B GIO DC V O TONH XUT BN GIO DCGII THIU CC SCH LUYN THI TOEIC CA HNG SCH TOEIC R Fanpage: https://www.facebook.com/sachtoeicre Website: www.sachtoeicre.vn Mua sch ti SCH TOEIC R m bo: 1.100% scan t sch gc nn rt r nt nh sch gc.2.Tit kim t 40% - 70% so vi gi sch gc. 3.Nhn ship hng vi chi ph cc thp. Lin h: 0977.158.7840126.783.8638 www.sachtoeicre.vnB GIO DC V O TOENGLISH ONLINENg phpn thi Toeic( Ti bn ln th 10)NH XUT BN GIO DCwww.sachtoeicre.vn210/GD-01/1744/506-00 M s: O7655T8www.sachtoeicre.vn1Bi 1: Cc ch im ng php chi trong bi thi TOEICCho mng cc bn n vi H thng ng php chun can Thi Toeic trong lot h thng kin thc trng tm hc nToeic hiu qu. ng nh tn gi, mc ln ny nhm gipngi hc bit, nm bt v hiu mt cch c h thng ccchuyn ng php chnh cn c hon thnh tt bi thiToeic mi vi 2 phn chnh l Nghe v c. Khi ng vngchc vi vic lm quen, phn bit v chia 12 th c bn trongTing Anh nhanh chng, chnh xc. Tip , chng ta s ttin cng hc v c tnh ca cc t loi, cu, mnh . cbit, ngi hc s hon tt khung ng php mt cch chcchn khi c gi nhc v cc trng hp ngoi l d gptrong bi thi lin quan ti ng php. C th, h thng ngphp gm 27 chuyn , mi chuyn gm c l thuyttrng tm, d hiu v 20 cu hi trc nghim n luyn hiuqu t d ti kh:Bi 2: Hin ti n, hin ti tip dinBi 3: Hin ti han thnh, hin ti hon thnh tip dinBi 4: Qu kh n, qu kh tip dinBi 5: Qu kh hon thnh, qu kh hon thnh tip dinBi 6: Tng lai n, tng lai tip dinBi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, tng lai hon thnh tip dinBi 8: Tng hp thi thBi 9: Cc dng thc ca ng t: Ving, To doBi 10: ng t khuyt thiuwww.sachtoeicre.vn2Bi 11: Danh tBi 12: Mo tBi 13: i tBi 14: Cc loi cu hiBi 15: Tnh t v trng tBi 16: So snhBi 17: Gii tBi 18: B ngBi 19: Ha hp ch ng- ng tBi 20: Cu iu kinBi 21: Mnh quan hBi 22: Gin lc mnh quan hBi 23: Mnh danh ngBi 24: Mnh trng ngBi 25: Lin tBi 26: Qu kh phn t (ed) v hin ti phn t (Ving)Bi 27: Cu gi nhC th ni, nh mt phn vai tr ln l trnh n li kin thcng php cho nhng ai mi bt tay vo n thi Toeic cngnh khng t ngi ang v s mong mun c trong taychng ch gi tr ny. Hy lun ghi nh s n lc ca bn squyt nh bn c th nm c hay khng lng kin thcTing Anh cn thit trc khi t tin ng k thi chc chnc cho mnh mt im s Toeic cao. Chc cc bn thnhcng v hy bt u vi quyt tm cao nht nh!www.sachtoeicre.vn3Bi 2: Hin ti n, hin ti tip dinTh hin ti n v th hin ti tip din thng khinnhiu bn ln ln, khng bit chng khc nhau ci gtrong cu trc v ngha. V vy, chng ta cng xem likin thc v th hin ti n v th hin ti tip din nh.Cc bn cn nm chc cu to, chc nng ca 2 th ny lm nn tng cho nhng phn tip theo.I. Cu TrcHIN TI N HIN TI TIP DIN+S + V(s/es)He plays tennis.S + am/is/are + VingThe children are playing footballnow.S + do not/ does not +VinfShe doesn't play tennis.S + am/is/are + not + VingThe children are not playingfootball now.?Do/Does + S + Vinf?Do you play tennis?Am/Is/Are + S + Ving?Are the children playing footballnow?II. Cch s dngHIN TI N HIN TI TIP DIN1. Din t mt thi 1. Din t mt hnh ng ang xywww.sachtoeicre.vn4HIN TI N HIN TI TIP DINquen, mt hnhng xy ra thngxuyn lp i lp li hin ti.Ex:- He watches TVevery night.- What do you doevery day?- I go to school bybicycle.2. Din t mt chnl, mt s tht hinnhin.Ex:- The sun rises in theEast.- Tom comes fromEngland.- I am a student.3. Din t mt lchtrnh c sn, thikha biu, chngtrnhEx: The plane leavesfor London at12.30pm.4. Dng sau cc cmt ch thi gianwhen, as soon as vtrong cu iu kinra ti hin ti.Ex:- The children are playing football now.- What are you doing at the moment?2. Dng theo sau cu ngh, mnhlnh.Ex:- Look! The child is crying.- Be quiet! The baby is sleeping in thenext room.3. Th ny cn c dng din tmt hnh ng sp xy ra. (THTNG LAI GN)Ex:- He is coming tomorrow.- My parents are planting treestomorrow.Lu : Khng dng th hin ti tipdin vi cc ng t ch nhn thc, trigic nh: to be, see, hear, understand,know, like, want, glance, feel, think,smell, love, hate, realize, seem,remember, forget, belong to, believe ...Vi cc ng t ny, ta thay bng thHIN TI N GINEx:- I am tired now.- She wants to go for a walk at themoment.www.sachtoeicre.vn5HIN TI N HIN TI TIP DINloi 1Ex:- We will not believeyou unless we see itourselves.- If she asks you, tellher that you do notknow.III. Du hiu nhn bitHIN TI NHIN TI TIPDIN- Often, usually, frequently- Always, constantly- Sometimes, occasionally- Seldom, rarely- Every day/ week/ month...- Now- Right now- At the moment- At present- Look! Listen!...IV. SpellingHIN TI N HIN TI TIP DIN- Ta thm S hnh thnhngi 3 s t ca hu htcc ng t. Nhng tathm ES khi ng t ctn cng l o, sh, s, ch, x,z.Ex: He teaches French.- Nu ng t tn cng ly v ng trc n l mtph m, th ta i y thnh itrc khi thm es.- Nu ng t tn cng l e nth b e ny i trc khi thm ing.(tr cc ng t : to age (gi i),to dye (nhum), to singe (chyxm) v cc ng t tn t l eeEx: come --> coming- ng t tn cng l 1 nguynm gia 2 ph m th nhn iph m cui ln ri thm ing.Ex:run --> runningwww.sachtoeicre.vn6HIN TI N HIN TI TIP DINEx:- He tries to help her.- She studies at China.begin --> beginning- Nu ng t tn cng l ie thi thnh y ri mi thm ing.Ex: lie --> lying- Nu ng t tn cng l l mtrc n l 1 nguyn m n thta cng nhn i l ln ri thming.Ex: travel --> travellingwww.sachtoeicre.vn7Bi 3: Hin ti han thnh, hin ti honthnh tip dinTh hin ti hon thnh v th hin ti hon thnh tipdin cng l mt cp khin nhiu s t i thi phi au uy.Mi cc bn cng xem qua kin thc v cp i ny vlm mt s bi tp cng c kin thc nh.I. Present Perfect (th hin ti hon thnh)1. Cu trc:(+)S + has/have + PII.()S + has/have + not + PII.(?)Has/Have + S + PII?Yes, S + has/have.No, S + has/have + not.2. Cch s dng:2.1. Din t mt hnh ng xy ra mt thi imkhng xc nh trong qu kh.- Khng c thi gian xc nh.www.sachtoeicre.vn8John has traveled around the world (We dont know when)Have you passed your driving test?- Hoc i vi cc t: just, recently, already, yet,- Hnh ng lp li nhiu ln cho n thi im hin ti.I have watched Iron Man several times.- Sau cu trc so snh hn nht ta dng th hin ti honthnh.It is the most borning book that I have ever read.- Sau cu trc: This/It is the first/second times, phi dngth hin ti hon thnh.This is the first time he has driven a car.Its the second times he has lost his passport.2.2. Din t mt hnh ng bt u din ra trong qu khv vn cn hin ti.- C cc t ch thi gian i cng nh: since, for, ever, never,up to now, so far,Jonh has lived in that house for 20 years. (He still live there)=John has lived in that house since 1989 (Hin nay l 2012)3. Cc t i vi th hin ti hon thnh- Since + thi im trong qu kh: since 1982, sinceJunuary.: k t khi For + khong thi gian: for three days, for ten minutes, .:trong vngI havent heard from her for 2 months.www.sachtoeicre.vn9(Ti khng nghe tin tc g t c y trong 2 thng riHe hasnt met her since she was a little girl.(Anh y khng gp c y k t khi c y cn l 1 c b.)- Already: Dng trong cu khng nh hay cu hi, ALREADY c thng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu.I have already had the answer = I have had the answeralready.Have you typed my letter already?- Yet: chaDng trong cu ph nh hoc nghi vn. YET thng ngcui cu.John hasnt written his report yet = John hasnt written hisreport.I hasnt decided what to do yet = I hasnt decided what to do.Have you read this article yet? = Have you read this article?- Just: va miDng ch mt hnh ng va mi xy ra.I have just met him.I have just tidied up the kitchen.I have just had lunch.- Recently, Lately: gn yHe has recently arrived from New York.www.sachtoeicre.vn10- So far: cho n by giWe havent finished the English tenses so far.- Up to now, up to the present, up to this moment, untilnow, until this time: n tn by gi.She hasnt come up to now.- Ever: tng bao gi chaEVER ch dng trong cu nghi vnHave you ever gone abroad?- Never before: cha bao giI have never eaten a mango before. Have you eaten amango?- In/Over/During/For + the + past/last + time: trong thigian quaIt has rained in the past week.She hasnt talked to me over the last 4 days.4. Phn bit gone to v been to- gone to: i cha vAnn is on holiday. She has gone to Paris.> C ngha l by gi c y ang hoc ang trnng n .- been to: i v riAnn is back to English now. She has been to Paris.> C y tng Paris nhng gi v Anh ri.www.sachtoeicre.vn11II. Present Perfect Progressive (th hin ti hon thnhtip din)1. Cu trc:(+) S + has/have + been + Ving.() S + has/have + not + been + Ving.(?) Has/Have + S + been + Ving?Yes, S + has/have.No, S + has/have + not.2. Cch s dng:- Nhn chung, v c bn, th hin ti hon thnh tip dinging vi th hin ti hon thnh, u dng din t mthnh ng bt u din ra trong qu kh v vn cn xy ra hin ti. Tuy nhin, th hin ti hon thnh tip din nhnmnh thi gian ca hnh ng (How long), cn th hin tihon thnh quan tm n kt qu ca hnh ng.- Thng dng vi 2 gii t since hoc for.I have been learning English since early morning.- Cc du hiu khc nhn bit th hin ti hon thnh tipdin: all day, all her/his lifetime, all day long, all themorning/afternoon3. Phn bit HTHT HTHTTDHIN TI HON THNHHIN TI HON THNH TIPDINHnh ng chm dt hin ti do c ktqu r rng.Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, c kh nng lan titng lai do khng c ktwww.sachtoeicre.vn12HIN TI HON THNHHIN TI HON THNH TIPDINI've waited for you for halfan hour. (and now I stopwaiting because you didn'tcome)qu r rt.I've been waiting for you for halfan hour. ( and now I'm stillwaiting, hoping that you'll come)www.sachtoeicre.vn13Bi 4: Qu kh n, qu kh tip dinQu kh n v Qu kh tip din l hai th c bnnhng rt quan trng hnh thnh nn nhng cu nin gin cng nh hu ch trong qu trnh c hiu.Vic nm chc hai th ny s gip cc bn d dng hiur nhng bi vit n gin, c bit l th Qu kh n. hc tt th Qu kh n, cc bn phi nm chc bngng t bt quy tc c bn cng nh cch thm uiing vo ng t trong th Qu kh tip din.I. Cu trc:TH QU KH NTH QU KH TIPDIN1. To be:S + was/were + Adj/ Noun- I, he, she, it , N(s t) + Was- You, we, they, N(s nhiu) + Were2. Verbs:S + V qu khS + was/were + V-ingII. Cch s dng:TH QU KH N TH QU KH TIP DINwww.sachtoeicre.vn14TH QU KH N TH QU KH TIP DINDin t mt hnhng xy ra vchm dt honton trong qukh.Ex:- Tom went to Parislast summer.- My mother left thiscity two years ago.- He died in 1980.1. Din t mt hnh ng ang xy rati mt thi im trong qu kh.Ex: What were you doing at 8:30 lastnight?2. Din t hnh ng ang xy ra (qu kh) th c 1 hnh ng khcxem vo. (Hnh ng ang xy radng QK tip din, hnh ng xenvo dng QK n)Ex:- When I came yesterday, he wassleeping.- What was she doing when you sawher?3. Din t hnh ng xy ra songsong cng 1 lc qu kh.Ex: Yesteday, I was cooking while mysister was washing the dishes.III. Du hiu nhn bit:TH QU KH NTH QU KH TIPDIN last night/ year/month yesterday ... ago in + nm (vd: 1999) at this time last night at this moment last year at 8 p.m last night while...www.sachtoeicre.vn15Bi 5: Qu kh hon thnh, qu khhon thnh tip dinTh Qu kh hon thnh v Qu kh hon thnh tip dinl hai th thng xuyn xut hin trong ch im thica Toeic, c bit l th Qu kh hon thnh.Cc bn c th d phn bit th Qu kh hon thnh, tuynhin th Qu kh hon thnh tip din vn gy khng tkh khn cho cc bn.V vy chng ta cng tng hp li nhng kin thc cbn nht cc bn d dng phn bit v s dng 2 thny mt cch chnh xc v hiu qu nh.I. Cu trc:QU KH HON THNHQU KH HONTHNH TIP DIN1. To be:S + had been + Adj/ nounEx: She had been a good dancerwhen she met a car accident.2. Verb:S + had + Pii (past participle)Ex: We had lived in Hue beforeCng thc chung:S + had been+ V-ingEx: She had beencarrying a heavy bags.www.sachtoeicre.vn16QU KH HON THNHQU KH HONTHNH TIP DIN1975.II. Cch s dng:QU KH HON THNHQU KH HON THNH TIPDIN1. Din t mt hnhng xy ra trc mthnh ng khc trongqu kh. (Hnh ng xyra trc dng QKHT - xyra sau dng QK)Ex: When I got up thismorning, my father hadalready left.2. Dng m t hnhng trc mt thi gianxc nh trong qu kh.Ex: We had lived in Huebefore 1975.3. Dng trong cu iukin loi 3Ex: If I had known that youwere there, I would havewritten you letter.4. Dng trong cu cmun tri vi Qu khEx: I wish I had time tostudy.1. Din t 1 hnh ng xy ratrc mt hnh ng khctrong Qu kh (nhn mnh tnhtip din)Ex: I had been thinking about thatbefore you mentioned it.2. Din t 1 hnh ng xyra, ko di lin tc n khihnh ng th 2 xy ra. (Hnhng 2 dng QK). Thngthng khong thi gian ko dic nu r trong cu.Ex: The men had been playingcards for 3 hours before I came.www.sachtoeicre.vn17Bi 6: Tng lai n, tng lai gn,tng lai tip dinTh Tng lai n v Tng lai tip din cng l 2 th c tnsut xut hin rt cao trong thi chnh thc ca TOEIC.Ngoi ra th tng lai cn c th tng lai gn cng d gynhm ln cho cc bn. hiu r hn v nhng th ny, cc bn c th theo di bng so snh di y.I. Cu trc:TL N TL TIP DIN TL GN(+) S + will/shall +V-inf(-) S + will/shall +not + V-inf(?) Will/Shall + S +V-inf?Yes, S + will/shallNo, S + will/shall +notV-inf: ng tnguyn th khngS + will + be + V-ingEx:- Will you be waitingforher when her planearrives tonight?- Don't phone mebetween7 and 8. We'll behaving dinner then.1. D nh s lmgS + am/is/are +going to + V-infEx: Where are yougoing tospend yourholiday?2. Sp sa lm gS + am/is/are + V-infwww.sachtoeicre.vn18TL N TL TIP DIN TL GN"to".- I/ We + shall- I/ We/ You/ He/She... + will- will/shall = 'll- will not = won't- shall not = shan'tEx:- She will be a goodmother.- We will go toEngland next year.Ex: My father isretiring.II. Cch s dng:TL N TL TIP DIN TL GN1. Din t mtquyt nhngay ti thi imni.Ex: Oh, I've left thedoor open. Iwill go and shut it.2. Din t li don khngc cn c.Ex:- People wont go toJupiter beforethe 22nd century.- Who do you thinkwill get the job?1. Din t mthnh ngang xy ra timt thiim xc nh tng lai.Ex:- At 10 o'clocktomorrow morninghe will be working.- I will be watchingTV at 9o'clock tonight.2. Din t hnhng angxy ra tng lai1. Din t mt khoch,d nh.Ex:- I have won $1,000.I amgoing to buy a newTV.- When are yougoingto go on holiday?2. Din t mt lid onda vo bngchng hin ti.Ex:www.sachtoeicre.vn19TL N TL TIP DIN TL GN3. Dng trong cu ngh.Ex:- Will you shut thedoor?- Shall I open thewindow?- Shall we dance?4. Cu ha hnEx: I promise I willcall you assoon as i arrive.th c 1hnh ng khcxy ra.Ex:- I will be studyingwhen youreturn this evening.- They will betravelling inItaly by the timeyou arrive here.- The sky is veryblack. It isgoing to snow.- I crashed thecompany car.My boss isnt goingto bevery happy!III. Phn bit TL n TL gnTL N TL GN- Ta dng will khi quyt nhlm iu g vo lc ni,khng quyt nh trc.Ex:Tom: My bicycle has a flattyre. Can you repair it for me?Father: Okay, but I can't do itright now. I will repair ittomorrow.- Ta dng be going to khi quyt nh lm iu g ri,ln lch sn lm ri.Ex:Mother: Can you repair Tom'sbicycle? It has a flat type.Father: Yes, I know. He toldme. I'm going to repair ittomorrow.IV. Du hiu nhn bit:TL N TL TIP DIN TL GN tomorrow next at this timetomorrow xc nh c thtng lai gn,www.sachtoeicre.vn20TL N TL TIP DIN TL GNday/week/month... someday soon as soon as until...... at this momentnext year at present nextFriday at 5 p.mtomorrow...cn da vo ngcnh v ccbng chng hinti.www.sachtoeicre.vn21Bi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, tng laihon thnh tip diny cng c coi l 1 cp i hon ho lun khincc bn hc Ting Anh phi au u khng km g cpi hin ti hon thnh v hin ti hon thnh tip din.Nhng cp i ny li rt c cc bi thi Toeic achung, a vo th ti cc s t nh ta.V vy chng ta cng ngha li th Tng Lai Hon Thnhv Tng Lai Hon ThnhTip Din mt cht nha ccbn.TL HON THNH TL HON THNH TIP DIN1. Cu trc:S + will have + Pii1. Cu trc:S + will have been + Ving2. Cch s dng:- Din t 1 hnh ng shon tt vo 1 thi imcho trc tng lai.Ex:+ I'll have finished my workby noon.+ They'll have built that2. Cch s dng:- Din t 1 hnh ng bt u tqu kh v ko di n 1 thiim cho trc tng lai.Ex:+ By November, we'll have beenliving in this house for 10 years.+ By March 15th, I'll have beenwww.sachtoeicre.vn22TL HON THNH TL HON THNH TIP DINhouse by July next year.+ When you come back, I'llhave written this letter.working for this company for 6years.3. Du hiu nhn bit:Cc cm t ch thi gian ikm:- By + mc thi gian (by theend of, by tomorrow)- By then- By the time3. Du hiu nhn bit:Cc cm t ch thi gian i km:- By ... for (+ khong thi gian)- By then- By the timeBi 8: Tng hp thi thTrong cc bi trc chng ta hc v cc th sau trongting Anh:Bi 2: Hin ti n, HT tip dinBi 3: Hin ti han thnh, HTHT tip dinBi 4: Qu kh n, QK tip dinBi 5: Qa kh hon thnh, QKHT tip dinBi 6: Tng lai n, TL tip dinBi 7: Tng lai hon thnh, TLHT tip dinCc bn n li bi ri lm bi tp tng hp v cc th sau ynh!www.sachtoeicre.vn23Bi 9: Cc dng thc ca ng t:Ving, To doMt trong nhng cu hi m cc bn hc tingAnh thcmc nhiu nht hn l lm sao chia ng tchnh xckhi lm bi CHIA NG T TRONG NGOC. Khi no thdng V-infinitive, khi no th dngV-ing phi khng ?Hm nay ti s cung cp cho cc bn cc cu trc cuthng dng nht ca Ving v To do. Hy vng cc bn skhng cn gp kh khn g vi dng bi chia ng tna.GERUND TO-INFINITIVE1. Cch s dng L ch ng ca cu:dancing bored him. B ng ca ng t:her hobby is painting. L b ng: Seeing isbelieving. Sau gii t: He wasaccused of smuggling. Sau mt vi ng t:avoid, mind, enjoy,...2. Mt s cch dngCch dng To-infinitive:1. Verb + to doNhng ng t sau c theo sautrc tip bi to-infinitive: agree,appear, arrange, attempt, ask, decide,determine, be determined, fail,endeavour, forget, happen, hope,learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare,promise, prove, refuse, remember,seem, tend, threaten, try, volunteer,expect, want, mean,...Ex:- She agreed to pay $50.www.sachtoeicre.vn24GERUND TO-INFINITIVEc bit+ Nhng ng t sauc theo sau bi V-ing: admit, avoid,delay, enjoy, excuse,condiser, deny, finish,imagine, forgive, keep,mind, miss, postpone,practise, resist, risk,stop, remember,forget, regret, suggest,like, propose, detest,dread, resent, pardon,try, fancy.Ex:- He admitted takingthe money.- Would you considerselling the property?- He kept complaining.- He didn't want to riskgetting wet.+ Verbs +prepositions:apologize for, accuseof, insist on, feel like,congratulate on,suspectof, lookforward to, dream of,succeed in, object to,approve/disapproveof...- Two men failed to return from theexpedition.- The remants refused to leave.- She volunteered to help the disabled.- He learnt to look after himself.2. Verb +how/what/when/where/which/why +to doNhng ng t s dng cng thcny l:ask, decide, discover, find out, forget,know, learn, remember, see, show,think, understand, want to know,wonder...Ex:- He discovered how to open the safe.- I found out where to buy fruitcheaply.- She couldn't think what to say.- I showed her which button to press.3. Verb + Object + to doNhng ng t theo cng thc ny l:advise, allow, enable, encourage,forbid, force, hear, instruct, invite, let,order, permit, persuade, request,remind, see, train, urge, want, tempt...Ex:- These glasses will enable you to seein the dark.- She encouraged me to try again.- They forbade her to leave the house.- They persuaded us to go with them.www.sachtoeicre.vn25GERUND TO-INFINITIVE+ Gerund cng theosau nhng cm tnh:- It's no use / It's nogood...- There's no point (in)...- It's ( not) worth ...- Have difficult ( in) ...- It's a waste of time/money ...- Spend/ wastetime/money ...- Be/ get used to ...- Be/ get accustomedto ...- Do/ Would you mind... ?- be busy doingsomething- What about ... ? Howabout ...?- Go + V-ing ( goshopping, goswimming... )* Note: Mt s ng tc th i cng vi c ng t nguynth v V-ing, hy so snh s khc nhau v ngha gichng.Stop Ving: dng lm g (dng hn)Stop to do: dng li lm vic gwww.sachtoeicre.vn26Ex:- Stop smoking: dng ht thuc.- Stop to smoke: dng li ht thucRemember/forget/regret to do: nh/qun/tic s phi lm g( hin ti tng lai)Remember/forget/regret Ving: nh/qun/tic lm g (qu kh)Ex:- Remember to send this letter (hy nh gi bc th ny)- Dont forget to buy flowers (ng qun mua hoa nh)- I regret to inform you that the train was cancelled (ti rt ticphi bo tin cho anh rng chuyn tu b hy)- I paid her $2. I still remember that. I still remember payingher $2. (ti nh tr c y 2 la ri)- She will never forget meeting the Queen. (c y khng baogi qun ln gp n hong)- He regrets leaving school early. It is the biggest mistake inhis life. (Anh y hi tic v b hc qu sm)Try to do: c gng lm gTry Ving: th lm gEx:-I try to pass the exam. (ti c gng vt qua k thi)- You should try unlocking the door with this key. (bn nn thm ca vi chic kha ny)www.sachtoeicre.vn27Like Ving: Thch lm g v n th v, hay, cun ht, lm thng thc.Like to do: lm vic v n l tt v cn thitEx:- I like watching TV.- I want to have this job. I like to learn English.Prefer Ving to VingPrefer + to do smt + rather than (do) smtEx:- I prefer driving to traveling by train.- I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.Need to do: cn lm gNeed doing: cn c lm g (= need to be done)Ex:- I need to go to school today.- Your hair needs cutting. (= your hair needs to be cut)Used to do: tng/thng lm g trong qu kh (by gikhng lm na)Be/Get used to Ving: quen vi vic g ( hin ti)Ex:- I used to get up early when I was young. (Ti thng dysm khi cn tr)www.sachtoeicre.vn28- Im used to getting up early. (Ti quen vi vic dy sm ri)Advise/allow/permit/recommend + Object + todo:khuyn/cho php/ ngh ai lm g.Advise/allow/permit/recommend + Ving: khuyn/cho php, ngh lm g.Ex:- He advised me to apply at once.- He advised applying at once.- They dont allow us to park here.- They dont allow parking here.See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + Ving: cu trcny c s dng khi ngi ni ch chng kin 1 phn cahnh ng.See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + V: cu trc nyc s dng khi ngi ni chng kin ton b hnh ng.Ex:- I see him passing my house everyday.- She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.- We saw him leave the house.- I heard him make arrangements for his journey.www.sachtoeicre.vn29Bi 10: ng t khuyt thiuModal verbs l nhm ng t rt quen thuc vi mingi hc ting Anh. Ngay t khi hc lp 6 chng ta c lm quen vi chng qua cc cu n gin nh can I help you?, I can swim.Mi cc bn xem li cch dng ca cc ng t khuytthiu trong ting Anh nh.* c tnh chung ca ng t khuyt thiu (Modal verbs)1. Cu trc chung:S + Modal Verb + V(bare-infinitive)(bare-infinitive: ng t nguyn th khng to)Ex: They can speak French and English.2. Khng thm S vo sau can ngi th ba s t th Hinti.He can use our phone. (Heuse your phone)3. Ch c nhiu nht l 2 th: Th Hin ti v th Qu kh n.She can cook meals.She could cook meals when she was twelve.www.sachtoeicre.vn30I. CAN COULDA. CANCAN ch c 2 th: Hin ti v Qu kh n. Nhng hnh thckhc ta dng ng t tng ng be able to. CAN cngc th c dng nh mt tr ng t hnh thnh mt scch ni ring.1. CAN v COULD c ngha l c th, din t mt kh nng(ability).Can you swim?She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old.2. Trong vn ni (colloquial speech), CAN c dng thaycho MAY din t mt s cho php (permission) v th phnh CANNOT c dng din t mt s cm on(prohibition).In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but youcant smoke downstairs.3. CAN cng din t mt iu c th xy n (possibility).Trong cu hi v cu cm thn CAN c ngha l Is itpossible?Can it be true?It surely cant be four oclock already!4. CANNOT c dng din t mt iu kh c th xy ra(virtual impossibility).He cant have missed the way. I explained the route carefully.5. Khi dng vi ng t tri gic (verbs of perception) CAN cho ngha tng ng vi th Tip din (Continuous Tense).www.sachtoeicre.vn31Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea. (khng dng Iam hearing)B. COULD1. COULD l th qu kh n ca CAN.She could swim when she was five.2. COULD cn c dng trong cu iu kin.If you tried, you could do that work.3. Trong cch ni thn mt, COULD c xem nh nhiutnh cht lch s hn CAN.Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please?Could you tell me the right time, please?4. COULD c dng din t mt s ng vc hay mt liphn khng nh nhng.His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.I could do the job today, but Id rather put it off untiltomorrow.5. COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO- Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc,COULD c dng thng hn WAS/WERE ABLE TO.He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match.The door was locked, and I couldnt open it.- Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hinhnh ng (succeeded in doing) th WAS/WERE ABLE TOc s dng ch khng phi COULD.www.sachtoeicre.vn32I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub withmy friends.II. MAY MIGHT1. MAY v dng qu kh MIGHT din t s xin php, chophp (permission).May I take this book? Yes, you may.She asked if she might go to the party.2. MAY/MIGHT dng din t mt kh nng c th xy ra haykhng th xy ra.It may rain.He admitted that the news might be true.3. Dng trong cu cm thn, MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cuchc.May all your dreams come true!Trong cch dng ny c th xem MAY nh mt loi BngThi cch (Subjunctive).4. MAY/MIGHT dng trong mnh theo sau cc ng thope (hy vng) v trust (tin tng).I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction.He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to oursatisfaction.5. MAY/MIGHT dng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch snhng b (adverb clauses of concession).He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor)www.sachtoeicre.vn33Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though hetries hard)Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Thoughhe tried hard)6. MAY/MIGHT thng c dng trong mnh trng ngch mc ch (adverb clauses of purpose). Trong trng hpny ngi ta cng thng dng CANCOULD thay choMAY/MIGHT.She was studying so /that she might read English books.7. MIGHT (khng dng MAY) i khi c dng trong cu din t mt li trch mng c tnh hn di (petulantreproach).You might listen when I am talking to you.(Lm n rng m lng nghe ti ni)You might try to be a little more helpful.(Lm n rng m t ra c ch mt cht)III. MUST1. MUST c ngha l phi din t mt mnh lnh hay mt sbt buc.You must drive on the left in London.2. MUST dng trong cu suy lun logic.Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad!You have worked hard all day; you must be tired.3. MUST NOT (MUSTNT) din t mt lnh cm.www.sachtoeicre.vn34You mustnt walk on the grass.4. Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi nghakhng cn thit ngi ta s dng NEED NOT (NEEDNT).Must I do it now? No, you neednt. Tomorrow will be soonenough.6. MUST v HAVE TO- HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST trong nhng hnh thc mMUST khng c.We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelveoclock train.- HAVE TO khng th thay th MUST trong cu suy lunlogic.He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad)- MUST v HAVE TO u c th dng din t s cngbch, bt buc (compulsion). Tuy nhin MUST mang nghas cng bch n t ngi ni trong khi HAVE TO mang ngha s cng bch n t hon cnh bn ngoi (externalcircumstances)You must do what I tell you.Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lnh ca Ccng St)Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (V khngcn ng no khc)IV. SHALL SHOULD1. SHALL:c dng trong nhng trng hp sau:www.sachtoeicre.vn35- Dng trong cu trc th Tng lai (Simple Future) ngi thnht.I shall do what I like.- Din t mt li ha (promise), mt s qu quyt(determination) hay mt mi e da (threat).If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday.(promise)He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you.(threat)These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it.(determination)2. SHOULDc dng trong nhng trng hp sau:- Dng trong cu khuyn ai nn lm g, v tng ngvi ought to.You should do what the teacher tells you.People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.(proverb)- Dng thay cho must khi khng mun din t mt nghaqu bt buc ai phi lm g.Members who want tickets for the dance should apply beforeSeptember 1st to the Secretary.V. WILL WOULD1. WILL:www.sachtoeicre.vn36- c dng th Tng lai (simple future), din t mt khoch (plan), s mong mun (willingness), mt li ha(promise) hay mt s qu quyt (determination).All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness)I wont forget little Margarets birthday. I will send her apresent. (promise)- Dng trong cu ngh.Will you shut the door?Shall I open the window?2. WOULD:- Dng hnh thnh th Tng lai trong qu kh (future inthe past) hay cc th trong cu iu kin.He said he would send it to me, but he didnt.If she were here, she would help us.He would have been very happy if he had known about it.- Din t mt thi quen trong qu kh. Vi ngha ny,WOULD c th dng thay cho used to.Every day he would get up at six oclock and light the fire.VI. OUGHT TO DARE NEED1. OUGHT TOOUGHT TO c ngha l nn, gn ging vi should. Tronghu ht cc trng hp OUGHT TO c th c thay thbng should.They ought to (should) pay the money.www.sachtoeicre.vn37He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself.- OUGHT TO cng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt cth ng (strong probability).If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minutenow.- OUGHT TO c th dng trong tng lai vi cc t xc nhthi gian tng lai nh tomorrow, next TuesdayOur team ought to win the match tomorrow.- OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt skhng tn ng v mt hnh ng lm trong qu kh.You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing.2. DARE- DARE c ngha l dm, c gan c th c xem nh mtng t khuyt ln ng t thng. Khi l mt ng tkhuyt thiu, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny.Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu)You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu)He doesnt dare to answer my letter. (ng t thng)She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng)- Thnh ng I dare say c ngha l c th, c l ngngha vi cc t perhaps, it is probable. Thnh ng nythng khng dng vi ch t no khc ngoi ngi th nht.He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later.3. NEEDwww.sachtoeicre.vn38- C hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng tkhuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu NEED ch c hnhthc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt ng t khuytthiu. N c ngha l cn phi, tng t nh have to. V thn cng c xem l mt loi ph nh ca must.Need he work so hard?You neednt go yet, need you?- C mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khngdng th xc nh. N ch c dng th ph nh vnghi vn. Khi dng th xc nh n phi c dng vi mtt ng ph nh.You neednt see him, but I must.I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.VII. USED TO- USED TO l mt hnh thc ng t c bit. N c thc xem nh mt ng t thng hay mt ng t khuytthiu trong vic hnh thnh th ph nh v th nghi vn.You used to live in London, usednt you?He usednt to smoke as much as he does now.He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now.Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden?- Ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng dng did v didnt lp th ph nh v th nghi vn cho USED TO. Trong nhiutrng hp th ph nh c th c hnh thnh bng cchs dng never.You never used to make that mistake.www.sachtoeicre.vn391. USED TO c dng ch mt hnh ng lin tc, kodi, lp i lp li trong qu kh m nay khng cn na.People used to think that the earth was flat.2. Vi th Qu kh n ngi ta ch bit hnh ng xy ra.Vi USED TO ngi ta thy c tnh cht ko di ca hnhng y.He was my classmate. (khng r trong thi gian bao lu)He used to be my classmate. (trong mt thi gian kh lu)3. Phn bit USED TO v mt s hnh thc khc- USED TO + infinitive: hnh ng lin tc trong qu kh- (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen vi mt vic g- (get) USED TO + V.ing: lm quen vi mt vic g.He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesnt)It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night.Now hes used to it.www.sachtoeicre.vn40Bi 11: Danh tDanh t trong ting Anh khng chn thun l itng c nhc n trc tip hay gin tip thc hinhnh ng hay chu tc ng ca hnh ng trong cum cn lin quan cht ch ti hnh thc chia th cang t. Trong bi ny, chng ta s cng hc cch nhndin danh t, phn loi chng v vn dng ng th thcca danh t nh.1. Chc nng ca danh t Danh t trong ting Anh l t dng ch ngi, vt, vic,a im Chc nng ca danh t: Lm ch ng: Her children are very obedient Nhng acon ca c y rt ngoan. Lm tn ng trc tip: Nam likes some chocolate Namthch scla. Lm tn ng gin tip: John gave Peter a red pen John a cho Peter mt ci bt mu . Lm b ng ca ch ng: (ng sau cc ng t tobe vbecome): My sister is a journalist Ch gi ti l mt nhbo.www.sachtoeicre.vn41 Lm b ng cho tn ng: People consider him a teacher Mi ngi ngh anh y l mt gio vin.2. Phn loi danh tDanh t c th chia thnh 4 loi nh sau: Danh t chung. Danh t ring. Danh t tru tng. Danh t tp th. Danh t chung (Common nouns) Danh t chung l nhng danh t ch ngi, vic v aimV d:Dog, house, picture, computer. Danh t chung c th c vit di hnh thc s t hocs nhiuV d:A dog hoc dogs Danh t chung khng vit hoa ch ci u. Danh t ring (Proper nouns) Danh t ring l nhng tn ring gi tng s vt, itng duy nht, c bit nh tn ngi, tn a danh, tn cngty.V d: Microsoft, Mr. David Green, La Thnh street,Greentown Hospital, Town House Hotel, City Park. Ch : danh t ring phi vit hoa ch ci u. Danh t tru tng (Abstract nouns)www.sachtoeicre.vn42 Mt danh t tru tng l mt danh t chung nhm gi tnmt tng hoc mt phm cht. Cc danh t tru tngthng khng c xem, ngi, tip xc hoc nm.V d: Joy, peace, emotion, wisdom, beauty, courage, love,strength, character, happiness, personality Danh t tru tng c th dng s t hoc s nhiu. Danh t tru tng c th m c hoc khng mc. Danh t tp th (Collective nouns) Mt danh t tp hp gi tn mt nhm hay mt tp hpnhiu ngi, ni chn, hoc vtV d: Crew, team, navy, republic, nation, federation, herd,bunch, flock, swarm, litter3. Xc nh danh t m c v khng m c(Countable noun/ Non-countable noun):Danh t ng vai tr lm ch ng trong cu cn c xcnh chnh xc l danh t s t hay s nhiu, m c haykhng m c chia th cho ph hp vi ng t. Nhmt phn trng tm trong chuyn danh t, chng ta hycng ghi nh nhng danh t c bit sau. Danh t m c: L danh t c th dng c vi sm, do n c 2 hnh thi s t v s nhiu. N dng cvi a hay vi the.V d: One book, two books, Danh t khng m c: Khng dng c vi s m,do n khng c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. N khng thdng c vi a, cn the ch trong mt s trng hp cwww.sachtoeicre.vn43bit nh: milk (sa). Bn khng th ni one milk, twomilks (Mt s vt cht khng m c c th c chatrong cc bnh ng, bao bm c nh: one glass ofmilk - mt cc sa).Lu :* Mt s danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bitnh: person people; child children; tooth teeth; foot feet; mouse mice * Mt s danh t m c c dng s t/ s nhiu nh nhauch phn bit bng c a v khng c a: an aircraft/aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.* Mt s cc danh t khng m c nh food, meat,money, sand, water i khi c dng nh cc danh ts nhiu ch cc dng, loi khc nhau ca vt liu .V d:This is one of the foods that my doctor wants me toeat.* Danh t time nu dng vi ngha l thi gian l khngm c nhng khi dng vi ngha l thi i hay s lnl danh t m c.V d:You have spent too much time on that homework. (thi gian,khng m c)I have seen that movie three times before. (s ln, m c)Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi cc danh tm c v khng m c.WITH COUNTABLENOUNWITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNa(n), the, some, any the, some, anywww.sachtoeicre.vn44WITH COUNTABLENOUNWITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNthis, that, these, those this, thatnone, one, two,three,...Nonemanya lot ofa [large / great]number of(a) fewfewer... thanmore....thanmuch (thng dng trong cu phnh, cu hi)a lot ofa large amount of(a) littleless....thanmore....thanMt s t khng m c nn bit:sandfoodmeatwatermoneynewsmeasles (bnhsi)soapinformationairmumps (bnh quaib)economicsphysicsmathematicspoliticshomeworkNote: advertising l danh t khng m c nhngadvertisement l danh t m c, ch mt qung co cth no .V d:There are too many advertisements during TVshows.* Cc danh t tp hp c th s t hoc s nhiu. Chngthng i vi cc ng t s t bi nhm ny hot ng cngnhau di hnh thc l mt n v. Mt danh t tp hp ivi mt ng t s nhiu khi thnh phn ca nhm hot ngnh di dng cc c nhnV d:www.sachtoeicre.vn45Our team is practicing three nights a weeks. (i ca chngti luyn tp ba m mt tun)=> i ang hot ng di t cch l mt n v.The team were talking among themselves (i ang t ni vh)=> Cc thnh vin ca h ang hot ng di hnh thc lnhiu c nhn.www.sachtoeicre.vn46Bi 12: Mo tMo t dng gii thiu mt danh t. Trong ting Anhc 2 loi mo t chnh. Trong , a, an l mo t khngxc nh; the l mo txc nh. Sau y chng ta hycng tm hiu cch sdng ca cc mo t ny nh.1. Cch dng mo t khng xc nh a v anDng a hoc an trc mt danh t s t m c. Chngc ngha l mt. Chng c dng trong cu c tnh khiqut hoc cp n mt ch th cha c cp ttrc.V d:A ball is round. (ngha chung, khi qut, ch tt c cc qubng)I saw a boy in the street. (chng ta khng bit cu b no,cha c cp trc )1.1. Dng an vi:Qun t an c dng trc cc t bt u bng nguynm (trong cch pht m, ch khng phi trong cch vit). Baogm: Cc t bt u bng cc nguyn m a, e, i, o: an aircraft,an empty glass, an object Mt s t bt u bng u, y: an uncle, an umbrellawww.sachtoeicre.vn47 Mt s t bt u bng h cm: an heir, haft an hour Cc t m u bng mt ch vit tt: an S.O.S/ an M.P1.2. Dng a vi:Dng a trc cc t bt u bng mt ph m. Chng baogm cc ch ci cn li v mt s trng hp bt u bngu, y, h.V d: A house, a university, a home party, a heavy load, auniform, a union, a year income, ng trc mt danh t m u bng uni phi dng a(a university/ a uniform/ universal/ union) (Europe, eulogy (lica ngi), euphemism (li ni tri), eucalyptus (cy khuynhdip) Dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh nh: a lotof/a great deal of/a couple/a dozen. Dng trc nhng s m nht nh thng l hngngn, hng trm nh : a/one hundred a/one thousand. Dng trc half (mt na) khi n theo sau mt n vnguyn vn: a kilo hay a half, hay khi n i ghp vi mtdanh t khc ch na phn (khi vit c du gch ni): ahalf share, a half holiday (ngy l ch ngh na ngy). Dng vi cc n v phn s nh : 1/3( a/one third), 1/5 (a/one fifth). Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l:adollar, a kilometer, an hour, 4 times a day.2. Cch dng mo t xc nh The- Dng the trc mt danh t c xc nh c th vmt tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c cp n trc, hoc nhng khi nim ph thng, ai cng bit.V d:www.sachtoeicre.vn48The boy in the corner is my friend. (C ngi ni v nginghe u bit l cu b no)The earth is round. (Ch c mt tri t, ai cng bit)- Vi danh t khng m c, dng the nu ni n mtvt c th, khng dng the nu ni chung.V d:Sugar is sweet. (Ch cc loi ng ni chung)The sugar on the table is from Cuba. (C th l ng trnbn)- Vi danh t m c s nhiu, khi chng c ngha idin chung cho mt lp cc vt cng loi th cng khngdng the.V d:Oranges are green until they ripen. (Cam ni chung)Athletes should follow a well-balanced diet. (Vn ng vinni chung)2.1. Sau y l mt s trng hp thng dng dngThe theo quy tc trn: The + danh t + gii t + danh t: The girl in blue(c gio xanh), the Gulf of Mexico(Vnh Mexico). Dng trc nhng tnh t so snh bc nht hoc only:The only way(cch duy nht), the best day(ngy tt lnhnht). Dng cho nhng khong thi gian xc nh (thp nin): Inthe 1990s (nhng nm 1990) The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph: The manto whom you have just spoken is the chairman. ( Ngi nng bn va ni chuyn l gim c). The + danh t s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vthoc vt: The whale = whales (loi c voi), the deep-www.sachtoeicre.vn49freeze (thc n ng lnh) i vi man khi mang ngha loi ngi tuyt i khngc dng the:Since man lived on the earth (k t khiloi ngi sinh sng trn tri t ny) Dng trc mt danh t s t ch mt nhm, mt hngngi nht nh trong x hi: The small shopkeeper(Gii chtim nh),The top offcial(Gii quan chc cao cp). The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhm ngi, chng khngbao gi c php s nhiu nhng c xem l cc danht s nhiu. Do vy ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu:V d: The old = The old people (The old are often very hardin their moving Ngi gi thng rt kh khn trong vnng) The + tn gi cc i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ bannhc ph thng: The Back Choir/ The PhilharmoniquePhiladelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles. The + tn gi cc t bo (khng tp ch)/ tu bin/ cckhinh kh cu: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg The + h ca mt gia nh s nhiu = gia nh nh: TheSmiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children Thng thng khng dng the trc tn ring trtrng hp c nhiu ngi hoc vt cng tn v ngi nimun m ch mt ngi c th trong s :V d:There are three Sunsan Parkers in the telephone directory.The Sunsan Parker that I know lives on the First Avenue.(Trong danh b in thoi c 3 ngi tn Sunsan Parkers.ng Sunsan Parkers ti bit sng i l s 1). Tng t, khng dng the trc ba n: breakfast, lunch,dinner:V d:We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning. (Sng nay chng tiwww.sachtoeicre.vn50n sng lc 8h)- Tr khi mun m ch mt ba n c th:V d:The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.(Ba tra bn mi ti tun trc rt ngon). Khng dng the trc mt s danh t nh:home, bed,church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college,university v.v khi n i vi cc ng t v gii t chchuyn ng ch i n l mc ch chnh hoc ra khi cng v mc ch chnh:V d:Students go to school everyday. (Hng ngy hc sinh titrng)The patient was released from hospital. (Bnh nhn cxut vin)- Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v mc ch chnhth dng the.V d:Students go to the school for a class party. (Sinh vin titrng tham gia lin hoan)The doctor left the hospital for lunch. (Bc s ri bnh vini n tra)2.2. Bng s dng the v khng s dng the trongmt s trng hp in hnhC "The" Khng "The"+ Dng trc tn cc idng, sng ngi, bin, vnhv cc cm h (s nhiu)The Red Sea, the AtlanticOcean, the Persian Gufl, theGreat Lakes+ Trc tn mt hLake Geneva+ Trc tn mt ngn niwww.sachtoeicre.vn51C "The" Khng "The"+ Trc tn cc dy ni:The Rocky Mountains+ Trc tn nhng vt thduy nht trong v tr hoctrn th gii:The earth, the moon+ The schools, colleges,universities + of + danh tringThe University of Florida+ The + s th t + danh tThe third chapter.+ Trc tn cc cuc chintranh khu vc vi iu kintn khu vc phi ctnh t hoThe Korean War (=> TheVietnamese economy)+ Trc tn cc nc c hait tr ln (ngoi tr GreatBritain)The United States, TheCentral African Republic+ Trc tn cc nc ccoi l mt qun o hoc mtqun oThe Philipines, The VirginIslands, The HawaiiMount Vesuvius+ Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoccc chm saoVenus, Mars+ Trc tn cc trng nynu trc n l mt tn ringStetson University+ Trc cc danh t i cngvi mt s mChapter three, Word War One+ Trc tn cc nc ch cmt t:China, France, Venezuela,Vietnam+ Trc tn cc nc m ubng New, mt tnh t chhng:New Zealand, North Korean,France+ Trc tn cc lc a, tnh,tiu bang, thnh ph, qun,huyn:Europe, Floridawww.sachtoeicre.vn52C "The" Khng "The"+ Trc tn cc ti liu hocs kin lch sThe Constitution, The MagnaCarta+ Trc tn cc nhm dntc thiu sthe Indians+ Trc tn cc mn hc cthThe Solid matter Physics+ Trc tn cc nhc c khi cp n cc nhc c ni chung hoc khi chi ccnhc c .The violin is difficult to playWho is that on the piano+ Trc tn bt k mn ththao nobaseball, basketball+ Trc cc danh t trutng (tr mt s trng hpc bit):freedom, happiness+ Trc tn cc mn hc nichungmathematics+ Trc tn cc ngy l, ttChristmas, Thanksgiving+ Trc tn cc loi hnh nhcc trong cc hnh thc mnhc c th (Jazz, Rock,classical music..)To perform jazz on trumpet andpianowww.sachtoeicre.vn53Bi 13: i ti t dng thay th danh t nhm trnh lp li danht. Trong Ting Anh c 5 loi i t vi cc chc nngs dng khc nhau: nhn xng (personal), s hu(possessive), phn thn (reflexive), ch nh(demonstrative), bt nh (indefinite), quan h (relative),nghi vn(interrogative). Thm , i t cng ng vaitr ch t, gii t v b ng trong cu. Chng ta hycng tm hiu chi tit nh.1. nh ngha i ti t l t thay th cho danh t.2. Phn loi v cch s dng ca i t2.1. i t nhn xng (Personal pronouns)Gm:Ch ng Tn ngS t:ngi th nhtngi th haingi th baIyouhe/she/itmeyouhim/her/itS nhiu:ngi th nhtngi th haingi th baweyoutheyusyouthem Chc nng:www.sachtoeicre.vn54 I, he, she, we, they c th l ch ng ca ng t:V d: They have lived here for 3 years. (H sng yc 3 nm ri.) Me, him, her, us, them c th l tn ng trc tip cang t.V d:These flowers are really nice. Tom likes them. (Nhngbng hoa ny tht p. Tom thch chng) Me, him, her, us, them c th l tn ng gin tip cang t.V d: Kate found me a job. (Kate kim cho ti mt cngvic.)Hoc tn ng ca gii t:V d:We could accomplish the same thing without them.(Khng c h chng ti cng c th hon thin mt gingnh vy).2.2. i t bt nh (Indefinite pronouns) Gm:Nhm kt hp vi some: something, someone, somebody.Nhm kt hp vi any: anything, anyone, anybody.Nhm kt hp vi every: everything, everyone, everybody.Nhm kt hp vi no: nothing, no one, nobody.Nhm c lp gm cc t: all, one, none, other, another,much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither. Mt s trong cc i t trn y cng c th c dng nhtnh t. Khi y ngi ta gi chng l tnh t bt nh(indefinite adjectives). l cc t any, some, every, no,www.sachtoeicre.vn55all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a)little, enough, each, either, neither.2.3. i t s hu (Possessive pronouns) Gm: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs i t s hu = tnh t s hu + danh t.V d:This is our room = this is ours. (y l phng ca chng ti)Youve got my pen. Wheres yours? (Bn va cm bt ca t.Bt ca bn u ri?)2.4. i t phn thn (Reflexive pronouns) Gm: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,yourselves, themselvesCh : ourselves, yourselves, themselves l hnh thcs nhiu. Chc nng: Lm tn ng ca ng t khi ch ng v tn ng l cngmt ngi:V d:I cut myself. (T ti ct)Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident. (Tom vAnn t chu trch nhim v v tai nn) c s dng nh trng hp trn sau ng t + gii t:V d:He spoke to himself. (Anh y t nh)Look after yourself. (Hy t chm sc bn thn)www.sachtoeicre.vn56 c s dng nh cc i t nhn mnh danh t hoc it:V d:The King himself gave her the medal. (Chnh qucvng trao huy chng cho c y)Chng thng nhn mnh ch ng ca cu v c tsau n: Ann herself opened the door. (T Ann m ca)Khi chng nhn mnh cc danh t khc, chng c tngay sau danh t : I saw Tom himself. (Ti nhn thych th l Tom) c s dng nh cc tn ng sau gii t:V d:I did it by myself. ( T ti mua n )2.5. i t quan h (Relative pronouns) Gm: who, whom, which, that, whose, Chc nng: Who, that, which lm ch ng:V d:The man who robbed has been arrested. (Ngi nng n trm va b bt) Lm tn ng ca ng t:V d:The man whom I saw told me to come back today.(Ngi n ng ti nhn thy ni chuyn vi bn hm nay trli) Theo sau gii t:V d:The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.(Chic thang khi m bn ang ng bt u tut xung)Tuy nhin, gii t cng c th chuyn xung cui mnh :V d: The ladder which I was standing on began to slip. Hnh thc s hu (whose + danh t):www.sachtoeicre.vn57V d: The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. (Bphim ni v 1 ip vin, ngi v phn bi anh ta). Ch :when =in/on whichWhere = in/at whichWhy = for whichV d:The day on which they arrived. (Ngy h n)2.6. i t ch nh (Demonstrative pronouns) Gm: this, that, these, those Tnh t ch nh (demonstrative adjectives) this, that v snhiu ca chng l these, those c dng trc danh tnhm xc nh v tr ca danh t y i vi ngi ni.Khi nhng tnh t ny c dng c lp, khng c danh ttheo sau, n tr thnh i t ch nh (demonstrativepronouns). Ngoi vic thay th cho mt danh t, i t ch nh cn chongi nghe khi nim gn hn hay xa hn v thi gian hockhong cch.V d:Could you give me that book, please? (Lm n ly cho tiquyn sch vi?)2.7. i t nghi vn (Interrogative pronouns) Gm: who, whom, whose, what, which Chc nng: Lm ch ng: Who keeps the keys? (Ai cm chm chakha?) Lm tn ng ca ng t: Who did you see? (Ai trngthy bn?)www.sachtoeicre.vn58Bi 14: Cc loi cu hiTing Anh c nhiu loi cu hi c nhng chc nng vmc ch khc nhau. Trong cu hi, tr ng t hocng t to be bao gi cng ng trc ch ng. Nukhng c tr ng t hoc ng t to be, ta phi dngdng thc do, does, did nh mt tr ng t thayth. Sau cc ng t hoc tr ng t , phi dngng chnh t dng nguyn th khng c to. Thi vth ca cu hi ch c chia bi tr ng t, chkhng phi ng t chnh. Hy cng OnThiToeic.vn tmhiu cc dng cu hi trong ting Anh nh.1. Cu hi Yes/ NoTr ng tbedo, does, did+ ch ng (S) + ng t + .?S d ta gi l nh vy v khi tr li, dng Yes/No. Nh rngkhi tr li:- Yes, S + tr ng t/ to be- No, S + tr ng t/ tobe + not.V d:www.sachtoeicre.vn59Isnt Mary going to school today? -> Yes, she is.Was Mark sick yesterday? -> No, he was not.Have you seen this movie before? -> Yes, I have.Will the committee decide on the proposal today? -> No, itwont.2. Cu hi ly thng tin (information question)i vi loi cu hi ny, cu tr li khng th n gin lyes hay no m phi c thm thng tin. Chng thngdng cc t nghi vn, chia lm 3 loi sau:2.1. Who hoc What: cu hi ch ngy l cu hi khi mun bit ch ng hay ch th ca hnhng.Who/ What + ng t (V) + ?V d:Something happened lastnight => What happened last night?Someone opened the door. => Who opened the door?2.2. Whom hoc What: cu hi tn ngy l cc cu hi dng khi mun bit tn ng hay i tngtc ng ca hnh ngWhom/ What + tr ng t (do/ did/ does) + S + V + ..?Lu :Nh rng trong ting Anh vit bt buc phi dngwhom mc d trong ting Anh ni c th dng who thay chowhom trong mu cu trn.V d:George bought something at the store. => What did Georgebuy at the store?www.sachtoeicre.vn60Ana knows someone from UK. => Whom does Ana knowfrom UK?2.3 When, Where, How v Why: Cu hi b ngDng khi mun bit ni chn, thi gian, l do, cch thc cahnh ng.When/ where/why/ how+ tr ng t(be,do, does, did)+ S + V + b ng (+tn ng)?V d:How did Maria get to school today?When did he move to London?Why did she leave so early?3. Cu hi phc (embedded question)L cu hoc cu hi cha trong n mt cu hi khc. Cu chai thnh phn ni vi nhau bng mt t nghi vn (questionword). ng t mnh th hai (mnh nghi vn) phi isau v chia theo ch ng, khng c o v tr nh cuhi c lp.S + V + question word( t hi) + S + VV d:The authorities cant figure out why the planelanded at the wrong airport.We havent assertained where the meeting will take place. Trong trng hp cu hi phc l mt cu hi, p dngmu cu sau:Tr ng t + S + V + question word + S + VV d:www.sachtoeicre.vn61Do you know where he went?Could you tell me what time it is? Question word c th l mt t, cng c th l mt cmt nh: whose + noun, how many, how much, howlong, how often, what time, what kind.V d:I have no idea how long the interview will take.Do you know how often the bus run at night?Can you tell me how far the museum is from the store?4. Cu hi ui (tag questions)Trong cu hi ui, ngi t cu hi a ra mt mnh (mnh chnh) nhng khng hon ton chc chn v tnhng / sai ca mnh , do vy h dng cu hi dng ny kim chng v mnh a ra.V d:He should stay in bed, shouldnt he? (Anh y nn yn trnging, c phi khng?)She has been studying English for two years, hasnt she?There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?Its raining now, isnt it? (Tri vn cn ma, phi khng?)You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?You wont be leaving for now, will you?Jill and Joe havent been to VN, have they?Cu hi ui chia lm hai thnh phn tch bit nhau bidu phy theo quy tc sau: S dng tr ng t ging nh mnh chnh lmphn ui cu hi. Nu khng c tr ng t th dngdo, does, did thay th.www.sachtoeicre.vn62 Nu mnh chnh th khng nh th phn ui thph nh v ngc li. Thi ca ng t ui phi theo thi ca ng t mnh chnh. Ch ng ca mnh chnh v ca phn i l gingnhau. i t phn ui lun phi dng ch ng . Phn ui nu dng ph nh th thng c rt gn(nt). Nu khng rt gn th phi theo th t: tr ng t+ S + not? (VD: He saw it yesterday, did he not?) ng t have c th l ng t chnh, cng c th ltr ng t. Khi n l ng t chnh ca mnh trongting Anh M th phn ui phi dng tr ng t do,does hoc did. Tuy nhin, trong ting Anh Anh th bnc th dng chnh have nh mt tr ng t trongtrng hp ny.V d:You have two children, havent you? (British English)You have two children, dont you? (American English) There is, there are v it is l cc ch ng gi nnphn ui c php dng li there hoc it ging nhtrng hp i t lm ch ng.www.sachtoeicre.vn63Bi 15: Tnh t v trng t ni ng v vit chun ting Anh, trc tin bn cnphi hiu r chc nng ca tng loi t trong cu, trong c tnh t v trng ng. Thm , nm bt v tr v duhiu nhn bit gia 2 loi t ny cng rt quan trng hon thin cc k nng ting Anh ca bn. Trong bi hcny, chng ta s cng tm hiu su v tnh t, trng t vcc kin thc xoay quanh 2 loi t thng dng ny.1. Tnh t- Tnh t l t ch tnh cht, mc , phm vi, ca mtngi hoc vt. N b ngha cho danh t, i t hoc lin t(linking verb). N tr li cho cu hi What kind?. Tnh t lunng trc danh t c b ngha: That is my new red car.- Tr trng hp galore (nhiu, phong ph, di do) vgeneral trong tn cc c quan, cc chc v ln l hai tnht ng sau danh t c b ngha:V d:There were errors galore in your final test. (C rt nhiu litrong bi kim tra cui k ca bn)UN Secretary General (Tng th k Lin hp quc).- Tnh t ng sau cc i t phim ch (something,anything, anybody)www.sachtoeicre.vn64V d:Its something strange. (Th g l th)He is somebody quite unknown. (Anh y l ngi kh im hilng ting)- Tnh t c chia lm 2 loi l tnh t m t (Descriptiveadjective) v tnh t gii hn (Limiting adjective). Tnh t mt l cc tnh t ch mu sc, kch c, cht lng ca mt vthay ngi. Tnh t gii hn l tnh t ch s lng, khongcch, tnh cht s hu, Tnh t khng thay i theo ngiv s ca danh t m n b ngha, tr trng hp cathese v those.TNH T M T TNH T GII HNbeautifullargeredinterestingimportantcolorfulone, twofirst, secondmy, your, histhis, that, these, thosefew, many, muchs ms th ttnh cht s hui t ch nhs lng- Khi tnh t m t b ngha cho mt danh t m c s t,n thng c mo t a, an hoc the ng trc nh: apretty girl, an interesting book, the red dress.- Tnh t i trc danh t nhng i sau lin t . Tnh t chb ngha cho danh t, i t v lin t.- Nu trong mt cm t c nhiu tnh t cng b ngha chomt danh t th th t cc tnh t s nh sau: tnh t shu hoc mo t, opinion( kin), size(kch c), age(tuitc), shape(hnh dng), color(mu sc), origin(ngungc), material(cht liu), purpose(mc ch). Ch rngtnh t s hu (my, your, our) hoc mo t (a, an, the)nu c th lun i trc cc tnh t khc. Nu dng mo tth khng dng tnh t s hu v ngc li. V d v th tsp xp cc tnh t:a silly young English man (Mt ngi n ng ngi Anh trwww.sachtoeicre.vn65kh kho)the huge round metal bowl (Mt ci bt bng kim loi trn to)art/possopinionsize ageshapecolororiginmaterialpurposenouna sillyyoungEnglishmanthehugeroundmetalbowlmysmallredsleepingbag2. Trng ng (ph t)Ph t b ngha cho ng t, cho mt tnh t hoc cho mtph t khc. N tr li cho cu hi How?V d:Rita drank too much. (How much did Rita drink?)I dont play tenis very well. (How well do I play?)He was driving carelessly. (How was he driving?)John is reading carefully. (How is John reading?)She speaks Spanish fluently. (How does she speakSpanish?)- Thng thng, cc tnh t m t c th bin i thnh pht bng cch thm ui -ly vo tnh t.V d:He is a careful driver. He always drives carefully.TNH TPH Tbright brightlywww.sachtoeicre.vn66TNH TPH TcarefulquietcarefullyquietlyTuy nhin, c mt s tnh t khng theo quy tc trn:* Mt s tnh t c bit: good => well; hard => hard; fast =>fast; V d:She is a good singer. She sings very well.* Mt s tnh t cng c tn cng l ui -ly (lovely, friendly)nn thay th cho ph t ca cc tnh t ny, ngi tadng: in a + Adj + way/ manner.V d:He is a friendly man. He behaved me in a friendly way.Cc t sau cng l ph t: so, very, almost, soon, often,fast, rather, well, there, too. Cc ph t c chia lm 6loi sau:ADVERB OFTrng ngEXAMPLEV dTELL US nghaManner(cch thc)happily,bitterlyhow something happensDegree(mc )totally,completelyhow much ST happens,often go with an adjectiveFrequency(tnsut)never, often how often ST happensTime(thi gian) recently, just when things happenPlace(ni chn) here, there where things happenDisjunctive(quan hopefully, opinion about thingswww.sachtoeicre.vn67ADVERB OFTrng ngEXAMPLEV dTELL US nghaim) frankly happen-Cc ph t thng ng vai tr trng ng trong cu. Ngoira cc ng gii t cng ng vai tr trng ng nh ph t,chng bao gm mt gii t m u v danh t i sau ch:a im (at home), thi gian (at 5 pm), phng tin (bytrain), tnh hung, hnh ng. Cc cm t ny u c chcnng v cch s dng nh ph t, cng c th coi l ph t.- V th t, cc ph t cng b ngha cho mt ng tthng xut hin theo th t: manner, palce, time. Nichung, ph t ch cch thc ca hnh ng (manner chobit hnh ng din ra nh th no) thng lin h cht chhn vi ng t so vi ph t ch a im (place) v ph tch a im li lin kt vi ng t cht ch hn ph t chthi gian (time).V d:The old woman sits quietly by the fire for hours.- V v tr, cc ph t hu nh c th xut hin bt c chno trong cu: cui cu, u cu, trc ng t chnh, sautr ng t nhng cng v th, n l vn kh phc tp. Vtr ca ph t c th lm thay i phn no ngha ca cu.3. Du hiu nhn bit tnh t v trng ngVic xc nh ui tnh t (hay trng t) ng mt vai trquan trng trong vic tr li cu hi.3.1. Du hiu nhn bit tnh t Tn cng l able: comparable, comfortable, capable,considerablewww.sachtoeicre.vn68V d: (Ex): We select the hotel because the rooms arecomfortable Tn cng l ible: responsible, possible, flexibleEx: She is responsible for her sons life Tn cng l ous: dangerous, humorous, notorious,poisonousEx: She is one of the most humorous actresses Ive everknown Tn cng l ive: attractive, decisiveEx: She is a very attractive teacher Tn cng l ent: confident, dependent, differentEx: He is confident in getting a good job next week Tn cng l ful: careful, harmful, beautifulEx: Smoking is extremely harmful for your health Tn cng l less: careless, harmlessEx: He is fired because of his careless attitude to themonetary issue Tn cng l ant: importantEx: Unemployment is the important interest of the wholecompany Tn cng ic: economic, specific, toxicEx: Please stick to the specific main point Tn cng l ly: friendly, lovely, costlywww.sachtoeicre.vn69Ex: Making many copies can be very costly for the company. Tn cng l y: rainy, sunny, muddy (y bn), windyEx: Today is the rainiest of the entire month Tn cng l al: economical (tit kim), historical,physicalEx: Instead of driving to work, he has found out a moreeconomical way to save money. Tn cng l ing: interesting, exciting, moving =touching (cm ng)Ex: I cant help crying because of the moving film. Tn cng l ed: excited, interested, tired, surprisedEx: He has been working so hard today, so heis reallyexhausted.3.2. Du hiu nhn bit Trng tTrng t kt cu kh n gin:Adv= Adj+ly: wonderfully, beautifully, carelesslyEx: She dances extremely beautifully.www.sachtoeicre.vn70Bi 16: So snhKhi mun din t so snh tnh cht ca s vt, s vichay con ngi bng ting Anh, ngi hc buc phi ghinh nhng cu trc cng nh cc quy tc tng ng.y qu thc l mt vic khng h d dng. Hy cngOnThiToeic.vn nhc li v ghi nh cc hnh thc so snhbng, hn, km, cao nht, cngcng, nh.1. So snh bng.So snh bng ch ra 2 thc th chnh xc ging nhau (bngnhau hoc nh nhau) v ngc li nu cu trc so snh dng ph nh.Cu trcS+ verb+ as+ adj/adv+ asnoun/ pronoun- Nu l cu trc ph nh as th nht c th thay bngso.V d: He is not so tall as his father.Lu : Ta cn phi nh rng i t sau as lun dng chng.V d:www.sachtoeicre.vn71Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.Mt s th d v so snh bng.My book is as interesting as your. Tnh tHis car runs as fast as a race car. Ph t- Danh t cng c thdng so snh cho cu trc nynhng trc khi so snh phi xc nh chc chn rng danht c nhng tnh t tng ng nh trong bng sau:Tnh t Danh theavy, lightwide, narrowdeep, shallowlong, shortbig, smallweightwidthdepthlengthsize-> Cu trc dng cho loi ny s l the same as.Subject + verb+ the same + (noun) + as noun/ pronounV d:My house is as high as hisMy house is the same height as his.Lu :- Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic sdng b hp vo trong bng trn.- The same as >< different from : My nationality is differentfrom hers.www.sachtoeicre.vn72- Trong ting Anh ca ngi M c th dng different thannu sau l c mt cu hon chnh (khng ph bin).V d:His appearance is different from what I have expected.= His appearance is different than I have expected.- From c th thay th bng to.Mt s th d v the same v different from:These trees are the same as those.He speaks the same language as she.Their teacher is different from ours.2. So snh hn, km- Trong loi so snh ny, ngi ta phn ra lm 2 loi ph t,tnh t ngn v ph t, tnh t di.- i vi cc ph t v tnh t ngn, ta ch cn cng thmui ER vo tn cng.- i vi nhng tnh t ngn c 1 nguyn m kp gia 2 phm, ta phi gp i ph m cui khng phi thay i cchc.V d:big bigger.red redderhot hotterwww.sachtoeicre.vnGII THIU CC SCH LUYN THI TOEIC CA HNG SCH TOEIC R Fanpage: https://www.facebook.com/sachtoeicre Website: www.sachtoeicre.vn Mua sch ti SCH TOEIC R m bo: 1.100% scan t sch gc nn rt r nt nh sch gc.2.Tit kim t 40% - 70% so vi gi sch gc. 3.Nhn ship hng vi chi ph cc thp. Lin h: 0977.158.7840126.783.8638 www.sachtoeicre.vn73- Nhng tnh t c tn cng bng bn nguyn m phi ithnh ier (y ier)V d:happy happierfriendly friendlier (hoc more friendly than)- Trng hp ngoi l: strong stronger.- i vi tt c cc ph t v tnh t di dng MORE (nuhn) v dng LESS ( nu km).V d: more beautiful, more important, more believable.S+ V+ adj/ adv(ngn)+ more + adj/ adv(di)+ less + adj+ than+ noun/ pronounLu :- ng sau ph t so snh nh than v as phi l i tnhn xng ch ng, khng c php l i t nhn xngtn ng ( li c bn).V d:Johns grades are higher than his sisters.Today is hotter than yesterday.This chair is more comfortable than the other.He speaks Spanish more fluently than I .He visits his family less frequently than she does.This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.www.sachtoeicre.vn74- nhn mnh cho tnh t v ph t so snh ngi ta dngfar hoc much trc so snh.Subject + verb +farmuchAdv/Adj(ngn)+er + thanNoun/pronounSubject +verb +far/muchMore/lessAdj/Adv(di)+thanNoun/pronoun- Mt s thnh ng nhn mnh : much too much advadvadjV d:Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine.That movie we saw last night was much less interesting thanthe one on television.A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.His car is far better than yours.- Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong cc cutrc bng hoc hn, km.- Trong cu trc so snh bng ch cn xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v trc chng c mts nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh t .- Trong cu trc so snh hn km cng cn phi xc nhxem danh t l m c hay khng m c v ngwww.sachtoeicre.vn75trc chng c dng fewer (cho m c), less (khngm c) v more dng chung cho c 2 (cng thc diy). Do cu trc ny khng phc tp nn c dng rngri hn so vi cu trc so snh bng.S+V+as+ many/ much/ little/few+noun+as+ noun/pronounHocSubject+verb+ more/ fewer/less+noun+than+ noun/pronounV d:I have more books than she.February has fewer days than March.He earns as much money as his brother.They have as few class as we.Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.3. Cc dng so snh c bitBng di y l mt s dng so snh c bit ca tnh t vph t. Trong lu rng farther dng cho khong cch,further dng cho thng tin v nhng vn tru tngkhc.Tnh t v phtSo snh hnkmSo snhnhtfarlittlefartherfurtherlessfarthestfurthestleastwww.sachtoeicre.vn76Tnh t v phtSo snh hnkmSo snhnhtmuchmanygoodwellbadbadlymorebetterworsemostbestworstV d:I feel much better today than I did last week.The university is farther than the mall.He has less time now than he had before.Marjorie has more books than Sue.Lu : further = more.V d:The distance from your house to school is farther than that ofmine.He will come to the US for further education next year.4. So snh a bL loi so snh gp ri, gp i, gp 3. Nn nh rng trongcu trc ny khng c dng so snh hn km m phidng so snh bng.www.sachtoeicre.vn77Subject + verb + bi s + as +muchnoun + as +manynounpronounV d:This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as manyoysters as Barney.Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.Lu :- Khi dng so snh loi ny phi xc nh r danh t lm c hay khng m c v ng trc chng cmuch v many.- Cc cu trc: twice that much/ many (gp i s ) chc dng trong vn ni, tuyt i khng c dng trongvn vit.V d:We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice thatmany showed up. (vn ni)We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as manyas that number showed up. (vn vit)5. So snh kp (cng .th cng)Nhng cu ny bt u bng mt cu trc so snh hn, vdo mnh th 2 cng phi bt u bng mt cu trc sosnh hn.www.sachtoeicre.vn78The+comparative+comparative+verb+ thecomparative+subject+verbV d:The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt.The bigger they are, the harder they fall.The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at yourdestination.Themore+subject+verb+the+comparative+subject+verbThe more you study, the smarter you will become.The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got.The more he slept, the more irritable he became.6. So Snh Hn Nht.Ghi nh:2 thc th - so snh hn3 thc th tr ln - so snh hn nht- cp so snh hn nht, 3 thc th tr ln c so snhvi nhau, mt trong chng tri hnhoc km hn so vi ccthc th cn li.www.sachtoeicre.vn79Subject + verb+ the +Adj(ngn)+estmost + adj(di)least + adj+ NounJohn is the tallest boy in the family.Deana is the shortest of the three sisters.These shoes are the least expensive of all.Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.Lu :- Sau thnh ng one of the + superlative, danh t phi dng s nhiu v ng t chia ngi s t.V d:One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjon Borg.Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.- Cc ph tkhng c i km bi -er hoc -est. Mthay v , khi c dng trong cu so snh chng i cngmore hoc less i vi cp so snh hn, v vi mosthoc least thnh lp nn dng so snh hn nht.DngnguynSo snh hnSo snh hnnhtcarefullycautiouslymore carefullyless carefullymore cautiouslyless cautiouslymost carefullyleast carefullymost cautiouslyleast cautiouslyV d:Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.www.sachtoeicre.vn80Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.That child behaves the most carelessly of all.Irene plays the most recklessly of all.www.sachtoeicre.vn81Bi 17: Gii tTrong ting Anh, gii t l mt dng t loi c rt t t(C khong 150 gii t) nhng li l mt dng t loiquan trng v phc tp. Thm , trn thc t, nhnggii t nh of, to v in l mt trong 10 t thng cs dng nht trong Ting Anh.Trong bi ny ta s hc ttc nhng g nn bit v gii t trong phm vi ting Anhc bn nh nh ngha, cch s dng, phn loi, v tr,cch t t ng c gii t v lm quen vi nhng gii tthng dng.1. nh ngha: Gii t l t loi ch s lin quan gia cc tloi trong cm t, trong cu. Nhng t thng i sau gii tl tn ng (Object), Verb + ing, Cm danh t V d:a. I went into the room.b. I was sitting in the room at that time.Ta thy r, v d a., the room l tn ng ca gii t into. v d b., the room l tn ng ca gii t in.Ch : Cc bn phi lun phn bit trng t v gii t, vthng khi mt t c hai chc nng (va l trng t vwww.sachtoeicre.vn82gii t). iu khc nhau c bn l Trng t th khng c tnng theo sau. Hy xt cc cu sau y:V d:1. Please, come in. Its raining. (Trng t)We are in the small room. (Gii t); v tn ng ca In lThe room2. He ran down quickly. (Trng t) v quickly khng phi ltn ng ca down; n ch l trng t ch cch thc m thi.3. My dictionary is on the desk. (Gii t) v n lin kt vitn ng: (the desk).2. Cch s dng gii t trong ting Anh:C th ni vic dng cc gii t khng phi d, v mi ncc cch dng gii t c bit; vy ta phi rt ch n nngay t lc mi hc mn ngoi ng ni chung v tingAnh ni ring.Trong ting Anh, ngi ta khng th t ra cc quy lut vcc php dng gii t mang tnh c nh cho mi gii t cng mt gii t, khi i vi t loi khc nhau th to ra nghakhc nhau. Vy chng ta nn hc thuc mi khi gp phi vhc ngay t lc ban u.V d:depend onindependent oflook afterlook forlook up to....................wait forthink ofmake uplook uplive on................3. Cc loi gii t trong ting Anh.www.sachtoeicre.vn83Cc gii t trong ting Anh c th c phn thnh my loisau:3.1. Gii t ch Thi gian.afteratbeforebehindbyduringforfrominonsincethroughoutforewarduntilwithin3.2. Gii t ch a im/Ni chn.aboutaboveacrossatbeforebehindbelowbeneathbesidebeyondbyinoffonoverthroughtotowardunderwithinwithout3.3. Gii t ch L do, nguyn nhn.atforfromofonoverthroughwith3.4. Gii t ch Mc ch.afteratforonto3.5. Gii t thng:www.sachtoeicre.vn84afteragainstamongbetweenbyforfromofontowith4. V tr gii tThng thng, gii t ting Anh c t nh ting Vit; tuynhin, n c th t ngay trc T nghi vn hay i t.V d: What is this medal made of?Of what is this medal made?hayThe man whom we listened to is our new teacher.The man to whom we listened is our new teacher.5. Cch t t ng c gii t: V tr ca gii t trong cu cth lm thay i ngha ca cu .V d:1- A letter was read from his friend in the class room.A letter from his friend was read in the class room.(Hai cu trn c ngha khc nhau bi v gii t from c v trkhc nhau)2- With his gun towards the forest he started in the morning.With his gun, he started towards the forest in the morning.(Hai cu trn c ngha khc nhau bi v gii t from c v trkhc nhau)6. Mt s gii t thng thng:www.sachtoeicre.vn851. AT, IN, ON1. AT : dng trc thi gian ngn: gi, pht giy At 10 oclock; at this moment; at 10 a.m2. ON : dng trc thi gian ch: ngy, th ngy (trong lch)On Sunday; on this day.3. IN : dng trc thi gian di: thng, ma, nm, In June; in July; in Spring; in 20052. IN, INTO, OUT OF1. IN: dng ch v tr (a im khng chuyn hng)In the classroom; in the concert hal; in the box.2. INTO: dng ch s chuyn ng t ngoi vo trong.I go into the classroom.3. OUT OF: dng ch s chuyn ng t trong ra ngoi.I go out of the classroom.3. FOR, DURING, SINCE:1. FOR : dng o khong thi gianFor two monthsFor four weeks..For the last few years2. DURING : dng ch hnh ng xy ra trong sut thigian ca s vt, s kin:www.sachtoeicre.vn86During christman time; During the film; During the play3. SINCE : dng nh du thi gianSince last Saturday, since Yesterday.4. AT, TO1. AT: dng ch s c nh mt v tr no tng i nh,v nu din tch ni ln hn ta dng in.At the door; At home; At schoolIn Ha Noi; In the world2. TO: dng ch s chuyn ng ti mt ni no .Go to the window; Go to the market5. ON, OVER, ABOVE. ( trn)1. ON: dng ch v tr ng lin ngay trnOn the table; on the desk 2. OVER: dng ch cc lp/th t ln trn (o, qun)I usually wear a shirt over my singlet.3. ABOVE: Vi ngha l trn nhng ch s cao hn so vi vtkhc thp hn.The ceiling fans are above the pupils.The planes fly above our heads.6. TILL, UNTIL (ti, cho ti khi)1. TILL: dng cho thi gian v khng gian.Wait for me till next Friday (thi gian)www.sachtoeicre.vn87They walked till the end of the road. (khng gian)2. UNTIL: dng vi thi gian.He did not come back until 11.pm yesterday. (thi gian)www.sachtoeicre.vn88Bi 18: B ngTrong ting Anh, ngi ta rt hay dng cu b ng.Khc vi cu ch ng ch ng thc hin hnh ng,trong cu b ng ch ng nhn tc ng ca hnhng. Cu b ng c dng khi mun nhn mnh ni tng chu tc ng ca hnh ng hn l bn thnhnh ng . Thi ca ng t cu b ng phi tuntheo thi ca ng t cu ch ng. Chng ta hycng hc cc kin thc lin quan s dng thnh thocu b ng nh.1. B /Th ng cch l cch t cu trong ch ngng vai b ng.V d:1. Chinese is learnt at school by her.2. A book was bought by her.Ch : iu kin c th chuyn cu ch ng sang bng:Th 1: Cu ch ng phi xc lp c c tn ng.(object)Th 2: Cu ch ng phi c Ngoi ng t. (transitiveverbs)www.sachtoeicre.vn892. Qui tc Cu b ng.a. ng t ca cu b ng: To be + Past Participle (PII).b. Tn ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch ng ca cu bngc. Ch ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch ng ca gii tBYCh ng : Subject + Verb + ObjectB ng: Subject +To Be + Past Participle(ng t dngphn t qu kh) + BY + ObjectV d:The farmer dinks tea everyday. (Active-ch ng)Tea is drunk by the farmer everyday. (Passive-b ng)3. Khi mt ngoi ng t ch ng c hai tn ng, mttrc tip v mt gin tip (nhm tng biu), c thchuyn thnh hai cu b ng.V d:I gave him an apple.An apple was given to him.He was given an apple by me.4. Mt s cu c bit phi dch l Ngi ta khi dchsang ting Vit.V d:It is said that = people say that ; (Ngi ta ni rng)It was said that = people said that. (Ngi ta ni rng)www.sachtoeicre.vn90Mt s ng t c dng nh trn: believe, say,suggest, expect, 5. Ta dng ng t nguyn th trong th b ng:TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE ch mt nh hay s btbuc hoc s khng th c.V d:This exercise is to be done.This matter is to be discussed soon.6. Sau nhng ng t: to have, to order, to get, to bid, tocause hay mt ng t ch v gic quan hoc cm tnh, tadng Past Participle (Tham kho phn Bng ng t btquy tc) bao hm ngha nh b ng:V d:We had your photos taken.We heard the song sung.We got tired after having walked for long.7. Bng chia Ch ng sang B ng:Simple present(th hin tin)do donePresent continuous(th hinti tip din)is/are doing is/are being doneSimple Past (th qu khn)did was/were donePast continuous(th qu khtip din)was/weredoingwas/were beingdonePresent Perfect(th hin ti has/have has/have beenwww.sachtoeicre.vn91Simple present(th hin tin)do donehon thnh) done donePast perfect (th qu khhon thnh)had done had been doneSimple future(th tng lain)will done will be doneFuture perfect(th tng laihon thnh)will havedonewill have beendoneis/are going to ( th tng laign)is/are goingto dois/are going to bedoneCan can, could docan, could bedoneMight might do might be doneMust must do must be doneHave to have to do have to be done8. Mt s Trng hp c bit khc:Mt s ng t c bit: remember; want; try; like, hateV d:I remember them taking me to the zoo. (active)I remember being taken to the zoo.(passive)V d: She wants her sister to take some photogtaphs.(active)She wants some photographs to be taken by her sister.(passive)V d: She likes her boyfriend telling the truth. (actiove)www.sachtoeicre.vn92She likes being told the truth. (passive)9. Mt s Trng hp c bit nguyn mu c TO:Suppose; see; make;V d:You are supposed to learn English now. (passive)= It is your duty to learn English now. (active)= You should learn English now. (active)V d: His father makes him learn hard. (active)He is made to learn hard. (passive)V d:You should be working now.(active)You are supposed to be working now.(passive)V d:People believed that he was waiting for his friend (active).He was believed to have been waiting for his friend.(passive)www.sachtoeicre.vn93Bi 19: Ha hp ch ng ng tTrong mt cu ting Anh, ch ng v ng t phi phhp vi nhau v ngi v s (s t hay s nhiu). Quy tcchung: ch ng s t i cng ng t s t v ch ng snhiu i cng ng t s nhiu. Tuy nhin, i khi chng cn ha hp vi ng t ty theo tng din thoc danh t/i t ng trc theo cc quy tc nhtnh. Chng ta hy ghi nh nhng quy tc di y trnh nhng nhm ln khng ng ckhi hc ting Anhnh.1. Cc trng hp ch ng ng tch khi ng t- Trong cu ting Anh, c nhiu trng hp rt kh xc nhc u l ch ng ca cu do ch ng v ng t khngi lin vi nhau.The boys in the room are playing chess.- Thng thng trong cc trng hp , mt ng gii t(mt gii t m u v cc danh t theo sau in the room)thng nm gia ch ng v ng t. Cc ng gii t nykhng nh hng n vic chia ng t.The study of languages is very interesting.Serveral theories on this subject have been proposed.The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.www.sachtoeicre.vn94- Ch rng trong cc v d trn cc danh t nm trong nggii t u tri ngc vi ch ng v s t / s nhiu nhngng t lun c chia theo ch ng chnh.- Cc cm t sau cng vi cc danh t i theo sau n tonn hin tng ng ch ng. Chng ng gia ch ng vng t, phn tch khi 2 thnh phn bi du phy.Chng cng khng c nh hng g n vic chia ng t.Together withalong withaccompanied by as well asMary, along with her manager and some friends, is going to aparty tonight.Mr. Robbins, accompanied by her wife and children, isarriving tonight.- Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and thng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (tng ng vithey)Mary and her manager are going to a party tonight.Nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng or th ngt phi chia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu danh t ls t th ng t phi chia s t v ngc li.Mary or her manager is going to answer the press interview.2. Cc t lun i vi danh t hoc i t s t l cc danh t bng sau (cn gi l cc i t phimch).any +singularnounno +singularnounsome +singularnounevery/ each +singularnounanybodyanyonenobodyno onesomebodysomeoneeverybodyeveryonewww.sachtoeicre.vn95any +singularnounno +singularnounsome +singularnounevery/ each +singularnounanything nothing something everythingneither * either ** Either v neither l s t nu chng khng i vi orhoc nor. Either (c ngha 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngihoc 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln phi dng any. Neither(khng mt ai trong hai) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3ngi (vt) tr ln dng not any.Everybody who wants to buy a ticket should be in this line.Something is in my eye.Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk.Neither of his pens is able to be used.If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able tofinish the work.No problem is harder than this one.Nobody works harder than John does.3. Cch s dng None v NoNone v No u dng c vi c danh t s t v snhiu. Nu sau None of the l mt danh t khng m c thng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n l mt danh t snhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.None of the + non-count noun + singular verbNone of the + plural count noun + plural verbNone of the counterfeit money has been found.None of the students have finished the exam yet.www.sachtoeicre.vn96 Nu sau No l mt danh t m c s t hoc khngm c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n lmt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.No + {singular noun / non-count noun} + singular verbNo + plural noun + plural verbNo example is relevant to this case.No examples are relevant to this case.4. Cch s dng cu trc either or (hochoc) vneither nor (khngm cng khng)iu cn lu nht khi s dng cu trc ny l ng t phichia theo danh t i sau or hoc nor. Nu danh t l s tth ng t chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li. Nu or hocnor xut hin mt mnh (khng c either hoc neither) thcng p dng quy tc tng t (nh cp phn trn).Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.Neither the director nor the secretary wants to leave yet.5. V-ing lm ch ngKhi V-ing dng lm ch ng th ng t cng phi chia ngi th 3 s t.Knowing her has made him what he is.Not studying has caused him many problems.Washing with special cream is recommended for scalpinfection.Being cordial is one of his greatest assets.Writing many letters makes her happy.www.sachtoeicre.vn97Ngi ta s dng V-ing khi mun din t 1 hnh ng cth xy ra nht thi nhng khi mun din t bn cht ca svt, s vic th phi dng danh t.Dieting is very popular today.Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease.ng t nguyn th cng c th dng lm ch ng v ngt sau n s chia ngi th 3 s t. Nhng ngi ta thngdng ch ng gi it m u cu.To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for himto find the book.6. Cc danh t tp th l cc danh t bng sau dng ch 1 nhm ngihoc 1 t chc nhng trn thc t chng l nhng danh t st, do vy cc i t v ng t theo sau chng cng ngith 3 s t.CongressfamilygroupcommitteeclassOrganizationteamarmyclubcrowdGovernmentjurymajority*minoritypublicThe committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.The family was elated by the news.The crowd was wild with excitementCongress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.The organization has lot many members this year.Our team is going to win the game.Tuy nhin nu cc thnh vin trong nhm ang hot ngring r, ng t s chia ngi th 3 s nhiu:www.sachtoeicre.vn98Congress votes for the bill. (Quc hi b phiu cho d lut,gm tt c mi ngi)Congress are discussing about the bill. (Quc hi ang tranhlun v d lut, tc l mt s tn thnh, mt s phn i).* Danh t majority c dng tu theo thnh phn sau n chia ng tThe majority + singular verbThe majority of the + plural noun + plural verbThe majority believes that we are in no danger.The majority of the students believe him to be innocent. The police/the sheep/the fish + plural verb.The sheep are breaking awayThe police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in thebank A couple + singular verbA couple is walking on the path The couple + plural verbThe couple are racing their horses through the meadow. Cc cm t nhm sau ch mt nhm ng vt hoc giasc. Cho d sau gii t of l danh t s nhiu th ng tvn chia theo ngi ch ng chnh ngi th 3 s t: flock ofbirds/ sheep, school of fish, herd of cattle, pride of lions,pack of dogs.The flock of birds is circling overhead.The herd of casttle is breaking away.A school of fish is being attacked by sharks. Tt c cc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o, khi c cp n nh mt th thng nht th u cxem l mt danh t s t. Do cc ng t v i t theosau chng phi ngi th 3 s t.Twenty-five dollars is too much for the meal.Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this testTwenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that radio.www.sachtoeicre.vn99Two miles is too much to run in one day.He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contributeanother fifty.7. Cch s dng a number of, the number of:A number of = Mt s nhng , i vi danh t s nhiu,ng t chia s nhiu.A number of + plural noun + plural verbA number of students are going to the class picnic (Mt ssinh vin s i )A number of applicants have already been interviewed.The number of = S lng nhng , i vi danh t snhiu, ng t vn ngi th 3 s t.The number of + plural noun + singular verb...The number of days in a week is seven. (S lng ngy trongtun l 7)The number of residents who have been questioned on thismatter is quite small.8. Cc danh t lun s nhiuBng sau l nhng danh t bao gi cng hnh thi s nhiuv chng bao gm 2 thc th nn cc i t v ng t icng vi chng cng phi s nhiu.scissorsshortspantsjeanstongstrouserseyeglassesplierstweezersNu mun chng thnh ngi s t phi dng a pair ofThe pants are in the drawer.A pair of pants is in the drawer.www.sachtoeicre.vn100These scissors are dull. (Ci ko ny cn. Ch ch c 1 ciko nhng cng dng vi these)9. Cch dng there is, there arec dng ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti mt nino . Ch ng tht ca cu l danh t i sau ng t. Nun l danh t s t th ng t to be chia ngi th 3 s t vngc li. Mi bin i v thi v th u to be cn theregi nguyn.There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.Threre is a storm approaching.There was an accident last night.There was water on the floor.There have been a number of telephone calls today.There were too many people at the party.Lu : Cc cu trc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be= chc chn l s cThere is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter.(Chc chn l s c rc ri khi c y nhn c th anhta)Do you think there is likely to be snow. (Anh cho rngchc chn s c tuyt ch) Trong dng ting Anh quy chun hoc vn chng mts cc ng t khc ngoi to be cng c s dng vithere:ng t trng thi: stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ liveng t ch s n: enter/ go/ come/ follow/ developIn a small town in Germany there once lived a poorshoemaker. (Ti mt th trn nh c c mt ng th giyngho sng )There remains nothing more to be done . (Ch cn c g nawww.sachtoeicre.vn101m lm)Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black.(Bng c mt hnh bng k l mc ton en i vo)There followed an uncomfortable silence. (Sau l mt sim lng n kh chu) There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: ka/ th l/ri thThere he comes(Anh ta n ri kia ka)There you are, I have been waiting for you for over anhour.(Anh y ri, ti ang ch anh n hn mt tingri y)www.sachtoeicre.vn102Bi 20: Cu iu kinCu iu kin gm c hai phn: Mt phn nu ln iukin v mt phn cn li nu ln kt qu hay c gi lmnh ch iu kin v mnh ch kt qu. Thm ,hai mnh trong cu iu kin c th i ch c chonhau. i vi ngi hc Ting Anh ni chung v ngin luyn Toeic ni ring, bit v nm chc cc vn lin quan ti cu iu kin nh phn loi, cch dng,trng hp c bit. l bt buc c th hon thintrnh hc ting Anh ca mnh.1. My lu v cu iu kin.- Cu iu kin gm c hai phn: Mt phn nu ln iu kinv mt phn cn li nu ln kt qu hay c gi l mnh ch iu kin v mnh ch kt qu.V d:If it rains, I will stay at home.You will pass the exam if you work hard.- Hai mnh trong cu iu kin c th i ch c chonhauV d:You will pass the exam if you work hard.2. Cc loi cu iu kin.www.sachtoeicre.vn103* Loi 1: iu kin c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai.V d:If I have enough money, I will buy a new car.Cu trc: If + Th hin ti n + Th tng lai n* Loi 2: iu kin khng th xy ra hin ti hoctng lai -c mun hin ti. (Nhng thc t khngth xy ra c).V d:- If I had millions of US dollars now, I would give you a half. (I have some money only now)- If I were the president, I would build more hospitals.Cu trc: If + Th qu kh n + S + would/ Could/ Should +VCh : cu iu kin loi 2, trong v IF, to be ca ccngi chia ging nhau v l t were, ch khng phi was.* Loi 3: iu kin khng th xy ra trong qu kh mang tnh c mun trong qu kh. (nhng thc tkhng th xy ra c).V d:If they had had enough money, they would have bought thatvilla.If we had found him earlier, we might/could saved his life.Cu trc:If + th qu kh hon thnh + S + would/ could/should + have PII + O.* Loi 4: Cu iu kin Hn hp:www.sachtoeicre.vn1041. Cu trc c bn: Clause 1 (would + V) + if + Clause 2(had + P2)V d:If I had been born in town, I would like life there.(the fact that I wasnt born in town, so I dont like life therenow)2. But for + noun + iu kin loi II, IIIBut for: nu khng cV d:You help me everyday so I can finish my work. But for your daily help, I couldnt finish my work.She encouraged him and he succeeded. But for her encouragement, he wouldnt have succeeded.The teacher explained and we understood. But for the teachers explanation, we wouldnt haveunderstood.3. o ng ca cu iu kin3.1. iu kin loi I Nu trong cu c should mnh if, th o shouldln u cu.V d:If he should ring , I will tell him the news. Should he ring, I will tell him the news. Nu trong cu khng c should, chng ta phi mnshouldIf he has free time, hell play tennis. Should he have free time, hell play tennis.www.sachtoeicre.vn105If she comes early, well start. Should she come early, well start.3.2. iu kin loi II Nu trong cu c ng t were, th o were ln u.V d:If I were a bird, I would fly. Were I a bird, I would fly.They would answer me if they were here. Were they here, they would answer me. Nu trong cu khng c ng t were th mn were vdng to V.V d:If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book. Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book.If they lived in Australia now, they would go swimming. Were they to live in Australia now, they would goswimming.3.3. iu kin loi III o tr ng t ca th qu kh hon thnh.V d:If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home. Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.If he had trained hard, he would have won the match. Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.www.sachtoeicre.vn106Ch : dng ph nh, not c t sau ch ng:V d: Had it not been so late, we would have called you.4. If not = Unless.Lu rng Unless cng thng c dng trong cuiu kin, lc Unless = If not.V d:Unless we start at once, we will be late = If we dont start atonce we will be late.Unless you study hard, you wont pass the exams = If youdont study hard, you wont pass the exams.www.sachtoeicre.vn107Bi 21: Mnh quan hMnh l mt phn ca cu . Mnh quan h ( hay Mnh tnh t ) cho chng bit ngi hay vt no m ta mun mch.Mnh quan h c th c thnh lp bng cch dng it quan h, trng t quan h, gii t.I. Mnh quan h dng i t quan h1. WHO- L i t quan hthay th cho danh t hoc i t ( itng ) ch ngi lm ch ng trong mnh quan h.* Nu i tng c thay th l tn ng ca cu th nhtv l ch ngca cu th hai th ta ch vic b ch ng iv thay bng WHO.Vd:I have met the boy . He is playing football.Cu ny i thnh: I have metthe boy who is playingfootball.* Nu i tng l ch ngca hai cu : Thay ch ngcacu th hai bng WHO v t cu sau ch ng ca cuth nht.www.sachtoeicre.vn108Vd : The girl is speaking in the room. She is our newteacher.Cu ny c i thnh: The girl , who is speaking in theroom is my new teacher.Ch : Trong tt c cc cu cha i t quan h, i t quanh lun ng sau danh t hay i t m n thay th cho.2. WHOM- Dng thay th cho itngch ngi lm tn ngtrong mnh quan h.Vd :I met the girl . You helped her yesterday.Cu ny i thnh: I met the girl whom you helpedyesterday.Vd : The woman is my aunt . We saw her last week.Cu ny i thnh: The woman, whom we sawlast week,is my aunt .-Ch : Trong cu c mnh quan h whom lm tn ng,Whom c th lc b c m khng lm nh hng n ngha ca cu v Whom lun ng ngay sau i tng mn thay th cho.V d nh trong hai cu v d trn, cu th nht c th vitthnh : I met the girl you helpedyesterday v cu th haic th c vit thnh: The woman we sawlast weekismy aunt .3. WHOSE- L i t quan h dng thay th cho Tnh t s hu , shu cch trong mnh quan h. Whosedng cho c itng ngi v vt.www.sachtoeicre.vn109- V tr : ng gia hai Danh t.3.1.Nu i tng l ch ng ca hai cu : thay Tnh t shu ca cu th hai bng Whose v chuyn c cu sauch ngca cu th nht :Vd :+ The girl is my new classmate. Her father is s doctor.Cu ny c i thnh: The girl , whose father is a doctor,is my new classmate.+ The house is very big. The window of this house has justbeen replaced.Cu ny i thnh: The house, whose window has justbeen replaced, is very big.3.2.Nu i tng ng cui cu th nht , u cu th hai: Ta thay tnh t s hu bng danh t.VdDo you know the man? , his son is the tall boyoverthere.Cu ny i thnh: Do you know the man, whose son is thetall boy overthere?4. WHICHa. Which dng thay th cho t ch vt lm ch ngtrongcu th hai :+ Nu i tng l ch ngca hai cu : thay ch ng cacu th hai bng WHICH v chuyn cu ng sau chng ca cu th nhtVd: The film is very interesting. It is made two yearsago.www.sachtoeicre.vn110Cu ny c th i thnh: The film, which is made two yearsago, is very interesting.+Nu i tng l tn ng ca cu th nht v ch ng cacu hai : thay ch ng ca cu hai bng WHICHVdShe gives me a very nice bag. this bag is on thetable.Cu ny c th i thnh: She give a very nice bag, which ison the table.b. Which dng thay th cho s vt lm tn ng trongmnh quan h.- Nu i tng l ch ng trong cu th nht v tnngca cu th hai, ta thay tn ng ca cu hai bng Which vchuyn ln u cu hai sau t c cu hai ng sau chng ca cu th nht :Vd : The book is very interesting . I bought it yesterday.Cu ny i thnh: The book, which I read yesterdayisvery interesting.- Nu i tng l tn ng ca hai cu : chuyn tnngcacu th haithnh which v a ln u cu .Vd :I didnt find the hat. my mother give it to me lastweek.Cu ny i thnh: I didnt find the hat,which my mothergave to me last week.5. THATThat l i t dng thay th cho ch ng, tn ng cngi v vt trong mnh quan h.www.sachtoeicre.vn111VD:+ The man is very tall. I met him yesterday.Cu ny c i thnh: The man that I met yesterday isvery tall.+ She is the doctor. She saved a girl yesterday.Cu ny c i thnh: She is the dotor that saved a girlyesterday.+ This is a pen. I bought this pen two days ago.Cu ny c i thnh: This is the pen that i bought twodays ago.+ She is riding the Bicycle. this bicycle is very old.Cu ny c i thnh : She is riding the bicycle that isvery old.Ch : Trong cu c that lm i t quan h, cu khngc c du phy v khng c gii t ng trc that.II. Mnh quan h dng trng t quan h :1 WHEN- Dng thay th cho t hoc cm t ch thi gian : day ,time , year , Monday..- Whenthay th cho : on/in/at + which ( in/on/at + t , cm tch thi gian ).- Cch lm : tachuynin/on/at + t , cm t ch thi gianthnh WHEN( Tu theo tng trng hp m chuyn i nh cc a tquan h ).www.sachtoeicre.vn112VD:+ She met me twodays ago. I came home twodays ago.Cu ny i thnh: She met me twodays ago, when i cameback home.+ He was born on June 25th, 1989. His father left the Job onthat day.Cu ny c i thnh: He was born on June 25th, 1989when his father left the job.2 WHERE- Dng thay th cho t hoc cm t ch ni chn : city ,village , place..- Where c thay th cho in/on/at + ni chn ( in/on/at +which).( Ty theo tng trng hp m chuyn i nh cc a tquan h ).VD:+ She lives in Hanoi. People often come this city to find agood job.Cu ny c i thnh: She lives in Hanoi where Peopleoften cometo find a good job.+ This is the house, Tom was born in this house.Cu ny c i thnh: This is the house, where Tom wasborn.Ch : Where = in which nn where v in which c thdng thay th cho nhau.www.sachtoeicre.vn113VD: This is the house, where/ in whichTom was born.- She live in Hanoi where/in which People often cometofind a good job.3 WHY- Dng ni cu khi cu trc c t the reason.- V tr : ng ngay sau t the reason.Vd :I dont khow the reason . He didnt go to school.I dont khow the reason why he didnt go to school.III. Mnh quan h dng gii t v i t quan h- Xy ra trong trng hpi t quan h ( WHOM /WHICH/THAT) lm tn ng sau mt gii t no (trong cuth hai).Vd : The book is mine . You are sitting on it.- Ta c 2 cch lm :* Cch 1 : t gii t trc i t quan h (khng dngc vi THAT ).Vd : The book on whichyou are sitting is mine.* Cch 2 : t gii t sau ng t :Vd : The book which you are sitting on is mine.IV. Phn loi Mnh quan h :- Gm 2 loi :1. Defining relative clauses ( Mnh quan h xc nh )www.sachtoeicre.vn114- L mt thnh phn ca cu , n gip xc nh hay phn loii tng.- Ta khng th b n c v nu b n i th i tng chiu chung chung , khng r rng.Vd : The house which is painted yellow is mine =