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NAU-103 09/09/09 Office hours: Monday and Wednesday in the 10 oclock hour. Allpapers will be written in MLA format. Todays Term: Shit meaning Store. High. In.Transit. NAU 103 09/10/09 Monday is the last day to add classes.

In 1492 columbus found the new world, the biggest of the them was 90 feet was woodand was powered by sail, it was one of the most high tech vsls out there and itwas open deck. By 1588 most of the world as we know it was mapped. So in 1588 thepope got involved so the pople made a Papal Bull. By 1609and 1620 where we see the

virgina colonies and massechucets colony have been established. With thesesignificant colonies are being made for power in the areal places to put people,to harvest resources, trade, money, and security. Establishing colonies help makemoney. Most of the people in these colonies are farmers. With this you have a lotof inter colony trade. But the king of England doesnt like this free tradesystem, so he establishes the 1621 Navigation acts, 1. Intercoloial trade(taxinginter colonial trade) 2. Cabotage(if you wanted to trade something, it had to goto Britain first and then it could be sold, no matter what it was. It also had tobe on a british ship with a birtish crew). All trade needs to be british all theway along. Most of the trade we see between British and the colonies is a triangletrade. Going from Europe to Afraica, and then to the US for slaves. Going fromEurope to West Indies and hten to the US you have Molasses. In 1753 you have theMolasses Act which creates an extra tax. So then you have a smuggling trade of

Rum. 1767 Townsend duties(Customs duties/Sales tax) It increased the duties 1770Tea tax is not repealed with the rest of the Townsend duties. 1775 Article ofConfederation the first thing that is passed is allowing Congress to tax itscitizens. 1776 James Watt creates the Steam engine, which allowed the changing oftrade completely.

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What you see a lot in the revolutionary war is Privateers that worked under aletter of Marque. Which makes for taking of British transport ships. Taking foodfrom the people. 1789 The US ratifys the Consistitution, the government takes theright to taxand duties to say what current cabatage(US ships, US crews ) would be.NAU-103 9/14/09 No class on Friday. Paper due on Monday9/21 and due onWednesday9/23 and Monday9/28

In 1807 The united states had embargoed goods from both England and France to stop

the fighting. England didnt have enough dudes to keep the boats in the birtishNavy, so they started enforcing Impression where they would take guys off merchantships who looked British at a rate of 10,000 a year. In 1820 Robert Fulton takesthe steam engine and puts it into the vsl Clarmont, so suddenly you have a steampowered vsl that is free from current and wind. By 1820 you also see the beginningof the railroads one of the first was the Baltomore & Ohio. Also in the 1820s yousee coming from Europe is Tugboats, which were used exclusively for ship assist.By the 1840s you begin to see with the advent of steam Scooners, brining about thetime of scheduled transportation. Hence was born in the maritime industry thefirst Subsidy, for taking mail, when there wasnt money. The space would always bethere. In 1842 John Ericsson put a propeller on a ship called the Vandalia. Thepropeller stayed down bellow the water that made all the energy that went into thepropeller the boat. In the 1840s the government began to issue licences to Steam

Engineers, and Pilots. But only for the Inland navigation. Economy of scale: Inthe bottem line that bigger is better. Webb: Why should all vsls look the same andbe build the same when infact vsls should be design to carry the cargo they wantto carry, and you can maximize your ship by building your ship to the goods youwant to carry. He build Kettle bottoms. The idea being if you carrying somethingthat isnt very heavy but takes up a lot of space. Maximizing the space. Mckay:Built a fleet of ships that were designed to sail very fast called the BaltimoreClippers, the could move very fast. Most just carried people.Very sleek and ranvery fast, and very high.

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1859 in Philidelphia a ship was built called the Champion and she was Steal hulled, and steam powered. 1869 in the Suez Canal opened up a new trade route, and tookAfrica off the Trade route. Also bringing about the term PortOutStarboardHoundbecause those were the best rooms on the boat where you got a breaze but no sun.NAU-103 9/16/09

Packet Steamers 1840s->1910 steamers ran between Europe and asia, and the westernUnited States.These steamers brought Immigrants. This was a period in US history

where tremendous immigration and mail were transferred. Bunkers When steam shipswere first built the steam plant was In the 1880s coal gave way to fuel oil. Thebunker was actually the storage space for the coal. Thus Bunker means fuel for theship. In the 1880s a guy by the name of Robert Dollar started a shipping company.That had stacks with a dollar sign on it. His ships went around the world in the1900s dollar built a ship called the 502s they were steal ships. Dollar lineswhere dollar likes until after WW2 when he began name his ships after AmericanPresidents. This time there was also a guy doing this kinda thing called Matsonwho was running his shipping out to Hawaii. Matson built his ships to serve theHawaiian islands. They served animals to the islands. In 1896 Steven Luce said Iam sick and tired of getting really shitty sailors on my ships, maritimeprofessionals need to be better trained. So he stared the Newyour Maritimecollege. Making the first Maritime college to come about. In 1801 the United

states Merchant flag ships carried %75 perenct of the US forgien trade In 1901 theUnited states Merchant flag ships carried %9.2 perenct of the US forgien trade,this was a time in the Maritime industry that you begin to see the Unionizing ofSailors. In 1915 the Seamans act was passed. It said that Seaman must be treatedin a certain way, they must have food, good equipment, no clothing.This allowedSeamen to have better working conditions.

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In 1912 the Titanic Sank.Following the Titanic a law was passed calledSaftyOfLifeAtSea in the 1929 that said that companies must have the ability tosave people. It was about making the ship safer. If you are at Sea and you receivea distress call, you must help them. In 1914 The Panama Canal opened after a 30years of building, and just like in 1869 with the Sueze cannal South Americadissappeard off the trade route. In 1920 was passed the Merchant Marine act of1920 also called the Jones act. The Jones actsays only US vsls may carrycargobetween consecutive US Ports. This came about because during the first World

War the US navy went hunting for any ship that didnt have a US flag and by theend of the World War 95% of the Tonage was fly the US Flag. NSC 103 09/21/09 1932Sea Trains Intermodal transportation 1936 the Merchant Marine Act. 1st part Itaddressed subsidy in a big way. The first was a construction differencialsubsidy.The second one is Operation differencial subsidy.The third part was Title11. 2nd part Merchant Marine Academics First you had the MarAd(MaritimeAdministratoin) we believe that maritime training is important 3rd part ShipDesign -Cargo ships~C -passenger ships~P -tankers~T This allowed them tostandardize their building equipment, so that they could build their ships verycheaply. The Number on the ship is the length of the ship

1939 Neutrality Act Creates a Panama registry, Flags of convience.

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1942 German Uboats sinking 420000 tons/ monthly Henry Kaiser, figures you canbuild ships in a modular fashion. He also used women to build his ships. He alsocreates day care within the workplace. He also helped start Healthcare.

1946 ships sales act With the Liberty and victory ships.

1957 Malcolm Mclean: helped bring about the idea of Containers, built the IdealX.This is a concept of Intermodal. NSC 103 9/23/09 1962 Savanah is made and is the

first nucular powered ship. 1970 Malcom Mcqueen built 8 ships the SL-7s. They werethe first pure celluar containership. They were 960 long 106 feet wide, had120,000hp and could go 36 knts. They burned 5000 BBL/daily. Today those Hulls arecalled TAKR. This was a time when specialized ships began to appear, ships builtspecifically to carry containers, or cargo to be rolled on and rolled off. Thereis also a resurgence of passangerships , now being used a cruise ships. As well asOil field equipment, as well as the towing industry between 1970-1980. In thetanker business they got larger and larger with the VLCC very large crudecarriers, then the ULCC the ultra large crude carriers.Following the end of theVietnam War. 1989 the Maritime industry changed when the Exxon valdez wentaground. 1990 The oil pollution act was passed the OPA 90, so that ships now hadto have double hulls. It changed how liability was assested. Maritime professionsnow had to be drug tested.4. Maritime professionals had to be alcohol tested to a

point .04 . 5. When you renew your licence they review your entire drivinglicence. 6. Limit the amount of time you can work. 2001IntermodalServiceTransporationEfficency Act was about integrating Ship, rail, andtruck to be seemless. Essay on first test: list the 6 themes of maritime historythat we discccud 1.Economic: revenue , trade, diplomatic

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2.Economies of scale: Bigger is better, Panamax making our ships as big aspossible.VLCC or ULCC making ships bigger that do not have a significant increasein cost. 3.Subsidy : for mail, for construction, for operations, garentees ofmoney. 4.Standardization: Everyone does the same thing and with the sameequipment.Anyone can fit into any port. Containers, and the T2 and T3 ISTEA5.Technology: steam, motor, steal, radar, GPS, AIS, ECDIS. 6.Cabotage: thereservation of services of ships that carry your flag. 1920 jones act,Consitituion, Townsend dues. NAU 103 9/25/09 _Tramps_ Are vessels that take cargos

of opportunities. Their sister vessels are liners that run on regulare schedule,and only go between certain ports. They also cary special types of cargo. Linerswork with a bill of Lading. Tramps on the other hand take cargos ofopportunity.Tramp ships just kinda bounce around, going from place to placecarrying different types of cargo, carrying whats available, and they dont have abill of lading they have a charter party. A Bills of Lading is a contract ofaffreightment. There are three people involved in this not two , the personshipping the cargo(seller), the carrier(shipping, train, truck company), and theConsignee(buyer). These creat a bill of lading so as the cargo goes form place toplace each contractor can take a piece of the bill of lading say they have gonethrought the bill of lading.There are 9 diffent kinds of Lading. Chapter 4-6 inthe business of shipping. Charter parties are a contract between only two people,the shipper and the carrier. Sometimes when you charter a ship you only need it

for the length of the voyage from the loading to the discharge. Sometimes youcharter the ship for a certain amount of time, that is called a time charter. Ademise charter to the death charter for the time of the ship for its entire life.The Baltic Exchange: a commodities exchange group, that is handled by brokers. TheBroker is in for about 2 % of it. Sometimes in the charter there is a penlitycharge called a demurrage for not meeting the terms of the charter. There is alsoBonus where if you exceed the terms of the charter. The days you dont have towork are called Lay days.

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NSC-103 09/28/09 _Sailings:_ Liner:Very regular to a point that they arescheduales between selected ports Tramp:Not scheduled, they are cargos oropportunity. _Cargos:_ Liner: High value cargos, moved in small lot. Tramp: Lowvalue cargo, cargos that are homogenous _Rates:_ Liner:Tariff which is a book ofrates for each type of cargo, which is published by the liner company quarterly.They are fixed for 90 days Tramp:The rate varies, and is chartered _Contracts:_Liner: Bill of lady, for every item shipped Tramp:Charter party _Ship:_ Liner:Specialized vessel for whatever its carrying, that are large and ungeared. Tramp:

General type of vessels, that is of a medium sized that is geared(the cargo gearedthat has cargo handling equipment aboard.) _Organizations:_ Liner:Largeorganization Tramp:Small nimble _Freight:_ Liner:Traffic Department Tramp:BrokerCWT is the units of 100lbs in which how things are measured in the shippingindustry.

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_Conferences_ A group of carriers that get together on a given trade route inorder to fix prices of given commodity *shipping act of 1984 that allowed shippingcompanies to join forces to be more competitive. American companies could join theconferances, but they didnt have to if they didnt want to. *where there islimited cargo, there is cargo sharing aka rationalization. *NPERC-very heavybecause there is a lot of cargo *NPWRC-very light because they are going back toChina *fighting ships that are on a trade route for less then the costs isillegal, that protects everyone. On Wednesday we will start on containers.

NAU-103 09/30/09 _Containers_ Malcom Mclean -Interest of Saftly : protecting cargofrom theft, and breakage -Standardize: Loading and discharging (L/D), Handlingequipment, and storage. All of these are Intermodal -Turnaround: containershipsturnaround in hours not days -24 hour ops: cargo handling is now 24/7 * Mcleanwanted his truck to turn around more quickly. 1966 The ISO (International StandardOccociation) Say that containers will come in two sizes 20s and 40s. Thusestablishing the TEU (twenty foot equivilate unit) 20x8x8. Cargo is measured byTEU now. We do that because you can count the boxes.This is the beginning of theprocess. The other standard is 40x8x8 which is the equivalent of 2 TEUs.Container ships were not originally built but converted. In the 1970s we saw

cellular container ships. The ships were built so that there were pieces ofangliner so that the ship became a series of cells. Each container ship has amaximum stack weight, so you can only stack so many on top the other ones. Cargobefore container ships were lifted from the bottem and put on top. The Cargo nowis lifted from the top and stacked.

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You take the spreader that is over the top of the containers and allows you tohold the container from the top. The maximum weight for a container is 80,000pounds. Wood deck, Aluminum skin, and Steal frame Panamax -ships that are exactlythe size d fthe panama cannel Post Panamax -Ships that are great then the size ofthe Panama Canal. -Emma Maersk 15,000 TEU

Containers are moved in a house to house bill of lady, or in a Dock to Dock billof lady. The conatner is loaded and sealed by the shiperit then moves thereou all

its intermodal moves and is not opened till the concenye ovpes it. Filling acontainer is called stuffing a,d takeing things out is called Stripping. . In dockto dock and yard to yard is filled by the shipper. Containers have seals that helpkeep it so that the shipped goods can be catalog easier. NAU-103 10/05/09 Test onFriday History, chapters 4-6, and 16. Tamp, liner, _Containers_ *Standardized toTEU(twenty foot equvilant unit) 20x8x8 * The new Standard is the FEU(forty footequvilant unit) 40x8x8 Containers are difffernet from other types of cargo becausethey are lifted from above not bellow. The Strenght of the container is in thefour corner posts. One of the things that happened when we standardized theprocess of containers, we found you could put certain things in these 4 cornercontainers. So first you standardization of different containers \ -tankcontainers: to store liquid

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-Open/Rag top containers: to store bulk commodities -Reefer containers: at one endthere is a refridgeration unit, to carry cold or cool goods -1/2 height boxes:used to carry very heavy goods, that are shipped by weight rather then by volume.-Flat Rack -Auto: Used to carry cars. -Hi Cube: High cubic volume, has increasedthe height. This limits where these things can be stowed. Intermodal domesticdeals with the size of a cube and what country will take them. NAU-103 10/07/09Gantry Cranes -Became Standardized along with the containers. -Apron: part of thedock where the cargo transfer occurs -Cab: where operater sits -Spreader: able to

pick up 40s and compress for 20s.

You measure the size of the Crane by the Guage: the width between the tracks(Thenumber of lanes). Turn around time is very fast. NAU-103 09/30/09 _Containers_Malcom Mclean 1966 Interest of Saftly : protecting cargo from theft, andbreakage -Standardize: Loading and discharging (L/D), Handling equipment, andstorage. All of these are Intermodal -Turnaround: containerships turnaround inhours not days -24 hour ops: cargo handling is now 24/7 * Mclean wanted his truckto turn around more quickly.

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The ISO (international Standard Occociation) Say that containers will come in twosizes 20s and 40s. Thus establishing the TEU (twenty foot equivilate unit)20x8x8. Cargo is measured by TEU now. We do that because you can count theboxes.This is the beginning of the process. The other standard is 40x8x8 whichis the equivalent of 2 TEUs.

Container ships were not originally built but converted. In the 1970s we sawcellular container ships.The ships were built so that there were pieces of

angliner so that the ship became a series of cells. Each container ship has amaximum stack weight, so you can only stack so many on top the other ones. Cargobefore container ships were lifted from the bottem and put on top. The Cargo nowis lifted from the top and stacked. You take the spreader that is over the top ofthe containers and allows you to hold the container from the top. The maximumweight for a container is 80,000 pounds. Wood deck, Aluminum skin, and Steal frame

Panamax -ships that are exactly the size d fthe panama cannel

Post Panamax -Ships that are great then the size of the Panama Canal. -Emma Maersk15,000 TEU

Containers are moved in a house to house bill of lady, or in a Dock to Dock bill

of lady. The conatner is loaded and sealed by the shiperit then moves thereou allits intermodal moves and is not opened till the concenye ovpes it. Filling acontainer is called stuffing a,d takeing things out is called Stripping. . In dockto dock and yard to yard is filled by the shipper. Containers have seals that helpkeep it so that the shipped goods can be catalog easier.

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NAU-103 10/05/09 Test on Friday History, chapters 4-6, and 16. Tamp, liner,_Containers_ *Standardized to TEU(twenty foot equvilant unit) 20x8x8 * The newStandard is the FEU(forty foot equvilant unit) 40x8x8 Containers are difffernetfrom other types of cargo because they are lifted from above not bellow. TheStrenght of the container is in the four corner posts. One of the things thathappened when we standardized the process of containers, we found you could putcertain things in these 4 corner containers. So first you standardization ofdifferent containers \ -tank containers: to store liquid -Open/Rag top containers:

to store bulk commodities -Reefer containers: at one end there is a refridgerationunit, to carry cold or cool goods -1/2 height boxes: used to carry very heavygoods, that are shipped by weight rather then by volume. -Flat Rack -Auto: Used tocarry cars. -Hi Cube: High cubic volume, has increased the height. This limitswhere these things can be stowed. Intermodal domestic deals with the size of acube and what country will take them. NAU-103 10/07/09 Gantry Cranes -BecameStandardized along with the containers. -Apron: part of the dock where the cargotransfer occurs -Cab: where operater sits -Spreader: able to pick up 40s andcompress for 20s.

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You measure the size of the Crane by the Guage: the width between the tracks(Thenumber of lanes). Turn around time is very fast. NAU-103 10/12/09 _Tankers_ Last50 years has changed dramatically Tanker business is only a hundred years oldTankers are vsls that carry liquid bulk product. -originally loaded over thetop, not a good idea -then they began using fixed pipelines, by putting the lineat the bottem of the ship, using a bellmouth -Open Gauging, where the tank top isopen and allows you to measure how much is in the tank. The problem is the vaporis still coming out the top -in the mid 1980s they started closing the tank and

started pumping in an Inert gas. So you had the cargo at the bottem and thenpumped in Inert gas on top of it thus there is no flammability now. Thus you havesignificantly reduced the health hazards, and explotion time. Thus now you neededa way to open and close the tanks remotely read the gauges because you dont knowhow much is in the tank, so that you could close the valves. -mid 1960s we hadbegun to build VLCC and ULCC, now the cargo tanks are built longitudenially, nowyou have 15 tanks rather then 30 tanks, making it so you have a much fastermovement of cargo. -Crude ships took regular cargo so that it could be made intosomething -Product tankers: carries five products and must be segregated. Becauseit will change the flash point of the fuel. They are smaller, and have less then70,000 tons dead weight.5 segregated -Chemical tankers, carry the specialized typeof cargos that are all segregated. 36 segregated -LNG/LPG: liquefied natural gas,liquefied petroleum gas. They have a cryogenic plant on board to keep the cargo

liquid. It is very effiecient way to carry it. NAU-103 10/16/09

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Tank ships -Crude: runs full only one way -Product: run full both ways -Chemical:run full both ways -LNG/LPG

Tankers still all carry oil based products for the most part.

If the ship is not full one way then we carry Ballast, which is sea water, to keepthe ship down so that the ship runs the correct way on the way back.

Opa 90: said you must have double hulled ships, so that cargo and ballast andcargo are separate. With double hulls you have segergatged ballast tanks, ballastthat is kept completely separate from the cargo.

Before segregated ballast tanks we had clean ballast and dirty ballast. Cleanballast is clean ballast that goes into a clean cargo tank Dirty ballast is seawater that goes into a already used cargo tank.

_Operations_ *Connection -cargo hoses are generally made out of rubber, and havemetal fittings. -As ships get bigger you use Loading Arms(Chicksan), that can moveup or down in or out. *Topping off- Slow down the loading.

Most tankers are tramp vessels. Meaning they are working on the terms of a

charter. The tramp tankers keep an Abstract which is a record of events.

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Guagers: measure the amount of oil in the tank on the dock, that make sure eachtank is empty. And then determines how much oil has been moved from the dock tothe tank, as an independent measurement. The Guager will measure both ways. Theyare independent and are paid the same amount by both the boat and the oil company.NAU-103 10/19/09 _Passenger_ -Transportation -by the 1950s long range air trafficis now useable. -by the 1960s the passenger industry is reinvented as recreation-in the 1970s the cruise business is ceditited for the revival of the Love boatshow. -This year they estimate that 12 million people will take a cruise, and 6

million of those people will be American. -Vision class vessel that is 109,000tons and can carry 2500 passangers. -The Cruise industry is about service, forevery two passangers there is one crew member. -Most are internationally flaggedcruise ships, because US flagged cruise ships cannot have Casinos on board. -Aregenerally in, in the morning and out in the evening. NAU-103 10/21/09 _BulkCarriers_ *Liquid Bulk products *Dry Bulk:sand, wheat, rice, iron ore -They arehomogenous in nature, all the same. -Non processesd -They are generally low valuecargos. -Most are tramp in nature. -Many are geared, they have their own cargohandling capability. May have booms or cranes on deck. May have conveyors. Mayhave pumps.

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*warpping the ship -moving the vessel along the birth without the use of theengines. Just by taking the lines forward and aft just by heaving on them, andvery slowly. *Sometimes you need to slurry the cargo, by taking a dry cargo andadding liquid to it to move by pump. Such as sand, hard coal, gravel. *OBO -is atype of bulk carrier designed to carry oil, bulk and ore, it is different becauseit is certified to carry oil which must be moved by pumps, and to carry ore theship must be very strong in order to carry it. *Neo Bulk -Moves processed bulk->such as grain in bags. ->Can also carry automobiles. ->Also carrying

Lumber(processed Timber) NAU-103 10/23/09 _Propulsion_ *Steerage: The minimumspeed at which the rudder works. *Hydroconic hulls: the hull forward is very thickbut the hull aft is thin, makes for a straight movment from enging to propeller,allowed the ship to move better in the sea, and protects the rudder and propeller.*Twin Screw:Two propellers that are exactly the same. -Allows you to be moremaneuverable -You can run on one, Redundancy . -Economicaz, you can buy twosmaller engine that gives you the same speed you want as. *Pitch : angle of thepropeller blade, which the more you do so, the more thrust you get. *PropellerShrouds:Forced all of the thrust through one place. *Kort Nozzles: designed to bemovable shrouded propellers, thus there is no need for a rudder.

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*Move the Propellers forward, about 1/3 from the bow, these were called TractorTugs or Z drive. Using a joy stick rather then a wheel. Work ship assist. Theproblem with the tractor tug is it doesnt have good sea keeping, so on the stermsof their boat they put a skeg, so that they have sea keeping ability. *VoithSchneider:build the Cyclodial drive is a vertical drive that doesnt not have apropeller. Instead on the bottom of the boat there is a turn table that hasfeathers at the bottom of it, only pushing at the way it wants. They are platformswith a vertical wing on the table. They are also placed about 1/3 of the way back

from the bow. *Controlable Pitch(CP): The engine moves at a constant speed, youonly need to change the pitch of the propeller. They give you tremendous control,but are very expensive to buy and build. Used by the military. *Jet Drives: Is animpellor, found on jet skis and Ferry boats. They only go frontwards will not gobackwards. How you make it go backward, is you put a bucket like device over itwhich forces the water the other way. Paper due on Nov. 9th, and may only be onepage in length, on the second page you should show him your works cited. You wantto cover the life of this individual, and what they did for the marititmeindustry. Use the MLA standard format, for your works cited. Wikipedia is not asource. If you give him a web site you need to be able to find the sameinformation he found. You need three sources. Nov.18 secound test.

NAU-103 10/26/09 Tugboats/Towboats -Tow boats are designed to push -Tug boats are

designed to pull

1820s steam power tugs come from Europe in the thrif of fourth steam powered tugboats designed in the 45-60 range with a paddle wheel as full contact and wereonly made for ship assist. They are then moved to Barge assist, which consisted ofmoving people and stuff. On the hip comes from tying a tug to a barge and movingit. Putting the tug behind the barge was called river style or cut style. All of asudden towing is no longer about moving. Then we begin to see Coastal Towing,which led to towing the boat on the string, which makes them start to build oceanbarges rather then scows, these ocean barges have spoon bows and a raised focal,they also fitted the barge with skegs on the after end of the barge to help thebarge

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steer. The Single tow line wasnt working tho, so they designed a bridal for theship being towed, being connected to the corner of the barge, as a fishplate(flounders plate).Markey decides that you can change from polly line to wirewhich allowed you to pull from a 200lb barge to a 400lb standard barge, they startputting them on chain bridals. Calenary acts as a shock absorber. Tandem towing:towing multiple barges with one tug boat. Christmas Tree rig: because you riggedit the same way you connected up a Christmas tree, you could adjust the distancebetween the boat and barge but not between the two barges. Then they didnt like

that so they made it so two wires off the boat so you would be towing the twobarges off the tug. The wire was held on the drum only by the weight of the wireabove it. NAU-103 10/23/09 _Oil Field_ 1982 the law of the sea convention waspassed by the United nations. It addressed offshore drilling, as well as offshoremining, offshore fisheries, safe passage, and overflight by airplanes. It becamelaw.

_Coastal Mean/higher/ high water_ -3 miles off shore is territorial sea, all thelaws of your country apply within this. In the US this is different because thefirst three miles belong to the State not the Federal Gov. -Contigous Zone whichis 12 miles out is under the control of the Federal Gov. -The Exclusize economiczone is out 200 miles, and is about recovery of minerals and resources(oil), andfishing. -In the united states the Department of the Interior governs this, and in

this the Minerals management service are who lease the parcils that allow acompany to lease one square mile of ocean bottem for 5 years. -You survey yoursquare mile before hand.You do an acusitcal survy, with the survy boat towingbhind it a hydrophone at the end of a long long cable. The survy vessel pings asignal and bounces it back to the hydrophone. -Tugs and barges -Jack-up rigs canwork out into about 600 ft of water.

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NAU-103 10/30/09 _Oil Field_ -Survey -Leasing -Exploratory : drilling a well tosee if there is indeed oil there.Takes about 6 weeks to see if there is oil ornot. Use Jackup rigs to about 600 feet. After 600 feet you have semi-Submersiblewhich are balisited down about part way, they have big pontunes on the bottem ofthem, and are anchored down, and weight about 9000 tons. The next generation didno have anchors at all instead they had dynamic positioning.so that on eachpontune there are thrusters, giving them a plus or minus of 6 feet of position.Indeeper water you begin to use drillships.Ship with a moon pool in the middle of

it. There are propellers and thrusters to allow for dynamic positioning. When theydrill these holes the hole can be between 7 7/8, to 42. Drill string comes in30ft lengths.Drill bits can be diamond, rock, and sand bits. SemiSubmersible andDrill ships bot require mariners. Once this is done NAU-103 11/02/09 _AHTS(anchorhandling towing supply vessels)_ Supply boats or Mud boast -carry cargo for you inthe way of dry cargo and liquid cargo -Carries people -Works anchors -Some towingof sorts. -These boats were flushed deck, and house forward. Usually they weretwin scews normally about 150ft in length. -They were designed for primary use inthe Gulf of mexico. *the second generation they raise the focsal, and build thehouse just aft of the focsal and the engine roombehind the house, kept the towingdrum on there and gave them from forward thrusters, and they were 180 ft. *As theboats got bigger their role didnt change they just started working in moreextreme places.

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*The third generation of these boats were just a little big bigger, there werethrusters now fore and aft and they were now 220feet. *After the pipper alpha firethey added firefighting equipment on the fore and aft of the boat with foammonitors. *They also add helo pads onto the front of the boat. *Force=Mass xAcceleration -Horse power -Mass -Speed NAU-103 11/04/09 _Hull types_ *Monohull:volume of water displaced equal to weight of the vessel.For the most part you onlytalk about vesseslwith 10-15knts of speed. With Planing you get 2530knts of speed.*Catamaran: you have multiplue hulls, you have taken the hulls sperated them and

made them smaller. With less hull in the water you have an easier to move thevessel more quickly with the same amount of horsepower.you can realisticallyexpect 25-30knt boats. They have water Jets for propoltion, so its made to gogreat in a straight line. What they do have is a Buket over the water Jet so thatthey can reverse the thrust.Skegs create the vessel to turn. *Hydrofoil- a nondisplacement mode. Meaning that the displacement is literally approacking zeromeaning you dont have to use much horse power to make a lot of horse power. .They hydrofoil will fly bellow the house there are fpoils that sit down into thewater so when the vessl is at rest they sit in the water but when they vessel isgoing then only the foils are in the water. You have wave piercing in the waterand submerged foils. In no displacement mode you run between 50-60knts.*Hovercraft: the idea is that you create with fendering you have a skirt, you uselift fans to create lift. And the hover craft literally rides on a cushion of air.

The hover craft in non displacement mode is fully amphibious, you can run them upon the beach or landing. The hovercraft must be designed for the specific water itis going to cross.They are designed for 50-60 knts.You must have a cushion of air.*SES-surface effect ships , is the same thing as a hovercraft but they have rigidsides. They are amphibious as well. The rigid skirts help the craft go over thingseasily. It allows you to put people over the side, and moor up to things eailsy ,it is only flexable in the front and in the back.

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*SWATH: small waterplane area twin hull. Betllow the water you have the propellerand generator, built on that are struts and then the rest of the hull of the boat.The Navy calls these boats TAGOS, that look for Submarines. The way the navy usesthem makes them 3-5 knt boat. 11/18/09 Test

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NAU-105 11/13/09_names and letters of SStrakes_*start at the keel_Thickened Plates_*Cetrtain plates are thickened in areas of higher stress-sheer strake-Keel plates-plates on the bottom forward(pounding)

-Bottom and bilge-Margin Plate(provides more substantial material for connection of outoard ends offloors and for the frames, also protect against more rapid corrosion in this area-(deck stringer) outboard most strake on deck*if welded seams are used the plating is usually butt-welded wi hth einner surfaceof all strakes on the molded line, so that any difference_numbering and lettering_*shel expansion plan*notice:-lettering from keel strake and up-numbering from aft forward_Plan of deck plating_*deck stringer strake

-outer most strakes on deck

_Deck Beams_*athwart ship member located under the deck plating*usually fited on every frame*more desirable to fit extra beams then to increase thickness of deck plates*fastened to the frames by beam brackets-frames act as pillars(vertical members)-carry load downward, where it is distributed over the bottom by the floors._three primary functions of beams_*acts as a beam to support vertical deck loads*acts as a tie to keep the sides of a ship in place-sagging (sides what to move away from each other)

-Hogging(sides want to move toward each other.)_Three primary functiosn_*acts to keep the deck plating from wrinkling due to the twisting action on thevessl_deck beams_*beams act as tie(top)keep deck pl_racking_*Concentration of stress occurs at the beam brackets(the upper corners of theship)-beam brackets-transverse bulkheads-webframes all help to resist stress

*concentratio nof stress also in bottom corners during racking-tank side brackets help resist this stress_Beam brackets _