH$aU

3.3.3 {Z¶‘mMo g‘W©Z

3.3.4 {Z¶‘mMo Cn¶moOZ

3.3.5 ’$m¶Xo

3.3.6 ‘¶m©Xm

3.4 emoYH$ Ñï>rH$moZ - ’$m¶Xo d ‘¶m©Xm


3.4.2 {Z¶‘mMo g‘W©Z {Z¶‘


3.4.4 ’$m¶Xo

3.4.5 ‘¶m©Xm

1.4.6 nwamdo

3.5 Mm¡H$erMm Ñï>rH$moZ

3.5.1 Mm¡H$er Ñï>rH$moZ

3.5.2 {Z¶‘mMo g‘W©Z

3.5.3 {Z¶‘


3.5.5 ’$m¶Xo

3.5.6 ‘¶m©Xm

3.6 gmam§e

3.7 J«§Wm§Mr gyMr

3.8 àíZmdbr

3.0 àñVmdZm

‘mUgmÀ¶m dmJUyH$sMm g§M hm AZ§V Amho Ë¶mMà‘mUo AÜ¶mnZ H¥$VtMm g§M Omo darb g§MmMm ^mJ Amho. Vmo nU AZ§V Amho. n{hë¶m g§MmÀ¶m àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mer g§b¾ EH$ KQ>H$ Xþgè¶m g§MmV Amho. WmoS>³¶mV ho XmoÝhr g§M g‘ AmhoV. ‘J àíZ Agm C^m ahmVmo H$s XmoÝhrV ’$aH$



Notes

H$m¶? Va XmoÝhrMo hoVy doJio AmhoV. AÜ¶mnZmÀ¶m H¥$Vr ¶m hoVynyd©H$ AmhoV. Ë¶mVyZ H$moUrVar {eH$V AgV.

hoVy gmYo gmono Agy eH$VmV Ogo EImÚm dñVyMo Zmd OmUyZ KoUo qH$dm H$R>rU Agy eH$VmV Ogo {dÚmÏ¶m©Mm ñd^md OmUyZ KoUo hr Jw§Vm§Jw§V AmUIr AdKS> hmoVo Ooìhm AÜ¶mnZ doJdoJù¶m dJmª‘Ü¶o n[agam‘Ü¶o, doioMm d gm‘J«rMm {dMma H$ê$Z Ho$bo OmVo. AZoH$ Vkm§Zr AÜ¶mnZ åhUOo H$m¶ ¶mMr ì¶m»¶m {Xbr Amho nU Imbrb ì¶m»¶oer gd©OU EH$‘V AmhoV.

AÜ¶mnZ hr dJm©V KS>Umar, {ejH$ d {dÚmWu ¶m§À¶mVrb A§Va{H«$¶m Amho. Ë¶mÀ¶mV nyd© {Z¶mo{OV Ano{jV C{Ôï>o gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mMm hoVy AgVmo Am{U Ë¶mMo VËna n[aUm‘ ‘mnVm ¶oVmV.

3 J{UVr g‘rH$aUo ‘m§Sy>Z AÜ¶mnZmMm AW© gm§JVm ¶oVmo.

H«$. boIH$ g§~§Y {ejH$mMr y{‘H$m {dÚmÏ¶m©Mr ^y{‘H$m

1. X – Y A{YH$m[aH$ {ZîH«$s¶

2. h|S>agZ (1969) X – Y – Z gan[ajH$ A{YH$ {H«$¶merb

3. OmoÝg d ^midUH$a (1986)

In W.

X – Y – Z gwb^H$Vm© nyU©nUo {H«$¶merb

¶m VrZ Ñï>rH$moZm§n¡H$s n{hbrMm dmna AmOhr OmñV à‘mUmV hmoVmZm {XgVmo. Xþgar XmoZ g‘rH$aUo dmnaÊ¶mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr ~XbÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. ¶m JQ>H$mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmZ§Va gd© nÔVr EH$Ì H$ê$Z Vwåhr ¶mo½¶ Aer Vw‘Mr nÕVr {Z‘m©U H$ê$ eH$mb. JwUdÎmm {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ¶mgmR>r ho H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.

3.1 AÜ¶¶‘ZmMr C{Ôï>o

¶m KQ>H$mMm Aä¶mg Ho$ë¶mZ§Va AmnU Imbrb Jmoï>r H$ê$ eH$mb.

• AÜ¶mnZmMo {Za{Zamio Ñï>rH$moZ ñnï> H$ê$ eH$mb.

• doJdoJù¶m Ñï>rH$moZm‘Ybo ’$aH$ XmIdyZ XoD$ eH$mb.

• doJdoJù¶m Ñï>rH$moZm§Mm nañna g§~§Y OmoSy> eH$mb.

• emómÀ¶m {Za{Zamù¶m KQ>H$m§À¶m AÜ¶mnZmgmR>r doJù¶m nÕVr dmnamb.

• ¶mo½¶ nÕVrZo nmR> Q>mMU H$ê$ eH$mb.

3.2 AÜ¶mnZmMo nÕVr emó

à{gÕ A‘o[aH$Z ‘mZgVk ~. E’$. pñH$Za (1971) ¶mZo åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s Vwåhr Hw$Umbmhr H$mhrhr {eH$dy eH$Vm Oa H$m Vwåhmbm AÜ¶mnZ H$bm AdJV Agob Va. ¶mVyZ AÜ¶mnZ emó nÕVr hr H$moUË¶mhr ñVambm {eH$dÊ¶mgmR>r {H$Vr ‘hÎdmMo Amho Vo {XgyZ ¶oVo. AmnU {ejH$ à{ejUmMm Hw$R>bmhr Aä¶mgH«$‘ nm{hbmV Va bjmV ¶oB©b H$s AÜ¶mnZ nÕVrda OmñV â AgVmo. H$mhr Aä¶mgH«$‘m§‘Ü¶o {df¶ kmZ {eH$dVmV Va H$mhr ‘Ü¶o Ame¶¶w³V AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr {eH$dVmV. na§Vw g§nyU© OJmV AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr hoM H|$Ð am{hbo Amho.

dJm©V AÜ¶mnZ KSy>Z ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r AÜ¶mnZ H¥$Vr H«$‘m§H$ KS>ë¶m nm{hOo. ¶m H¥$VtMo dJuH$aU H$aVm ¶oVo. e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoMm AÜ¶¶Z H$Ë¶mªÀ¶m g‘yhmer g§~§Y, kmZmMo {dVaU hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ.



Notes

h|S>agZ : g‘mO JwUY‘mªMm g§M åhUOo g§aMZm

~«mCS>r : nÕVr åhUOo H¥$VtÀ¶m H«$‘mMo Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$n, Oo {eH$dÊ¶mV AmT>iVo, Vo åhUOo nÕVr.

¶m ì¶m»¶m§‘YyZ àm‘w»¶mZo XmoZ Jmoï>r {XgyZ ¶oVmV.

a) Ame¶mMr nÕVera ‘m§S>Ur

b) kmZmMo {dVaU Am{U àmárÀ¶m nÕVr

V³Vm 3.2 : AÜ¶mnZ nÕVtMo Ñï>rH$moZ

H«$. KQ>H$ àofH$ Ñï>rH$moZ emoYH$ Ñï>rH$moZ Mm¡H$er Ñï>rH$moZ

1. g§Ho$V {ejH$ gd© g§Ho$V nwadVmV.

{ejH$ H$mhr g§Ho$V nwadVmV.

{ejH$

Hw$R>boM g§Ho$V nwadV ZmhrV.

2. g§a{MV CÎm‘ g§aMZm ‘Ü¶‘ g§aMZm g§aMZm Zmhr

3. AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr

{ejH$ H|$ÐrV H$mhr A§er {ejH$ H|$ÐrV

nyU©nUo {dÚmWu H|$ÐrV

darb gd© nÕVr nyU©nUo doJù¶m Am{U ñdV§Ì Agë¶m Var g§~§{YV AmhoV. àofH$ Ñï>rH$moZ hm nyU©nUo {ejH$ H|$ÐrV Amho Va Mm¡H$er Ñï>rH$moZ nyU©nUo {dÚmWu H|$ÐrV {ejH$mbm {Z¶‘, g§H$ënZm, {gÕm§V Aem JmooQ>tMo AÜ¶mnZ H$am¶Mo AgVo. h|S>agZZo dJm©Vrb {ejUmÀ¶m hOmamo Üd{Z{’$VtMo {díbofU Ho$bo Amho. Ë¶mZo 4 gm‘mÝ¶ gd¶r AmoiIë¶m AmhoV. Á¶m J{UVmVrb {Z¶‘ {eH$dm¶bm dmnaë¶m OmVmV.

{Z¶‘m§Mr ‘m§S>Ur hr ‘m§hUr {ejH$ AWdm {dÚmWu H$aVmV.

{Z¶‘m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU nwamdo, CXmhaUo, MMm©, àmË¶{jHo$, Cn{Z¶‘ dmnê$Z Ho$bo OmVo.

{Z¶‘mMo Cn¶moOZ Cn¶moOZ H$aVm ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r WmoS>m gamd {Xbm OmVmo.

{Z¶‘mMo g‘W©Z ¶m‘Ü¶o Aä¶mg H$arV Agboë¶m Jmoï>rMr gË¶Vm, V§VmoV§V Vnmgbm OmVmo, Vkm§Mo ‘V KoVbo OmVo.

¶m H«$‘m‘Ü¶o qH$dm {H«$¶m§‘Ü¶o àg§JmZwgma WmoS>m ’o$a’$ma hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m 3 {Z¶‘m§Mr OmUrd {ejH$m§Zm Agm¶bm hdr. ¶mo½¶ ~Xb H$ê$Z dJm©V dmnaVm ¶oB©b. nÕVrMo g‘rH$aU Ago ‘m§S>Vm ¶oB©b.

AÜ¶mnZmMr nÕVr = Ame¶ + Ame¶mda à{H«$¶m hr Ame¶mda à{H«$¶m H$er H$am¶Mr Vo nwT>o {Xbobo Amho. AÜ¶mnZmMm à^md hm J{UVmVrb aofogmaIm Amho. gwadmVrMm q~Xÿ ’$³V XmIdVm ¶oVmo.

3.3 {dKQ>ZmË‘H$ AWdm àofH$ Ñï>rH$moZ

{dKQ>ZmË‘H$ Ñï>rH$moZmbm àofH$ Ñï>rH$moZ Ago nU åhUVmV. ¶m‘Úo H$‘rV H$‘r doimV {ejH$ OmñVrV OmñV ‘m{hVr ‘wim§n¶ªV nmohmoMdVmV. ¶m‘wio Ame¶ nyU©nUo {eH$dyZ g§ndVm ¶oVmo. S>opìhS> A°gwdobZo hr nÕV ‘m§S>br Amho. Ame¶mda {ejH$ {Q>nÊUr H$aVmV. Ë¶mVyZ Ë¶mMo ñnï>rH$aU hmoVo. hm Ñï>rH$moZ nyU©nUo {ejH$ H|$ÐrV Amho. {dKQ>ZmË‘H$ nÕVr : gwadmVrbm {ejH$ {Z¶‘ ‘m§S>Vmo. Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mMo gm‘mÝ¶rH$aU H$aVmo, g‘W©Z H$aVmo d Cn¶moOZ H$ê$Z XmIdVmo. ¶mM H«$‘mV ¶m AÜ¶mnZ H¥${V KS>VmV.



Notes

SR – CR – JR – AR ghmdrÀ¶m {dkmZmVrb EH$m KQ>H$mMo ¶m nÕVrZo Ho$boë¶m AÜ¶mnZmMo CXmhaU nmhþ¶m.

3.3.1 {Z¶‘mMr ‘m§S>Ur

Oa XmoZ Ðì¶o EH$‘oH$mV ì¶dpñWV {daKiV AgVrb Va Ë¶m§Zm {‘giÊ¶mOmoJr Ðì¶o åhUVmV.

doJdoù¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {ejH$ hm {Z¶‘ ‘wbm§Zm gm§Jy eH$VmV. {Z¶‘ gm§{JVë¶mZ§Va {ejH$ CXmhaUo gm§JVmV. gd© g§Ho$V {ejH$M gm§JVmV, Ë¶m‘wio gd© {ZarjUo {ejH$M H$aVmV.


ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {ejH$ à¶moJ H$ê$Z XmIdVmV. Ë¶mgmR>r {Za{Zamù¶m Ðì¶m§Mm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo.

gm{hË¶ : nmUr, AmëH$mohmob, XÿY, Ho$amogrZ, qb~mMm ag, Vob, {d{ZJa, Imo~aob Vob, VmH$ BË¶mXr.

{ZarjU V³Vm :

H«$. Ðì¶ 1 Ðì¶ 2 {ZarjUo 1. nmUr XÿY 2. nmUr Ho$amogrZ 3. nmUr AmëH$mohmob 4. nmUr ‘moharMo Vob 5. nmUr Imo~aob Vob

Aer AZoH$ CXmhaUo {ejH$ dmnê$ eH$VmV. àË¶oH$ CXmhaUmMm {Z¶‘mer g§~§Y OmoS>mdm.

3.3.3 {Z¶‘mMo g‘W©Z

g‘W©Z H$aUo WmoS>o H$R>rU AgVo. {Z¶‘mMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$gZ gm§JUo, doJù¶m nÕVrZo {Z¶‘ {gÕ H$aUo, {dÚmÏ¶mªZm à¶moJ H$am¶bm gm§JUo, {ZarjUm§Mr Zm|X H$aUf ¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ hmoVmo. ¶m à¶moJmV Ðì¶m§Mm {‘ZUmMm H«$‘ ~XbyZ {ejH$mbm g‘W©Z H$aVm ¶oB©b. Oa Ðì¶ A Ðì¶ B ‘Ü¶o {‘giV Agob, Va Ðì¶ B nU Ðì¶ A ‘Ü¶o {‘giVo.


a) {ejH$ 2 nojm OmñV Ðì¶m§da {Z¶‘mMo Cn¶moOZ H$ê$ H$mVmV. b) Oa A Ðì¶ ~ ‘Ü¶o {‘giV Agob Am{U ~ Ðì¶ H$ ‘Ü¶o Va A Ðì¶ H$ Ðì¶m‘Ü¶o {‘giVo. c) Oa nmUr XþYmV {‘giV ZgVo Va H$m¶ Pmbo AgVo. d) Oa Ho$amo{gZ {S>Pob/noQ´>mob ‘Ü¶o {‘gibo ZgVo Va H$m¶ Pmbo AgVo? àË¶oH$ doim {ejH$mZo {Z¶‘mH$S>o ~moQ> XmIdmdo. Amgw~obZo ¶mbm àJV Am¶moOZ (advance

organizer) åhQ>bo Amho. Ë¶mVrb ’$aH$ CXmhaUm§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo XoVm ¶oVmo. àË¶oH$ doir CXmhaU àJV Am¶moOH$mer OmoS>bo H$s AW©nyU© ^m{fH$ AÜ¶¶Z KS>Vo.

3.3.5 ’$m¶Xo

g§nyU© OJmV {ejH$m§‘Ü¶o gdm©{XH$ bmoH${à¶ Agbobm hm Ñï>rH$moZ Amho. BVa XmoÝhr Ñï>rH$moZmnojm ¶mMo ’$m¶Xo Imbrbà‘mUo AmhoV.



Notes

• ¶mo½¶ doim A{YH$ ‘m{hVr/kmZ XoVm ¶oVo. nmR>çH«$‘ nyU© H$aVm ¶oVmo.

• JoñQ>mëQ>Mr AÜ¶¶ZmMr H$ënZm gmXa hmoVo Á¶m‘wio AW©nyU© empãXH$ AÜ¶¶Z hmoVo.

• C{Ôï>o g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r à^mdr Ñï>rH$moZ

• gd© àH$maÀ¶m {df¶m§gmR>r/KQ>H$m§gmR>r Cn¶w³V ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV gd©Ì dmna

3.3.6 ‘¶m©Xm

‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dmnabm OmV Agbm Var ¶m Ñï>rH$moZmÀ¶m H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm AmhoV.

• {dÚmWu ~hþVm§er {ZîH«$s¶ AgVmV. gd© g§Ho$V {ejH$ nwadVmV.

• nmR>m§Vamda â Amho, AmH$bZmda Zmhr.

• Cƒ ñVar¶ C{Ôï>m§gmR>r Ogo {díbofU, ‘yë¶‘mnZ ¶m§À¶mgmR>r Cn¶moJr Zmhr.

• {dÚmWu {ejH$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVmV.

• {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m g¥OZerbVobm dmd Zmhr.

• AJXr bhmZ ‘wbm§gmR>r àmW{‘H$ ñVamgmR>r Cn¶moJr Zmhr.

à^mdr AÜ¶mnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {ejH$mZo Mmahr àH$maÀ¶m hmbMmbr Ho$ë¶m nm{hOo. n{hbr hmbMmb åhUO o {Z¶‘mMr ‘m§S>Ur.

H¥$Vr - 1

Vwåhmbm ‘mhrV Amho H$s nXmW© 3 àH$maMo AgVmV. ‘yb yV Am{U CXmgrZ H$moUVmhr {Z¶‘ {ZdSy>Z Vmo {dKQ>ZmË‘H$ nÕV dmnê$Z {eH$dÊ¶mgmR>r nmR>{Z¶moOZ H$am.

3.4 emoYH$ Ñï>rH$moZ

¶m Ñï>rH$moZmMo à‘wI g‘W©H$ AmhoV Ooa‘r ~«wZa, {hëS>m Q>m~m, am°~Q>© S>o{dg dJ¡ao. ¶m {df¶mda dm°aZ H$mob~Z©Zo EH$ nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Ho$bo. VoìhmnmgyZ AZoH$ {ejU Vkm§Zr ¶m ÑoQ>rH$moZmbm CÎmoOZ {Xbo. na§Vw ¶m nÕVrMm ’$magm Cn¶moJ dJm©V Ho$bm OmVm Zmhr. ~«wZQ>À¶m åhUÊ¶mà‘mUo emoX bmdUo hr EH$ à{H«$¶m Amho, CËnmXZ Zìho.

¶m nÕVrV {dÚmÏ¶mªZ H$mhr à‘mUmV H¥$Vrerb ahmdo bmJVo. Ë¶m§Zm àíZ‘§OwfoMr CÎmao emoYmdr bmJVmV qH$dm {Xboë¶m g‘ñ¶oMm VmoS>Jm H$mT>mdm bmJVmo. (‘m¶Q>aëS>) {Z¶‘ {eH$dVmZm {dKQ>ZmË‘H$ nÕVrVrb nm¶è¶m AgVmV. ¶m Ñï>rH$moZm A§VJ©V B. nÕVr AmhoV. ‘w³V emoY, ‘mJ©X[e©V emoY Am{U AZw‘m{ZH$ nÕVr n{hë¶m XmoZ nÕVr AZw‘mZOÝ‘ {dMmam§da Adb§~yZ AmhoV. ‘w³V emoY nÕVrMm dmna emók H$aVmV Va ‘mJ©X{e©V emoYmbmdmna {dkmZmMo {dÚmWu H$aVmV. ‘mJ©X{e©V emoYm‘Ybr g§aMZm Amho. CXmhaU {Z¶‘ {ejH$ CXmhaUo XoD$Z gwadmV H$aVmo Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m AmYmao {dÚmWu {Z¶‘m§n¶ªV nmohmoMVmV. {dKQ>ZmË‘H$ nÕVrÀ¶m Am{U emoYH$ nÕVrÀ¶m nm¶è¶m gma»¶mM Agë¶m Var {Z¶‘ ‘m§S>UrMr OmJm ~XbVo. hr OmJm ¶m nÕVrÀ¶m eodQ>mmbm ¶oVo.

CR – TR – SR – AR darb {Xbobo Ðì¶m§À¶m {‘lUmMoM CXmhaU KoD$Z AmnU hr nÕV g‘OyZ KoD$¶m.H$



Notes


¶m {R>H$mUr {ejH$ {‘lUmer g§~§{YV à¶moJ H$am¶bm bmJUmar gd© gm‘J«r O‘dyZ V¶ma R>odVmV. {ejH$ ‘m{hVrMm V³Vm XoVmV d {dÚmWu Ë¶m V³Ë¶mV AmnAmnë¶m {ZarjUm§Mr Zm|X H$aVmV.

Amdí¶H$ gm{hË¶ :

nmUr, AëH$mohmob, XÿY BË¶mXr Ðì¶o {ejH$ à¶moJmMo àmË¶{jH$ XmIdVmo qH$dm ‘wbm§Zm gm{hË¶ nwadyZ à¶moJ H$am¶bm gm§JVmo.

{Z¶‘ V³Vm 4.3

H«$.$ Ðì¶ 1 Ðì¶ 2 {dÚmÏ¶mªZr Ho$bobo {ZarjU

1. nmUr XÿY

2. nmUr Ho$amo{gZ

3. nmUr Am³bmohmob

4. nmUr ‘moharMo Vob

5 nmUr Imo~aob Vob

3.4.2 {Z¶‘mMo g‘W©Z

hrM Mmb ³d{MVM {ejH$ dJm©V dmnaVmV. ‘wbm§Zm Ðì¶m§Mm H«$‘ ~XbyZ nhm¶bm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo nm{hOo d H$m Ë¶mMo g‘W©Z H$am¶bm gm§{JVbo nm{hOo. {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ho {dYmZ H$aVm Ambo nm{hOo H$s Ðì¶ A Oa ~ ‘Ü¶o {‘gibo Va Ðì¶ ~ nU A ‘Ü¶o {‘gim¶bm nm{hOo.

3.4.3 {Z¶‘m§Mr ‘m§S>Ur

{ejH$ d {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m A§V{H«$¶oVyZ {‘l d A{‘Y Ðì¶m§~ÔbMm {Z¶‘ àmá Pmbm nm{hOo. {ejH$moZ {Z¶‘mMo eãXm§H$Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV H$amdr.


Á¶m H¥${V {dKQ>ZmË‘H$ nÕVrgmR>r {Xë¶m AmhoV Ë¶mM BWo Cn¶moJr nS>VmV. ’$aH$ EdT>mM Amho H$s ‘wbo à¶moJ AJmoXa H$aVrb Am{U {ZarjUm§À¶m AmYmao {Z¶‘ ‘m§S>Vrb. a) {dÚmWu XmoZmnojm A{YH$ Ðì¶o KoD$Z à¶moJ H$ê$ eH$VmV. b) {dÚmWu AJmoXa A d ~ Ðì¶o KoVmV, ‘J ~ d H$ Am{U eodQ>r A d H$. {dÚmWu Imbrb ‘wÚm§da MMm© H$ê$Z Ë¶mMm d¥Îmm§V dJm©V gmXa H$aVmV. Oa nmUr XþYmV {‘gibo ZgVo Va H$m¶ Pmbo AgVo? Oa Ho$amo{gZ noQ´>mob/{S>Pob ‘Ü¶o {‘gibo ZgVo Va H$m¶ Pmbo AgVo? darb CXmhaU ‘mJ©X{e©V emoYZ§ nÕVrMo Amho. H$mhr g§Ho$V {Xbo AmhoV na§Vw ‘w»¶ {Xem CXmhaUmH$Sy>Z {Z¶‘mH$S>o AerM Amho Am{U hm {Z¶‘ {dÚmÏ¶mªZo gm§Jm¶Mm Amho.

3.4.5 ’$m¶Xo

a) {eH$dÊ¶mÀ¶m A§{V‘ n[aUm‘mnojm nÕVr OmñV ‘hÎdmMr Amho. ¶m‘wio ‘wbm§Zm {df¶m~Ôb é{M {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ‘wbm§Zm {Z¶‘mMo eãXm§H$Z H$maUo àË¶oH$ doiog e³¶ hmoUma Zmhr Var {ejH$mZo ‘XV H$amdr.



Notes

b) ‘wbm§Mr g‘ñ¶oMo {díbofU H$aÊ¶mMr, {ZarjUmMr Hw$dV dmT>Vo H$maU Vo à¶moJmV gH«$s¶ AgVmV.

c) ñdV: emoY bmdë¶mMm EH$ doJimV AmZ§X ‘wbm§Zm {‘iVmo.

d) Ame¶, {ejH$, {dÚmWu ¶m§À¶m A§Va{H«$¶m gVV KS>V ahmVo Á¶m‘wio {dÚmÏ¶mªMr ‘m{hVrda à{H«$¶m H$aÊ¶mMr H$m¡eë¶o {dH${gV hmoVmV.

3.4.6 ‘¶m©Xm

Oar {ejH$mMr ‘Ü¶‘ ñdê$nmMr ^y{‘H$m Agbr Var hr nÕVr ¶mo½¶ àH$mao A‘bmV AmUbr Zmhr Va Ë¶mbm ‘¶m©Xm ¶oVmV.

a) àXrK© à{H«$¶m : {df¶mÀ¶m ‘wb^yV g§H$ënZm§À¶m nwT>o ‘wbo àJVr H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV.

b) Oa H$mhrM {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm Ambo Zmhr Va gamga ~wÕr Agboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ‘ZñVmn hmoD$ eH$Vmo, Vo hma ñdrH$mê$ eH$V ZmhrV.

c) {ejH$ Am{U {dÚmWu XmoKm§Zm n[al‘ H$amdo bmJVmV Am{U Ë¶mgmR>r bmJUmao gm{hË¶ emioZo CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo nm{hOo.

d) gd© {ejH$m§Zm hr nÕVr ‘mndV Zmhr.

e) doi d gm{hË¶mMm {dMma H$aVm hr nÕVr WmoS>r I{M©H$ Amho.

Agm emoY bmJbm Amho H$s C{Ôï>o JmR>Ê¶mnojm emoY nÕVrMm dmna H$aUo ho OmñV à^mdembr AgVo. ¶mZo {eH$boë¶m Jmoï>r A{YH$ H$mi ñ‘¥VrV ahmVmV.

H¥$Vr - 2

Omo {Z¶‘ AmYrÀ¶m H¥$VrV {Xbm Amho VmoM emoYH$ nÕVrZo {eH$dÊ¶mgmR>r nmR> {Z¶moOZ H$am.

3.5 Mm¡H$erMo Ñï>rH$moZ

doJdoJù¶m Vkm§Zr doJdoJio Mm¡H$er Ñï>rH$moZ gwMdbo AmhoV. gdmª‘Ü¶o hr g‘mZVm Amho H$s ‘wbm§À¶m à{H«$¶m H$m¡eë¶m§Mr dmT> hmoVo. Ooìhm {ejH$ ¶m nÕVtZm Ý¶m¶ XoVmo. [aMS>© gwH$‘Z, Am°{bìha, eoìha, ídm~ dJ¡a|Zr ¶m nÕrbm à¶moËgmhZ {Xbo. hr nÕVr åhUOo emoYH$ nÕVrMm {dñVma Amho. àË¶oH$ Mm¡H$erV emoY AgVmoM na§Vw ¶mÀ¶m CbQ> Ho$bo Va Vgo hmoV Zmhr. ¶m nÕVr H$aUo d n[aUm‘ ‘wbo emoYyZ H$mT>VmV nU {ejH$ H$moUVohr g§Ho$V XoV ZmhrV. hr Iè¶m AWm©Zo {dÚmWu H|$ÐrV nÕVr Amho, ¶m nÕVrV {ejH$ EImXr g‘ñ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªnwT>o ‘m§S>Vo. {dÚmWr© àíZ {dMmaVmV d g§~§{YV ‘m{hVr g§H${bV H$aVmV. ‘J {dÚmWu n[aH$ënZm VnmgVmV Am{U ¶mo½¶ Cnm¶ {ZdS>VmV.

hm H«$‘ Agm Amho.

CR – JR – SR – AR

emoYH$ Am{U Mm¡H$er nÕVtMm H«$‘ EH$M Agbm Var Mm¡H$er nÕVrV ‘wbo {ejH$m§Zm {Xboë¶m g‘ñ¶o{df¶r àíZ {dMmaVmV. hr nÕV Om°S>g Am{U ~ob (1985) ¶m§À¶m Mm¡H$mj à{ejU à{V‘mZmda Adb§~bobr Amho. àíZ {dMmaÊ¶mgmR>r ‘yi {Z¶‘ Ago AmhoV.



Notes

• hmo qH$dm Zmhr CÎma Agob AgoM àíZ Agmdo.

• EH$ {dÚmWu {H$Vrhr àíZ {dMmê$ eH$Vmo.

• {gÕm§Vmg§~§YrMr CÎmao {ejH$ hmo qH$dm Zmhr ‘Ü¶o XoV Zmhr.

• Hw$R>bmhr {dÚmWu Hw$R>bmhr {gÕm§V H$moUË¶mhr doir Vnmgy eH$Vmo.

• Mm¡H$erH$V} à¶moJ g§MmMm dmna H$ê$ eH$VmV.

Mm¡H$er à{ejUmÀ¶m nm¶è¶m Aem AgVmV.

i. g‘ñ¶obm gm‘moao OmUo.

ii. ‘m{hVr g§H$bZ - nS>VmiUr

iii. ‘m{hVr g§H$bZ - à¶moJ

iv. n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>Uo

v. n[a³bnZm§Mr MmMUr/ñnï>rH$aU

vi. Mm¡H$er à{H«$¶oMo {díbofU

Mm¡H$ergmR>r g‘ñ¶m :

AJmoXa {ejH$ à¶moJmMo àmË¶{jH$ ‘wbm§Zm H$ê$Z XmIdVmo.

EH$ Ðì¶ 20 cc KoVmo Am{U Xþgaohr Ë¶mM à‘mUmV KoVmo.

{ejH$ EH${ÌV {‘lU ‘moOVmo Va Vo 40 cc nojm H$‘r âVo.

¶mMo H$maU {ejH$ ‘wbm§Zm {dMmaVmo. Mm¡H$er à{ejU à{V‘mZmV {dMmaVm ¶oÊ¶mgmaIo àíZ.

‘m{hVrMm àH$ma

àíZmMm àH$ma

nS>VmiUr àm¶mo{JH$ g§íbofU Amdí¶H$Vm

dñVy JwUY‘© àg§J n[apñWVr

{dÚmWu nS>VmiUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r dñVy àg§J, JwUY‘©, dJ¡aoMm dmna H$ê$ eH$VmV. EHy$U 16

àH$maMo àíZ {dMmaVm ¶oVmV. gd© 16 àH$maMo àíZ gwadmVrbm {dÚmÏ¶mªZm e³¶ hmoV ZmhrV. na§Vw H$mbm§VamZo Ë¶m§Zm Vo O‘Vo. 16 àH$maÀ¶m àíZm§Mo Z‘wZo nwT>rb ^mJmV {Xbr AmhoV.


{ejH$mZo Z‘yX Ho$boë¶m {dg§JV KQ>ZoZo {ZarjU Ho$ë¶mZ§Va {dÚmWu àíZ {dMmê$ eH$VmV. 16 àH$maÀ¶m àíZm§Mo Z‘wZo Imbr {Xbo AmhoV.

dñVy§Mr nS>VmiUr {ejH$mMr à{V{H«$¶m

• XmoZ Ðì¶m§n¡H$s EH$ nmUr Amho H$m? hmo

• Xþgao Ðì¶ Ho$amo{gZ Amho H$m? Zmhr

KQ>Zm§Mr nS>VmiUr

• hoM H$moUË¶mhr 2 Ðì¶m§À¶m ~m~VrV hmoVo H$m? Zmhr



Notes

• ho ¶mM 2 Ðì¶m§À¶m ~m~VrV Zo‘Ho$M hmoVo H$m? hmo

JwUY‘mªMr nS>VmiUr

• n{hë¶m Ðì¶mMo nQ>H$Z ~mînrH$aU hmoVo H$m? Zmhr

• Xþgao Ðì¶ n{hë¶mÀ¶m AmYr ~mîn hmoVo H$m? hmo

• {Vgè¶m MmMUr Z{bHo$V {N>Ð hmoVo H$m? Zmhr

n[apñWVrMr nS>VmiUr

• ImobrVrb Vmn‘mZmV hr à{H«$¶m hmoVo H$m? hmo

• H$mMoÀ¶m Z{bH$m dmnaë¶m Va à{H«$¶m hmoVo H$m? Zmhr

• EImÚm Z{bHo$V WmoS>o Ðì¶ {eëbH$ am{hbo H$m? Zmhr

EH$Xm {dÚmWu ¶m nÕVrer n[a{MV Pmbo H$s Vo àm¶mo{JH$ àíZ {dg§JV KQ>Zm§g§~§Yr {dMmê$ eH$VmV.

àm¶mo{JH$ àíZ dñVy

• Oa H$mMoÀ¶m EodOr YmVyÀ¶m Z{bH$m dmnaë¶m Ðì¶m§Mo KZ’$i H$‘r hmoVo H$m? hmo

• Oa XmoÝhr Ðì¶m§‘Ü¶o a§J {‘gibm Var n[aUm‘ VoM ahmVmV H$m? hmo

àm¶mo{JH$ àíZ - KQ>Zm

• Oa XmoÝhr Ðì¶m§Mo à‘mU 40cc KoVbo Va {‘lU 80cc nojm H$‘r âVo H$m? hmo

• à¶moJ H$aUmam ~Xbbm Var n[aUm‘ VmoM ahmVmo H$m? hmo

n«m§¶mo{JH$ àíZ - JwUY‘©

• XmoÝhr Ðì¶m§Mo Vmn‘mZ 40 R>odbo. hmo

• Oa XmoZ n¡H$s EH$ Ðì¶ {‘giV Zgob Var n[aUm‘ VmoM amhVmo H$m? Zmhr

àm¶mo{JH$ àíZ - n[apñWVr

• Xþgao Ðì¶ n{hë¶mV {‘gibo Var n[aUm‘ VmoM ahmVmo H$m? hmo

• à¶moJ ‘moH$ù¶m hdoV Ho$bm Var n[aUm‘ VmoM ahmVmo H$m? hmo

g§íbofU dñVy

• nmUr Am{U ‘ÚmH©$ KoVbm Var n[aUm‘ VmoM AgVmo H$m? hmo

¶m {R>H$mUr {dÚmÏ¶m©À¶m bjmV ¶oVo H$s 20cc nmUr Am{U 22cc ‘ÚmH©$ KoVbm Var {‘lU 80cc nojm H$‘r âVo. nU Mm¡H$er emoYmÀ¶m n{bH$S>o OmVo. KZ’$i H$‘r H$m hmoVo ¶mMm {dÚmWu Vnmg H$aVmV. Ë¶mgmR>r àíZ {dMmaVmV.

• ¶mMm MmMUr Z{bHo$À¶m àH$mamer g§~§Y Amho H$m? Zmhr



Notes

g§íbofU - KQ>Zm

• Ðì¶m§Mo {‘lU hmoVo åhUyZ KZ’$i H$‘r hmoVo H$m? hmo

• EH$m Ðì¶mMo ~mînrH$aU hmoV o åhUyZ KZ’$i H$‘r hmoVo H$m? Zmhr

g§íbofU àíZ - JwUY‘©

• nmUr Am{U ‘ÚmH©$ EH$‘oH$mV {‘giVmV åhUyZ KZ’$i H$‘r hmoVo H$m? hmo

• MmMUr Z{bH$m§À¶m AmH$mamV ’$aH$ Amho åhUyZ KZ’$i H$‘r hmoVo H$m? Zmhr

• ‘mnZmV MyH$ Pmë¶m‘wio KZ’$i ~XbVo H$m? Zmhr

Amdí¶H$Vm àíZ dñVy

• KZ’$i H$‘r hmoVo ¶mMm Aä¶mg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r XmoZM Ðì¶m§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo H$m?

Zmhr

• Ago Amho H$m H$s ‘ÚmH©$ Am{U nmUrM dmnamdo? hmo

Amdí¶H$Vm àíZ - KQ>Zm

• Ago Amho H$m H$s nmÊ¶mV ‘ÚmH©$ {‘gimdo? Zmhr

• KZ’$i ‘moOÊ¶mgmR>r EH$M ‘mnZ d¥Îm{MÌr dmnamdr? hmo

Amdí¶H$Vm àíZ - JwUY‘©

• XmoÝhr nXmW© Ðì¶ ñdê$nmV§M Agmdo H$m? hmo

• XmoÝhr Ðì¶o a§JhrZ AgbrM nm{hOo H$m? Zmhr

Amdí¶H$Vm àíZ - n[apñWVr

• EH$mM doir XmoÝhr Ðì¶m§Mo {‘lU Ho$bo nm{hOo H$m? Zmhr

• à¶moJ nwÝhm nwÝhm Ho$bm Omdm H$m? Zmhr

ho gd© àíZ {dÚmWu gwadmVrbm {dMmê$ eH$Uma ZmhrV nU hiyhiy Ë¶m§Zm Vo O‘ob. CÎmamnojm àíZ {dMmaÊ¶mMr {H«$¶m Am{U à{H«$¶m A{YH$ ‘hÎdmÀ¶m AmhoV.

3.5.2 {Z¶‘mMo g‘W©Z

hr Mmi ³d{MVM {ejH$ dJm©V Adb§~VmV. Ðì¶ {‘lUmMm H«$‘ ~Xbm¶bm {dÚmÏ¶mªZm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo nm{hOo. H$emhr H«$‘mZo {‘lU Ho$bo Var KZ’$D$ H$‘r hmoVoM.

3.5.3 {Z¶‘mMr ‘m§S>Ur

{dÚmWu d {ejH$mÀ¶m A§VaH«$s¶oVyZ {dÚmWu g‘mYmZH$maH$ ñnï>rH$aU XoVmV. ‘ÚmH©$ Am{U nmUr EH$Ì Ho$ë¶mda KZ’$imV ~Xb H$m hmoVmo Vo gm§JVmV.


hm {Z¶‘ BVa joÌm§Vhr dmnabm OmD$ eH$Vmo. Oo emoYH$ Am{U {dKQ>ZmË‘H$ nÕVrV bmJy nS>Vo Vo Mm¡H$er à{H«$¶m nÕVrVhr bmJy nS>Vo. ’$aH$ EdT>mM Amho H$s {dÚmWu à¶moJ AmYr H$aVmV d Z§Va {Z¶‘m§Mo gm‘mÝ¶rH$aU H$aVmV.



Notes

a) {dÚmWu AZoH$ Ðì¶o KoD$Z à¶moJ H$aVmV.

b) {dÚmWu ‘A’ d ‘B’ Mo {‘lU H$aVmV, ‘J ‘B’ d ‘C’ Mo Am{U eodQ>r ‘C’ d ‘A’ Mo Am{U ‘J {Z¶‘ ì¶ËnÝZ H$aVmV.

{dÚmWu Imbrb ‘wX²Úm§da MMm© H$ê$Z dJm©V Ë¶mMm d¥Îmm§V gmXa H$ê$ eH$VmV.

c) Oa nmUr Am{U XÿY {‘gibo ZgVo Va H$m¶ Pmbo AgVo?

d) Oa Ho$amo{gZ noQ´>mob / {S>Pob ‘Ü¶o {‘gibo ZgVo Va H$m¶ Pmbo AgVo?

3.5.5 ’$m¶Xo

{dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ho gdm©{YH$ n[aUm‘H$maH$ à{V‘mZ Amho. AÜ¶Z à{H«$¶m gVV Ë¶m§À¶m {Z¶§ÌUoV AgVo. ¶m nÕVrMo ’$m¶Xo Ago AmhoV.-

a) {dMma H$am¶bm àd¥Îm H$aUmar nÕVr, {^ÝZ {dMma H$aÊ¶mg àmoËgmhZ Am{U OmonmgZm {dÚmWu Oo àíZ {dMmaVmV Ë¶mÀ¶mVyZ ho ì¶VrV hmoVo.

b) ‘wbm§Mr Mm¡H$er à{H«$¶m {dH${gV hmoVo.

c) AÜ¶¶Z AmìhmZmË‘H$ Am{U AmZ§X‘¶r hmoVo.

d) {dÚmWu ñdmd§~r AÜ¶¶ZH$V} hmoVmV. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo.

e) kmZmMm VmËnwaVonUm ¶mMr {dÚmÏ¶mªZm OmUrd hmoVo. A{YH$ g‘mYmZH$maH$ ñnï>rH$aU gmnS>ë¶mg {gÕm§V ~mX hmoD$ eH$Vmo ho Ë¶m§Zm g‘OVo.

f) H$maU - n[aUm‘ g§~§Y àñWm{nV hmoVmV.

3.5.6 ‘¶m©Xm

AmYrÀ¶m nÕVter VwbZm Ho$br Va hr nÕVr OmñV AmYw{ZH$ Amho. Var Ë¶mbm Imbrb ‘¶m©Xm AmhoV.

• doi bmJVmo. gwadmVrbm {dÚmWu àíZ {dMmam¶bm g‘W© ZgVmV. Vo {eH$Ê¶mV ~amM doi OmVmo. Ë¶m‘wio g‘ñ¶oda Cnm¶ emoYUo bm§~Urda OmVo.

• gd© KQ>H$ ¶m nÕVrZo {eH$dVm ¶oV ZmhrV. ’$³V {OWo H$maU n[aUm‘ g§~§Y AgVmV VoM KQ>H$ {eH$dVm ¶oVmV.

• Oa g‘mYmZH$maH$ CÎma gmnS>bo Zmhr Va ‘wbm§Zm ‘ZñVmn hmoVmo.

H¥$Vr - 3

1. AmYrÀ¶m nÕVter VwbZm Ho$br Va hr nÕVr OmñV AmYw{ZH$ Amho Var Ë¶mbm Imbrb ‘¶m©Xm AmhoV.

2. Mm¡H$er nÕVrZo gmoS>dÊ¶mgmR>r g‘ñ¶m {Z‘m©U H$am.



Notes

3.6 gmam§e

darb MM}VyZ ñnï> hmoVo H$s doJdoJù¶m nÕVr nañna AZÝ¶ ZgVmV Va ’$³V H«$‘m§V ~Xb AgVmo. emoYH$ Am{U Mm¡H$er nÕVrV H¥$VtMm H«$‘ gmaImM Agbm Var ñnï>rH$aUmÀ¶m MmbrV. ’$aH$ Amho. Mm¡H$er nÕVrV {dg§JV KQ>Zog§~§Yr àíZ {dÚmWu {ejH$mbm {dMmaVmV Am{U ‘J ‘m{hVr g§H$bZ H$aVmV. hm ñnï>rH$aU MmbrMmM ^mJ Amho. ¶m nÕVr Ý¶m¶ nUmZr dJm©V dmnaë¶m Va dJm©V Imbrb ~Xb KS>VmV Oo boIH$mZo àË¶j AZw dbo AmhoV.

ImbÀ¶m nmVirdarb C{Ôï> : Cƒ nmVirdarb C{Ôï>

ñdJV - g§dmX : {dÚmÏ¶mª‘Ü¶o A§Va{H«$¶m

Ame¶ kmZ : dm³¶aMZmË‘H$ kmZ

kmZ ho CËnmXZ : kmZ hr à{H«$¶m

g§{‘{bV {dMma : {^ÝZ {dMma

nmJ§Va : à^wËd AÜ¶¶Z

{ejH$ H|${ÐV : {dÚmWu H|${ÐV

3.7 SUGGESTED READINGS AND REFERENCES

Bhalwankar A. G. (1984) A study the effects of the expository and guided discovery

methods of teaching mathematics on the achievements of the students of different

levels of intelligence. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pune, Pune

Bhalwankar A. G. and Jones H.E. (1987) Inquiry training model, University of

Houston,

Bhalwankar A. G. (1998) Research on content cum methodology-A framework, in

joshi A. N. (Ed.) Content cum methodology, Yeshvantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open

University.

Bloom B. S. (1956) Taxonomy of educational activities, Handbook I Longman.

Devenport T.H. (1997) Information Ecology, Oxford University Press, New York,

Duck, Lloyd, (1981) Teaching with charima, Allyn and Bacan Inc Boston.

Dunkin and Biddle B. (1974) The study of teaching. Holt Riehart and Winston.

Henderson K. B. (1969) in Gage N.L. (Ed.) Handbook of research on teaching. Rand

MacNally and Company, New York.

Jones H. C. and Bhalwankar A. G. (1990) Classroom teaching models in Rust V. D.

and Dalin Per (Eds) Teachers and teaching in developing world, Pergamon Press, New

York.

Joyce Bruce and Weil marsha, (1985) Models of Teaching, Prentice Hall lnc. New

Delhi.

Shulman, L. S. and Keislar E. R. Eds) (1966) Lerning by Discovery, Rand, Macnally,

Suchman, J.R. (1962) lnquiry Training. Building skills for autonomous discovery,

University of Illinois, Illinois.

3.8 àíZmdbr

lr bdmQ>o ho ‘hmamï´>mV EH$m N>moQ>çm JmdmV ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejH$ AmhoV. Ë¶m§Zr Amnbr ñdV:MrM EH$ AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr V¶ma Ho$br Amho. Á¶mÀ¶mV ‘mZgemómMo{gÕm§V, VÎdkmZ, à¶moJ



Notes

gdm©Vrb {Z¶‘ dmnbo AmhoV. gmVdrMm agm¶Z emómMm EH$ KQ>H$ {eH$dÊ¶mgmR>r Vo Ë¶mMm dmna H$aVmV. EH$ {Xder {eH$dm¶bm gwadmV H$aVmZm Ë¶m§Zr XmoZ MmMUr Z{bH$m ‘wbm§Zm XmIdë¶m, XmoÝhr AÜ¶m©n¶ªV Ðì¶mZo âboë¶m hmoË¶m. Ë¶mZo Ðì¶m§À¶m a§Jm {df¶r àíZ {dMmabm. XmoÝhr Ðì¶m§Zm a§J ZìhVm. ‘J XmoÝhr Ðì¶o Ë¶mZo EH$m beaker.

‘Ü¶o AmoVbr. {‘lUmbm gw§Xa Jwbm~r a§J Ambobm nmhÿZ {dÚmWu M{H$V Pmbo. ‘J Ë¶mZo Vo a§JrV nmUr Odi ~gboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m A §Jmda Q>mH$bo. ‘wbo AmaS>m AmoaS>m H$ê$ bmJbr. dJm©V WmoS>m Jm|Yi CS>mbm.

AmO AmnU {eHw$¶m H$s {‘lUmbm Jwbm~r a§J H$em‘wio Ambm. d Vmo a§J {’$H$m H$m nS>bm.

Vwåhr ‘bm {H$Vr hr àíZ {dMmê$ eH$Vm nU ‘r Ho$di ‘hmo’ qH$dm ‘Zmhr’ ‘Ü¶o CÎma XoUma {ejH$mZo Mm¡H$er à{ejU à{V‘mZmer AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr. {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ¶m {dnarV KQ>ZoMo ñnï>rH$aU XoVm Ambo.

¶m AÜ¶¶Z àg§JmMm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä¶mg H$am d Imbr {Xboë¶m H¥$VtÀ¶m ‘XVrZo H¥${V nyU© H$am.

1) Mma hmbMmbtda AmYm[aV EH$ {Z¶moOZ H$am. SR, CR, JR, AR

2) Vwåhr V¶ma Ho$bobo {Z¶moOZmMo dJm©V Cn¶moOZ H$am.

3) nmR>mMo Üd{Z‘wÐU H$am.

4) AmdmOmdê$Z eãXm§H$Z {bhm.

5) ‘wbm§Zr {dMmaboë¶m àíZm§Mr ¶mXr H$am.

6) Vw‘À¶m AÜ¶mnZ AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶oMo d¥Îm {bhm.

7) AÜ¶mnZmV gwYmaUm hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Cnm¶ gwMdm.

àË¶j AZw^d - ^y{‘H$m d ‘hÎd


Notes

KQ>H$ 4 : àË¶j AZw^d - ^y{‘H$m d ‘hÎd

g§aMZm :

4.0 àñVmdZm


4.2 àË¶j AZw dmMr y{‘H$m d ‘hÎd

4.2.1 kmZ|{Ð¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ

4.3 AÜ¶¶Zm‘Ü¶o àË¶j AZw^dmMr ^y{‘H$m

4.3.1 AZw^dm§Mo dJuH$aU

4.3.2 àË¶j AZw dm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {ZH$f

4.4 VnmgmMo àH$ma dJm©V d dJm©~mhoa

4.5 àmË¶{jH$m§Mo Am¶moOZ

4.5.1 ‘moR>çm dJm©V [eH$dÊ¶mgmR>r 10 ‘hÎdmÀ¶m Jmoï>r

4.6 gwa{jVVoMo Cnm¶ - dJm©V Am{U dJm©~mhoa

4.6.1 g¥OZmË‘H$ emó gwa{jVVm

4.6.2 YmoHo$ d Cnm¶ emioV

4.7 gmam§e

4.8 g§X © J«§Wm§Mr gy{M


4.0 àñVmdZm

Vwåhr AmVmn¶ªV KQ>H$m§‘Ü¶o {dkmZmMo ñdê$n, d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$er, Am{U {dkmZmÀ¶m AÜ¶mnZmgmR>r doJdoJio Ñ{ï>H$moZ d nÕVt~Ôb {eH$bmV, AmVm {dkmZ AÜ¶mnZ AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶V àË¶j AZw dmÀ¶m ^y{‘Ho${df¶r {eH$Uma AmhmoV. ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr åhUVmV H$s {ejU åhUOo ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o Oo gdm}Îm‘ Amho Ë¶mbm dmd XoUo. emar[aH$, ‘mZ{gH$ Am{U AÜ¶mpË‘H$ (hmV S>moHo$ (‘|Xÿ) Am{U öX¶ (‘Z) ¶m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo {ejH$ {Xdr åhUVmo H$s {ejU åhUOo AZw^dm§Mr nwZa©MZm.

{ejUmMo Zdo VÎdkmZ à¶mo{JH$ Jmoï>tda â XoVo. gd© AZw d AÜ¶¶Z KS>dyZ AmUrV ZmhrV. na§namJV {ejU nÕVr ‘wbm§Zm AZw d XoVo na§Vw ¶mo½¶ àH$maMo Zmhr. {ejU H$Ë¶m©Zo Ago AZw^d àg§J aMbo nm{hOo Á¶mVyZ ^{dî¶mV Mm§Jbo AZw d {‘iVrb. Ago åhUVmV H$s {eU AZw^dmVyZ, AZw dmgmR>r Am{U AZwdm§VJ©V KS>Vo. nmR>monmR> ¶oUmè¶m AZw^dm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU Ho$bo H$s {ejU hmoVo. ho gmVË¶ Am{U Am§Va{H«$¶m e¡j{UH$ AZw^d XoVmV. AmVm AÜ¶¶ZmÀ¶m AZw^dm{df¶r Vw‘o H$m¶ ‘V Amho?


¶m KQ>H$mÀ¶m Aä¶mg Ho$ë¶mZ§Va Vwåhr Imbrb Jmoï>r H$ê$ eH$mb.

• àË¶j AZw dmMr y{‘H$m ñnï> H$aUo.



Notes

• VnmgmMo àH$ma dU©Z H$aUo.

• àmË¶{jHo$ XmIdUo.

• gwa{jVVoÀ¶m Cnm¶m§Mr MMm© H$aUo.

• AÜ¶mnZ - AÜ¶¶Z à{H$¶oVrb AZw dm§Mo àH$ma gm§JUo.

4.2 àË¶j AZw^dm§Mr y{‘H$m d ‘hÎd

AmBZñQ>mBZ “Hw$R>brhr ‘mZ{gH$ H¥${V emar[aH$ H¥$VrMr OmoS> Agë¶m{edm¶ KSy> eH$V Zmhr.”

¶m KQ>H$mV AmnU dJm©V d dJm©~mhoa d¡km{ZH$ Vnmg H$gm H$am¶Mm Vo {eH$Uma AmhmoV.

Ooìhm {dÚmWu AZw^d KoVmo, åhUOoM Agboë¶m n[apñWVrV à{V{H«$¶m Xe©dVmo Voìhm AÜ¶¶Z hmoVmo. àg§J Am{U {dÚmWu ¶m§À¶mVrb A§Va{H«$¶o‘wio AÜ¶¶Z hmoVo. Ooìhm Hw$R>ë¶mhr àg§Jmbm {dÚmÏ¶m©bm gm‘moao Omdo bmJVo, Vmo à{V{H«$¶m Xe©dVmo, dmJUyH$sV gwYmaUm H$aVmo Am{U ¶m A§Va{H«$¶oVyZ AÜ¶¶Z hmoVo.

Imbr {Xboë¶m CXmhaUm§Mm {dMma H$am.

• ‘wbJm nmUr nmÌmVyZ ~mQ>brV AgVmo. Ë¶mMo ñZm¶y§da {Z¶§ÌU àmá hmoVo.

• Ja‘ ^m§S>çmbm hmV bmdë¶mda ‘wbrMm hmV nmoiVmo. Vr naV J°g eoJS>rÀ¶m Odi OmV Zmhr. ¶m AZw^daVwZ {ejU KS>bo.

• EH$ {dÚmWu EH$m ì¶p³Vbm Ho$irÀ¶m gmbmdê$Z Kgê$Z añË¶mV nS>bobm {Xgbm. Vr Ho$irMo gmb CMbyZ H$Mam noQ>rV Q>mH$Vo. ¶m AZw^dmZo {VÀ¶m dV©UwH$sV gwYmaUm Pmbr.

• ^wO, JwOamV ¶oWrb ‘wbm§Zr ^yH§$nmMo hmXa AZw dbo. Vr ‘wbo Z¡g{J©H$ Amn{ÎmO Vm|S> Úm¶bm [eH$br. Ë¶mZo Ë¶m§À¶m dV©ZmV gwYmaUm Pmbr.

• EH$m ‘wbmZo nm{hbo H$s PmonS>nÅ>rVrb ‘moR>r ‘mUgo ~marH$ gmarH$ H$maUmdê$Z {edrJmi H$aVmV. Vmo Ë¶m àg§Jmbm à{V{H«$¶m Xe©dVmo Am{U ñdV: Ë¶m§À¶mgmaIo ~mobm¶bm bmJVmo. Ë¶m§Mo AÜ¶¶Z Pmbo nU MwH$sÀ¶m {XeoZo.

• JrVm emioVrb IoimÀ¶m ñnYmª‘Ü¶o ^mJ KoVo. {Vbm ~jrg {‘imë¶mda gd©OU {VMo H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmV. {VMm AmË‘{dídmg dmT>Vmo d Vr ^{dî¶mV IoimH$S>o {deof bj XoD$Z àJVr

darb CXmhaUmVyZ hmoUmao AÜ¶¶mMo AZw^d H$moUVo?

‘wbm§Zm amoO doJdoJù¶m àg§Jm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. àË¶oH$ AZw dmMm ‘wbm§da {d{eï> à^md nS>Vmo. ¶m A§V{H«$¶oVyZ AÜ¶¶Z KS>Vo Oo g{Y[aV dV©UwH$sV ñnï> hmoVo.

AZw^d KoUo åhUOo ~KUo, EoH$Uo, Md KoUo, ñne© H$aUo d dmg KoUo. ¶m AZw dm§daM à{V{H«$¶m XmIdë¶m OmVmV Am{U AÜ¶¶Z hmoVo. AZw dm§À¶m A^mdr AÜ¶¶Z hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. AÜ¶¶Z AZw d ho eãX åhUOo nwZê$p³V AmhoV. H$maU àË¶oH$ AZw d hm AÜ¶¶Z AZw d AgVmo. da {Xboë¶m AZw^d AÜ¶m¶ZmgmR>r H$moUVr B§{Ð¶o dmnabr AmhoV?

àË¶oH$ jUr ‘yb {d{dY AZw dmVyZ H$mhrVar {eH$V AgVo. AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶m åhUOo nmR>m§Va hmoVo Am{U AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶oMo AÜ¶¶Z CËnmXZmV énm§Va hmoVo. na§Vw AÜ¶¶Z åhUOo Ho$di nmR>m§Va Zìho. AÜ¶¶Z åhUOo kmZ, j‘Vm, H$m¡eë¶o, àd¥{Îm dJ¡ao AmË‘gmV H$aUmè¶mMr à{H«$¶m ho gd© dV©ZmVyZ {ZXe©Zmg ¶oVo. (kmZmË‘H$, ^mdZmË‘H$ Am{U ‘mZ{gH$/ñZm¶w) hr AÜ¶¶ZmMo n[aUm‘ AmhoV. ‘wbm§Zm {‘iUmè¶m AZw^dm§À¶m JwUdÎmoà‘mUo AÜ¶¶ZmMr JwUdÎmm R>aVo.



Notes

4.2.1 àË¶j AZw^dmMr y{‘H$m d ‘hÎd

‘Ü¶‘ Hw$dVrMm {ejH$ gm§JVmo.

Mm§Jbm {ejH$ ñnï> H$aVmo.

CÎm‘ {ejH$ àmË¶{jH$ XmIdVmo.

‘hmZ {ejH$ ñ’y${V© XoVmo - {d{b¶‘ dm°S>©

• Vwåhr ‘mUgmbm H$mhr {eH$dy eH$V Zmhr, ñdV:‘Ü¶o Ë¶mbm Vo emoYm¶bm bmdy eH$Vmo. J°{b{bAmo.

• AJXr XS>nU Ambo Va§M {eH$dm Zmhr Va gdmªZm {eHy$ Úm.

‘wbo {dMma H$ê$Z, ^mdZmVyZ Am{U H¥${VVyZ {eH$VmV. {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m g{H«$¶ gh^mJmVyZ AÜ¶¶Z KS>Vo. àË¶j AZw dmV ‘wbm§Zm ñdV: dñVy, CnH$aUo dJ¡ao àË¶j hmVmim¶Mr g§Yr {‘iVo. CXmhaUmW© V~bm dmOdm¶bm {eH$m¶Mo Va àË¶j AZw^d nm{hOoM. ¶mM à‘mUo {~¶m noaUo, PmS>m§Zm nmUr KmbUo dJ¡ao. àË¶j AZw dmVyZ àË¶oH$ KQ>H$ {eH$dVm ¶oV Zmhr. {ejH$mZo H$moÊ¶m KQ>H$mgmR>r H$moUVo àË¶j AZw^d XoUmè¶m H$moUË¶m H¥${V H$amì¶m ho R>admdo. ¶m H¥$Vr H$aVmZm {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m gwa{jVVoMm nU {dMma H$amdm gd© B§{Ð¶m§ dmna H$ê$Z H¥$qV‘Ü¶o d¡{dÜ¶ Agmdo. ¶m nÕVrZo Pmbobo AÜ¶¶Z H$m¶‘ñdê$nr AgVo. kmZ|{Ð¶m§Mr ^y{‘H$m g‘OyZ KoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.

H¥$Vr 3

{dkmZmVrb g§H$ënZm {eH$dÊ¶mgmR>r 5 g§^mì¶ àË¶j AZw^d {‘iVrb Aem H¥${V V¶ma H$am.

gd© B§{Ð¶m§gmR>r ¶mo½¶ MoVH$ nwadbo Va AÜ¶¶Z ’$bXm¶r hmoV ¶mgmR>r {ejH$mZo e¡j{UH$ gmYZo dmnabr nm{hOo.

4.2.2 kmZ|{Ð¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ

kmZ|{Ð¶o hr kmZmMr XadmOo AmhoV. AÜ¶mnZmMo ¶e kmZ|{Ð¶m§À¶m AYH$m{YH$ dmnamVM AgVo. 5 B§{Ð¶m§n¡H$s ~KUo, EoH$Uo d ñne© H$aUo hr VrZ AÜ¶¶ZmÀ¶m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ‘hÎdmMr

S>moio

H$mVS>r H$mZ

ZmH$ Or^



Notes

AmhoV. BVa XmoZ {dkmZmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo ’$maer Cn¶moJr Zmhr. Imbrb V³Ë¶mV AmnU Hw$R>ë¶m kmZ|{Ð¶mVyZ {H$Vr {eH$Vmo ho {Xbo Amho.

kmZ|{Ð¶mVyZ hmoUmè¶m AÜ¶¶ZmMr Q>¸o$dmar

B§{Ð¶o Ñ{ï> ldU ñne© dmg d Md

C{Ôï>o

kmZ 75 25 - agm¶Z, nmH${H«$¶m

Aem H$mhr {df¶m§gmR>r H$m¡eë¶ 25 10 65 -

darb V³Ë¶mVyZ ñnï> hmoVo H$s {dkmZ n[aUm‘H$maH$ [aË¶m {eH$dÊ¶m‘Ü¶o ldUmMm ‘¶m©{XV ^mJ Amho. Ñ{ï>Mm dmna H$amdm (g§JUH$, àmË¶{jHo$, à{V‘mZo, V³Vo dJ¡ao) OodT>o Q>³Ho$ â àË¶oH$ B§{Ð¶mbm {Xbm OmVmo Ë¶mda n[aUm‘ H$maH$Vm Adb§~yZ AgVo. Mm§Jbm qH$dm dmBQ> nmR> àË¶oH$ B§{Ð¶mÀ¶m AZw^dmbm {Xboë¶m doiodê$Z R>aVmo. Imbrb AmboImVyZ ho ñZï> hmoB©b.

{dkmZmMm à^mdr nmR> àË¶j AZw^dmda Omoa XoUmam Agbm nm{hOo. àmË¶{jHo$, H¥${V Aem Jmoï>tgmR>r ldU, Ñ{ï> ñne© ¶m§Mm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo.

4.3 àË¶j AZw^dm§Mr ‘wbm§À¶m AÜ¶¶ZmV y{‘H$m

‘wbo Ho$di kmZmË‘H$ Zìho Va ^mdZmË‘H$ Am{U em[aarH$ joÌmVyZ nU OmVmV. earamÀ¶m doJdoJù¶m ^mJm§Mm dmna Ho$bm H$s H$m¡eë¶o {dH${gV hmoVmV Am{U Aem àd¥{Îm {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Á¶m ’$³V àË¶j AZw^dmVyZM hmoD$ eH$VmV. kmZ|{Ð¶m§Mm dmna Ho$bm H$s AÜ¶¶Z AZw^dm§Mo Ñ{T>H$aU hmoVo Am{U AÜ¶¶Z H$m¶‘ñdê$nr hmoVo.

4.3.1 AZw^dm§Mo dJuH$aU

AZw^d XmoZ àH$maMo AgVmV. àË¶j Am{U AàË¶j

1. àË¶j AZw d

{d{dY dñVy d {MÝhm§~amo~a àË¶j AZw d ¶mÀ¶mV AgVmo. Ë¶mbm AZw^derb AÜ¶¶Z åhUVmV. emómV AmT>iVmV Vem {MÝhm§Mm AZw^d ¶mV AgVmo. AZw^derb AÜ¶¶Z ~KUo, ldU H$aUo, dmg KoUo, Md KoUo, ñneo H$aUo ¶m Ûmao hmoVo. AmnU JmoS> - Am~§Q>, C§M - R>|JUo Ago eãX à¶moJ H$aVmo Voìhm Ë¶mMm AW© Amnë¶mbm AZw^derb AÜ¶¶ZmVyZ g‘OVmo. ‘J ¶m gm§Ho${VH$ eãXm§Mm dmna dmna H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

25% 25%

75% 75%

ldU Ñ{ï> ldU Ñ{ï>

Mm§Jbm nmR> dmBQ> nmR>

kmZ nmR>

10% 10%

25% 25%

63 % 63 %

ñne© ldU Ñ{ï> ldU Ñ{ï> ñne©

Mm§Jbm nmR> dmBQ> nmR>

H$m¡eë¶ nmR>



Notes

Imbr àË¶j AZw^dmMr CXmhaUo {Xbr AmhoV.

i) gm{hË¶ d gm‘J«r hmVmiUo

ii) à{V‘mZo, V³Vo V¶ma H$aUo.

iii) {b{IV AWdm ‘m¡{IH$ dU©Zo

iv) ‘m¡{IH$ AWdm {b{IV ñdê$nmV dU©Z gmXa H$aUo.

v) gmam§e {b{hUo, gm‘mÝ¶rH$aU H$aUo.

vi) ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ‘wX²Úm§Mr ¶mXr H$aUo.

2. AàË¶j AZw d

Xþgè¶mÀ¶m àË¶j AZw dmVyZ Amnë¶mbm Omo AZw d {‘iVmo Vmo AàË¶j AZw X þgè¶mÀ¶m AZw^dmVyZhr AmnU ~aoM H$mhr {eH$Vmo. CXm. Ë¶m§Zr Ho$bobo dmMZ, àdmg, {MÌ ~KUo, ì¶m»¶mZo EoH$Uo dJ¡ao. gdmªZm gd© Jmoï>tMm àË¶j AZw^d KoVm ¶oV Zmhr åhUyZ AàË¶j AZw^d ‘hÎdmMo AgVmV. {J[a^«‘UmMm AZw^d AmnU {M{ÌH$aUmVyZ KoD$ eH$Vmo.

i) dmMZ AWdm nwñVH$mV {Xbobo {ddoMZ

ii) MM}V gh^mJ qH$dm lmdU

iii) {MÌ, ZH$meo, AmH¥$Ë¶m§Mo {ZarjU

Am¶wî¶mV AmnU ho XmoZ àH$maMo AZw^d nyU© doJio H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr Am{U Vgo H$am¶Mr JaOhr Zmhr. H$mhr H¥$qV‘Ü¶o XmoÝhr àH$maMo AZw^d gm‘mdbobo AgVmV.

• AÜ¶¶Z AZw dm§Mo ‘hÎd :

a) àË¶j AZw d gdm©{YH$ à^mdr AgVmV nU Vo gJio {dÚmÏ¶mªZm XoUo e³¶ ZgVo Ogo ^yH§$n, nya dJ¡ao.

b) H$Yr H$Yr {ejH$ BVHo$ gw§Xa empãXH$ dU©Z H$aVmV H$s Vo àË¶j AZw dmnojm à^mdr R>aVo.

c) amoOÀ¶m X¡Z§{XZ AÜ¶mnZ AàË¶j AZw dm§MmM dmna hmoVmo.

d) AàË¶j AZw dm§M {ZarjU nU à^mdr Agy eH$V§.

e) ‘m¡{IH$, empãXH$ dU©Zo ¶m§Mr AÜ¶¶ZmV ‘hÎdmMr ^y{‘H$m AgVo.

4.3.2 àË¶j AZw^d {ZdS>rMo {ZH$f

a) AZw^d AÜ¶mnZ C{Ôï>mer g§~§{YV Agmdm.

b) Am¶wî¶mVë¶m Iè¶m àg§Jm§er g§~§{YV Agmdo.

c) {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m d¶moJQ>mZwê$n Agmdo.

d) AZw^d {ZdS>VmZm CnbãY doi d gm{hË¶mMm {dMma H$amdm.

e) Ë¶mV d¡{dÜ¶ Agmdo Am{U g‘¥Õ Ame¶ Agmdm.

AZw^dmMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm {ejH$mZo H$miOr ¿¶mdr. Ë¶mVyZ e¡j{UH$ C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ Pmbr nm{hOoV. AÜ¶¶Z AZw^d dJm©nwaVo ‘¶m©{XV ZgVmV. Imbrb Jmoï>tMm Cn¶moJ hmoVmo.

I) à¶moJ -gm‘J«r hmVmiÊ¶mMr H$m¡eë¶o, {ZarjU BË¶mXr.

II) ÐþH$ - ldU ‘mÜ¶‘ - ao{S>Amo, {MÌ{’$Vr, OHP, ¶y - Q>çy~ dJ¡ao

III)H¥${Verb AÜ¶¶Z - MMm©, ZmQ>ç, ñnYm© dJ¡ao.



Notes

AmVm {dkmZmer g§~§{YV àË¶j AZw^d nmhþ¶m. {ZarjU, à¶moJ àmË¶{jHo$ dJ¡ao ¶m ¶mXrV AmnU â Kmby eH$Vm.

a) dJm©V àmË¶{jHo$ XmIdUo.

b) ‘wbo ñdV: à¶moJ H$aVrb.

c) ‘wbm§Zm gm‘J«r hmVmiy Úmdr, Ë¶mVrb Xmof emoYy Úmdo.

d) ‘wbm§À¶m ‘XVrZo g§J«h

e) ’w$bnmIam§Mr, ’w$bm§Mr, Am¡fYr dZñnVtMm ~JrMm

f) ‘wbm§Zm X¡Z§{XZ Zm|XUrMr gd¶ bmdUo, Vmn‘mZ, ZO©Ý¶ d¥ï>r {dOoMm dmna, nmÊ¶mMr nmVir B.

g) amÌr J«h Vmè¶m§Mo {ZarjU

h) {dkmZ - ³b~

i) nmUr, drO ¶m§Mr ~MV H$aUo.

H¥$Vr - 2

Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

1. ghmdrÀ¶m {dkmZmÀ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mVrb H$moUVmhr KQ>H$ {ZdS>m d Ë¶mVrb AÜ¶¶Z AZw^dm§Mr ¶mXr H$am.

2. embm ~mø AZw^dmMo CXmhaU Úm.

3. Mm§Jë¶m AÜ¶Z AZw dmÀ¶m JwUY‘mªMr ¶mXr H$am.

4.4 VnmgmMo àH$ma : dJm©V d embm~mø

{ejH$ à{ejU KoÊ¶mnydu {dkmZmMo WmoS>o kmZ AmnU àmá Ho$bo Agob. Ë¶m§Zm bhmZ ‘wbm§Zm VnmgmV gh^mJr H$aUo AdKS> OmVo. gwadmVrbm dJm©VM Vnmgmbm gwadmV hm oVo. ‘J ‘wbm§Zm Kar H$am¶bm H$m‘ {Xbo OmVo.

Vnmg åhUOo H$m¶?

eãXH$moemà‘mUo Vnmg åhUOo Mm¡H$er, ~maH$mB©Zo Aä¶mg, Z°eZb H$[a³¶wb‘ Am°’$ B§½b§S> 10 H$m¡eë¶m§Mr ¶mXr {Xbr Amho. Á¶mMm dmna ‘wbm§Zr Ho$bm nm{hOo. ‘àíZm§Mo CÎma XoÊ¶mgmR>r {ZarjU d ‘mnZmÀ¶m AmYmao nwamdo Jmoim H$ê$Z.’ hr H$m¡eë¶o åhUOo MmMUr Mr V¶mar, nwamdm {‘idUo d gmXa H$aUo, Am{U n[aUm‘mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ {dkmZm‘Ü¶o àmË¶{jH$m§IoarO BVahr Jmoï>r



Notes

AgVmV. Vnmg hm EH$M {dkmZmVrb àmË¶{jH$ ^mJ Zmhr. Jm°Q> d Sw>JZ (1995) ¶mZo AmUIr C {Xbo AmhoV.

• H$m¡eë¶ àmá H$aUo, Ogo W‘m}‘rQ>a dmnaVm ¶oUo.

• d¡km{ZH$ H$ënZm§er g§~§{YV dñVy d KQ>Zm§Mo {ZarjU

• d¡km{ZH$ g§H$ënZm, {Z¶‘ AWdm VÎdmMo dU©Z, emoY

1960 / 70 À¶m XeH$m§‘Ü¶o {dkmZmV Vnmg gm‘mdbm Jobm {dÚmÏ¶m§©Z ñdV: YS>nS> H$ê$Z emoY bmdÊ¶mda â {Xbm Jobm Agm {dídmg {Z‘m©U Pmbm H$s {ZîH«$s¶ nUo kmZmMm g§M H$aÊ¶mnojm g{H«$¶ H¥${V d gh^mJmVyZ AÜ¶¶Z à^mdr hmoVo. na§Vw hr emoYH$ nÕVr AmVm ‘mJo nS>br Amho H$maU Ë¶mgmR>r ‘wbm§Zm {ejH$mMr d àË¶j AZw dm§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo. ñdV§ÌnUo ‘wbo ‘moR>o ‘moR>o AdKS> d¡km{ZH$ emoY bmdy eH$V ZmhrV. kmZaMZm dmXm‘Ü¶o VnmgmÀ¶m nÕVrMm Cn¶moJ hmoVmo. ‘wbo dñVy, KQ>Zm ¶m {df¶r Amnbo {dMma ì¶³V H$aVmV. Ë¶m§Mr {gÕVm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vo à¶moJ, àË¶j AZw^d KoD$Z MmMUr H$aVmV.

d¡km{ZH$ Mm¡H$erMr d¥{Îm {Z‘m©U hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Vnmg Cn¶moJr nS>Vmo.

VnmgmMo àH$ma : VnmgmMo {Za{Zamio àH$ma AmoiIUo d Ë¶m§Mo dU©Z H$aUo ho gmono H$m‘ Zmhr. Imbr EH$ àH$mam§Mr ¶mXr {Xbr Amho Or emim§‘Ü¶o hmoUmè¶m AÜ¶mnZmda AmYm[aV Amho.

1. à‘m{UV MmMÊ¶m

2. dJuH$aU d AmoiI

3. aMZm§Mm emoY

4. emoY

5. à{V‘mZm§Mm Vnmg

6. dñVy V¶ma H$aUo AWdm àUmbr {dH${gV H$aUo.

1. à‘m{UV MmMÊ¶m : MbmVb nañna g§~§Ym§Mm Aä¶mg ¶mV Ho$bm OmVmo. AñdV§Ì MbmVrb ~Xb Am{U ñdV§Ì Mbmda n[aUm‘ nm{hbm OmVmo. {dÚmWu 1 AWdm AZoH$ Mbm§Mm Aä¶mg H$aVmV. BVa Mbo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aVmV. CXm. Á¶m doJmZo gmIa nmÊ¶mV {daKiVo Vo H$moUË¶m Jmoï>tda Adb§~yZ AgVo? H$mJXr {d‘mZ Imbr nS>m¶bm bmJUmè¶m doimV H$em‘wio ~Xb hmoVmo? H$moUVr H$mJXr {nedr gdm©V ^³H$‘ AgVo?

2. AmoiI d dJuH$aU : dJuH$aU åhUOo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda Agboë¶m ‘m{hVrMr ì¶dpñWV aMZm, H$moUVo KQ>H$ H$moUË¶m g§MmV ~gVmV. ¶mMr AmoiI H$aVm Ambr nm{hOo. doJio g§M H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm ¶mo½¶ Zmdo XoVm Ambr nm{hOo.

CXm. agm¶Z åhUOo H$m¶? nmR>rMm H$Um Zgboë¶m àmÊ¶m§Mo H$emMm AmYmao dJuH$aU H$amb?

3. aMZm / AmH¥${V emoYUo : nhmUr H$ê$Z KQ>Zm§‘Ü¶o VmoM VmoMnUm ’$aH$, g‘mZVm ¶m§Mo {ZarjU ¶mÀ¶mV Z ¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm AgVmV Ë¶m‘wio ‘wbo Mb {Z¶§{ÌV H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. CXm. Hw§$nUmbJV CJdUmè¶m JdVmÀ¶m H$mS>çm Hw§$nUmnmgyZ bm§~ CJdUmè¶m JdVmÀ¶m nmVtnojm bm§~ H$m AgVmV? CÎma emoYÊ¶mgmR>r nwaogo Z‘wZo ‘wbm§Zr O‘dbo nm{hOo.

CXm. gmdbr CJdUmè¶m H$mZ’w$bmMr nmZo àH$memV CJdUmè¶m PmS>m§À¶m nmZmnojm bm§~ AgVmV H$m? Amnë¶mbm JmoJbJmB© ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Hw$R>o AmT>iVmV? bm§~ nm¶mÀ¶m ì¶p³V OmñV C§M CS>r ‘mê$ eH$VmV H$m?



Notes

4. AZdofU : emoY : EImÚm KQ>ZoMo qH$dm dñVy ~maH$mB© {ZarjU {dÚmWu H$aVmV qH$dm H$mhr H$mi EImÚm KQ>ZoMo {ZarjU H$arV amhVmV. Vo {ZarjUo {H$Vr Pmbr ho ‘moOyZ Ë¶mMr Zm|X R>odVmV. gd©M AÝdofUo d¡km{ZH$ ZgVmV. H$moUVr AmhoV d H$moUVr Zmhr ho H$go R>adm¶Mo?

CXm. AZoH$ Ðì¶o EH$Ì {‘gibr Va H$m¶ hmoV§?

5. VnmgmMr à{V‘mZo : à{V‘mZm§Mm Vnmg hm VnmgmMm AmUIr EH$ àH$ma AgVmo. ¶m àH$mamV d AmYr¶m 4 àH$mamV hm ’$aH$ AgVmo H$s BWo ‘wbm§Zr R>adm¶Mo AgVo H$s {Xboë¶m à{V‘mZmMm Vnmg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVo nwamdo bmJVrb. à{V‘mZm§Mm Vnmg Ho$ë¶mZo ‘wbm§Zm nwamdo d d¡km{ZH$ à{V‘mZ ¶m§À¶mVrb nañna g§~§Y OmUyZ ¿¶m¶Mr g§Yr {‘iVo.

CXm. BÝgwboeZ‘wio Jmadm H$gm {Z‘m©U hmoVmo?

OiV AgVmZm nXmWm©Mo dñVw‘mZ dmT>Vo H$m H$‘r hmoVo?

6. dñVy {Z{‘©Vr àUmbr {dH$gZ

ho Vmnmg A{YH$m§e Vm§{ÌH$ AgVmV. ‘mZdr JaOm ^mJdÊ¶mgmR>r ‘wbo EImXr dñVy qH$dm àUmbr V¶ma H$aVmV. ’$³V Á¶mÀ¶mV d¡km{ZH$ kmZmMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo Ë¶mbmM d¡km{ZH$ Vnmg åhUVm ¶oVo CXm. ho kmZ H$s {dOoMo CnH$ma V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {dOoMo nyU© ga{H$Q> bmJVo.

CXm. MmoarMm JOa dmOÊ¶mgmR>r àoea n°S> ~ZdVm ¶oB©b H$m? Bb°pñQ>H$ nQ²>Q>çm dmnê$Z VwåhrdOZ H$am¶Mm H$mQ>m V¶ma H$ê$ eH$mb H$m? {ejH$m§À¶m Ü¶mZr Ambo H$s Hw$R>bmhr Vnmg. hm MwH$sÀ¶m nÕVrZo hmoD$ eH$Vmo CXm. {ejH$ nXmonXr {dÚmÏ¶mªZm H$m¶ H$am¶Mo Vo gm§JVmV. VnmgmÀ¶m {dkmZmV 2 JwUY‘© AmT>ibo.

n{hbo åhUOo Vnmgm‘Ü¶o ‘wbm§Zr ñdV:Mo {ZU©¶ ñdV: ¿¶m¶Mo AgVmV. Ë¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm WmoS>o ñdmV§Ì {Xbo nm{hOo.

Xþgao åhUOo VnmgmgmR>r bmJUmè¶m H$mhr {H«$¶m [dÚmÏ¶mªZr Ho$ë¶m nm{hOo Ogo {Z¶moOZ, ‘mnZ, {ZarjU, {díbofU, ‘yë¶‘mnZ B.

H¥$Vr - 3

darb KQ>Zm qH$dm BVa H$moUVrhr {dÚmÏ¶mªZm H$am¶bm Úm d Ë¶m§Zm Amnë¶m CÎmam§Mr Zm|X H$am¶bm gm§Jm.

agm¶Z åhUOo H$m¶?

gd© nmR>rMm H$Um Zgboë¶m àmÊ¶m§Mo dJuH$aU H$go H$aVm ¶oB©b?

gmIa {daKiÊ¶mÀ¶m doJmda H$emMm n[aUm‘ hmoVmo?

JmoJbJmB© Hw$R>o AmT>iVmV?

AZoH$ Ðì¶o EH$Ì {‘gibr Va H$m¶ hmoVo?

Q´>m°brMr hmbMmb H$er {Z¶§{ÌV H$aVm ¶oB©b?

Bb°pñQ>H$ nQ²>Q>çm§VyZ dOZ H$mQ>m H$gm V¶ma H$aVm ¶oB©b?



Notes

4.5 àmË¶{jH$ H$m‘mMo g§¶moOZ

{dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmMo EH$ ‘hÎdmMo VÎd Amho. ‘H¥${VVyZ AÜ¶¶Z!’ {dkmZmMo AÜ¶mnZ à^mdr hmoÊ¶mgmR>r {ejH$mZo H$mhr Jmoï>r Ü¶mZmV R>odë¶m nm{hOoV.

dJm©Vrb gd© ‘wbo Amnë¶m eãXmV d {Z¶§ÌUmV ZgVmV. na§Vw dJm©Vrbo dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$aUo Amnbr O~m~Xmar Amho. dmVmdaUmMm AÜ¶¶Zmda n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. S>moio {‘Qy>Z H$ënZm H$am H$s 60 {dÚmWu Agboë¶m dJm©V Amnë¶mbm ZdrZ {ejH$ åhUyZ Zo‘bo Amho. n{hë¶m Y³³¶mZ§Va à{V{H«$¶m åhUyZ Vwåhr H$moUVo àíZ Cô H$amb? gdm©V n{hbo åhUOo dJm©Mo ì¶dñWmnZ H$go H$amdo hm àíZ dJm©Vrb dmVmdaU ñWm{nV Ho$bo Va AÜ¶mnZ - AÜ¶¶Z gwImMo hmoVo. ¶mÀ¶mV CnbãY gm{hË¶, ~¡R>H$ ì¶dñWm, COoS>, dmam BË¶mXr Jmoï>r ¶oVmV. ‘mZ{gH$ Jmoï>r Oem H$moUVo V§Ì dmnê$Z Vwåhr AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶obm àmoËgmhZ XoVm? XmoÝhr àH$maMo dmVmdaU g§ miyZ em§VVm d {H«$¶merbVm {Z‘m©U H$amdr.

^m¡{VH$ dmVmdaUmMo g§¶moOZ

dJm©V ñdÀN>, gw¶mo½¶, àgÞ dmVmdaU Agmdo. àË¶oH$ {dÚmÏ¶mªbm ~gm¶bm nwaoer OmJm Agmdr. ’$im d {ejH$ XmoZr ì¶dpñWV {Xgmdo. ~mH$ ‘m§S>VmZm ‘YyZ Mmbm¶bm OmJm Agmdr. {ejH$mZo H$ï>mZo, {dMma, H$ê$Z {Z¶moOZnyd©H$, dJ© ì¶dñWmnZ Ho$bo nm{hOo. JXu, H$m|XQ>nUm, Jm|Yi, ‘ZñVmn Q>mimdm.

OmJoMm nwaonya dmna

AmnU Hw$R>o {eH$dmdo ho {R>H$mU R>adUo Amnë¶m hmVmV Zgbo Var {Xboë¶m OmJoMm CÎm‘ dmna H$aUo Amnë¶m hmVmV AgVo ~mH$m§Mr aMZm ~Xbm¶Mr g§Yr Agmdr. MMm© H$am¶Mr Agob Va doJir aMZm H$amdr. ñdÀN>Vm, gmo¶ ¶m Jmoï>t Amnë¶mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV.

dJm©~mhoarb OmJm

JXu Pmbë¶m dJmªZm EH$ {dñVma R>ê$ eH$VmV. Vo dJm©~mhoarb OmJm. ghH$m¶m©Zo H$m‘ H$am¶Mr gd¶ dJm©~mhoaM ‘wbm§Zm bmJVo. Ë¶mMà‘mUo O~m~XmarMr OmUrd, AmXa, dJ¡ao gwÕm ‘¡XmZmda H$mhr H¥${V H$aVm ¶oVmV. PmS>o bmdUo, gwemo{^H$aU ho AÜ¶¶ZmMoM ‘mJ© AmhoV. ^m¡{‘{VH$ AmH$ma dJm©~mhoaÀ¶m g§aMZoVyZ {eH$Vm ¶oVmV.

‘wbm§Zr Ho$bobo H$m‘ ¶mo½¶ nÕVrZo àX{e©V H$amdo. ¶mgmR>r CnbãY OmJoMm OmñVrV OmñV dmna H$aVm ¶oVmo. gobmoQ>on, Xmoè¶m, {Iio dJ¡ao dmnamdo. Q>o~b, ’$bH$ ¶m§Mmhr Cn¶moJ hmoVmo. ‘wbm§Zm dJ© gwemo{^V H$am¶bm, gOdm¶bm gm§Jmdm.

dJ© åhUOo AÜ¶¶Z g‘wXm¶, Vwåhr d Vw‘Mo {dÚmWu amoO {VWo dmdaVmV. àgÞ, gm‘m{OH$, ‘mZ{gH$ dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$amdo.

4.5.1 ‘moR>o dJ© g§^miÊ¶mgmR>r 10 Cnm¶

1. {dÚmÏ¶mªer n[aM¶ H$ê$Z ¿¶m. Ë¶m§Mr Zmdo, Ë¶m§Mo JwU, H$m¡eë¶o hiyhiy OmUyZ ¿¶mdo. ¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm dmQ>Vo H$s Vwåhmbm Ia§M Ë¶m§Mr H$miOr Amho.

2. ~¡R>H$ ì¶dñWoMm V³Vm H$mhr AmR>dS>o R>am{dH$ ‘wbm§Zm nwT>À¶m ~mH$m§da ~gdmdo, ‘J OmJm ~Xbmdr.

3. ’$moQ>mo H$mT>m qH$dm ‘wbm§Zm {MÌ H$mT>m¶bm bmdm. ¶m‘wio EH$ AZm¡{M[aH$ dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U hmoVo. OdirH$ {Z‘m©U hmoVo d Ioir‘oirV AÜ¶¶Z hmoVo. ‘wbm§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m eoOmarb {dÚmÏ¶mªMo {MÌ H$mT>m¶bm gm§Jm.



Notes

4. Amnë¶m ZmdmMo ’$bH$ Amnë¶m ~mH$mda ’$moQ>mo g{hV bmdm¶bm gm§Jmdo. ¶mZo Vwåhmbmhr Zmdo bjmV R>odUo gmono OmB©b.

5. {eñVrgmR>r gH$mamË‘H$ ‘mJ© dmnam. ‘wbo AmhoV Vr H$YrVar {eñV^§J H$aUmaoM. 6. {deof JaO Agboë¶m ‘wbm§H$S>o d¡¶p³VH$ bj Úmdo. Ë¶m§Zm H$er ‘XV H$aVm ¶oB©b, Hw$R>o

~gdmdo, H$moUVo gm{hË¶ XoVm ¶oB©b ¶mMm {dMma H$amdm. 7. Am¡nMm[aH$ gw¶mo½¶ nmR> {Z¶moOZ Agmdo d Ë¶mà‘mUoM dJm©V {eH$dmdo. ¶m‘wio Vw‘Mm

AmË‘[dídmg dmT>ob d ‘wbm§Zm ImÌr hmoB©b H$s Vwåhr Ë¶m§À¶mgmR>r H$ï> KoV AmhmV. Vwåhr gmYr nmR> {Z¶moOZo X¡{ZH$ nmR> Q>mMU H$ê$ eH$Vm.

àmË¶{jH$m§gmR>r {deof Z‘wÝ¶mV nmR> gmXa H$amdo. {df¶ C{Ôï>o AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr ómoV dJm©Mr aMZm AÜ¶¶Z H¥${V VnmgUr {dMma 8. doioMo H$mQ>oH$moa {Z¶moOZ H$am. ‘moR>çm dJm©V {eH$dVmZm Iyn doi d l‘ IM© hmoVmV. Vw‘Mr

KmB© JS>~S> Pmbr Va ‘wbm§Mr nU hmoVo. gmám{hH$ {Z¶moOZ H$am d doioMm ¶mo½¶ dmna H$am. 9. AÜ¶¶ZmMo BVa ‘mJ© BVa AZoH$ H¥$Vrerb ‘mJ© CnbãY AgVmV. Vw‘À¶ àË¶j AàË¶j

AZw^dm§da Vo Adb§~yZ Amho. 10. Agm J«hnmR> / àH$ën V¶ma H$amd H$s {eH$bobr H$m¡eë¶ Am{U g§H$ënZm ¶m§Mm Cn¶moOZ

H$aÊ¶mg {dÚmÏ¶mªZm g§Yr {‘iob d¡¶p³VH$ AWdm g‘yhmV H$m‘ H$aVm ¶oB©b Aer H$m‘o Úm bjmV AgwÚm AZoH$ ‘wbo g‘ñ¶m§Mo Cnm¶ gm§JVmV. nU Vo H$go emoYbo BVHo$M H$m emoYbo ho ‘hÎdmMo AgVo. Mm§Jbo {ejH$ AÜ¶mnZ {df¶r qMVZ H$aVmV, g‘ñ¶m§{df¶r H$‘r H$aVmV. ‘wbo dJm©V H$er dmJVmV. Ë¶m§Mo KaMo dmVmdaU H$go Amho, Vr {eH$VmV H$m? qH$dm H$m Zmhr B. Mm§Jbo {eH$ AÜ¶mnZ gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ H$aVmV.

H¥$Vr - 4

1. Amnë¶mbm H$moUË¶m H$ënZm AJmoXa H$ê$Z nhmì¶mí¶m dmQ>VmV?

2. {dkmZmÀ¶m nwñVH$mVrb H$moUVrhr EH$ àmË¶{jH$ H¥${V H$am Am{U Ë¶mMm g{dñVa d¥Îmm§V {bhm.

4.6 gwa{jVVoMo Cnm¶ dJm©V d dJm©~mhoa

àmW{‘H$ emioVrb ‘wbo AÜ¶¶ZH$mimV AgVmV. H$moUË¶m dñVy YmoH$mXm¶H$ AmhoV ho Ë¶m§Zm g‘OV ZgVo. nmbH$m§Zm {dídmg AgVmo. H$s Amnbr ‘wbo emioV gwa{jV AmhoV åhUyZ hr



Notes

{ejH$m§MrM O~m~Xmar AgVo. emioV OmVm ¶oVmZm H$miOr H$er ¿¶m¶Mr, à¶moJemioV, ‘¡XmZmda ñdV:Mr H$miOr H$er ¿¶m¶Mr, à¶moJemioV ‘¡XmZmda ñdV:Mr H$miOr H$er ¿¶m¶Mr ho ‘wbm§Zm g‘Obo nm{hOo.

4.6.1 g¥OZmË‘H$ d¡km{ZH$ gwa{jVVm

àË¶j AZw^dm‘Ü¶o gdm©V ‘hÎdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo gwa{jVVm agm¶Zo, A{½Z, drO, dJ¡aonmgyZ ‘wbm§Zm YmoH$m AgVmo. H$mh XþImnV, AnKmV hmoUma Zmhr ¶mgmR>r nU H$miOr ¿¶mdr bmJVo. Vwåhr Ooìhm g¥OZmË‘H$m ZdmonH«$‘ KoVm Voìhm {Z¶moOZ d V¶mar Mm§Jbr Agob Va Vmo CnH«$‘ Mm§Jë¶m [aVrZo nma nS>Vmo.

ImÌr H$am H$s.

a) gd© ~mQ>ë¶m / S>ã¶m§da {MÇ>r bmdm åhUOo AmV H$moUVm nXmW© Amho Vo g‘Oob. H$mhr {deof H$miOr ¿¶mdr bmJUma Agob Va Vgm C„oI H$am.

b) ‘wbm§À¶m hmVmV XoÊ¶mnydu gd© gm{hË¶ / CnH$aUo Vwåhr ñdV: dmnê$Z ~Km.

c) S>moù¶m§Zm Oa YmoH$m Agob Va g§ajUmgmR>r Mî‘m Kmbm¶bm gm§Jm

d) àmÊ¶m§gmR>r Mm§Jbo, gwa{jV dmVmdaU R>odm.

e) O~m~Xma bmoH$m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm H$miOr ¿¶m¶bm gm§Jmdr.

f) nmbH$m§Zm {MÇ>r nmR>dm d Kar ‘wbm§~amo~a H$m‘ H$aVmZm H$moUVr H$miOr ¿¶m¶Mr Vo gm§Jm.

B ‘P’ bjmV Agw Úm. ßb°qZJ, {ànoaoeZ Am{U {àH$m°eZ ({Z¶moOZ, V¶mar Am{U gmdY{Jar)

H¥$Vr - 5

1) à¶moJemioV H$moUr ZgVmZm {VWo OmD$Z nmhUr H$am Am{U Hw$R>o Hw$R>o YmoH$m Agë¶mM§ {XgV§ Ë¶mMr ¶mXr H$am.

Vwåhr {eH$dV AWdm {ZarjU H$arV Agboë¶m EImÚm nmR>m‘Ü¶o {dÚmÏ¶mªZm H$moUVo YmoHo$ Agy eH$VmV. Vo {bhm.

2) à¶moJemioV Vwåhmbm H$moUVo YmoHo$ AmT>ibo? Ë¶mgmR>r gmono Cnm¶ qH$dm gmdY{JarMo ‘mJ© gwMdm.

4.6.2 emio‘Ü¶o Agbobo YmoHo$ d Cnm¶

‘Zwî¶mda n[aUm‘ H$aUmar H$mhr agm¶Zo

CXmhaU YmoH$m

1) ‘a³¶war dona {dfmar - gd© noetgmR>r

2) ’$m°ñ’$sZ ¶H¥$V, ‘yÌqnS>mda n[aUm‘ H$aVo.



Notes

3) ~«mo‘rZ, ³bmo[aZ, Am¶mo{S>Z H$mVS>r, S>moio, œmgmoœmg ¶m§Zm hm{ZH$maH$

4) Zm¶Q´>mo~oZPrZ Ae³VnUm d ¶J¥VmV {~KmS>

5) A°{ZbmBZ H$mVS>rVyZ emofbo OmVo, ‘ÁOm àUmbr da AmKmV

6) H$mVS>rVyZ emofbo OmVo, ‘ÁOm àUmbr da AmKmV

7) hm¶S´>moOZ gë’$mBS> dmg KoÊ¶mMr j‘Mm Zï> hmoVo.

8) ~oZPrZ ¶H¥$V, {H$S>ZrV, {~KmS>, Ae³VnUm

9) Q>oQ>m³bmoamo{‘WoZ ¶H¥$VmV {~KmS>

10) Q´>m¶³bmoamo{‘WoZ ‘ÁOm àUmbr da n[aUm‘

11) A‘mo{Z¶m S>moù¶mVrb, ZmH$mVrb ËdModa n[aUm‘

12) A°g~ogQ>m°g ’w$ß’w$gmda n[aUm‘

AmJ bmJÊ¶mMr H$mhr H$maUo

H$maUo Vnerb

• B¶mo³Pm¶WoZ, H$m~©ZS>m¶ gë’$mBS> ZmH$m§da Wa gmMy eH$VmV.

• noQ´>mo{b¶‘ gmaIo nXmW©

• nm§T>ao ’$m°g’$moag, AmëH$br YmVy gmR>dUyH$ ZrQ> Ho$br nm{hOo, EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ bm§~ R>odmdo.

• noam°³gmBS> gmaIr agm¶Zo ¶mo½¶ â¶yO Amdí¶H$

• agm¶ZmVë¶m Xmofm§‘wio Vmn‘mZ nyU© W§S> hmoD$ Úmdr, ì¶dpñWV R>odmdr.

• Ja‘ H$aÊ¶mMr CnH$aUo H$‘r à‘mUmV dmna H$amdm d AmYr Vmbr‘ H$amdr.

• {Z¶§ÌU Z H$aVm ¶oÊ¶mgmaIr agm¶Zo gy¶©àH$memV ~ZgoZ ~Z©aÀ¶m Ádmim {XgV ZmhrV.

• H$nS>o, Ho$g noQ> KoD$ eH$VmV.

Ord§V ga{H$Q> VmoSy>Z R>odmdo, gwê$ qH$dm ~§X hmoVmZm bmb / {hadm {Xdm Agmdm. {dOoÀ¶m gd© CnH$aUm§gmR>r Am{W©H$ nm{hOo. gd© CnH$aUo {Z¶{‘VnUo Vnmgmdr.

¶m§{ÌH$ YmoHo$ : hmbMmb hmoV Agboë¶m ¶§ÌUoVyZ YmoH$m AgVmo. Oa Vr ZrQ> H$m‘ H$arV ZgVrb Va. J°g {gqbS>a ~hþHo$V em§im§‘Ü¶o dmnaVmV. Vr ¶mo½¶ {R>H$mUr R>odmdr. ~§X H$amdr. gwa{jVVogmR>r gH$mamË‘H$ Ñï>rH$moZ gd© ‘wbm§H$S>o bj amhrb. Aem {R>H$mUr {ejH$mZo Wm§~mdo, ‘wbm§À¶m hmbMmbtda ~marH$ bj Agmdo. {dOoMo ‘w»¶ pñdM, {gqbS>a Am{U ’$m¶a ’$m¶qQ>J CnH$aUo ¶mo½¶ {R>H$mUr d {Z¶§ÌUmV Agmdr. {dÚmÏ¶mªZm gyMZm.

{dkmZ {ejH$ ~amo~a ZgVmZm EH$Q>çmZo à¶moJemioV àdoe H$ê$ Z¶o. H$mhr gm§S>b qH$dm AnKmV Pmbm Va Ëd[aV {ejH$m§Zm gm§Jmdo. ImÚnXmW© d no¶ à¶moJemioV ZoD$ Z¶o.

à¶moJemioVyZ agm¶Zm, dñVy ~mhoa ZoD$ Z¶o.

gm§{JVë¶m nojm A{YH$ à‘mUmV agm¶Zo KoD$ Z¶o.



Notes

à¶moJ Pmë¶mZV§a hmV ñdÀN> Ywdmdo.

emioÀ¶m gwa{jVVogmR>r ghm {Z¶‘. emioV OmUo åhUOo H$miOr gwê$ Ago ZgVo. emioÀ¶m AmdmamV ‘wbm§À¶m gwa{jVVoMr O~m~Xmar ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$ d {ejH$m§da Agbr Var nmbH$hr WmoS>r H$miOr KoD$Z gwa{jVVm {Z‘m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV.

1) emioV VmVS>rÀ¶m àg§Jr H$aÊ¶mMo H$m¶ {Z¶‘ AmhoV Vo OmUyZ ¿¶mdo. ’$moZ Z§~a d B‘Oªgr Z§~a X¡Z§{XZrV {Xbobo AgVmV. ‘wbm§Zm ¶mMr ‘m{hVr Úmdr.

2) emioV OmÊ¶m ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r gd© ‘mJ© ~KyZ R>odm d ‘wbm§Zmhr gm§Jm. H$Yr añË¶mV H$mhr Pmbo Va n¶m©¶r ‘mJ© ‘m{hV Agmdm.

3) emioZr gm§{JVbobo gwa{jVVoMo {Z¶‘ nmimdo. CXm. OmVm ¶oVm ghr H$aUo, àdoe nmg KoUo dJ¡ao.

4) ‘wbm§er ‘moH$ionUr MMm© H$ê$Z gwa{jVo{df¶r Ë¶m§Zm OmUrd ¶mdr. g‘Om Ë¶m§Zm {^Vr dmQ>br Va Ë¶m§Zr Hw$Umer ~mobmdo ho gm§Jmdo.

5) Vw‘À¶m ‘wbm§Zm àH¥${VMm H$mhr Ìmg Agob, A°bOu Agob, Am¡fYo AgVrb Va Vr ‘m{hVr emioV Úmdr.

6) {ejH$ - ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$ ¶m§À¶m g§nH$m©V Agmdo d {ZË¶ g§dmX gmYmdm.

àW‘monMma noQ>r

1) nÅ>r - 2” 4” é§Xr

2) H$mnyg

3) ~oQ>m{S>Z bmoeZ (10 ml)

4) ~oQ>mS>mBZ ‘bm‘

5) g°ìhbm°Z

6) n°a°goQ>oZ‘m°b {gan (100 ml)

7) n°a°goQ>o‘m°b Jmoù¶m (30)

8) H$m±{~âb°‘ Jmoù¶m (20)

9) ~Zm}b (^mOë¶mg)

gm‘mÝ¶ gwa{jVVoMo Cnm¶ : Á¶m {ejH$m§Zm g§^mì¶ Ymo³¶m§Mr OmUrd AgVo VoM {ejH$ gwa{jVVogmR>r H$miOr KoD$ eH$VmV. Vw‘À¶m nmR> {Z¶moOZm‘Ü¶o ’$³V A{Ve¶ g§^mì¶ Ymo³¶m§Mm {dMma Z H$aVm Ae³¶ dmQ>Umè¶m Ymo³¶m§Mm nU {dMma Agmdm. g‘Om H$mhr àg§J CX²^dbm Va Vw‘MrM O~m~Xmar AgVo.

H¥$Vr - 6

Vw‘À¶m emioÀ¶m gwajogmR>r Vwåhr H$moUVo ‘mJ© Adb§~mb? àg§Jm§Mr CXmhaUo KoD$Z ñnï> H$am.

4.7 gmam§e

AmO {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m joÌmV Pmbobr àJVr hr AZw dm§‘wio Pmbr Amho. ‘wbm§À¶m ‘ZmMm {dMma ¶mV Ho$bm Agë¶m‘wio Pmbobo AÜ¶¶Z ho H$m¶‘ñdê$nr AgVo. Ë¶mZo ‘wbm§Mo



Notes

Hw$Vyhb, g¥OZerbVm, aMZmemó, ñdV:bm ì¶³V H$aUo, ñdV:bm àñWm{nV H$aUo ¶m BÀN>m nyU© hmoVmV. {dkmZmMo AÜ¶mnZ ho ‘mZgemómda AmYm[aV Agmdo. Ë¶m‘wio ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. Mm§Jë¶m gm‘m{OH$ gd¶r {Z‘m©U hmoVmV Am{U ‘wbm§Zm àË¶j AZw d {‘iVmo.

4.7 SUGGESTED READINGS AND REFERENCES

http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih6/inquiry/guide/lesson3–a.htm

http://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/author/janice–2/

http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbeak/index.htm

http://www.wikderdom.com/quotes/QuotesEducation.html

http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/095/Teaching_Large_Ckasses.pdf

http://www.scholastic.com/resources/booklist/read–them–and–please–book–about-

manners/

http://indialawyers.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/sfety-measures–in–school–try–govt–

official–for–criminal–

negligence/#commentsabhttp://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/kirschner_Swelle

r_Clark.pdf. http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/index.htm

http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/00002393.htm

http://137.73.2.2/content/1/c6/01/52/39/qcareport1.pdf

http://aaaghq.org/AECC./intent/4_4.htm

Scaffolding and Achievement in problem–Based and Inquiry Learning: A Response

to Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006) Hmelo–Silver, Duncan, and Chinn. (2007)

Educational Psychologist, 42(2), 99–107 [1] Wall Street Journal, 19 Januarty 2006

(p.A09)

Kirschnerm P.A., Sweller, J., and Clark, R.E. (2006) Why minimal guidance during

instruction does not work, an analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery,

problem–based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational Psychologist

41(2) 75–86

Bruner, J.S. (1961). “šThe act of discovery”. Harvard Educational Review 31 (1) : 21-

31

Banchi, H. and Bell, R. (2008). The Many Levels of Inquiry. Science and Children,

46 (2), 26–29, October 2008) pdf Dewey, J (1997) How We Think, New York :

Dover Publications

Freire, P. (1984) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, New York, Continuum Publishing

Company

Kirschner, P.A., Sweller, J. and Clark, R.E. (2006) Why minimal guidance during

instruction does not work; an analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery,

problem–based, experiential, and inquity–based teaching, Educational Psychologist

41 (2) : 75 – 86 doi= 10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1

Herr, N.(2008) “The Sourcebook for Teaching Science.” San Francisco: John Wiley

Mayer, R. (2004). “Should there be a three-strikes rule against pure discovery

learning? The case for guided methods of instruction” American Psychologist 59 (1)

: 14–19. doi : 10.1037/0003–066X.59.1.14. PMID14736316. Vygotsky, L.S. (1962)

Thought and Langyuage, Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.



Notes

Kirschner, P.A., Sweller, J., and Clark, R.E.(2006) “Why minimal guidance during

instruction does not work: and analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery,

problem –based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching” Educational Psychologist

41(2): 75 – 86. doi : 10.1207 / s 15326985ep4102_1. Herron, M.D. (1971). “The

nature of scientific enquiry.” Educational Psychologist 79 (2) : 171–212.

Practical Tips of Teaching Large Classes Embracing Diversity : Toolkit for Creating

Inclusive, Learning - Friendly Environments Specialized Booklet 2A Teacher’s

Guide Bangkok : UNESCO Bangkok,2006

Sharma, R. C. (2006) Modern Science Teaching Dhanpat Rai Publ New Delhi-02

Dandekar W.N (2004) Evaluation in Schools. Shri Vidya Prakashan, Pune – 30.

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Education (2003), A Team of Experts, Amole

Pub., Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi-02.

Halbe V.R., Lagvenkar Hemant, How to do a Science Project?”, Prakashan, Mumbai

- 02

Thayarni D. K. (1998), Shaikshanik Mulyamapan, Teacher education Information

Services 16, Ajoy Dhankaarwadi, Kandivali. (w) Mumbai - 67.

Creative Science Teaching, Ideas and Activities for Teachers and Children. Second

edition, Alfred DeVITO, Published by Little, Brown and Company (Canada) Ltd.

USA.

Theory into practice, Activity in School for student teachers, John Haysom, Clive

Sutton, McGraw - Hill Book Company (UK) Ltd. London.

Sutton G. R., J. T. Haysom (1974), The Art of the Science Teacher, McGraw - Hill

Book Company (UK) Ltd, London.

4.9 UNIT - END EXERCISES

1) {dkmZ AÜ¶mnZm‘Ü¶o àË¶j hmVmohmV AZw^d åhUOo H$m¶? Vw‘À¶m AmdS>rMo H$moUVohr XmoZ {df¶ KoD$Z ñnï> H$am.

2) AÜ¶¶Z AZw dm§Mo dJuH$aU H$am. Ë¶m§Mo ‘hÎd, gm§Jm. àË¶j AZw dmgmR>r H¥${V {ZdS>VmZm H$moUVo {ZH$f bmdmdo?

3) VnmgmÀ¶m àH$mam§da MMm© H$am d CXmhaUo Úm.