Nguyen Thuy Phat Giao Tu Tuong Luan - HT Quang Do Dich

8/3/2019 Nguyen Thuy Phat Giao Tu Tuong Luan - HT Quang Do Dich

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NGUYN THY PHT GIOT TNG LUNTc Gi: Kimura Taiken

Hn Dch: u Dng Hn Tn

Vit Dch: HT. Qung Xut Bn: Vin i Hc Vn Hnh Vit Nam 1969 - Cha Khnh Anh,

France---o0o---Ngun

http://thuvienhoasen.orgChuyn sang ebook 18-7-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc LcTATHIN TH NHT - I CNG LUN

CHNG I - PHNG PHP CHNH L NGUYN THY PHT GIO VIPHNG CHM CA B SCH NY

1- PHNG PHP CHNH L NHNG TI LIU NGHIN CU:2- VN NGUYN THY PHT GIO3- C BIT LUN V PHNG PHP GII THCHGIO L PHT GIO NGUYN THY.

CHNG II - PHT GIO VI THI TH1- MT QUAN NIM KHI QUT V THI TH:2- T TNG GII NG THI3- C BIT V CH TRNG CA CC ON SA MN4- A V V C TRNG CA NGUYN THY PHT GIO

CHNG III - GIO L I CNG(Ly quan nim Php lm trung tm)

1. - GIO PHP V PHNG PHP KHO ST CA PHT2. - CH NGHA LY CHNH PHP LM TRUNG TM3. - NGHA CA PHP4. - PHP TNH5. - GIO PHP


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6. - PHP V NGITHIN TH HAI - TH GII QUAN HIN THC(Lun v Kh v Tp )

CHNG I - NHN QU-QUAN V NGUYN-L TH-GII1. - TH-GII-QUAN NG THI

2. - NHN DUYN LUN3. - S PHN LOI NHN DUYN4.- SO SNH VI CC THUYT CA NGOI O

CHNG II - HU TNH LUN I CNG1- V-NG-LUN2- NHNG YU T T CHC THNH HU TNH3- NG-LC-NHN THNH LP HU TNH4- BN CHT CA HU TNH5- SINH-MNH-QUAN NG THI VI SINH-MNH-QUAN PHT GIO

CHNG III - TM L LUN1- SINH MNH VI HOT NG TM L

2- C QUAN CM GIC3- QU TRNH NHN THC4- TC DNG NI TM5- TM L C TH V PHIN NO

CHNG IV - NGHIP V LUN HI1- NGHA LUN HI QUAN TRONG GIO L PHT GIO2- NHN XT QUA V S TNG TC SAU KHI CHT3- C BIT LUN V BN CHT CA NGHIP4- S QUAN H CA NHN CCH GIA I TRC V I SAU5- TNH CHT CA NGHIP V QU VI THA NG TNH LUN L.6- CC LOI HU TNH

CHNG V - LUN V MI HAI DUYN KHI1- LI TA2- DUYN KHI QUAN NG THI VI THP NH NHN DUYN QUAN3- S MC CA CC CHI DUYN KHI4- PHNG PHP GII THCH THNG THNG V MI HAI DUYNKHI.5- GII THCH THEO LP TRNG VNG QUAN.6- CN C VO S TRNH BY TRN Y GII THCH THEO HONQUAN.7- MANH NHA CA S GII THCH PHN ON SINH T.

CHNG VI - LUN V BN CHT TN TI1- KHUYNH HNG THNG THC.2- KHUYNH HNG QUAN NIM LUN.3- KHUYNH HNG V V TR LUN4- KHUYNH HNG HNH NHI THNG HC THC TI LUN.

CHNG VII - CN C V S PHN ON GI TR S TN TI.1- HT THY L KH.2- V THNG, V NG: CN C CA KH QUAN.3- THNG LC NG TNH: CN C CA KH QUAN.


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4- CN C CA TM L THNG, LC, NG, TNH.THIN TH BA - L TNG V S THC HIN(Lun v Dit v o )

CHNG ITNG QUT V TU O LUN

1- PHNG CHM TU O CN BN.2- PHNG PHP TU O CA NG THI V PHNG PHP TU OCA PHT.3- KHNG KH, KHNG VUI4- T CCH TU O: BN GAI CP U BNH NG5- PH N VI VIC TU O6- TI GIA V XUT GIA

CHNG II - KHI LUN V O C1- NGHA O C I VI VIC TU O2- CN C TNG L S LM LNH, LNH D3- O C GIA NH

4- O C X HI.5- LUN V CHNH TRCHNG III - S TU O CA TN

I- S TT YU CA MT TN 2- NHNG IU KIN THNH TN .3- CNH GII CA TN (c bit ly Ma-ha-nam h Thch lm th d)

CHNG IV - PHNG PHP TU DNG CA NGI XUT GIA1- NG C CA S XUT GIA CHN CHNH2- XUT GIA VI NG C KHNG CHN CHNH3- TINH THN GII LUT4- NHNG C MC V TINH THN TU O5- TR, TNH, VI PHNG PHP TU DNG.6- C BIT LUN V S TU DNG THIN NH.

CHNG V - TIN TRNH TU O VI LA-HNI- LI LM V S SM HI2- S C QU V BN CHT CA N(Lun v La-Hn)3- NNG LC CA LA-HN

CHONG VI - NIT BN LUNI- HAI LOI NIT BN2- HU D NIT BN3- NG TH CA V D NIT BN4- NIT-BN GII CA PHP TNH TUYT IVI NHNG T TNG I SAU

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TA

Pht gio cng nh ci cy c ba phn: phn gc, phn thn cy v phnngn bao gm nhiu cnh l. Phn gc l cn bn Pht gio, phn thn cy lTiu Tha Pht Gio. Ngi ta khng th no tng tng c s tn tica mt ci cy m khng c gc nhng nu ch c gc khng thi th cyy khng cn sc sng; hoc gi c gc, c thn cy m khng c cnh l thcy y cng nh cy trong ma ng khng khi gy cho ngi ta ci ntng tr tri tiu iu. Nu phn gc v thn cy gi cho ci cy ngvng, th phn cnh l sum su, xanh tt l s biu dng cho ci sc sngmnh lit ca ton b ci cy; hn na tn cy ti thm ta ra che rpkhong khng gian c sc mang li cho ngi l hnh trn con ng dimt mi nhng pht giy m mt, thoi mi gia bui tra h oi bc.

Ci cy Pht Gio cng th: c ba phn Cn Bn, Tiu Tha, i Tha chp li, c biu l v b sung cho nhau th mi l ci cy Pht gio honton. Sau khi c xong ba b sch Nguyn Thy Pht Gio T Tng Lun,Tiu Tha Pht Gio T Tng Lun v i Tha Pht Gio T TngLun ca Bc s Kimura Taiken, chng ti c ngh nh th. Do theothin kin, quan im ca cc nh i Tha (B Tt) xa i vi cc nhTiu Tha (La Hn) cng nh nhng thnh kin ca cc nh Tiu Tha ivi cc nh i Tha u l sai lm. Chng hn quan nim ca cc nh iTha thng cho cc nh Tiu Tha l hng tiu nha bi chng (dt htging Pht), ngha l hng ngi ch k, ch bit tm cu gii thot cho ringmnh, khng lo hong php li sinh tip ni ci tinh thn truyn oca Pht v.v.. l quan nim rt sai lm, hon ton khng ng vi s thtlch s. Khi c lch s truyn b Pht php, khng ai bit n trng hpPh-lu-na (Punna).

Mn ty n thu xa c mt a khu gi l Du-lu-na (Sunaparanta),Pht gio cha c truyn n y v dn bn x th rt hung c. Ph-lu-na c nh qua truyn gio, bn n xin php Pht i. Pht bo:Dn x Du-lu-na d tn, kh thuyt phc lm, nu ng n y m h s

v ng th sao?. Ph-lu-na tr li: Con ngh rng h vn l nhng ngihin lnh, v h khng dng gy gc nh p con.

- Vy nu h dng gy gc nh p ng th ng ngh sao?. - Con nghh vn l ngi lng thin v h chng dng dao ba chm git con. -Th l h dng dao ba chm git ng th ng ngh sao?. - Con ngh lh vn tt v con phi cm n h v nh h m con x b c ci thn nh


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nhp kh au ny. Bit c ch kin quyt v dng cm y, Pht lin tnng v cho php Ph-lu-na n truyn o ti x . Ai dm bo thi y l thi c thin k thn, l tiu nha bi chng?. y ch l mttrng hp in hnh trong v s trng hp khc m y chng ti khngth k ht c. Hn na, c nhn vo tnh hnh Pht gio Tiu Tha ti ccnc nh: Tch Lan, Min in, Thi Lan, v.v Hin nay ta cng thy rcng c truyn b v duy tr Pht php ca cc nh Tiu Tha nh th nori, c bit tm gng sng chi ca Anagarika Dhammapala gn y cngchnh l tip ni ci tinh thn truyn thng ca nhng Puma v Mahinda tnghn xa vy.

Tri li, quan nim ca cc nh Tiu Tha thng cho rng i Tha l PhiPht thuyt (i Tha khng phi pht ni ra ng l ngoi o), ri tmn vi li sng truyn thng ca mnh, t ng kn, khng chu tm hiu

cc kinh in ca i Tha th quan nim y nu khng l c chp thi quth cng l hi hp hi. Nu bo i Tha Phi Pht thuyt th ngoi mtbc i gic Cng tn chng sinh nghip tnh ra, ai c c nhng ttng siu vit nh t tng trong cc kinh i Tha? Ri c gi (nu tihn hnh c c) s thy, th gii quan trng trng duyn khi mt kintrc v i, trong Hoa Nghim, th gii quan khng ca Bt Nh, t tngch php thc tng trong Php Hoa, t tng ng v s tr nhi sinh ktm trong kinh Kim Cng, cho n t tng V tr nit bn, phin notc B , v.v Tt c nhng t tng mng mnh, bao la v thm thmy u bt ngun t t tng ca Pht Gio nguyn thy.

Pht php ch c mt v, l v gii thot, nhng phng php t ngii thot th c rt nhiu v phng php no-d l i Tha hay Tiu thacng u nhm t n mc ch nht v k trn. Chnh v mun nhn mnh im nn chng ti c gng phin dch cc cun i Tha Pht gioT tng Lun, Tiu Tha Pht gio T tng Lun v cui cng cun

Nguyn Thy Pht gio T tng Lun ny cng hin mt t ti liu chonhng v no hng lu tm n cc vn Pht gio, nht l thng thcmc n nhng im d ng gia Tiu Tha v i Tha.

Chc c gi s t hi ti sao chng ti khng bt u dch t NguynThy, qua Tiu Tha, ri n i Tha cho ngi c d theo di qutrnh din bin ca T tng Pht gio hn m li dch i Tha trc thc khc no ngi c sch bt u t trang cui cng tr ln khng? chnh l u chng ti rt tic. i khi chng ti c ngh rng trong ci thgii o in ny, nu ngi ta bt u mi cng vic t cui trc c l li


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hay hn. Nhng y khng phi l l do trong trng hp ny, m l do lchng ti c c cun i Tha trc ht, k l cun Tiu Thanhng n cun Nguyn Thy ny th chng ti khng th no kim cl v n c dch v xut bn ln u t gn bn mi nm nay v t theo ch chng ti bit vn cha c in li. Nhng duyn may n khichng ti c Thng Ta Tr Quang cho bit l Thng Ta Thin Siuhin c cun sch ny, bi th mt hm, nhn Thng Ta Minh Chu cvic sp i Hu, chng ti by t nim khao kht ca chng ti vi hyvng c Thng Ta gip bng cch trc tip hi Thng Ta ThinSiu mc gip ti th chc chn s c v Thng Ta Minh Chu hoan h nhn li. Th l sau chuyn i Hu y ca Thng Ta Minh Chu,chng ti c c cun Nguyn Thy Pht Gio T tng Lun, mt bovt m chng ti hng mong c. Khi c c Nguyn Thy th chng ticng dch gn hon thnh cun Tiu Tha l l do ct ngha ti sao

chng ti bt u cun i Tha trc.

Nhn c hi ny, chng ti xin chn thnh by t lng bit n su xa cachng ti i vi qu Thng Ta Thin Siu, Minh Chu v Tr Quang gip chng ti t thnh nguyn. Chng ti nh gi rt cao s gip v coi n l mt duyn may ln cho chng ti.

Sau ht, chng ti thnh knh cu mong cc bc cao minh s ph chnh chonhng li lm m chng ti tin rng c rt nhiu, , nh , sau ny, nu cth, cun sch s c kin ton trong k ti bn.

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NGI DCH

Chn thnh cm n Thy Thch ng Thng v qu Thy cng Pht tCha Gic Nguyn hoan h gip nh my vi tnh ba quyn Pht GioT Tng Lun do HT. Thch Qung dch v b Kinh Ma Ha Bt Nh

Ba La Mt do Ho Thng Thch Tr Tnh dch (Tm Diu)


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THIN TH NHT - I CNG LUN

CHNG I - PHNG PHP CHNH L NGUYN THY PHTGIO VI PHNG CHM CA B SCH NY

1- PHNG PHP CHNH L NHNG TI LIU NGHIN CU:

Vn nghin cu Pht Gio l mt vn rt c bit v to ln. Mc chca cc nh nghin cu trc kia, k c i Tha v Tiu Tha, l tm hiutrong cc Kinh in xem nhng kinh no l i biu cho bn ch thc caPht, cn nhng kinh no ch v mun a n bn ch thc y m Pht phng tin ni ra. Tt c cc nh thuyt minh ch gii u bt u cngvic nh th c, nhng nay th khc. Ci phng php c coi l ch yuca s hc vn l tm xem nhng t tng no l i bin chn ca Pht v tri qua nhng qu trnh khai trin nh th no m lm cho Pht gioc chnh l v thit lp thnh h thng. Trc kia, cho tt c li Pht niu bao hm trong phng php gio ha ca Pht ri em chnh l, thnghp v ly khong thi gian vi trm nm sau Pht nhp dit l gio phpchn chnh ca c Pht. Mt khi hiu r c nhng kinh in no li biu th mi c th qun trit c tt c gio l Pht gio. ng v

phng din nghin cu gio l Pht gio, y l im cc k trng yu, cth ni l im xut pht ca s nghin cu cng khng phi l qu ng.

Song, trong cc Kinh in c lu truyn n ngy nay th nhng Kinh

in no gn vi chn tng ca Pht gio Nguyn Thy nht? Nu ni mtcch cht ch th y tuy l vn rt kh gii p, nhng nu ni mt cchi yu th ta c th cho l cc b A-Hm v Lut b (lut Tiu Tha). Vnhng s ghi chp trong hai b kinh in ny, v ni ch cng nh v nhnvt v cc chi tit khc, so vi nhng kinh in khc, nht l vi Kinh ini Tha th gn vi s tht cng nh gn vi chn tng ca Pht Gio

Nguyn Thy hn. Trc kia, vo thi i c-Xuyn, Ph-Vnh-Trng-Ccng tng suy nh v vn ny. Ngy nay, trong ci gi l NamPhng Pht Gio, tc dng kinh in bng vn Ba-li khng thy ghi chptn mt cun kinh i Tha no, khng nhng th m ngay c trong cc bnHn dch ca A-Hm b cng khng thy chp. Suy lun nh th th ikhi s quyt on cho rng A-Hm b v Lut b l nhng Kinh in gnvi chn tng ca Pht gio Nguyn Thy nht, c th l s quyt onkhng di dch. Nh vy, s nghin cu ca Pht gio Nguyn Thy, nu chly vn sch lm ti liu th ch l s nghin cu, ph bnh v chnh l A-Hm b v Lut b m thi.


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Trn y ch l ni i th thi, nu li tin ln mt bc na m kho stth A-Hm b v Lut b c tht truyn b chn tng ca Pht gio

Nguyn Thy ? Nu ni mt cch nghim khc th nh th cng cha . Vl A-Hm b v Lut b tuy l nhng kinh in chnh thng nht, tc cghi chp v lu b bng vn Ba-li, nhng theo truyn thuyt mi n thi iA-Dc-Vng (ln ngi vo nm 269 trc Ty lch) tc hn hai trm nmsau Pht nhp dit, nhng kinh in y mi c chnh l thnh th ti nhhin nay. Nh vy hin nhin iu hm ngha gio l c thi k

pht t. Cn cc bn Hn dch t Ba-li th nhn xt v nhiu phng din,so vi cc nguyn in, c th ni thi k bin tp cn mun hn nhiu.Song, bt lun l nguyn in Ba-li hay l Hn dch; nu chng vn gic nguyn hnh th tng i cng c th tin l ng vi gio nghanguyn thy, nhng v qua mt giai on chnh l mi thnh hnh thchin hu th trong khng khi c ci gi l thnh kin tng phi (thng

thng ni tt l mi tm B Phi Tiu Tha). Mt khi thnh kin bxm nhp th tt nhin phi c kin bt ng v nhng im nn haynn b. Bi th, trong cc kinh in hin cn lu truyn, d l Ba-li hay Hndch, ngi ta thy cc nh bin tp hnh-phm-ha ghi li gio phpca Pht hay trng hung sinh hot ca Gio on thi by gi v kt qunhng kinh in c quy np trong mt hnh phm nht nh, iuny ai tng c A-Hm b hay Lut b cng phi tha nhn. Do ,nhng kinh in y mt mt phn no tnh thun chn ca Nguyn Thyv nh trn ni mt cch cht ch khng th c coi l truyn b cichn tng, nh thc ca Pht gio Nguyn Thy. iu ny cng ht nhkinh Phc m ca C-c-gio, khng phi truyn b li ni v vic lmtht ca Gia-T m l do cc nh bin tp Phc m i sau thm bt m tothnh. Hay cng nh trng hp Socrates c biu hin trong sch vn pca Plato, nhng li ni v vic lm ca Socates chng c phn nhmt cch trung thc. C xem vi th d cng r. Bi th, ni mt cchnghim khc, mun nghin cu Pht gio Nguyn Thy chn chnh, li phikhu bit nhng ti liu trong A-Hm b v Lut b xem ti liu no l c, tiliu no l mi ri la chn ly nhng ci Nguyn Thy l l do ctngha ti sao s nghin cu A-Hm b v Lut b sau ny tr thnh mt

mc ch yu. Nhng lm th no phn bit c l vic cc k kh khn.Tuy nhin, ngy nay chng ta may mn cn c hai b Hn dch (nguyn inhoc bng Sanskrit) v Ba-li c truyn li. Cn c vo nhng im tngng ca c hai ngi, ta c th thy c hnh thc c ca cc b phitruyn lu v gia nhng s bt ng, cng c ch nht tr. Cho d nhnghnh thc y khng phi thun ty nguyn thy i na nhng t ra cng cth c coi thuc loi cu truyn, cn s khng nht tr th chng qua


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ch l phng php suy nh v thuyt minh c hu ca mt phi no m thi. Cng nh nhng kinh in hin cn lu truyn n ngy nay, btlun l Hn dch hay l vn Ba-li, u cha chc hon ton l c truyn:iu ny tng khng cn ni ai cng bit. Tc c khi na chng b tht lc,hoc do phi ny truyn, phi kia khng truyn, cho nn khng th cn cvo mt tng phi c nh no suy nh chn l m phi cn c theonhng im tng ng tm thy mt tiu chun nht nh. V imny, chng ti c bit tn thng gio s T-K cho ra i mt danh tcdi tiu : The four Buddhist Aganas in Chinese (Accordance of their

parts and of the corresponding counteparts in Palinkapa, 1908, Tokyo). Bsch ny so snh, i chiu A-Hm b gia Ba-li v bn Hn dch, y lti liu tham kho rt hu ch. Nu li tin ln bc na m di chuyn Lut

b v Pht gio Nguyn Thy n thi i Pht gio B phi v trong qutrnh Lut b sn sinh cng c so snh, i chiu nh th th tht l

s liu rt hu ch cho vic nghin cu Pht gio Nguyn Thy. Hin nay thcha tin n im y, tuy nhin n phi l mc tiu c gng ca chng tasau ny. Ri giai on th hai tc phi t n l: trong hai b Hn dch vBa-li c chnh l li phi tm xem nhng ch no nht tr v nhng chno khng nht tr, v b phn no l cu truyn, b phn no c thmvo sau v.v y tuy l vic v cng kh khn nhng l phng hngkhng th khng nhm ti nu mun t n mc ch hon ton. Ni mtcch nghim khc th nu khng theo phng chm y s khng th honthnh vic nghin cu Pht gio Nguyn Thy chn chnh.

Phng php chnh l c trnh by trn y tht ra ch ni theo nghanguyn thy rt hn nh thi. Nu gii thch nguyn thy theo ngha rngth bt tt phi ni mt cch cht ch nh th. V nguyn thy theo ngharng l ch Pht gio t thi i Pht cho n khong mt trm nm sau Phtnhp dit, lc Gio hi cha phn chia thnh cc b phi. Nhng ti liunghin cu khng phi ch hn cc phng din ri n gio l ca Phtgio nguyn thy cng khng c phi do Pht hon thnh, hay do Pht mth m c th l do t Pht bin tp dn dn m thnh. Ni cch khc, btc ti liu no c th lm sng t tinh thn chn chnh ca Pht gio cng

c nhn l nguyn thy, cng c coi nh ng nht vi li Pht ni.Song, nhng ti liu nh th hon ton khng th tm u ngoi A-Hm bhay Lut b. Li na, nhng ngi bin tp cc ti liu y khng nhng chl cc t trc tip thi i Pht m c th l thi k mt trm nm,hay xa hn na sau Pht nhp dit. Thm ch A-T-t-Ma Lun Th chim mt a v c th cng manh nha t A-Hm v Lut b. Do ,theo ngha y c th ni A-Hm v Lut b l ti liu ton b nghin


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cu Pht gio nguyn thy. Cn v nhng yu t c thm bt sau ny tuykhng phi khng c nhng theo truyn thuyt, trong lc bin tp cnhiu Trng Lo, Thng Ta v C s hi hp kim duyt li v chno l i biu chn chnh cho li Pht ni ri mi ghi chp, trong cngnh cc B lun ca hu th, nu khng c ch trng tng phi c trngr rng th khng c ghi chp. Ni mt cch d hiu l kinh lut c lutruyn n nay l do cc tng phi duy tr, trong v s tin li ca mitng phi nn cng c im thm hay bt cho ph hp vi ch trng camnh. Hn na trong lc bin tp, v mun c c hnh thc tng ngnn khng khi c s sa i nguyn hnh. Duy ci bn th th ni mt cchkhi qut, vn c th i biu cho Pht gio trc thi k phn phi, tngy khng phi l mt nhn nh sai lm to tt. Ci dng cho A-Hm vLut B l nhng kinh in nguyn thy chnh cng . Tuy nhin, Khidng cc kinh in y lm ti liu nghin cu, nu ni Pht gio nguyn

thy theo ngha rng, ta cng cn phi ch n tt c nhng im ctrnh by trn. Cn v phng php chnh l cng phi c ph bnh numun coi Pht gio l mt nn hc thut nghin cu, y l iu ta cnghi nhn.

Nhan cun sch ny (Nguyn thy Pht gio T tng Lun) l ni theongha rng v ch ly A-Hm b (v Lut b) lm ti liu nghin cu chyu. Nh phn mc lc cho thy, mc ch ca cun sch ny chuyn ngv t tng m l lun ha v trit hc ha ri t suy din rng ra nir t tng ca Pht gio nguyn thy, ng thi cng t cc kinh in A-Hm m kho st ci ngun gc ca t tng i sau, nht l t tng itha. Ni tm li, vic dng ti liu khng th hn cc trong mt phm vicht hp, ngha l tuy ly nhng ti liu nht tr gia Ba-li v Hn dch lmch yu nhng trong trng hp ch c Ba-li th sau khi nghin cu, nunhn thy l cn bn, cc ti liu y cng vn cha c thu dng. D nhin,vn Ba-li xa hn Hn dch, nhng theo ch ti nhn xt, trong cc bn Hndch hin nhin cng c cc nh bin tp Thnh in Ba-li, bi th khngnhng chng ta nn tham kho c hai b Hn dch v Ba-li m cn cn phiso snh, i chiu v tng hp ton th xem nhng t tng no l i

biu cho nhng A-T-t-Ma-Lun ca cc b phi cng nh nhng kinhlun ca i tha sau ny. iu ny cng c v mu thun vi nhng im c trnh by trn, nhng chng ti khng bao gi xa la kin gii sliu, v i khi cn phi ph bnh ti liu dng nghin cu na. l chtrng khc vi lp trng khng ph bnh ca cc nh ngin cu xa.


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Ghi ch: tin cho nhng ngi mi hc. Sau y chng ti s lit k mtcch n gin t chc ca nhng kinh in nguyn thy.

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A- NHNG KINH IN BA LI

I- LUT TNG (Viniga Pitaka) i c c bn b:

1. Partimokha (Ba-la--mc-xoa) y l lut vn.

2. Suttavibhanga (Tu-a-t-bng-gi) s gii thch lut vn.

3. Khandhaka (Kin-). y l s b khuyt ca Tu-a-bng-gi, v l tiliu lch s rt ch yu. Tt c c 22 phm. Mi phm u gi l i phm

(Mahavagga), mi hai phm sau gi l Tiu phm (Cullavagga).

4. Parivora (ph thuc).Ton b Lut tng phin ra ch La-tinh gm 5 quyn, xut bn.

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II- KINH TNG (Sutta Pitaka)

Tt c c nm b c gi l Ng-Ni-Kha-a (Pancanicaga).

1. Dighanikaga, tng ng vi Hn dch Trng A-Hm, gm ba quyn,ba mi t kinh, bn ca hip hi Ba-li.

2. Majjmanikaya, tng ng vi Hn dch Trung A-Hm, gm ba quyn,mt trm nm mi hai kinh bn ca Hip hi Ba-li.

3. Sanryuttan, tng ng vi Hn dch Tp A-Hm, thu thp nhng kinhvn ngn, i c c 7762 chia lm 56 thin, gm c 5 quyn Semyutta, bnca Hip hi Ba-li (sch dn c 6 quyn).

4. Anguttarayn, tng ng vi Hn dch Tng-Nht A-Hm, chia thnh 11tp (Nipata) gm 9550 thin ngn (nhng trong cng c nhiu thin rtdi), 5 quyn bn ca Hip hi Bali (sch dn th 6 quyn).

5. Khuddakan (Tiu b) i khi thu thp nhng on cng yu trong kinhvn. Tt c c 15 quyn.


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1- Tiu tng (Khuddaka Patha) l nhng on vn ngn nh vn Tam Quychng hn. 2- Kinh Php C (Dhamamapada), ghi chp nhng cu cchngn v o c tn gio. 3- Cm Hng Ng (Udanar Un--nam) phthm cm hng lm sng t php ng. 4- Nh Th Ng (Itirrittaka) tngng vi Hn dch Bn T Kinh. 5- Kinh Tp (Suttan ipata) ghi chpnhng kinh vn trng yu, ly cc bi tng lm ch. 6- i Cung Kinh(Vimanavatthu) ni v cc vic trn ci Tri. 7- Ng Qu S (Retavatthu).8,9- Trng Lo Ca-Trng-Lo-Ni-Ca (Theragatha Therigaiha), nhng licm hng ca t Pht hay nhng cu ca thut hoi. 10- Bn Sinh Kinh(Tetaka), ghi chp nhng s tch bn sinh Pht, tt c c 546 thin, dch vin thnh ch La-tinh. 11- Gii Thch (Niddesalsuttanepata), gii thch KinhTp chia ra hai loi Cullaniddesa v Makamddesa. 12- V Ngoi o Lun(Patisambhidamagga), ly s xin minh cc c mc tu o lm ch, lc sc ca A-T-t-Ma. 13- Th d (Apadna) truyn ca cc t Pht.

14- Pht T (Buddha Vamsa) nhng li ca Pht qu kh. 15- Hnh Tng,vn vn Lariyapitaka l mt b phn ca kinh Bn sinh. Tt c trn y trkinh Bn sinh, cn u do hip hi Ba-li xut bn.

---o0o---

III. LUN TNG (Abhidkasmnakitaka) v Lun b, xin xem chkhc, y khng k n.

B- HN DCH.

I- LUT TNG.

Thp Tng Lut (do Hu b truyn), 61 quyn do Pht-Nh-a-La v La-Thp cng dch vo i Hu Tn. T Phn Lut (do Php-Thng-B-Truyn), 60 quyn, do Pht -Da-X v Trc-Pht-Nim cng dch vo iHu Tn. Ma-Ha-Tng-K-Lun (do c T B v i B Truyn, 40quyn, do Gic Hin v Php Hin cng dch vo i ng Tn.

Ng Phn Lut (do Ha-a-B-Truyn) 30 quyn do Pht--Thp v

Trc-Pht-Nim cng dch vo i Tng.

II- KINH TNG:

1. Trng A-Hm (do Ph--Gia-X v Trc Pht Nim cng dch vo iHu Tn, gm 40 kinh chia lm bn phm, tt c c 22 quyn.


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2. Trung A-Hm (Tng-Gi--B i ng Tn dch) gm 220 kinh chialm 5 tng c 60 quyn.

3. Tp A-Hm (Cu-Na-Bt--La i Tng dch) i c c 15000 kinhnh, chia thnh 50 quyn.

4. Tng-Nht-A-Hm (Tng-Gi--B i ng Tn dch), gm 500 kinhchia thnh 50 quyn.

III- LUN TNG.

Xin xem ch khc, y khng k n.

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2- VN NGUYN THY PHT GIO

S nghin cu Pht Gio nguyn thy nn c chia thnh bao nhiu mc? Vn ny nu ni mt cch t m th d nhin l c nhiu, nhng nuni mt cch i th th c th chia thnh ba mc ln, tc l: 1. Pht--Lun. 2. Gio-L-Lun v 3. Tng- Gi- Lun, tc Gio Hi lun. S phnloi ny thch ng vi ci gi l Pht, Php, Tng: Tam bo v phi c tam bo mi l Pht Gio, iu tng khng cn ai ni cng hiu r.

Th nht Pht--Lun l nghin cu v s kinh lch v nhn cch ca vThy T Pht Gio, tc l c Pht. y l vn trng yu th nht trongvic nghin cu Pht Gio, v trong cc tn gio thuc B-La-Mn-Gio-Hkhng c mt v Gio T c tnh no, m d c i na th ci nhn cch cah cng rt m h. V li, gia nhn cch v gio l khng thy c mtquan h c th no. Tri li, trong Pht gio, s quan h y rt trng yu:nu xa la nhn cch ca Pht th khng th hiu c gio l v gio hi.Khng nhng th, nu ng trn lp trng thun ty gio l m nhn xt,i vi gio-l-s ca Pht gio, Pht--Lun dn dn chim a vtrng yu, cng c ngha ging nh C-c-Lun (Christology) i vi

nn Thn-hc ca C-c-Gio vy. Bi th, s nghin cu v lch s vnhn cch ca c Pht nghim nhin cng l mt mc cn bn caNguyn Thy Pht Gio.

Th hai Gio-L-Lun l nghin cu nhng li thuyt php ca Pht t saukhi thnh o tri qua khong 45 nm lin quan n cc vn nhn sinh.

Nh ni trn, cc kinh in A-Hm ch yu l bin tp nhng li thuyt


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php y, bi th v vic nghin cu l lun cng nh thc t, A-Hm b thnh sn phm quan trng bc nht. V sau, Gio l Pht gio pht trinthnh i (Tha), Tiu (Tha), Quyn, Thc, tt c u pht xut t A-Hm. Cho nn c th ni A-Hm b l im xut pht ca s nghin cu ttc gio l Pht gio.

Th ba, Tng Gi Lun (Gio Hi Lun) l nghin cu n t chc vnhng quy nh ca Gio-on-Pht-Gio. V Gio-on l c quan duy trv pht trin vn mnh Tn gio thc t ca Pht Gio, nn vic nghin cus thnh lp, qu trnh , th lc v trng hung phn phi ca n l mt nhuyu khng nhng ch gip cho vic l gii Pht gio m cn thy c cinguyn nhn ch yu c lin quan n nhng hin tng lch s Pht Gio

pht sinh sau ny. Nh vy s nghin cu Tng Gi nguyn thy cng lmt vn cc k trng yu. n nh Lut B chnh cng v ni r nhng

qui nh ca Gio-on m c bin tp v nh vy d nhin cng l tiliu ch yu cho vic nghin cu vn ny.

Ba mc trn y l nhng mc i cng ca Pht gio nguyn thyv l nhng mc khng th tch ri nhau nu chng ta mun nghin cuton th Pht Gio nguyn thy. y, phng php nghin cu ca chngti cng da trn nn tng y.

Ngoi ba mc i cng y ra cn mt vn ln na cng cn phinghin cu, l mi quan h gia Pht gio vi nn vn minh ng thi.

Nu mun hiu Pht gio mt cch chnh xc ngi ta khng th b qua vn ny. Pht gio tuy tn xng c Pht l V S T Ng, nhng tht thtrn quan h chu nhiu tinh thn thi i; v, nu ta khng xt n imny th quyt khng th thy c ci chn tng ca Pht gio. a s hcgi hin nay tuy lu n im ny nhng cc hc th cu ca Nht Bnvn cn cho phm nhng iu Pht ni u l sng kin ca Pht. S d cthnh kin y l v h mang nhin khng bit thuyt no l thuyt chu ca Pht gio, cn thuyt no l thuyt ca ng thi c nht bantha nhn m trong khi gii quyt cc vn c lin h n vn minh thi

i, c Pht cng thu dng. M iu ny khng phi ch hn nh trongvic nghin cu Pht gio nguyn thy, m d l Pht gio b phi, thm chc Pht gio i Tha sau ny, nu khng ch n im th chung cckhng th thy r chn tng ca Pht gio: y l iu chng ta cn ghinhn. Hn na, ngi tm hiu Pht gio chn chnh khng nhng chnghin cu cc kinh in Pht gio, m tt c ci g c lin quan n vn ha


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ng thi, nh t tng tn gio chng hn, cng u phi tham kho v sosnh.

Tr ln l ni r giai on ton th ca Pht gio nguyn thy, trong baohm nhiu vn . Song, khi nghin cu, ngi ta khng cn phi cp ntt c m ty theo hng c th ly Tng Gi lm trung tm, hoc ly Pht Lun lm trung tm, hay ly gio ha lm trung tm cng u c c.Ta cn ghi nhn k iu ny, v cc vn k trn c mt quan h rt mtthit, nu qun trit c mt th cc vn khc khng c g l kh hiu.Bi th nu cng nghin cu c ba mc mt lc thu trit chn tngca Pht gio nguyn thy th cng hay nhng nu ch la mt trong ba cngl mt mc trng i ri. Nu cng nghin cu c ba mt lc m khngthy c ton th vn , th mt mt quan st ton th, mt khc chuynch vo mt vn th chc chn s pht huy c chn tng ca n.

Trong cun sch ny, chng ti chuyn ly vn gio l lm trung tm quan st Pht gio nguyn thy, tc mc ch ca cun sch ny l trongTam Bo, ly vic nghin cu php bo lm trung tm ri, trnh by mtcch bao qut c Pht Bo v Tng Bo. Nh trn ni, trong Tam Bo, cth ty chn mt u c c, nhng, tinh thn ca c Pht ly Php(Dhamma) lm trung tm; v li, ng trn lp trng t tng s m ni,th Php cng l mt b phn trng yu, bi th, y, chng ti ng dng

phng php k trn.

Ni n quan h tinh thn thi i, lp trng ca chng ti ht sc thntrng. Nh s c trnh by sau, tt c cc vn , tr chng trnh ny ra,u phi ch . Ngha l gi s em chia Pht gio nguyn thy thnh bncng mc, th lp trng ca cun sch ny l ly vn gio l lm chyu. Cn quan h tinh thn thi i th ch l vn th yu m thi.

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3- C BIT LUN V PHNG PHP GII THCHGIO L PHT GIO NGUYN THY.

Tr ln, chng ti trnh by qua v s chnh l cc ti liu v phngphp nghin cu cc mc, gi y s c bit ni qua v s chnh l giol. V gio l, nn dng nhn quang no quan st nhng kinh in caPht gio nguyn thy? Ni cch khc, gia cc kinh in ghi chp nhngli ca Pht dy cc t vi bn ca chnh c Pht c quan h g v nn

phi quan st nh th no? Vn ny, v phng din gii thch gio l


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Pht gio, c mt ngha rt trng i. nhng li Pht ni trong 45 nm xut pht t s i t gic, khng mt li no xut pht t s k thatruyn tp c: im ny chnh c Pht thng hay ni r. Ci gi l lmtheo ch bit, ni theo vic lm, trong, ngoi thng sut, ht thy u chntht, khng h di, chnh c Pht minh nh.

(1) Do , nhng kinh in thu thp v ghi chp nhng li ni php, nhtrong Kinh, Lut, cng tc l i biu cho bn ch thc ca Pht-khng cp n im c khi v th tc bin tp m c im ly, im b-vynhng ngi gii thch m thm hay bt, ly ch ny, b ch kia, hoc giithch sai lm cu vn v.v u l phn li chn ca c Pht. Do vy, vsau, trong cc b phi Tiu tha, c nhiu phi ch trng khng c kinhbt liu ngha (apanetabba)

(2) V h cho rng tt c kinh vn u l bng chng i biu cho bn tmca Pht. Tuy nhin, phng php quan st kinh in nh th khng khi cv qu cu n hnh thc; nu li i su vo m tm hiu thi thuyt phpca Pht v ni dung ca s thuyt php y th ngi ta cng d pht hinnhng im cn cn c xt k li. Phng php ni php ca c Phtvn ty theo tnh hnh, ty theo hon cnh lc by gi, vy mun tm cu citinh thn cn bn ca Pht, khng th cu chp vo mt tnh hnh hay honcnh c th no. Sau y xin nu ra my trng hp chng minh.

(1) Trung A-Hm, Th gian Kinh 22 (cc bn, p, 164) (A IV p, 23).

(2) D-B-Tn-Lun Lun, mc i Chng B, v Somamgala viaini, p. 12.

Th nht, hy kho st v kinh vn nht ban. Trong cc kinh, mi nhn qua,ta h c im v ng dng cho nht ban m ni ra, nhng, nu nhn xt knhng s thc th ta thy c rt nhiu im v mun thch ng vi tnh hnhc th ca ng thi m ni ra. Nh Ba-li Trung b (No, 69) chng hn,ci gi l Apannakasutta (1) vn c Pht ni ra t thn Tr-La (Sala) cangi Ba-La-Mn thuc nc Kiu-Tt-La; nhng, xt n phn ni dungca kinh ny th thi ca Pht hon ton v ph ch trng hoi nghi

phi o c ca nhm Lc S m ni v l nhn qu, trong khng nin T m cng khng ni n Trung o. Nu ni mt cch nghimkhc th kinh ny khng bao hm phong thi Pht gio, nhng vn cPht ni ra, bi l, thn Tr-La ny ca ngi B-La-Mn l ni cha cPht gio ha, nay Pht mi bt u truyn o nn cha i ngay vo tichnh m chun b trc, ng trn lp trng phi tn gio m ni v lnhn qu biu th tn gio rt nn tn trng.


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(1) c dch ra Hn vn.

Do , nu bo bn ca Pht c biu hin trong kinh ny th, kiny, nu khng l sai lm th cng qu xa vi s gii thch trung o. Linh Trung-A-Hm, La-Vn-Kinh th 3 (M.16 Rahulovenda), trong cPht ly La-Hu-La lm i tng ni ln s tai hi ca nhng li nia, ni by; mi nhn, y chng qua cng ch l mt i c thuyt phpthng thng, nhng, khi kho st nhng k lc trong Lut Tng th thyrng La-Hu-La, v tui nh, nn sau khi xut gia vn cha b c tnh act, nghch ngm, thng dng nhng li by b la di cc bc trng lo,do , s biu th ca Pht ch l mt phng php rng dy La-Hu-La nhtui, ri sau c ph thng ha m thu tp vo Trung-A-Hm. Bi th, nucho nhng li dy rn ca Pht v s ni cn hay a ct l ch c bit nivi La-Hu-La ch khng lin quan g n ngi khc th tht l mt iu

sai lm ln. Li nh trong Phn-Bit-Thnh-Kinh (Sachavibkangasutta, M141, Trung-Hm quyn 7) cng c mt th d tng t. Ln u tin cPht chuyn php lun ch by phpT cho nm v T-Khu, cucthuyt php ny cng nh bn tuyn ngn ca Chuyn Lun Vng khi lnngi tr v Php Gii, nhng trong vn bao hm ngha i c, tc l cPht tn lc trnh by phng php trung o khng kh khng vui v l con ng tu o ch yu vy. D nhin, tng khng cn ni ai cng bitrng trong tu dng quan ny ca c Pht c im rt c sc, c y ngha ph bin m, l ra, trong bn tuyn ngn s chuyn php lun khngcn phi c, nhng v bn ng Kiu-Trn-Nh (Annakandanna) nm ngitrc kia vn cng tu kh hnh vi Pht (tc lc cn l B Tt), sau khi thyPht b li tu y m cho l Pht sa a nn b Pht i ni khc, do ,trong cuc thuyt php ny Pht c bit i vi h ch by con ngham lm th vui l sai lm, ng thi, cng bc b lp trng kh hnh,hnh h th xc mt cch v l, chnh im ny m ta pht hin nghai c ca n. Bi th, gi s sau khi Pht thnh o m hai ng A-La-Ca-Ma-La (Alala Kalama) v Ut--Ca-La-Ma-T (Uddakaranaputta) vn cnsng, v Pht thuyt php ln u tin cho h th chc cng ch khc vinm v T-Khu kia v phng php tu hnh m thi, iu ny c th tin

c. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu chng minh khc m y khng nu ra htc, nu mun i su hn na m tm ti su tp th phn ln cc buithuyt php ca Pht, c th ni u thuc loi ny. Song, iu ng tic lt trc n nay cha c mt thuyt minh no y v c th c luli v tnh cch i c trong s thuyt php ca Pht vi tnh hnh ca ngthi, do , ngi ta kh lun cu mt cch tng tn m ch c th ni ikhi thi. S thuyt php ca Pht i lc cn c vo ba yu t thi, x, v,


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cho nn. Pht thng c xng tn l Nh Lai bit ngha, bit php, bittrnh , bit thi c, v bit chng hi. (1) Tuy nhin, ta khng th davo l do y m cho rng tt c li thuyt php ca Pht u phn nh ngnh thc phn t ni chng ca Pht, hay tt c nhng bui thuyt phpu c y nhng yu t k trn. l iu ta khng th b qua khi giithch kinh vn.

(1) A ii, p. 148: Cn bn Pht-Gip Ph lc, p, 15.

Th hai, trn y l cn c theo kinh vn m ni, nu li cn c theo lut,tc nhng qui nh ca Gio on, m nhn xt th li cng r hn kinh vnna. V tt c nhng qui lut do Pht ch nh u l nhng qui nh xy rasau cc s kin pht sinh, bi th, thch ng vi thi, x, v, so vi kinhthuyt, cng r hn. Tc l, sau khi vic c qui nh ri, nhng khi

chuyn sang thi, x, v, th thi gian c thay i: hay c khi thit nhnhng trng hp ngoi l nhng li khng c vic g khc l xy ra: iuny chnh trong lut vn cho ta thy r rng. Bi th, v sau c ngi chorng nhng qui nh trng yu nht phn ln u c ch nh ty theotng trng hp. Hy ly mt th d gii Tam Y chng hn. Tc, theo lut,mi T Khu phi c ba tm o Thng, Trung, H, y l mt iu khonnghim trng nht trong Lut. Nhng, c theo lut vn th ngy xa Pht tthnh Ph-X-Li i n Bat-Da-La-Thp na ng gp tit tri gi but,ngh li mt m v lc phi mc n ba tm o mi m, do kinhnghim y m ch nh Tam Y vy. (1) Nhng nu Pht theo kinh nghim

khu vc Ca-Thp-Di-La m t ra gii y th hn phi bun ci, c th suyra bit tinh thn ch gii l thch ng vi tng cnh ng vy. Xem ch Tam Y m i sau cho l cc trng yu ny cn nh th hung chi l nhngtiu lut khc, c suy ra cng r. Bi vy, ng v phng din ton thgii lut m nhn xt tinh thn ca Pht, nu c kh kh chp cht vo lutvn hoc iu khon mt cch thi qu th s mt hn ci bn ca Pht.Quan nim ty phng T-Ni, ty thi T-Ni tht nn phi c m rng.

Ngy xa, khi sp nhp dit, c Pht dn A-Nan.

A-Nan! Sau khi ta nhp dit, Tng Gi c th b nhng ch hc nh nht(tc Tiu Gii). (2)

l mt chng minh rt r rng v c th. ng tic theo truyn thuyt,trong ln kt tp th nht v s s sut ca Ca-Dip, li di chc c th trny khng c noi theo, li em phn tch nhng phm vi tiu gii nni v sau Lut b tr nn rt chi ly. Do nu ta mun kho st bn


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ca Pht qua Lut b m khng ghi nh nhng iu trnh by trn y thquyt khng th t c mc ch.

(1) Ng phn Lut quyn 20, t 23b(2) Trng-Hm, quyn 4, Du hnh Kinh, trang 780; D. 16 Mahparini

bbanasutta 11. P. 154.

Th ba, thi ca Pht i vi tn ngng v tp qun nht ban ca bygi nh th no? V im ny, mt mt Pht gi mt thi ph bnhnghim tc, mt khc, nu xt ra khng c hi cho tinh thn v i ca Ngi,hn na, v nhu cu gio ha, i vi tp qun v tn ngng ng thi,Pht ch trng tha hip. Cho nn trong cc gio thuyt thng c chkhng nht tr, tc l ci g khng c hi cho ch ngha ca Pht th c thudng, nu tri li, th tuy cng mt s kin nhng Pht li gi thi phn

i: iu ny tng khng c g l l c, tn ngng Phm Thin l mt thd. Gio B-La-Mn cho Phm Thin l v Nhn-Cch-Thn trung tm,lm ch th gii Sa-B, cho nn khi tip xc vi x hi B-La-Mn c Phtcng khng b qua tn ngng y. c Pht tha nhn Phm Thin vi tcch mt ngi tn thn v ty h, khi l ngi bo chng cho t tng caPht, (1) khi th l ngi thnh Pht thuyt php. (2) Nhng khi gp trnghp ngi no tin Phm Thin l l tng cu knh m khng oi hoi ngio ngha ca Pht th tt Pht s ph nhn thc tnh tn ti ca Phm Thinv cho tn ngng y l v cn c.

(1) Tp-A-Hm quyn 44, p. 726, SIPP 13-14.(2) M.22 Ariyapariyesana IPP 167-684, Bn hnh tp Kinh, t 8 trang

48b.

Nh trong trng A-Hm, Tam kinh (Tevijja Sutta), (1) Pht c hi mtngi B-La-Mn tin tng Phm Thin rng: c ai tng thy PhmThin tn mt cha? ch l khng tng cng nh ngi n b thngmt ngi trong mng vy. Do ta thy i vi tn ngng ng thi tuyPht c lu tm n nhng khng phi l bn ca Pht, bi vy, nu ch

bit qua cc k lc v s ty h hay khuyn thnh ca Phm Thin m chorng i vi Phm Thin Pht cng biu th kinh th tht tri vi bn caPht. Li trong cc kinh in, ta thng thy ghi chp v Ma Vng (Mera

papima) cng ging nh trng hp Phm Thin trn y. Pht ni ma lm ch s chng ngi vic tu o ch khng h hm ng ngha ma quinh tp tc ng thi tin tng. V im ny, trc kia Windisch vWarren ni r. (2) Nu khng i su m ch tm hiu trn b mt cc kinh


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vn th o cng, nh Fausboll ni, ch l nhn ngi trong o tng (3).Ngoi ra, cn nhiu th d nhng khng th k ht. Ch xem qua my chngminh trn y cng bit rng nu mun thy r chn ca Pht ngi takhng th cu chp vo s biu din ca kinh in c.

(1) Quyn 16, Tam Minh Kinh, D, I; Tevijja.(2) Windisch, Mara und Buddha, s 102; Warren; Buddism in Translation,

p. 63.(3) S.B.E.X Introduction to Suttampata, p. XIV.

Th t, by gi li kho st n mi lin lc gia s t gic v gic tha cac Pht, v y cng c im ta cn ch . Theo truyn thuyt, sau khithnh chnh gic, Pht cn ngi li t duy trong hai mi mt ngy na. Lcy Pht nhn thy chn l Ngi va ng c qu su xa, s ngi i

khng th hiu c, nn, trong mt lc, c quyt tm khng thuyt php sinh. (1) Ngy nay nu ta cho quyt tm nht thi l s thc tm lca Pht lc by gi th truyn thuyt Phm Thin thnh Pht truyn giocng c th c tha nhn. Tm li, ngi ta mun bit l ci ng c caPht nh th no m sau Pht i quyt tm i truyn o. y tuyl mt s tht hin nhin, nhng, gia khong t t gic chuyn sang gictha, v phng din thuyt gio, ta khng th khng thm st k im .Bo rng v gio php qu su xa, ngi i khng th lnh hi m quyttm khng truyn o, ri sau li b nh y m i thuyt php sinh:nu tr li nhng im c trnh by trn kia th y cng l s n o

v i c trc khi bt u chuyn php lun vy.

(1) Tp-A-Hm 44, Cc bn p. 726. SiPP 13a-14.

C theo nhng l do ni trn, khi kho st v mi quan h gia kinhin v bn ca Pht, nu c chp tt c kinh in u phn nh trung thc

bn ca Pht th tht l phng php gii thch khng ng ng. Ni mtcch khi qut, cc nh Tiu Tha cho tt c kinh in u l bn ca Pht,tnh c chp y khng th ph ni, bi vy m cc nh i Tha mnh danhh l Tiu Tha. Nhng cng c mt s c u c ph bnh th cho nhngli Pht ni gm hai phng din l Chn (paramattha) v Tc (vohara) m hin tr nht l Thuyt-Nht-Thit-Hu B thuc Thng-Ta-B. B ny tha nhn trong cc kinh in, c kinh, bt liu ngha (tcngha l cha c hon ton), (1) m ch trng khi gii thch kinh incn phi vt ln trn cc cu vn. Lun i T-B-Sa chm bim nhngngi c chp kinh vn mt cch thi qu nh sau (2): C v tr vn Sa-


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Mn c bm st ly vn t, h ri kinh in ra l khng dm ni g c. Ttinh thn m i su mi vo na l i Tha Gio. V li, u mi cacuc vn ng i Tha chnh cng l mun tr v vi chn tinh thn caPht, m, nu mun th, khng th khng tm trong cc kinh vn: l imchng ta cn ghi nh. Nhn xt theo im ny, chng ta, mc du khng nhcc nh i tha i sau cho rng ngoi cc kinh in A-Hm, c Phtcng cn trc tip ni cc kinh in i Tha, nhng v mun tm cu chn ca Pht nn ch trng i khi cng dng tinh thn i Tha m nhnqua A-Hm B v Lut B. V li, nhng kinh in c lu truyn nnay, phn ln c hnh phm ha v A-T-t-Ma-Ha, tc c

bin tp sau thi k Tiu-Tha-Ha, nu mun tm c tinh thn nguynthy th ch trng trn li cng cn thit hn. Do , trn lnh vc hc vn,ta nn thn trng, khng th khinh thng cc loi kinh vn. Bi l, nukhng cng mt lc tm ti ngha tim n ng sau tt c cc li kinh

qun trit ton th t tng th chung cng khng thy r c ci chntng ca Pht: l iu ta khng th qun.

(1) D-B-Tn-Lun Lun.(2) B-Sa, quyn 50, p, 211b.

Tm li, theo ch ti thy th trong bn thn lp trng ca Pht gm haiyu t Tiu Tha v i Tha, ng thi, chng phi Tiu Tha, m cngchng phi i Tha. Nhng kinh in Nguyn thy, khi c bin tp lu truyn, phn ln mang sc thi Tiu Tha, nhng, khi c chnh l

th ng nh lp trng m ti nhn nh trn. y, ti s cn c theolp trng y m kho st trong gio l i Tha v Tiu Tha c cs gii thch t do: l thin ca ti trong cun sch nh ny.

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CHNG II - PHT GIO VI THI TH

1- MT QUAN NIM KHI QUT V THI TH:

Khi ni n thi i c Pht ng nhin l ch thi k khong th k thnm, th su, trc Ty lch; thi k ny, n , v mi phng din,nht l v phng din lch s, l mt thi i m bt lun kho st v s

pht trin dn tc, quan h chnh tr hay hc thut nht ban, u c s binchuyn rt ln. Gi mun bit qua nhng tro lu thi k ny trc ht

phi ni r ci xu th ca nn vn ha nht ban .


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Hy bt u kho st t v i vn ha. n thi k ny, khu vc vn minhca n i khi cng khng khc g vi thi k trc , l t Daccatr ln pha bc i lc, tc a phng tam gic bc b, ch cha lan trnxung bn o. M cuc vn ng trong thi k ny a vn ha xungkhu vc bn o vn cha thy c tin hnh mt cch r rt, bi vy, nunhn xt mt cch i th, ta c th bo thi k ny cng khng khc g vicui thi k trc c. Tuy nhin, c iu l l trung-tm-im vn minhth khng ging vi thi k trc. Cch mt vi trm nm trc, cn ca vn minh l cc khu vc thng lu sng Hng, nh Kuruksetna (CuL), Pancla (B-Ca-La), Matsya (Ma-d), v Suracena (T-noa-sc-na)v.v l cc quc gia v chng tc c th lc v u ly khu vc ny lmtrung tm vn ha v chnh tr ca h. Ngi B-La-Mn gi a phng yl Trung quc (Medhyadesa) v xy dng mt c s vng chc ti y.

Nhng cc quc gia (tc chng tc) pha Nam v pha ng l Kosala

(Cu-Tt-La), Kase (Ca-thi), Videba (Vi--ba) v.v tuy c tip xc vivn minh Trung Quc, song vn cha pht huy c c sc ca n(1). Linh Magadha (Ma-Ha-) th t A-Tht-B-Ph- cho n Kin--Lav.v u b coi l khng c vn ha. (1) C theo php in B-La-Mn thnhng chng tc b coi l h ng, bn d man, (1) khng c mt cht thlc no. Nay thi th bng i thay, khng nhng ch khu vc Trung Quc,d nhin m tt c cc a phng c u bt u suy i. Nhng chng tc mn bin thy ng nam trc kia b vn minh B-La-Mn coi l mi r,nay bng nhin bc pht v v bt c lnh vc no, u chim a v v thlc trung tm: y tht l mt hin tng chuyn bin thi i rt ng ch. V cc dn tc ny c ln tnh nguyn tham chin (nh cuc i chinc miu t trong i-T-S-Thi chng hn) Trung Quc; khi tr v xs, h bt u ngh k ng dng nn vn minh h hp th lm chonc giu dn mnh.

(1) n--Trit-Hc-Tn-Gio-S, trang 248, 147, 418.

C th, th lc ca h mi ngy mt tng m to nn mt xu th vn minhNam Tin, tc cc nc bin thy cng ln lt khai pht, ri ci xu th

nht ban y, lm cho s bin ng v i k trn bt pht. Vo thi gianny, cc nc k cn (ni cch nghim khc, l cc chng tc c lp) cni tip nhau m qut khi. Theo cc kinh in Pht gio, n thi i Pht,i c c mi su nc ln (1) v mi nc u c c sc v th lc camt quc gia mi vng dy. Tu trung, thnh X-V (Savatthi) thuc Cu-Tt-La, thnh Vng-X (Rajagaha) thuc Ma-Ha-, thnh Kiu-Thng-Di (Kosambi) thuc Vam-Di (Vamsa) v Ph-X-Li (Vasali) thuc Bt-K.


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v.v u l nhng th mi rt ni ting lc by gi, v l trung-tm-imca tt c cc cuc vn ng vn ha chu bi l, cc quc gia mi ny vmt biu din, mc d nh hng vn ha B-La-Mn, nhng nn tngkhng su xa nh cc a phng Trung Quc;

(1) Pht thuyt nhn tin Kinh (Trng 10, 53a) A.I.P. 213; idid VI, p.525 Rhys Davids; Buddhist India, p. 23-24.

(1) v li, v nhn chng tuy c ging ngi Aryan nhng khng phi tTrung Quc di c n, m huyt thng ca h cng pha trn nhiu ckhng phi l thun chng na. (2) V mc du chu nh hng ca vnminh Trung Quc nhng chnh n li hp vi s hnh thnh ca mt nn vnminh c th. y, c iu ta nn ch l s bt khi ca Ma-Ha-, Ma-Ha- l ni theo php in Bandhayana dharma sutra, hu nh thuc ging

hn huyt (sang Ml) Ph-X v Th-, l mt quc gia m trc Phtmt thi k, tc vo khong 600 nm trc Ty lch; khng ng c ch n. K t khi Sisunaga sisunaga (h-tu-na-gi) dng nn mt vng qucth bng tr nn giu mnh. n thi i Pht th ngoi Cu-Tt-La ra,khng mt nc no c th ch li c s cng thnh ca Ma-Ha-. Va gii th pha Nam gip ni Tn--da, pha Bc gip sng Hng, nggip tip vi sng Thim Ba, v pha Ty chy sut n sng Sa-na (Sona).t rng, th li mnh nn Ma-Ha- lc xng b ti n . (3)v pht huy mt nn vn minh c hu thch ng vi ci quc th .Theo truyn thuyt; vo thi vua Tn-T-Sa-La, Ma-Ha- t ra nin

lch ring, c xem th th r.

(1) oldenberg; Buddha (7 teand) s72-73.(2) D. Fick Glicdermg in nomdosteshem Inten Pu buddhans Peit 6s.

(3) Rys Davids; Buddhist India. P4; p24.

(1) Cn i vi t tng mi cng c nhng n lc pht huy c sc ca n,t phi Lc-S ni ting n cc cuc vn ng t tng mi chng li B-La-Mn u ly lm trung tm pht trin. C th l lc u Pht giocng hng khi t . Xem th th i biu cho cc nc mi vng dy lMa-Ha- m nn vn minh mi ca Ma-Ha- cng l i biu cho ccnn vn minh mi lc by gi: y khng phi l nhn nh qu ng. Duy thi i Pht, Ma-Ha- cng tranh hng vi Cu-Tt-La v khi Phtlung tui th dn dn p o c Cu-Tt-La l m mn cho s thngnht ton n sau khng qu hai trm nm. Xem th th thy nnvn minh mi ny t ra cng chi phi n trong my th k. Pht gio


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tht do nn vn minh ny m pht khi v tr thnh tinh thn ch o can, nu ni theo mt ngha no , trn quan h, cng c th cho l sn

phm ca vn minh Ma-Ha-.

Tm li, nu ni mt cch ton th, th a phng vn minh thi i Phttuy cng hn nh nhng khu vc bc b bn o, nhng trong , nhnga phng c coi l trung tm th t Ty n ng, t Bc n Nam,ngha l, t cc th c n cc lng mc. Cn ni n Trung Quc thii Pht ch yu ch l cc a phng mi vng dy ny, tc t Cu-Tt-La pha Bc n Ma-Ha- pha Nam; t Vam-Di (th l Kiu-Thng-Di) pha ng n ng Gi (Amga, th l Thim Ba) pha Ty.

(1) Ng Phn Lut 18 (trang 12b), ni: Lc y vua Bnh Sa t ra nmnm li c mt nm nhun v tt c ngoi o v B-La-Mn u ni

theoV tinh thn vn minh ch o thi k trc l B-La-Mn, k ny chuynly quc Vng lm trung tm, do St--L nm gi, trong s pht trinca cc th v nhng quan h kinh t, cho nn, kt qu cc nh thcnghim mnh danh l trng gi, c s, dn dn pht huy thc lc ca h: l c sc khc hn vi thi k trc, v chnh t pht sinh ra cquyn giai cp vy. Li theo th t bn giai cp ca B-La-Mn Gio thng u l B-La-Mn, ri n St--L, Ph-X v Th , nhng theos liu (Ba-li) Pht gio th thun t li bt u t St--L, B-La-

Mn, Ph-X v Th , iu ny khng ch c Pht xut thn t giai cpSt--L m cn cho thy ngi v trc sau cng ty thuc vo th lc thct lc na. Bi th, nu so snh im tng trng cho vn minh ca haithi k nh th no, th ta c th ni thi k trc l hnh thc, thi k nyl tht cht, thi k trc l tnh, thi k ny l ng; phng php t tngca thi k trc bt lun din t iu g, u c tnh cch thi ca, hnh-nhi-thng, cn thi k ny, c th ni, li l thc chng, hnh-nhi-h: lim khc bit gia hai thi k. L do ti sao nn vn minh ca thi k ny,so vi cc thi k trc, li rt bnh d, v gn vi dn chng chnh l

im . Nu cho vn minh thi k trc l vn minh B-La-Mn th vnminh thi k ny c th bo l vn minh St--L. Lch s Nht bn cngc th l mt th d chng minh, tc nn vn minh thi k trc l vn minhCng Khanh, ly Kinh lm trung tm, cn vn minh thi k ny l vnminh Lim Thng Giang H, ly v s, th dn lm trung tm. Li na, v

phng din trang nghim, vn nh thi thi k ny tuy khng snh c vi


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thi k trc; nhng v phng din bnh d, gn gi vi dn chng, v khtng hot bt th thi k ny hn hn thi k trc.

Nhn vo c sc ca nn vn minh ng thi ngi ta cng c th thyc l do hng khi v s mnh ca Pht Gio. Tc l, th nht, c Phtxut thn t ging St--L thun ty ch khng phi l B-La-Mn. Thhai, Pht sinh thnh Ca-T-La-V, mt th bin thy, chch v phang hn Cu-Tt-La. Th ba, v mun chn mt quc gia mi ln lmcn c a tu hnh nn Pht c bit ch n khu vc Ma-Ha-.

Th t, ly Ma-Ha- lm trung tm dng cao ngn c truyn o ti ccquc gia mi vng dy. Th nm, ly vic phn li ch ngha B-La-Mnlm tiu bng v cu lc ngn nga mi t cc oan. Th su, nhng ngitin Pht u thuc ging St--L v phn ln l nhng trng gi, c s c

thc lc trong x hi thi by gi. Nu li i chiu nhng c trng trny vi tnh hnh ng thi th ta thy s hng khi ca Pht phn nhiu dotnh hnh tch cc hoc tiu cc ca thi by gi thc y. Nh vy gia shng khi ca Pht gio v tnh th ng thi c mt s quan h rt mtthit v y l vn m, sau ny, cn c khi su thm, cho nn, ychng ta phi d liu trc.

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2- T TNG GII NG THI

Tr ln ti mi trnh by v xu th vn minh biu hin bn ngoi, cn xu thni ti ca n, tc tinh thn gii ng thi cng c nhiu im cn clun cu n. o B-La-Mn t xa tuy vn c mun duy tr th lc camnh, nhng t lu, khng cn sc na. Nhn , cc hc phi sng

bi nhng ch ngha bt ng thng cng kch, khch bc ln nhau n nikhin cho lng ngi ly tn, cm thy mt ch quy hng: chnh l tnhhnh i cng ca t tng gii thi by gi. cho tin li, chng ta hychia nhng khuynh hng t tng ch yu ca thi i ny, khong mtvi trm nm, lm bn tro lu ln kho st (1) nh sau:

Th nht, tro lu B-La-Mn Gio chnh thng: ch trng duy tr baging mi c xa l ch ngha Thin Khi Ph-, ch ngha B-La-Mnch tn ch thng v ch ngha t thn Vn nng.

(1) Tham chiu n Trit Hc Tn Gio S, thin V chng I.


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Th hai, tro lu tn ngng tp tc: khng chp cht vo hnh thc ca trolu trn m sng bi nhiu loi nhn-cch-thn, trong ly ba thn PhmThin (Brhma), T-Nu-Noa (Visnu), v Thp B (Sva) lm trung tm vnng ri nghim nhin tr thnh mt tro lu Thn Gio: chnh l ttng trung tm trong i-T-S-Thi (Mahbharata) v c th cho lcuc vn ng thng tc ca B-La-Mn.

Th ba, tro lu trit hc: Ly Phm-Th v o-Ngha-Th lm ch yu,nht l khuynh hng t tng pht t trong o-Ngha-Th c th lm ltng trin khai v mi phng din. T S-Lun, Du-Gi n phn ln su

phi trit hc t ra cng manh nha t thi i ny.

Th t, tro lu phn Ph-: ba tro lu k trn theo mt ngha no ,khng nhiu th t, vn c quan h vi Ph-, n tro lu th t ny th

hon ton ph nhn uy quyn ca Ph- m ng trn lp trng t do clp nghin cu, nh phi Lc-S chng hn. Pht gio cng c th clit vo tro lu ny. Tm li, nhng tro lu trn y, d l tha hip haychng i, hnh thi tuy c khc nhau nhng mc ch u mun mang lis quy hng cho lng ngi vn hoang mang t lu: l thi i cacc hc phi ua nhau pht khi, tc vo khong t su n bn trm nmtrc ty lch. Chnh Pht gio cng hnh thnh vo thi gian ny. Tuynhin, y ch l s quan st khi qut thi. Nu ng trn lp trng tonth Trit Hc Tn Gio S n phn bit cc b loi m ch da vos liu Pht Gio khng thi th cha chng minh(1). Bi th, mt mttuy vn theo cch phn loi trn y, nhng khng nn c chp thi qu, mtkhc, ch yu theo s liu Pht gio quan st trng hung ca t tnggii ng thi tm hiu r ci ngun gc v a v ca t tng PhtGio.

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A- B-LA-MN-GIO

Th lc ca B-La-Mn-Gio vo thi y tuy suy gim, nhng vn cnlan trn khp ni, v v hnh thc vn cn uy quyn ng k, iu ny cxem nhng s tch trong A-Hm, bn Hn dch, kinh 10, phm Phm Chcng r. V B-La-Mn-Gio vn l tn gio ca quc dn, c nntng rt su v quan h. t ra n cng kt hp vi mi nghi thc m nhhng rt nhiu n i sng hng ngy. Song mun bit ci tnh trng ca


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B-La-Mn-Gio lc y ra sao th trc ht phi kho st n qua cc kinhin pht gio.

(1)Tham chiu Trung-A-Hm t kinh 38 n kinh 42

V a v ca A-Tht-B- tuy khng c r lm, (1) nhng v ba kinhPh- nh L-Cu, Gi-Nhu v Sa-Ma th d nhin c thng hp lmmt. Khng nhng th ci gi l Tam Minh (trividya tuijja) cng vinthc ri v cc chi Ph- (Vadanga) cng u c thnh lp cng vivic ly S-truyn (Itihrsa; Mahbharata) t vo hng th nm. Trong cckinh in, cc nh bc hc B-La-Mn thng c gi l ngi thng baPh-, thng t-vng-hc (nighandu), thng-ng-nguyn-hc(sokkharapp-abhedama), thng nm s truyn (itihasa), thng vn php hc(veyyakarana), thng th hc (chayata) v thng i nhn tng

(mahparislakkha).(1) Thng thng A-Hm Hn dch cho l bn kinh gm c A-Tht-B,nhng A-Hm Ba-li th thng ch ni c ba Ph- (tayo ved) ch khng

phi bn Ph (catars ved). Theo A-Hm Ba-li th tn A-Tht B lAtthabana; trong dtak vol, VI, p. 490 v Suttanipta th ch c atthab anac dng gi cc ch thut v sch thuc m thi. Mi n MilindaPanha th A-Tht-B c k l mt trong Ph-, nhng, theoTreneknersed p.178 th iu cng khng c s tht chng minh. Tm li,im ny rt nn ch nu mun nghin cu v th t thnh lp kinh in

Ba-Li v Hn dch ca Pht gio.

Tc cc o-Ngha-Th c k sau ba Ph-, t A-Tht-B-ng-K-La(Atharvangirasa) vo hng th t, S truyn vo hng th nm (1); c khi lily mt phn chi ca ngn ng hc ca Ph- thay cho A-Tht-B th t.S hc tp tt c nhng b mn ny thng c coi l t cch tiu chunca B-La-Mn chnh thng. Ngoi ra, cng c nhiu tn phi hc tp vtruyn tr cc b mn ny, chng hn nh trong Trng-A-Hm, Tam Minhkinh 16 (D.B.Jev-jja) c ni n T-T-Tng (Addharniya SKt Adbvarya) lngi B-La-Mn thuc phi Da-Nhu (Tanthnieya), B-La-Mn thuc phiTha-Ma (handagya) (Chandoka Drahmana) v Ca-Vnh-Tng (ChandavaKSt Vdgate) v.v c xem th th r. (2) Xem th th thy trong nhngsch vn hc (Vedasamhita) ca B-La-Mn thi by gi khng c Lun,tc l nhng sch (Sustras) ca h hon thnh l nhng sch ting Phm(Brahmanas) v nhng sch chi phn Ph- (Vedamga). Bi th, ng v

phng din vn-hc-s m ni th thi i Pht chnh cng tng ng


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vi thi i kinh in ny. Cn c vo nhng s thc trn m suy lun cngc th tin c. Theo th nhng nghi thc t t ca B-La-Mn gio lcy vn cn thnh hnh, nghi thc ln th nh M T (Asvama-dha, Pli:Assamedha), nhng nghi thc nh th nh cc l t la (Agnihatra) thy rirc khp ni trong cc kinh vn. Nhng ngi B-La-Mn thi by gi ngheting Pht cng cho Pht l ngi tinh thng cc nghi thc t l, bi th,trong Trng-Hm, Cu-La-n-u kinh th 15 (D4. Kutadanta Sutta) cchp truyn mt ngi B-La-Mn em ba php t v mi su dng t ra hi Pht, nh vy B-La-Mn thi vn ly nghi thc t l lm vn nghin cu ch yu, v Pht tt cng phi thng tho cc nghi thc ynn mi c hi n; iu ny c xem trong Cu-La-u-n kinh s r.

(1) n--Trit-Hc-Tn-Gio-S p, 23(2) v T T Quan v cc chi phi Ph-, Xem n--Trit-Hc-Tn-

Gio-S, thin th nht, chng I, thin hai chng I, thin bn chngiii, tit hai.

V tn sng nhng nghi thc t l nn tt c cc thn c t bi cng vnnhiu nh trc, nh cc danh xng A-K-Ni (thn la), T-Ma (thn ru),T-Li-Da (thn mt tri) v.v lc vn cn y nguyn. Duy c iu l,theo s liu Pht gio, thi by gi ly B-La-Mn lm trung tm v vnhn-cch-thn c h knh trng v tn ln hng u l Phm Thin(Brahma). Li c -Thch-Thin (Sakka devanam indo) lm ch ba mi

ba tng tri, T-Thin-Vng gi gn bn phng (Lokapala) v.v trong

cng c v nhn-cch-thn mi c dng nn l nh vy, trong tnngng thn tht s c s bin i ln. Trong cc thn Phm Thin cngi ta tn trng nht, c coi l ng sng to th gii, v trong mi ssng to, c bit ging B-La-Mn c sinh ra t ming Phm Thin, vsau khi cht, c sinh v ci Phm Thin v.v i vi Pht, ngi B-La-Mn trc sau vn bo l l tng ti cao ca h,

Ta l Phm Thin, l i Phm Thin, l k thng, khng l k bi, l tontr, l ngi qun l, l t ti, l k to tc, l k k hoch, l ti thng, l

ngi phn phi, l ng Thnh cha ca qu kh, v lai tt c chng sinh udo ta to tc.

l quan nim v v nhn-cch-thn Phm Thin ca ng thi. onvn trn thy trong Trng A-Hm, kinh Phm ng 14 (D1 Brahmjasutta)v nhiu kinh khc cng ng nht. Nh ni trn, khi Pht i p vingi B-La-Mn, Ngi khng th gt hn tn ngng ca h ra mt bn; v


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li, ng trn lp trng thn thoi m ni th Phm Thin cng lun lunc biu hin trong Pht gio, l do chnh l . Hn na, theo s suynh ca ti, tn ngng Vn Th, Quan m ca i Tha Pht gio sau ny

phn ln cng do thn thoi Phm Thin m ra, v sau ng vai tr rttrng yu trong Pht Gio v mi phng din. Do khi ni n PhmThin l v nhn-cch-thn trung tm thi i Pht hm ng mt ngha rt trng yu trong b mt nghin cu Pht Gio s n . V thamkho cc kinh in B-La-Mn i chiu, kho st th s hng thnh caPhm Thin v cc thn th h thy c ghi chp trong cc php in vthi k u ca i-T-S-Thi, khng bao lu, Phm Thin nhng ch(thc lc) cho T-Nu-Noa Thin v Hn-B, song, tn ngng ny thii Pht ch tn ti trong mt thi k ngn m thi ( thi i Pht, thn T-

Nu-Noa v Hn-B Thin, tc T Ti Thin (Isana) tuy dn hng thnh,nhng chung cc khng mnh snh vi Phm Thin (1).

V nhng cch hnh trnh ca B-La-Mn c biu hin trong cc kinhin Pht gio cng tng ng vi quan nim v thn k trn, v c nhiuci rt ph hp vi quy nh trong Php kinh hay i-T-S-Thi. Chng hntrong Trung-A-Hm, kinh Anh-V 38 (M. 99 Subha sutta) c thut li cchhnh tr l tng ca mt Phm Ch nh: chn tht (Sac-c), kh hnh(takas), phm hnh (brhmacariya), c tng (ajjha) v ly dc (Caga) v.v(2). Nhng c mc ny tuy c thy trong o-Ngha-Th (3) nhng chnh ltng ng vi nhng c mc tu dng v thi k tu hnh ca phm Chc quy nh trong Php-Kinh. Li nh trong cc kinh Pht c chp mt

phi B-La-Mn v mun c trong sch nn tm ra lun v cho lmt thi quen thing ling th chnh cng li tng ng vi mt quy lutthng c thng trong i-T-S-Thi. Ngoi ra, phm nhng tp tcc ghi chp trong cc kinh in ca Pht gio cng c rt nhiu imtng hp vi nhng tp tc c chp trong i-T-S-Thi.

(1) S-Lun A p, 219. Tng-Nht 43, cc bn p. 454(2) M. 11 199; Trung 38, Cc bn, p. 181

(3) n--Trit-Hc-Tn-Gio-S

Chng hn nh khi mt trng gi thnh X-V cht, v khng c con nnti sn b quan li trng thu, cu chuyn ny tuy c chp trong kinh Phtnhng cng c th cho l bng chng lut l ng thi do php in B-La-Mn quy nh. Cng nh sau ny c Pht c ni n chnh-o-lun,nhn ni n mi c ca nh vua phi gi m bn v mi c ca T-Khu th cng li tng hp vi nhng ngha v ca quc vng c quy


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nh trong i-T-S-Thi v T-Tu-M (Bisme). Do , nu ta mun bit rs quan h gia B-La-Mn-Gio v Pht Gio th ng nhin cn phitham kho v i chiu vi php in v i-T-S-Thi.

Tm li, vo thi i Pht, ng v phng din hnh thc m ni, B-La-Mn-Gio hon ton nh n, hoc, nu khng th th, nh ni trn,hnh thc d cn nhng tinh thn mt, khng cn sc lnh o lngngi trong thi i mi t n im mong mun: chnh l thi im cc tn phi ua nhau ni dy. Cng ng vo lc ny, c Pht, ngoitrng hp Phm Thin ra, nh s ni sau, nghin cu v mi phngdin v a ra mt phng sch kt hp B-La-Mn-Gio ng thi

pht ng mt phong tro thng tc cho thch hp vi lng ngi trong thii mi. Nhng, ng thi, nh trn va ni, thi i ny cng l thi ica cc tn phi n mc ln v nh vy theo mt ngha no , cng

c th cho y l thi i thai nghn ca B-La-Mn-Gio vy.

---o0o---

B- CC ON SA MN

B-La-Mn-Gio c mt ht sc sng, m lc c mt ch ngha cbit y sinh kh hot bt, lan trn mi ni: l t chc gio on. Theothng l gio on ny c gi l Sa-Mn (Samana_cn tc). V phn

bit vi ngi B-La-Mn thng h c gi l Sa-Mn B-La-Mn, danh

xng chung cho cc nh t tng (cc nh tn gio) ng thi. V imny, khi Pht cp n kin ca cc phi ng thi, thng ni HocSa-Mn hay B-La-Mn. Mi n thi i Chin-n-Ht-a(Chandragupta), mt ngi Hy-Lp tr ng ti n-, tn l Mch-Ca-Tc-Lc-T (Megasthenes) cng bo rng cc nh hc gi n c hailoi Sa-Mn v B-La-Mn. Ngy nay, c xem cc k lc cn truyn li th r. Nu cn c theo lch s th danh mc v ch Sa-Mn l do li sinhhot tun th v ngi tu hnh trn i (Nasthika) trong k th ba, th tca B-La-Mn m ra.

Nhng n thi i Pht th n khc hn vi ch B-La-Mn phthng, n khng cn b g b bi nhng gio iu hay quy nh truyn thngB-La-Mn m c t do xut gia, t do tn th ch ngha theo mun.Chnh t ny sinh ra nhiu th Sa-Mn-on khc vi thng thng.

Nh khng kh phn khi lc y, nhng ngi bt mn vi truyn thngbnh phm ca B-La-Mn-Gio hoc vi ch trng ca mt phi no


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i theo hng Sa-Mn-on, v nhng ngi c th t cch nht i biu cho tinh thn gii lc by gi chnh l hng ngi ny: y khng

phi li ni qu ng. V li, nh ni trn, cuc vn ng y ly minph cn Ma-Ha- lm trung tm, nhng nc mi vng dy l v i hotng v l bi cnh to nn xu th ca h. Chng hn nh hai nh o s utin m c Pht n hi o l A-La-La-Gi-La-Ma (Alala kalama) v Ut-

Na-Ca-La-Ma-T (Uddakarama sutta) u l nhng th lnh ca cc onSa-Mn ly cc min ph cn Ma-Ha- hay Ph-X-Li lm cn c a. Linh on Sa-Mn Iatilika u tin quy Pht (tc ba anh em Ca-Dip) cng Ma-Ha-. Ri n ngi Phm Ch Ni-Cu-L- (Nigrardha) bin lunvi Pht c ghi trong Trng-Hm, Tn--Na 8 (D2, udumbariha) hunh cng gn thnh Vng-X. Nht l phi Lc-S sau tuy c i khpcc quc gia mi vng ln nhng thnh Vng-X ca Ma-Ha- vn l nitrung tm ca h. Cn c vo nhng chng minh trn y, ta c th tin l

s thc. Ngoi ra, cn c theo Ng-Phn-Lun (1) chp l ngi em ca vuaTn-T-Sa-La l Ca-Lu tng mi chn mi su th ngoi o thit mt

ba i trai, con s ny d nhin l khng c xc thc, nhng n cng chota thy a phng ny thi by gi c rt nhiu on Sa-Mn. Li na,lc u khi Pht xut gia, Ngi khng i n cn c a ca B-La-Mnl Cu-L (Kuru) m li nhm ti Ph-X-Li v Vng-X-Thnh lmni tin tu. Nay nu chng ta tm hiu nguyn nhn ti sao th ta s thy khuvc ny l qu hng ca cc nh t tng mi. c Pht tuy bt mn vicc o s m Ngi n hi o ri tc n lc m t c tri V s tng, nhng khng trc tip th gin tip, cng chu nh hng ca ccnh t tng mi y: y l mt s tht khng th h nghi g na.

(1) Ng-Phn-Lut quyn 15, p, 95a.

V li, theo truyn thuyt, nh ni trn, sau khi thnh o, trong mtlc Pht quyt nh khng thuyt php sinh, nhng ri li i nhm bt u chuyn php lun, l v c Phm Thin ni v tnh trng hn lontrong t-tng-gii Ma-Ha- thnh cu Pht ra tay cu vt, (1) yvn Phm Thin hy gt qua mt bn, khng bn n, nu gii thch theo

tinh thn ca truyn thuyt th, v mt ng c no , Pht mun imlng m khng th im lng c, ngha l khng n ngi nhn cc nh ttng mi xung quanh Ma-Ha- gy nguy hi cho th o nhn tm. Tcmt mt Pht li dng xu th tng ng ca h, mt khc dt dn h tr vcon ng chnh ng, v coi y l mt nhim v thit yu. Mun hiuPht Gio mt cch xc thc, ta khng th b qua im ny.


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Cc on Sa-Mn ly cc quc gia mi ng b lm trung tm k tipnhau mc ln v tip xc c vi t tng t do c B-La-Mn ty b, bith c cc gio on m tn ngng khng ging nhau. chnh l thik m ngi ta gi l thi k manh nha ca cc hc phi vy. M c trngth nht l mi gio on tn th mt ch ngha hay mt tn ngng khcnhau, v thy t ca gio on hay nhn cch c nhn ca v lnh t u cnh hng n sc thi ca gio on, v ch ngha ca h cng xa vi B-La-Mn-Gio bao nhiu th ngha thy t v lnh t li cng tr nn trngyu by nhiu. B-La-Mn-Gio ch l tn gio truyn thng ca quc dn,n khng c mt ngha c bit no v v gio ch hay ngi truyn tr c,tri li, v cc on Sa-Mn th do thc ca c nhn m c nn phi davo mt ch ngha hay nhn cch ca v thy t tn ti. Lc y, t phiLc-S tr xung, phn ln u dng nhiu danh t c hu t tn chogio on ca mnh: y l im ta cn c bit ch .

Tm li, lc giao thi, nn vn minh c ang bin i, tn gio truyn thngB-La-Mn-Gio c tnh cch ch ngha quan liu khng cn p ng cyu cu t-tng t gic mi ca qun chng, do m vo thi i ny, c nhiu gio on pht khi. Trong phong tro y thng c nhng xu thcc oan nguy him ca cc nh t tng mi, nhng, xt cho cng thchng qua ch l kt qu ca lng mong mun c gng vt hn ln trntruyn thng m thi; l im ta khng th b qua.

(1) Ng-Phn-Lut quyn 15, p, 95a.

---o0o---

C- T TNG O-NGHA-TH

Tr ln mi ch cn c theo s liu ca Pht gio kho st t-tng-giing thi, nhng nh th cha , ta phi tin ln bc na m tm hiuci nguyn lai ca t tng Pht Gio, tc l, gia t tng o-Ngha-H vt tng Pht gio c quan h g; y l vn cn phi c nghin cun. V trn bnh din trit hc s n , t rt sm, t tng trit hc o-

Ngha-H chim mt v tr cc trng yu, nn mun bit r a v caPht gio nh th no ta cn phi tm hiu s quan h gia hai h thng ttng ny.

Trc ht hy ni v bn thn o-Ngha-Th. Ni mt cch nghim khcth, tuy l iu bt kh t ngh nhng trn vn hiu, ngi ta khng thy mtvt tch g cho thy mi quan h gia o-Ngha-Th v Pht Gio Nguyn


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Thy. Cho nn trong o-Ngha-Th c xa khng thy c s ghi chp nodnh dng n Pht gio c, trong nhng ti liu Pht gio cng cha tngthy ci tn o-Ngha hay nhc n t tng ca n. Nu lun cu mt cchsu rng th gia thi i o-Ngha-Th v thi i Pht Gio tuy c stng lin tng tc, nhng c Pht c bit n o-Ngha-Th hay khngth cn l mt nghi vn. y l mt vn khin cho ngi mun nghincu ton th t tng s n khng khi bi ri, ng vc v cc k bnkhon. Tuy nhin nu ni mt cch i th th, Pht gio, v nhiu phngdin, c th ni, cng tng chu nh hng ca o-Ngha-Th, nhngnu bo n l t tng vin thc ca Pht Gio th khng th c. Hy lymt th d; nh thuyt Nghip chng hn. Trong o-Ngha-Th c xa,thuyt ny l mt gio, khng c cng khai tha nhn, (1) nhng n thii pht th n l t tng c tt c cc phi cng nhn.

(1) n--Trit-Hc-Tn-Gio-S, p. 395; pp. 352-353.

Li na, v vt-cht-quan, trong o-Ngha-Th c ch c thuyt Tam-yu-T (1), nhng thi i Pht th tt c u tha nhn thuyt T-i v Ngi. Li nh trong Tp-A-Hm, bn Hn dch, c thuyt Ci ta thy l htthy, khng hai, khng khc, khng dit (2), nu nhn bng Nhn quan o-

Ngha-Th th t tng cng cha tng c gii thiu hay bn n.Khng nhng th, nu li i su vo phn ni dung ca s t gic ca cPht v bi cnh ca gio php (Dhamma) cn bn ca Ngi m kho st th,nhc bng khng lin tng n nhng t tng bc hc o-Ngha-Th th

quyt khng th thuyt minh c. Do , ngi ta khng th khng thanhn rng d khng trc tip th gin tip, gia t tng o-Ngha-Th vPht Gio c mt s quan h mt thit. V, o-Ngha-Th l mt gio ni bca nhng ngi B-La-Mn ly ty b lm trung tm, cn ng b chachu s cm ha su xa ca B-La-Mn, khng tip xc nn Pht Giokhng c quan h trc tip m ch nh hng mt cch gin tip cng vikhuynh hng t tng nht ban ri tr thnh bi cnh ca t tng Phtgio.

(1) n--Trit-Hc-Tn-Gio-S, p, 325. pp, 352-353,(2) Tp-A-Hm, p, 519.

Th hai, cc hc phi chnh do o-Ngha-Th khch pht, theo ch ti bit,l ba tro lu S-Lun (Samkhya), Du Gi (Yoya), v Hu Thn Phi (PhiPh--a tuy l chnh h ca o-Ngha-Th, song s thnh lp ca phiny hi mun; nn y khng bn n). Tu trung v cc phi hu thn


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thi i Pht nh ni trn, ly Phm Thin lm trung tm, cn danh tT-Thp-Nu v Thp-B (tc T-Ti-Thin-Isana) th vn cha biu hinr rng. n nh tn ngng Phm Thin th hoc gn nh thn thoi, hoccho l ngi sng to v tr, cn v quan h gia Phm Thin v Pht gionh th no th trn trnh by ri. V ci gi l Du-Gi th d nhin l

phi Du-Gi Ba-n-Ta-L (Patnjali), xut hin mun hn c Pht. Theoch ti bit th phi ny tng chu nh hng ca Pht, l ra khng cquan h g vi Pht gio nguyn thy; song cc phi Thin nh, theo ngharng, thi i Pht cng tn ti di nhiu hnh thc v hin nhin lPht cng chu nh hng ca h. Chng hn nh T-Thin-nh, V-Sc-nh u c t trc ch khng phi i n Pht Gio mi c. Nhng,c theo Pht th yu t ca Ngi l t A-La-La v Ut--Ca m c, v tng ph bin nht c dng trong Pht gio l Tam-Mui (Samdhi- Tam-Ma-a) th cui thi k o-Ngha mi c s dng cho mi n Bc-

Gi-Phm-Ca (Bhagavadgita) mi hnh thnh vin thc. Xem th th Thinnh ca c Pht cng c th c coi nh thuc vo tro lu Du-Gi theongha rng.

Th ba, phi S-Lun l mt vn li cun rt nhiu hc gi. Trong cunLc Phi Trit Hc, (1) ti bn qua, y ti s khng i vo chi tit mch a ra kt lun n gin thi. Phi S-Lun thi i Pht khng nh

phi S-Lun do Tng-Kh-Da-Tung (Samkya karika) truyn li ngy nay,nhng khuynh hng t t tng o-Ngha-Th n S-Lun thay v trngBn Th-Lun th li trng Hin-Tng-Lun, khng trng nguyn l ch m trng nguyn l ch tr, a thi phn tch m kho st tm, vt v ngdng th h duyn khi quy kt s quan h gia chng. Hc phong ny l

phng php nghin cu rt mnh v c a chung thi by gi. PhiS-Lun tht nh hc phong y m thch ng vi o-Ngha-Th, nhngv phng din khuynh hng c hi khc vi chnh h nn, kt qu trthnh c lp; chnh c Pht cng chu nh hng ca hc phong nht bany cho nn kt qu l t tng Pht gio thng c nhiu im tng ngvi t tng S-Lun: l kin ca ring ti. Nu em so snh th t

pht trin ca t tng th t tng S-Lun vn i trc Pht gio, cho nn,

ngi ta khng th khng tn ng cch t chc v ch trng ca u-Nho-ng-B-Nho-Khc (?) trong cun Lehre der upanishaden und die Anfangedes Buddhismus (Gio Ngha o-Ngha-Th vi ngun gc Pht Gio), vchnh ti cng da vo th t , ly Pht gio nguyn thy lm bn v,nhn qua S-Lun ni v "Qu trnh pht Trin ca ch Lun n .Bi tham lun ny c ng trong Tp ch trit hc s 364 v 365.


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(1) Su phi Trit hc n-, trang 90-94.

Tm li, nu theo kinh in Pht Gio m tham kho v so snh th ta khngthy mt quan h trc tip no gia t tng h o-Ngha-Th v c Pht,nhng nu kho st v xu hng i th th, v phng din gin tip, hinnhin n rt c quan h vi Pht Gio. y cng l mt trong nhng vn trng yu m sau ny cn phi nghin cu mt cch tinh tng hn.

Sau ht l ni qua v cc phi Mt-Mi-Sa, Thng Lun v Ni-D-Da v.vc nhn l thuc h thng t tng o-Ngha-Th. Cc phi ny u xuthin sau c Pht v, trn quan h gin tip, tr phi Ni-D-Da cn c imtho lun ra, tt c cc phi kia, v t tng tin khu ca chng, khng dnhdp g n Pht gio, bi th ch cp n mt cch s lc thi.

---o0o---3- C BIT V CH TRNG CA CC ON SA MN

Ch trng ca cc tng phi thi i Pht k trn kia, v Ba-La-Mnth ti trnh by trong cun n--Trit-Hc-Tn-Gio-S, v t tngo-Ngha-Th-H (v Phm-Th-H) th ti ni trong su phi Trit Hcn-, y ti tng khng cn phi lp li na. Duy c ch trng cacc on Sa-Mn lc by gi thi cha c tho lun n mt cch r rng,

bi th y ti s c bit gii thiu qua. Nh ni trn, v c trong

cc chng, tit sau ny cng s ni r, phm ch trng v thi caPht, v nhiu kha cnh, u c quan h vi cc on Sa-Mn ny. Nhngnu ni mt cch cht ch th y l mt vn ln c tnh cch c lp,mun hiu n tn ngun gc ca n khng phi l mt vic d dng. Naymun gip thm cho vic tm hiu Pht gio, ti s ch cn c theo Pht gio gii thiu v ph bnh mt cch tng qut thi.

Trc ht hy kho st v lp trng ca vn . Nhng vn m cc hcphi thi by gi thng lun cu i khi l ngun gc ca th gii, v chquy th ca kip ngi. Chng hn; th gii l hu bin hay v bin, thnh

nhn sau khi cht c hay khng, thn v tm l mt hay khc v.v lnhng vn m tt c cc phi u rt a tho lun. Kt lun ca vn llm th no con ngi c th thc hin c ci l tng chung cng camnh, tc l tm ra ch quy th ca kip ngi. Xem th th nhng vn hin ti h nghin cu cng khng khc g my vi nhng ti c t rat trong o-Ngha-Th, nhng c iu sai khc l h nghin cu mt ccht do ch khng chu s rng buc ca truyn thng, do m c nhiu xu


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hng ngy bin v hoi nghi. Trong Trng-A-Hm, kinh Phm ng(Brahmajalasutta) c ghi li tt c vn v gii p ca mi hc phi thi

by gi, m theo nhng lun v gii p ni ting nht lc y th ilc c th chia lm tm mc. l:

1.- Thng Kin Lun (Sassatavada), ch trng th gii v t ng uthng hng.

2.- Bn Thng Bn V Thng Lun (Ekacca sassatika), cho rng th giiv tt c hu tnh u mt phn l v thng, mt phn l thng hng.

3.- Hu Bin v V Bin Lun (antanan-tika), ni v th gii l c hn haykhng c hn.

4.- Ngy Bin Phi (amaravikkhepiha) (Bt T Kiu Lon Lun, B ManLun) ch trng khng a ra mt gii p quyt nh no v bt c mts vic g, rt kh m nm bt c ch ca phi ny, v th nn cmnh danh l B-Man-Lun (c ngha l kh bt nh bt c trch),

5.- V Nhn Lun (adhiccasamu-ppada), ch trng tt c hin tng u lngu nhin, khng c quan h nhn qu g c.

6.- T-Hu-Lun (udbamaghatamika), a ra nhng gii thch v trng thica thc sau khi cht.

7.- on Kin Lun (ucchedavada), ch trng sau khi cht l ht khng cg c.

8.- Hin Php Nit Bn Lun (dittha dhammanibbanam), bin lun v trngthi no l cnh gii ti cao hin ti. Trong tm ch trng trn y, nuli chia nh ra na th thnh ci gi l su mi hai kin, cng nh livy bc c, su mi hai loi kin gii ny bao hm tt c mi ch trng,chnh v th m c tn l Phm Vnh Kinh: im ny trong kinh vn hinth. V y l mt ti liu rt qu v nh n m ngy nay ta bit c mtcch i th cc vn v gii p nhng vn y ca ng thi, v tt c

kin ca cc phi cng nh ch no ca cc on Sa-Mn u c ghili trong . Cc phi thng vn nn ln nhau v thut bin lun nh mtin trin rt nhiu (1) cho n ni ny sinh ra mt phi ch thch binlun m bin lun, cc phi ngy bin lc by gi do m ln mnh.n ngay c Pht, mc du kch lit bc b l lun sung, nhng, ng mt phng din khc m ni, phng php bin lun ca pht cng rt sc

bn, c l cng chu nh hng ca khuynh hng ng thi chng?


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(1) Thuyt Ly-Chi-Nan, a-Ph v.v c quan h vi lun l Ni-D-Da,trong kinh Pht c ri, nh: Brahmajala, 1p. 8; Tp-Hm, 48 cc bn.

Tm ch trng v su mi hai kin gi trn y mi ch l phn loi nhtban thi, nu li kho st tng mc mt bit r tng thuyt v do phi noch trng th rt tic l khng c ti liu tham kho. Hc thuyt cahai nh o s u tin m Pht n tham vn l A-La-La-Ca-La-Ma v Ut--Ca-Ma-T ngy nay khng c bit r. c Pht tuy bt mn vi haing ny, nhng khi thuyt V-S-Hu-X-nh ca A-La-La-Ca-La-Ma vthuyt Phi-Trng-Phi-Phi-Trng-nh ca Ut--Ca-Ma-T, nu ct vo a v ti cao trong Thin nh Pht Gio th t ra, nhn-sinh-quanca h cng nh hng n Pht, iu c th suy ra m bit. V sau trongcc Pht Truyn (nh kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu) v kinh Pht-S-Hnh-Tn u c chp A-La-La tng ni vi Pht v lch trnh ca s sng,

cht th t do ng a ra l: Minh S Ng Mn Si Tm Nhim Ai Ng Vi Trn Kh (ng duy) Ng i Phin No Sinh, lo,T v.v,nh vy cng khng khc g S-Lun-S. Mi Hai Nhn Duyn Quan caPht cng c th bt ngun t y. V im ny, n c mt ngha rttrng yu, nhng ng tic l trong kinh A-Hm c xa khng thy mt sghi chp tng t no c, d ch l s lc, do khng th ph bnh vnghin cu mt cch tng tn on nh nhn sinh quan ca A-La-Lanh th no. Cn v Ut--Ca th vn cha thy mt vt tch g c ghili cho nn, mun bit r ch trng ca ng ny li cng kh khn hn na.Tm li A-La-La v Ut--Ca l cc lnh t Sa-Mn on chuyn ly victu luyn Thin nh lm ch v l mt phi ng nht. Cn h thng ttng ca h th, sau khi cht, khng c ai tha k: iu ny c xem trongcuc i thoi gia h v Pht cng r (1).

Trong cc phi c nhng im rt khng c tha ng, nhng v phiLc-S cn c mt cht trt t. T kinh Sa-Mn-Qu ni danh trong TrngHm cho n cc ni khc u thy ni n phi Lc-S, v a v ca phiny, ngoi phi K-Na ra, trong lch s trit hc tn gio n , khng mt

phi no snh kp. thi i pht, phi ny cng ly Ma-Ha- lm trung

tm pht huy c trng ca h nn cng c nhiu im tip xc gn givi Pht gio. By gi hy cn c theo kinh Sa-Mn-Qu gii thiu mtcch n gin ch trng ca h nh sau:

(1) M. 26 Ariyapariyesana; La-Ma-Kinh 28, u--La SXXXV 130Uddaka.


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1. PH-LAN-NA-CA-DIP (Purama Kassapa), i khi theo ch nghahoi nghi lun l, cho rng thin, c l do tp qun, tc lm thin hay lm cl do thi quen ch khng c mt nghip cn tng ng no. l chtrng chnh yu ca phi ny.

2.- MT-GIA-L-CU-X-LA (Makkhoili Gosala), l thy t ca sinh-mnh-phi (Ajivika = t mnh ngoi o). Theo Pht gio cho bit th phiny ch trng Tt-Nhin-Lun cc oan (Fatalism), i cho rng hnh vicng nh vn mnh ca con ngi, tt c u c quyt nh bi quy lutt nhin, con ngi khng th lm g tri li c, do ngi ta chng cn

phi n lc m ri t nhin s gii thot cng n. Ch trng ny c cikh v ca ch ngha v vi. Theo truyn thuyt ca K-Na th phi ny l mtchi phi t ca Thy T i Hng (mahavira); nu li theo truyn thuytca Pht Gio th h l ngi tha k ca Nam--Bt-La (Nanda Vaccha).

Tm li, phi ny l mt phi gn vi K-Na, thi i Pht, phi ny rt cth lc, tr K-Na ra, phi ny ln nht trong nhm Lc-S. (1)

(1) A 111p, 388; ibib p, 68; Si pp, 65-67; Tp-Hm 49, p. 750; 46 p. 630v.v Mum r hn, xem sch dn Amguttare Sanryutia.

3. A-DI-A-K-SA-KHM-B-LA (Ajita Kesakambali) l nh duy vtlun thun ty, bo rng con ngi chng qua do t i hp thnh, cht ril ht, mc ch ca i ngi l tn hng mi khoi lc; h bc b nhngci g c tnh cch lun l, nghim tc. Cng c ngi gi h l Thun-Th-

Phi (Lokayata) chnh l ch lp trng nhn-sinh-quan ca h vy.Thuyt ny cng c ghi trong Sutra Krtanga (III 12-13) ca K-Na.

4. PH--CA-CHIN-DIN (Pukudha Kaccayana), ch trng trihn vi duy-vt-lun trn, tc l thuyt cho tm, vt l bt dit. Nhng

phng php lun chng ca phi ny c tnh cch rt my mc. H chorng con ngi do by yu t t, nc, la, gi, kh, vui v sinh mnh hpli m thnh, do s t, tn, ly, hp ca nhng yu t m c hin tngsng, cht, nhng chnh by yu t y th khng bao gi tiu dit. Chng hnnh ly dao m ngi th ch xuyn qua ci im phn, hp ca by yu tm thi ch sinh mnh t n vn cha mt. Xem th th, nu mun gii thotkhi s sng cht ng s kia khng th dng dao m ct t nhng ci

bn cnh sinh mnh c. Thuyt ny cng tng t nh thuyt trong Bc-Gi-Phm-Ca (Bhagavadgita): l im ta nn ch .


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5. TN-NC-DA-T-LA-L-T(Snyaya bellatthiputta). Ch trngca phi ny cng c th gi l ch ngha cm hng, ngha l, c ty theothi gian v ni ch, h cm hng th no th c theo th m on nh chnl. Chng hn, nu ai hi c v lai khng, nu lc y cm thy c th p lc, nh th l ng vi chn l; nhng v sau nu cm thy khng c th lip l khng c, nh th cng ng vi chn l.

6. NI-KIU-T-NH--T(Niganndh netaputta), tc l thy t caK-Na-Gio. Tn trc chnh l Nga-Nho-t-Ma-Na (Vardhamana), rai trc Pht. mt lc th lc ca Gio-on-K-Na hu nh tngng vi Pht Gio. Theo s gii thiu trong kinh Sa-Mn-Qu th hnhnh ch trng ca phi ny l mt loi vn-mnh-lun, nhng, theo s suynh (1) ca Buhler th l s ng gii. (2). Xt v gio l ca phi ny ththy nh-nguyn-lun mnh (jiva) v phi mnh (ajiva) lm c s sng lp

cc phm tr m thuyt minh ht thy; cn v thc hnh th ly kh hnhcc oan v nghim tr gii bt st sinh lm c sc. Cng v th m trongLc-S, phi ny rt gn vi Pht v v gio l cng c rt nhiu imtng thng. Nu mun bit r a v ca Pht Gio nguyn thy th khngth khng nghin cu s quan h gia Pht gio v cc hc phi ny.

Nhng, y, v khng th gi i su vo vn nn xin tm gc limt bn.

(1) Buhler; The indian Sects of the Jama, p. 231, London 1903(2) M, 77 Makasakuludayi sutta vol, II. P, 2-3; Trung-Hm, Tin Mao

Kinh 57.

Tm li, cc hc phi (Lc-S) k trn u l p ng nhu cu ca cc trolu canh tn ng thi m qut khi. V im phn khng tt c ch nghatruyn thng B-La-Mn m lp nn hc thuyt ring ca mi phi th cngkhng khc g vi Pht, nhng c khc l ch h i qu n nikhin cho lng ngi hoang mang, khng bit theo hng no, bi vy Phtmi xng mt li thot c bit: l thuyt Trung o ci chnh xuth cc oan gy nguy hi cho nhn tm th o v y l mt nhim v ht

sc ln lao ca Pht. Trong lch s t tng n , thuyt Trung o mang li cho t tng gii ng thi mt khng kh hot bt. Theo s liuPht gio - nh rng ch ca Pht Gio thi trong cc phi, c k ch phhoi m ph hoi, cho nn trong Pht gio c ghi li nhiu ti liu cngkch kch lit nhng ngi ny. Nhng nu xt n lp trng t thn canhng k b coi l ph hoi y th li khc hn, ngha l trong nhng thuyth ch trng cng c nhiu t rt l hm sc. Chng hn nh thuyt ca


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Ph-Lan-Na-Ca-Dip bo rng khng c thin c, bo ng, mi nghe quatng chng nh mt ch thuyt phi o c, nhng nu suy cu k mtcht ta s thy ch ca h l nh ng c hnh vi, khng c thin hay ctuyt i. Bi th hnh ng git gic ngoi chin trng khng th bo lc, m cng vic ca cc hi t thin, em tin ca phn pht cho nhng kkhn cng cha hn l thin m iu cn phi xt n ng c nh thno mi phn nh c. Li nh ngy bin lun ca phi Tn-Nc-Da, vmt biu hin, v ngi ta khng th nm bt c ch ca h nn cho hl nhng nh B-Man-Lun (kh bt nh bt cc trch), nhng nu kho stn v phng din thm su th thy n cng hm ng mt th trit l.

Nhng ngi nhit tm cu o trong gio on ny nh X-Li-Pht vMc-Kin-Lin, khi h cha quy y Pht gio, nu xt v bn th h quytkhng phi ch l ngi theo ch ngha ngy bin. Ri n cc phi Ni-Kin-T v Sinh-Mnh (Pht Gio gi l T-Mnh-Phi), nu xt v th lc,

th h cng khng yu km nh Pht gio ni, c xem s phn on canhng ngi ngoi cuc thi by gi th r, ngha l, h t a v canhng phi ngang hng vi Pht v ht sc tn dng. V li theo truynthuyt, Pht v phi Lc-S cng c ng ti hai quc gia l Ma-Ha- vng-Gi (Anga) m hai quc gia ny, cng mt lc, u hng thnh, ynvui; nh vy, nu ni mt cch cng bng, bn th ca phi Lc-S tuykhng c bng Pht, nhng cng khng n ni qu thp km v nguyhim nh Pht gio ni; y l im ta cn phi ghi nh nu ta mun hiuci l do ti sao chnh c Pht, v nhiu phng din, cng tng chunh hng ca cc hc phi ny.

Ngai phi Lc-S k trn, nu li su kho nhng s ghi chp ri rc trongcc kinh, th ta thy thi by gi cng cn c nhiu on Tn-Sa-Mn khcna, nhng v khng hiu c sc v ch trng ca h ra sao nn khng thtrnh by mt cch y c. Hn na, nu nhn xt mt cch i thnhng nh t tng mi ng thi th, tuy c mnh danh l cc on Sa-Mn nhng trong cng c rt nhiu ngi th tc tham gia cuc vnng tinh thn m tr thnh nhng ngi ch o ca mt phi. Song rt ticl tn tui s nghip cng nh ch trng ca h khng c truyn tng

nn khng th bit r. Ni mt cch khi qut th nhng ngi th tc vnng tinh thn ny cng c nhiu nh hng, chng hn nh ch nghakhoi lc ca Duy-Vt-Lun k trn, xt v tnh cht cng c th c coi lch trng ca nhng ngi th tc ny: l mt chng minh c th.

---o0o---


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4- A V V C TRNG CA NGUYN THY PHT GIO

Nh vy, sau khi quan st mt cch i khi nhng ch trng v cucvn ng t tng ch yu ca ng thi c quan h n Pht gio nguynthy nh th no th, trong , a v ca Pht gio cng l r rng ri, tngkhng cn phi lun cu ring v im ny na. Nhng, v mun tm hiucho r rng hn nn c bit li phi cp n mt ln na. Xt v nhngtro lu t tng ng thi c quan h rt su vi Pht gio th i yu cth chia thnh ba loi nh sau:

Th nht, B-La-Mn-Gio. T nhng iu c ghi chp trong php inB-La-Mn, quy nh xut gia theo ngha rng, n lun l quan trong i-T-S-Thi, th php quy B-La-Mn tuy ly s phn chia cht ch ca bngiai cp lm quy nh cn bn, nhng trong cng c rt nhiu gi tr tn

gio nhn o chn chnh, nht l n i-T-S-Thi l lun tn gio hunh khng cn coi s khu bit bn giai cp l trng yu na, v li, phm vilun l quan cng rt rng ri. Trong Pht gio, nhng t tng c coi ltng ng vi, hay do, t tng B-La-Mn chuyn ha cng rt nhiu. Nicch khc, quy nh thc hnh c coi l trng yu nht trong Pht gio l

Ng Gii, i khi cng thot thai t quy nh B-La-Mn. (1) n nhphp tr trai (mak upostha) m La-Hn v cc ngi ti gia th tr cng thot ha t quy nh ca B-La-Mn v ch Hc-sinh-k (Brahmacarin)(2), y l mt vi chng minh c th. Bi vy, gia s thc hnh ca Phtgio v php quy B-La-Mn c s quan h rt mt thit, l s tht khng

th ph nhn. Li nh c Pht mnh danh gio l ca Ngi l Php(Dhamma) th cng li do mi Php trong Php Kinh (Dharma Sutra) caB-La-Mn m ra.

(1) Tham chiu n--Trit-Hc-Tn-Gio-S, p 512. Li nh gii thnm trong Ng gii tuy l c sc ca pht gio, nhng, nu l gio iuca c nhn th trong Php quy B-La-Mn cng c. Chng hn trong

Apaetanbhyadharma sutra 1.5. 17, 21 110. 28.10.(2) Ibib 1.1.2. 21-22.

Th hai, ng v phng din l lun m kho st th nhn sinh quan v thgii quan ca Pht cng c im tng thng vi h thng o-Ngha-Th,nht l tro lu t tng phn ha ca Tng-Kh-Da-Du-D (Samkhyayaga)theo ngha rng th li c s quan h rt mt thit. V im ny chng ti s

bn n r rng hn thin sau, khi trnh by v gio l.


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Th ba, nh vy, i vi t tng B-La-Mn-Gio theo ngha rng, hunh khng trc tip th gin tip, c Pht u c quan h. Song, n lptrng phn khng ch ngha B-La-Mn th c Pht, v thun ly khu vcMa-Ha- lm trung tm, c tip xc vi t tng t do, nn thi ngy

bin ca Pht cng li chu rt nhiu nh hng ca phi Lc-S. Do cng nh T-Cch-Lp- (Socrates) tuy phn i phi ngy bin, nhngchnh ng cng li mang sc thi ngy-bin-lun. Cng th, Pht tuy bixch phi Lc-S, nhng, nhn xt v mt biu din, chnh Pht cng l lu ca phi Lc-S. Bi th, nu kho st v so snh t tng gii ngthi qua t tng v thi ca Pht gio th c Pht, thng ni l V st ng, bin thnh mt v Thnh thi i.

Song, ci c sc sng to ca Pht, tc Pht gio nh th no? Vn ny,thuc phn ni dung gio l, s c thuyt minh sau. y, hy xt qua v

vn ca Pht c th tng hp nhng im u t nht ca thi i, tcl, bt lun l t tng truyn thng hay t tng mi trong u c thtuyn chn nhng t tng siu vit nht sch ng vi tinh thn thi im dn n im hp l tha ng. M s tng hp v tuyn chn ny quytkhng phi ch y theo cc oan m phi chit trung, hay nh Hch-Khch-

Nho ni, ly B-La-Mn-Gio hnh thc lm chnh din, ly cc phi Lc-S lm phn din, ri chit trung hai chnh v phn m tng hp; lthi ca Pht vy. V thi y khng nhng ch ring i vi B-La-Mn hay Lc-S m i vi tt c cc vn , nh i vi cc ch trngca mi phi, c Pht cng vn gi thi : c th ni y l c sc caPht gio. Chng hn nh phng php tu dng c ngi ng thi tutheo, mt mt l khoi lc lun cc oan, mt khc l ch ngha kh hnhcc oan, c Pht bn chit trung hai thuyt y m xng tinh thn tudng khng kh khng vui. Li nh vn linh hn, mt mt c nhngngi ch trng thng-tr-lun (thng kin lun) cc oan, mt khc, cnhng phi duy vt ch trng on dit lun (on kin lun) cc oan.c Pht bi xch c hai ri chit trung m lp thnh sinh mnh quan theoquan h (nhn duyn) lu ng, v i vi tt c vn khc cng u ngdng ngha lu ng y, v thi ny, theo ngha rng, c mnh danh l

thi trung o (majjha). V sau, khi i tha Pht gio hng khi, danh tTrung o c dng lm tiu chun v thay cho chn l ca Pht gio.Xem th th a v ca Pht gio i vi cc phi ng thi l nh trungo, v a v y chim phn u th trong ton th lch s t tng n. Trong cc chng sau, khi gp nhng vn lin h, chng ti s trnhr hn v thuyt Trung o.


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---o0o---

CHNG III - GIO L I CNG(Ly quan nim Php lm trung tm)

1. - GIO PHP V PHNG PHP KHO ST CA PHT

Nh c trnh by trn, c Pht cng vi cc hc phi khc, vngdy v trong khong 45 nm, hot ng khng ngng truyn b gio

php: ci gi l gio l ca Pht Gio nguyn thy chnh c biu hintrong sut 45 nm truyn b ny, v gio l y bao gm tt c th gii quan,nhn sinh quan, l tng quan v thc tin quan ca Pht. Nay mun quntrit c tt c quan nim v php ny trnh by nhng im ct yu cann gio l y, th trc ht phi bt u kho st v phng din hnh thcthuyt php ca Pht, v nhng vn bao hm trong , ri sau li phinghin cu n ci phng php kho st c hu ca Ngi.

a) THUYT PHP VI VN GIO L

Nh va ni trn, tt c gio l Pht gio u c biu hin trong ccbui ni php ca Pht. Nhng, c iu ta cn ghi nh l, mc ch ca Phttrong cc bui ni php y khng phi ch gii thch hay l lun v th gii,nhn sinh tha mn yu cu khoa hc v trit hc, m mc ch ca Phty tnh cch tn gio: ci ch ch yu ca Pht l lm cho nhng ngi

nghe php cng c gii thot nh chnh Ngi. Pht s d c gi l Phtchnh l im . Bi th i vi Pht, nu vn no khng trc tip an vic thc hin gii thot nit bn, th d l vn hc vn cngi i sng bi i na, Pht thng cng khng ch lm. Chng hn,nh ni trn, nhng vn th gii l hu bin hay v bin, thn, tml mt hay khc v.v u l nhng mc m cc nh t tng ng thirt thch tho lun, nhng Pht th t c quan tm n. Nu trong hng ng t Pht c ai a cc vn ra cht vn th lp tc Pht tr linhng vn khng dnh lu g n Pht php, Pht cng nh ng thythuc gii (ty chng bnh m cho thuc), bit r nguyn nhn ca cc

chng bnh mi tm phng thuc (tc gio php) thch hp cha bnhm hoc cho chng sinh. Cng nh ngi trng tn c, vic trc mt philm l nh ngay mi tn ra ri bng b vt thng, nu c chn ch tm chora l mi tn t u bn ti v lm bng g th rt tic c th nguy n tnhmnh. Cho nn, ci nhim v cn bn ca Pht chng qua cng nh ngi trliu cho k trng tn c, gi s vn g khng trc tip lin quan n victrc mt l dit tr bnh ngu si th Pht u gt ra mt bn, khng lu ti.


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Bng nhng th d trn y, mt mt Pht cnh gi cc t ng btchc cc nh ngy bin (takki) ng thi mi m l lun m qun thc t,mt khc, ng thi c Pht cng thng thn ni ln ci nhim v chnhyu ca Ngi l m ra con ng gii thot. Mt iu na ta cn phi ch l ng cho gio php ca Pht ch l phc m thun ty tuyn truyn, hay ldo s ch dy thc tin m thnh, nhng gio php y khng th tch rikhi hai phng din trit hc v tn gio, cng nh l lun v thc t. Vci c sc nht ban ca t tng n , k t thi i o-Ngha-Th tri, l dng nn nhng l lun v v t bin, m Pht th i ngc li, khngv l lun m nghin cu l lun, cng chng v t bin m nghin cu t

bin nhng bao gm c phm vi trit hc v t bin. V li, c Pht tuy lmt nh tn gio rt thc t, nhng cng rt giu tinh thn ph bnh, strng s quan st phn tch, cho nn s thuyt php ca Pht t n cci phong th t bin ri, iu ny cng khng c g l l c. Ni cch khc,

c Pht, i vi vic cu chng sinh tuy lun lun ng trn lp trngthc t ca mt lng-y ty bnh cho thuc, nhng ng thi cng thanhn rng, trn c s y hc, nu khng nghin cu cho tinh tng v sinh l,

bnh l v gii phu v.v th quyt khng th hon thnh c mc ch trliu. Chnh c Pht cng tng ni cho bnh nhn bit r iu , tc l

phi bit r chng bnh v nguyn nhn pht bnh ri mi d liu cch iutr th no cho ngi bnh khe mnh. Tm li, khi Pht ni php, phm clin quan n t chc v hot ng ca con ngi (v bi cnh ca n l vtr) u cng lun v nhng vn sinh l, bnh l v gii phu, v.v tctrong Pht gio, nhng vn y thuc vn l lun. Nh vy, nu nhngvn l lun ny c gi l trit hc th Pht gio nguyn thy cng nho-Ngha-Th v S-Lun v.v u l mt loi tn gio trit hc. Do ,nu bo phm vi quan st ca Pht gio l trit hc th cng khng tri vi

bn ca Pht, m nu mun hiu sut c ci tinh thn tim n ca Phtth tt cng s l cng vic trit hc. Duy c im ng bao gi qun l:

bn ca Pht ch bt c l l lun hay trit hc u phi c thc-t-ha mi c ngha chn chnh. Cn c theo kin gii , sau y chng tahy bn qua v phm vi l lun v phng php kho st ca Pht.

b)I TNG KHO ST

Nu ni mt cch ph phim th d nhin, i tng kho st ca Pht l v-tr, bi v, nu v tnh hay c khng cp n v tr th s kho st smt hn c s. Tuy nhin vn c Pht tn lc thuyt minh li l vn thun nhn sinh, tc s thnh lp v hot ng ca con ngi: iu ny cnhn vo mc ch ca Pht rt cc cng ch l v-tr-quan ly vn nhn


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sinh lm trung tm. Ngha l, nu kho st v tr m xa la nhn sinh thPht khng chp nhn s quan st y: l l do ct ngha ti sao Phtkhng bao gi lun cu n vn th gii l hu bin hay v bin. Li na,Pht thng c tn xng l Th gian gii (Lokavidu), tc l ngi hiu rth gii, v ch th gian (loka) trong Pht gio m ch ngha th gii cachng ta: nu mun hiu r gio l ca Pht gio, trc ht ta cn lu nim ny. Bi vy, nu bo rng nhim v cn bn ca Pht cng gm cvic gii thch v thin vn, a l th e s l mt iu lm ln. Song, khiPht ly nhn sinh lm trung tm kho st v tr th ci thi ca Phtnh th no? V im ny, trc ht Pht ly nhn sinh l mt s tht mquan st ci chn tng ca n tm ra ch quy th ti cao ca con ngi,m ch quy th y khng phi nh trc kia gi nh ra mt nguyn l hnh-thi-thng-hc v Phm v Thn Linh; n nh phng chm ca Pht thhon ton ly nhn sinh nh thc lm nn tng tm ra chn tng thnh

lp v hot ng ca con ngi. Xem th th phng php kho st ca Pht,t ra l t im xut pht ca n, khng phi l hnh-nhi-thng-hc m cth ni l khoa hc, khng phi din dch m l quy np; hoc c th ni tnng v hin tng hn bn th, v sinh dit hn tn ti. Thi y ca Phttuy l thch ng vi hc phong nht ban ca ng thi, nhng cng li lkt qu tt nhin ca mun cha tr thi bnh na. Mc ch quan st thgian ca c Pht l tm ra trong ci Php (Dhamma, hay Dhammata)thng bng bt bin, tc l kho st qun trit ci php tc thng nhtht thy mi hin tng trong th gian. Nh Pht thng ni v tr v nhnsinh khng phi ngu nhin m c, nhng phi do mt php tc thng bngchi phi, ng thi cng a con ngi n l tng ti cao. Nu thy rc ci php tc y th tc l tm ra mt phng php duy nht c thcu vt chng sinh. Pht d nhin nh t gic m thnh Pht, nhng tgic y ch yu cng khng g khc hn l s qun trit c php tcy: v ngha ny, xin s trnh by sau. Tm li, nhn xt theo ngha trny th i tng ca Pht duy ch c mt php . Tc mc ch quan sts thnh lp v hot ng ca mi hin tng (nhn sinh) rt cc cng ch ltm ra ci php tc ph bin tt nhin y ng sau ht thy mi hin tngm thi. Nhng y Pht gio nguyn thy khng phi ly Bn Th Lun

lm ch m cng khng mang mt sc thi hnh-nhi-tng-hc no c.Th nhng, nn Hnh-Nhi-Tng-Hc ca Pht gio i Tha sau ny chnhli xut pht t y.

c- PHNG PHP KHO ST


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Cc phng php kho st th gii hin tng tm ra ci php tc thnghng c Pht coi l quan trng nht, tc gp bt c s kin no cng phixt n ci chn tng nh thc ca n, nu ch da vo hy vng, m c,hay nng tng cho s vt l c tht th phng php t kho y u bPht chi b. Nguyn nhn ca s m m a n nhng nhn thc sai lmchnh l . Ngy xa, khi cha thnh chnh gic, cn tu kh hnh trongrng rm, ban m c Pht thng cm thy s hi v tm l ny gy nhiu

phin no. Pht lin ngh cch lm th no cho ht s hi. Pht mi hi cco s kh hnh khc th h u bo cch tng tng m cng nh ngy,ngy cng nh m l phng php k diu nht dit tr lng s hi.

Nhng Pht bc b ngay phng php qun tng y cho l vu khot, bat, v m l m m ngy l ngy, s tht r rng nh th m li mngtng khc i th tht khng phi phng php chn chnh dit tr lngs hi. T , Pht c tip tc tu hnh v t mnh theo phng chm nh

thc dit tr lng s hi v sau Pht t c mc ch. V sau Phtthng ni cho cc t nghe v vic ny (1), tc ci phng php quan sts vt ca Ngi t trc n nay vn l mt phng chm nht qun, khngthay i. Ci li tng tng nh ngi say ru nghe ting ngi ta itin th bo l ting oanh ht, nhng k tht vng thng mn cht ma tytn gio t an y trong nht thi: tt c u b c Pht c tuyt. Ci

phng php kho st ng nh thc y ca Pht thng c gi l NhTh (Ya-thatatha), hoc l Nh Thc (Yathabhutam), m ting nh thcthng c dch st vi ngha l ng nh iu c lm, hoc l ngnh ci hin c. Tc quan st s vt mt cch ng nh thc l mt

phng php duy nht kh hp vi chn l. n ci tr tu do thi vphng php quan st y m c th thng thng c mnh danh l Bt- Nh (Pana-tu), l Minh (Vijja), l Nh-Thc-Tr-Kin (Ya-thabhutanandassana), l tr tu cao nht ca Pht Gio, v ch c tr tu mi c th thy c Chn Nh (tathata), v tnh bt bin (Anannathata),ni mt cnh n gin, l thy c Php Tnh (Dhammata). l phngchm cn bn ca Pht th hin l tng ti cao l l tng gii thot.

(1) M. 4. Bhayabherava. Hn dch khng c

Song, lm th no t c tr tu nh thc tri kin y? theo Pht th cicn c chung cng ca n l Thin nh Tam Mui. Ni khc i, nh tuThin nh mi c tr trc qun v ch c tr mi thy c chn nh,nhng trong qu trnh t

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